146:
to the blastocyst stage, one medium may be used for culture to day 3, and a second medium is used for culture thereafter. Single or sequential medium are equally effective for the culture of human embryos to the blastocyst stage. Artificial embryo culture media basically contain glucose, pyruvate, and energy-providing components, but the addition of amino acids, nucleotides, vitamins, and cholesterol improve the performance of embryonic growth and development. Specifically, embryo culture media contain more pyruvate concentration than glucose in the cleavage phase and more glucose concentration than pyruvato in the blastocyst phase. This is because before day 3 the embryo uses the oocyte reserves, however, from day 3 to the blastocyst it starts to express different proteins to continue its development, so it starts to degrade glucose (it needs more glucose in this case). Also substances like antioxidants, antibiotics, macromolecules, hormones and growth factors can be added. Methods to permit dynamic embryo culture with fluid flow and embryo movement are also available. A new method in development uses the uterus as an incubator and the naturally occurring intrauterine fluids as culture medium by encapsulating the embryos in a permeable intrauterine vessel.
145:
can be used, in which the embryo is sequentially placed in different media, with different formulations based on the different concentration and composition of the tubal and uterine fluid in relation to change in the metabolic activity of the embryo during its development. For example, when culturing
124:
Regarding the incubator, technicians should place one patient per incubator and avoid frequent door opening. Taking into account the number of embryos used in the culture, group embryo culture is recommended, so they can exchange growing factors while time is saved in the lab but embryo fusion is a
184:
While it has been hypothesized that incubating at a temperature lower than 37 °C may be a more accurate recreation of the temperature in the female reproductive tract, the evidence is uncertain whether different temperatures for embryo culture have different effects on pregnancy or live birth
120:
The first thing to take into account are the oxygen and carbon dioxide conditions because they must be as similar as the uterus ones as possible. It is for this reason that oxygen has to be at 5% and carbon dioxide at 6% (depending on altitude). On the other hand, temperature must be set at 37
652:
Blockeel, C.; Mock, P.; Verheyen, G.; Bouche, N.; Le Goff, P.; Heyman, Y.; Wrenzycki, C.; Höffmann, K.; Niemann, H.; Haentjens, P.; De Los Santos, M. J.; Fernandez-Sanchez, M.; Velasco, M.; Aebischer, P.; Devroey, P.; Simón, C. (2008).
328:
Glujovsky, Demián; Farquhar, Cindy; Quinteiro
Retamar, Andrea Marta; Alvarez Sedo, Cristian Roberto; Blake, Deborah (2016-06-30). "Cleavage stage versus blastocyst stage embryo transfer in assisted reproductive technology".
747:
Mantikou, E.; Bontekoe, S.; Van Wely, M.; Seshadri, S.; Repping, S.; Mastenbroek, S. (2013). "Low oxygen concentrations for embryo culture in assisted reproductive technologies".
79:, and there is no evidence of a difference between the groups in cumulative pregnancy rates. Transfer day 2 instead of day 3 after fertilization has no differences in
137:(on top of a layer of cells from the woman's own uterine lining). With artificial culture medium, there can either be the same culture medium throughout the period (
149:
A review in 2013 meta-analysis of commercially available IVF culture media was unable to identify a specific media that was superior in terms of pregnancy outcome.
167:
CO₂ / bicarbonate - buffered medium: uses the same physiological buffering system surrounding mammalian cells. Require the use of CO₂ incubators at 5-7%;
223:
469:
Sunde, Arne; Brison, Daniel; Dumoulin, John; Harper, Joyce; Lundin, Kersti; Magli, M. Cristina; Van den Abbeel, Etienne; Veiga, Anna (October 2016).
