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534:, feeding on a variety of zooplankton, protozoans and diatoms. They move with a planktonic food source up toward the surface at dusk, and move back down at dawn. Both aquatic and terrestrial insects obtained at the surface of the water are a small portion of their diet. Algae and plants are also eaten, during spring especially.
518:. They live in large open rivers, lakes, and reservoirs. In medium-sized habitats the temperature preference for the shiner is 25 °C (77 °F), and they are tolerant of low oxygen levels. It is a midwater or near-surface species that usually lives in large or moderately sized schools. Some shiners are tolerant of
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are hooked, and are in a 2, 4–4, 2 or 1, 4–4, 1 pattern. Shiners have a short and blunt snout, and the upper lip is separated from the skin of the snout by a deep groove that is continuous across the midline. The cartilaginous ridge of the lower jaw is not very evident.
434:
side of the fish is a silvery white color. The dorsal scales have pigmented margins and clear centers. The area between the nostril and the eye lacks pigment, and the lips are pigmented medially and continues to halfway down the midline of the lower jaw. The
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Spawning occurs at night, about 1 to 2 feet below the surface, milling and darting in a circular path. Smaller males tend to pursue larger females, and the pairs swim together in a circle. The male presses closely on one side of the female, interlocking
546:, especially for winter fishing because of the shiner's hardiness in cold weather. They are also an important resource for other animals to forage. The glistening sides of the shiner, along with its graceful movements make it a good aquarium fish.
594:. Females have been known to spawn anywhere from late spring (mid-May) to late summer (mid-August). Spawning is temperature dependent, and begins around 22.2 °C (72.0 °F). This is known as the threshold temperature. In
1025:
Hartman, Kyle J.; Vondracek, Bruce; Parrish, Donna L.; Muth, Kenneth M. (1992). "Diets of emerald and spottail shiners and potential interactions with other western Lake Erie planktivorous fishes".
851:
Hubbs, C., R.J. Edwards and G.P. Garret. 1991. An annotated checklist of freshwater fishes of Texas, with key to identification of species. Texas
Journal of Science, Supplement 43(4):1–56.
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Currently, this species is of relatively low conservation concern and does not require significant additional protection or major management, monitoring, or research action. The
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Simon, T. P. 1999. Assessing the sustainability and biological integrity of water resources using fish communities. CRC Press. Boca Raton; London; New York; Washington.
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Live emerald shiners are a bright, iridescent, silvery green with a silver mid-lateral band. The back and upper sides are emerald greenish to straw colored, and the
342:. The identifying characteristic of the emerald shiner is the silvery emerald color on its sides. It can grow to 3.5 inches in length and is found across
470:
Shiners have a slender, laterally flattened, and compressed body type. The dorsal fin is transparent, with 8 rays located right behind the insertion of the
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925:
Hassan-Williams, Carla, and
Timothy H. Bonner. "Emerald Shiner Notropis Atherinoides." Emerald Shiner Notropis Atherinoides. Texas State University, 2007.
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and gyrating. The female then rolls over and eggs are released for the male to fertilize. Males are mature at 55–60 mm, and females at 65 mm.
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The maximum reported age of emerald shiners is four to five years. Females live longer than males, and all older fish that have been found were female.
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Matthews, William J.; Maness, Joseph D. (1979). "Critical thermal maxima, oxygen tolerances and success of cyprinid fishes in a southwestern river".
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Other common names include: Buckery shiner, common emerald shiner, lake shiner, lake silver side, plains shiner, river emerald shiner, shiner.
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status of the emerald shiner is of least concern. Other than being caught for use in fish bait, emerald shiners are preyed upon by birds (
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598:, females have been found to spawn in temperatures ranging from 20.1 to 23.2 °C (68.2 to 73.8 °F). Emerald shiners tend to
354:, commonly in large, deep lakes and rivers, though sometimes in smaller bodies of water as well. It feeds on small organisms such as
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Bailey, R.M., and M.O. Allum. 1962. Fishes of South Dakota. Museum of
Zoology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. 131 pp.
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Scott, W.B., and E.J. Crossman. 1973. Freshwater Fishes of Canada. Fisheries
Research Board of Canada, Ottawa. 966 pp.
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near the surface in open water near boulders and gravel shoals. Eggs usually hatch between 24 and 32 hours. They are
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Etnier, D.A., and W.C. Starnes. 1993. The Fishes of
Tennessee. The University of Tennessee Press, Knoxville. 681 pp.
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spawners with numerous buoyant eggs that have none or poorly-developed respiratory organs, and little pigment.
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in streams, but others avoid turbid streams. They are most commonly seen in clear water over sand or gravel.
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Ross, S.T. 2001. Inland fishes of
Mississippi. University Press of Mississippi, Jackson Mississippi. 624 pp.
260:
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1084:– part of a collection of fact sheets put together on organisms found in the Boundary Waters Canoe Area.
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Boschung, H.T., Jr., and R.L. Mayden. 2004. Fishes of
Alabama. Smithsonian Books, Washington. 736 pp.
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Becker, G.C. 1983. Fishes of
Wisconsin. The University of Wisconsin Press, Madison. 1052 pp.
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Emerald shiners resemble members of the silverside family, hence the species name
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Rook, Earl J.S. "Notropis
Atherinoides Emerald Shiner." Emerald Shiner. 1999.