613:"Advances in embryo culture platforms: novel approaches to improve preimplantation embryo development through modifications of the microenvironment"
205:
In addition to human embryo culture, the technique is employed extensively for non-human species, especially when exploring embryo development,
164:
Control and regulation of pH are mandatory for in vitro embryo culture. Culture media can be classified according to type of buffer used:
520:
281:"Neonatal outcomes among singleton births after blastocyst versus cleavage stage embryo transfer: a systematic review and meta-analysis"
744:
152:
Usage of low oxygen concentrations of 5% rather than about 20% in the atmosphere has been shown to increase live birth rate to a
67:
Embryos which reach the day 3 cell stage can be tested for chromosomal or specific genetic defects prior to possible transfer by
170:
Phosphate-buffered medium: does not require CO₂ environment. Seems to have detrimental effects in embryo development in vitro;
1048:
427:"Monozygotic twinning is not increased after single blastocyst transfer compared with single cleavage-stage embryo transfer"
217:
embryos, in particular, are frequently cultured for these specific research purposes. The two often used cultural media are
539:"Single or sequential medium are equally effective for the culture of human embryos to the blastocyst stage: a pilot study"
704:
Mantikou, E.; Youssef, M. A. F. M.; Van Wely, M.; Van Der Veen, F.; Al-Inany, H. G.; Repping, S.; Mastenbroek, S. (2013).
701:
176:
MOPS-buffered medium: like HEPES, has the potential advantage that the buffering capacity is less temperature dependent.
981:
Wigger, Magdalena; Schneider, Marco; Feldmann, Anni; Assenmacher, Sonja; Zevnik, Branko; Tröder, Simon E. (2023-08-24).
527:
Melanie R. Freeman and Don Rieger. Nashville
Fertility Center, Nashville, TN, U.S.A. and LifeGlobal, Guelph, ON, Canada
218:
68:
156:
of 1.24, without any evidence of increased risk for multiple pregnancies, miscarriages or congenital abnormalities.
206:
134:
1070:
370:"Day three versus day two embryo transfer following in vitro fertilization or intracytoplasmic sperm injection"
784:"New pH-buffering system for media utilized during gamete and embryo manipulations for assisted reproduction"
518:
Comparison Of A Single Medium With
Sequential Media For Development Of Human Embryos To The Blastocyst Stage
125:
drawback that has to be taken into account, in fact, after day five embryo fusion is more likely to happen.
210:
197:
abnormalities in embryos having undergone embryo culture, indicating a need to optimize the procedures.
572:"Embryo quality and implantation rate in two different culture media: ISM1 versus Universal IVF Medium"
228:
983:"Successful use of HTF as a basal fertilization medium during SEcuRe mouse in vitro fertilization"
112:
1.3) among births from embryos cultured until the blastocyst stage compared with cleavage stage.
173:
HEPES-buffered medium: used as buffered medium for human oocyte collection and embryo handling;
248:
20:
655:"An in vivo culture system for human embryos using an encapsulation technology: A pilot study"
517:
90:
255:
system, M2 medium facilitates embryo handling in ambient conditions without the need for CO
105:
86:
8:
232:
49:
41:
1017:
982:
958:
925:
857:
832:
679:
654:
402:
369:
1043:(4th ed.). Cold Spring Harbor (N.Y.): Cold Spring Harbor laboratory press. 2014.
800:
783:
555:
538:
26:
where in resultant embryos are allowed to grow for some time in an artificial medium.
1044:
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1004:
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571:
500:
492:
448:
443:
426:
407:
389:
350:
342:
310:
302:
133:
Culture of embryos can either be performed in an artificial culture medium or in an
1012:
994:
953:
937:
893:
852:
848:
844:
795:
756:
717:
674:
666:
624:
583:
550:
482:
438:
397:
385:
381:
338:
334:
292:
71:(PGD). Embryo culture until the blastocyst stage confers a significant increase in
524:
80:
76:
72:
45:
35:
999:
941:
327:
1064:
1008:
949:
809:
496:
393:
346:
306:
153:
97:
61:
53:
40:
The duration of embryo culture can be varied, conferring different stages of
898:
881:
760:
722:
705:
670:
629:
612:
487:
470:
297:
280:
1026:
967:
907:
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731:
688:
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597:
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354:
314:
214:
194:
109:
101:
57:
831:
Baak, NA; Cantineau, AE; Farquhar, C; Brison, DR (17 September 2019).