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comes from the Greek atherina, meaning silverside; and from the Greek suffix
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Campbell, J. S.; MacCrimmon, H. R. (1970). "Biology of the emerald shiner
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663:) was recently incorporated into the emerald shiner species designation.
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is large and in the terminal and oblique position, and does not have a
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Fuchs, Everett H. (1967). "Life history of the emerald shiner,
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Maximum size is 89–127 mm. Females are larger than males.
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10.1577/1548-8659(1967)96[247:lhotes]2.0.co;2
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Ohio
Department of Natural Resources life history notes
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Morphometry and life history of the emerald shiner,
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649:, silverside-like. This is in reference to the
447:fins are lined with pigment, but the remaining
960:Transactions of the American Fisheries Society
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454:and membranes are clear. The underside of the
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629:noton, meaning "back keel". The species name
390:. They range to the gulf coast from Texas to
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1410:Taxa named by Constantine Samuel Rafinesque
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958:, in Lewis and Clark Lake, South Dakota".
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514:Living in freshwater, emerald shiners are
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838:(Ph.D. diss.). Univ. Michigan, Ann Arbor.
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1400:Freshwater fish of the United States
998:Rafinesque in Lake Simcoe, Canada".
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1385:IUCN Red List least concern species
703:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
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1012:10.1111/j.1095-8649.1970.tb03284.x
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462:colors exhibited by either sex.
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1082:A fact sheet by Earl J. S. Rook
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542:Emerald shiners are used for
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70:Scientific classification
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754:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.).
1405:Fish of the Great Lakes
1094:"Notropis atherinoides"
1000:Journal of Fish Biology
830:Flittner, G.A. (1964).
637:, meaning resemblance.
458:are gray. There are no
1415:Fish described in 1818
710:: e.T202288A18229138.
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1156:Notropis atherinoides
1126:Notropis atherinoides
996:Notropis atherinoides
956:Notropis atherinoides
834:Notropis atherinoides
758:Notropis atherinoides
696:Notropis atherinoides
474:fins. They have 9–12
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328:Notropis atherinoides
202:Notropis atherinoides
768:. June 2018 version.
692:NatureServe (2013).
661:Notropis percobromus
651:Old World silverside
590:Emerald shiners are
538:Importance to humans
406:Physical description
184:N. atherinoides
550:Conservation status
306:Notropis louisianae
287:Alburnellus jaculus
40:Conservation status
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276:Alburnus oligaspis
268:Alburnus lepidulus
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1344:Open Tree of Life
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618:Etymology of name
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647:atherinoides
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631:atherinoides
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586:Reproduction
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544:fishing bait
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532:planktivores
530:Shiners are
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487:pectoral fin
480:lateral line
478:rays, 35–43
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370:Distribution
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1305:NatureServe
1243:iNaturalist
1150:Wikispecies
723:12 November
526:Diet habits
400:Mississippi
356:zooplankton
147:Leuciscinae
143:Subfamily:
1379:Categories
836:Rafinesque
667:References
572:cormorants
568:mergansers
493:rays. The
491:pelvic fin
426:Coloration
290:Cope, 1867
209:Rafinesque
137:Cyprinidae
592:oviparous
578:Life span
520:turbidity
364:bait fish
338:known as
178:Species:
93:Kingdom:
87:Eukaryota
1390:Notropis
1310:2.100819
1261:10158760
1217:FishBase
1141:Q1979063
1135:Wikidata
765:FishBase
653:family.
623:Notropis
476:anal fin
445:pectoral
384:Virginia
310:Evermann
239:Kirtland
218:Synonyms
171:Notropis
133:Family:
107:Chordata
103:Phylum:
97:Animalia
83:Domain:
60:IUCN 3.1
1235:2362170
1103:12 June
910:2424665
604:pelagic
510:Habitat
460:nuptial
456:opercle
432:ventral
392:Alabama
360:insects
350:to the
340:shiners
336:species
299:Günther
166:Genus:
123:Order:
113:Class:
58: (
1362:567536
1349:636312
1287:202288
1274:163412
1209:NOTRAT
1196:356667
908:
641:Trivia
596:Canada
501:. The
499:barbel
483:scales
472:pelvic
441:caudal
437:dorsal
411:Length
380:Canada
348:Canada
312:, 1898
301:, 1868
282:, 1865
263:, 1856
261:Girard
252:, 1854
250:Lapham
241:, 1854
211:, 1818
1357:WoRMS
1323:67550
1294:NAS:
1256:IRMNG
1248:58620
1183:74D6C
1170:31986
906:JSTOR
635:oides
627:Greek
600:spawn
564:terns
560:gulls
495:mouth
388:Texas
346:from
154:Clade
1331:ODNR
1318:NCBI
1282:IUCN
1269:ITIS
1230:GBIF
1222:2824
1204:EPPO
1165:BOLD
1105:2006
725:2021
708:2013
452:rays
386:and
358:and
333:fish
321:The
280:Cope
1297:582
1191:EoL
1178:CoL
1035:doi
1008:doi
968:doi
898:doi
894:102
712:doi
449:fin
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1096:.
1031:18
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1002:.
980:^
964:96
962:.
944:^
932:^
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892:.
844:^
806:^
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674:^
570:,
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1004:2
974:.
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325:(
62:)
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