706:"Embryo culture media and IVF/ICSI success rates: A systematic review"
569:
703:
425:
Papanikolaou EG, Fatemi H, Venetis C, et al. (February 2009).
121:
degrees. In addition, the pH levels should be between 7.2 and 7.5.
980:
926:"A brief history of the development of the KSOM family of media"
746:
570:
Xella S, Marsella T, Tagliasacchi D, et al. (April 2010).
115:
252:
48:. The main stages at which embryo transfer is performed are
830:
651:
833:"Temperature of embryo culture for assisted reproduction"
468:
424:
89:
is not increased after blastocyst transfer compared with
279:
Dar, S.; Lazer, T.; Shah, P. S.; Librach, C. L. (2014).
240:
471:"Time to take human embryo culture seriously: Table I"
200:
879:
536:
882:"Culture of oocytes and risk of imprinting defects"
278:
1041:Manipulating the mouse embryo: a laboratory manual
537:Schneider, D.T.; Verza, S.; Esteves, S.C. (2009).
464:
462:
368:Brown, Julie; Daya, Salim; Matson, Phill (2016).
247:incubator environment but is employed during the
1062:
243:. As with KSOM, HTF is only appropriate for a CO
367:
880:Anckaert, E.; De Rycke, M.; Smitz, J. (2012).
782:Swain, Jason E.; Pool, Thomas B. (June 2009).
459:
274:
272:
930:Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics
116:Characteristics of an optimal embryo culture
837:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
374:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
331:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
269:
610:
1016:
998:
957:
897:
856:
799:
781:
721:
678:
628:
587:
554:
486:
442:
401:
296:
923:
96:There are significantly higher odds of
1063:
919:
917:
201:Embryo culture in non-human species
159:
13:
924:Summers, Michael C. (2013-09-18).
914:
219:potassium simplex optimized medium
14:
1082:
556:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2009.07.1564
69:preimplantation genetic diagnosis
589:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2008.12.030
444:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2008.12.088
231:mechanism, it is dependent on a
207:assisted reproductive technology
135:autologous endometrial coculture
1033:
974:
873:
824:
788:Reproductive Biomedicine Online
775:
738:
695:
645:
849:10.1002/14651858.CD012192.pub2
604:
563:
530:
511:
418:
386:10.1002/14651858.CD004378.pub3
361:
339:10.1002/14651858.CD002118.pub5
321:
179:
1:
801:10.1016/s1472-6483(10)60029-6
262:
193:Animal studies have detected
128:
211:genetically modified animals
7:
611:Swain JE, Smith GD (2011).
227:(HTF). Because KSOM uses a
29:
10:
1087:
1000:10.1186/s13104-023-06452-6
33:
942:10.1007/s10815-013-0097-8
886:Human Reproduction Update
749:Human Reproduction Update
710:Human Reproduction Update
285:Human Reproduction Update
209:, and the generation of
188:
60:stage (day 5 or 6 after
543:Fertility and Sterility
251:process. Buffered by a
1071:In vitro fertilisation
239:to maintain the right
899:10.1093/humupd/dms042
761:10.1093/humupd/dms055
723:10.1093/humupd/dms061
671:10.1093/humrep/dep005
630:10.1093/humupd/dmr006
488:10.1093/humrep/dew157
298:10.1093/humupd/dmu001
229:bicarbonate buffering
91:cleavage-stage embryo
34:Further information:
154:relative probability
106:congenital anomalies
87:Monozygotic twinning
617:Hum. Reprod. Update
987:BMC Research Notes
659:Human Reproduction
523:2012-03-21 at the
475:Human Reproduction
139:monoculture medium
52:(day 2 to 4 after
19:is a component of
1050:978-1-936113-00-2
481:(10): 2174–2182.
224:human tubal fluid
143:sequential system
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1002:
978:
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549:(3): S231–S232.
534:
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422:
416:
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405:
380:(12): CD004378.
365:
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160:Buffering system
1086:
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1080:
1079:
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1059:
1058:
1051:
1039:
1038:
1034:
979:
975:
922:
915:
878:
874:
843:(9): CD012192.
829:
825:
780:
776:
743:
739:
700:
696:
650:
646:
609:
605:
568:
564:
535:
531:
525:Wayback Machine
516:
512:
467:
460:
423:
419:
366:
362:
333:(6): CD002118.
326:
322:
277:
270:
265:
258:
246:
236:
203:
191:
182:
162:
131:
118:
81:live birth rate
77:embryo transfer
73:live birth rate
46:embryo transfer
38:
36:Embryo transfer
32:
12:
11:
5:
1084:
1074:
1073:
1057:
1056:
1049:
1032:
973:
936:(8): 995–999.
913:
872:
823:
794:(6): 799–810.
774:
737:
716:(3): 210–220.
694:
665:(4): 790–796.
644:
603:
582:(6): 1859–63.
576:Fertil. Steril
562:
529:
510:
458:
431:Fertil. Steril
417:
360:
320:
291:(3): 439–448.
267:
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244:
234:
202:
199:
190:
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50:cleavage stage
31:
28:
17:Embryo culture
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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724:
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686:
681:
676:
672:
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664:
660:
656:
648:
640:
636:
631:
626:
623:(4): 541–57.
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607:
599:
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581:
577:
573:
566:
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249:fertilisation
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98:preterm birth
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78:
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70:
65:
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62:co-incubation
59:
55:
54:co-incubation
51:
47:
43:
42:embryogenesis
37:
27:
25:
24:fertilisation
23:
18:
1040:
1035:
990:
986:
976:
933:
929:
892:(1): 52–66.
889:
885:
875:
840:
836:
826:
791:
787:
777:
752:
748:
740:
713:
709:
697:
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658:
647:
620:
616:
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579:
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565:
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532:
513:
478:
474:
437:(2): 592–7.
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259:regulation.
222:
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119:
95:
85:
66:
39:
21:
16:
15:
221:(KSOM) and
180:Temperature
993:(1): 184.
755:(3): 209.
263:References
195:epigenetic
129:Techniques
110:odds ratio
102:odds ratio
93:transfer.
58:blastocyst
1009:1756-0500
950:1058-0468
810:1472-6491
497:0268-1161
394:1469-493X
347:1469-493X
307:1355-4786
237:incubator
104:1.3) and
56:) or the
1065:Category
1027:37620881
1018:10463834
968:24046024
908:23054129
867:31529804
818:19490784
769:23377864
732:23385469
689:19273881
639:21454356
598:19152877
521:Archived
505:27554442
453:19243755
412:27976360
355:27357126
315:24480786
141:), or a
30:Duration
22:in vitro
959:3790120
858:6748832
680:2656929
403:6463848
185:rates.
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1007:
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253:HEPES
215:Mouse
189:Risks
1045:ISBN
1023:PMID
1005:ISSN
964:PMID
946:ISSN
904:PMID
863:PMID
814:PMID
806:ISSN
765:PMID
728:PMID
685:PMID
635:PMID
594:PMID
501:PMID
493:ISSN
449:PMID
408:PMID
390:ISSN
351:PMID
343:ISSN
311:PMID
303:ISSN
75:per
1013:PMC
995:doi
954:PMC
938:doi
894:doi
853:PMC
845:doi
796:doi
757:doi
718:doi
675:PMC
667:doi
625:doi
584:doi
551:doi
483:doi
439:doi
398:PMC
382:doi
335:doi
293:doi
64:).
44:at
1067::
1021:.
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289:20
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271:^
241:pH
233:CO
213:.
83:.
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108:(
100:(
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