510:
270:. Although Selim Giray managed to arrive in Crimea and met with local rebels, Russia intercepted and prevented the landing of the Turkish military force that was planned to assist him. This was followed on 17 February 1778 by the surrounding and surrender of Selim Giray's force, forcing him to renounce power and recognize Şahin Giray's rule as legitimate. Following these failed attempts at altering the status quo in Crimea, as well as a threat by Russian ambassador
130:
351:
418:, along with metropolitan bishop Ignatius himself. A total of 31,386 people were resettled from Crimea, with only 288 Christians remaining within the peninsula by the time the resettlement had been completed. According to Alexander Suvorov, the whole process cost the Russian Imperial government around 130,000 rubles to implement.
383:
526:
After the resettlement had finished, some
Armenians and Greeks later returned to Crimea, although most chose to remain in the regions to which they were resettled. The resettled were, for the most part, treated well by the Russian authorities and allowed to retain their local customs. On 14 November
246:
as the new Khan. His status as Khan was approved by the
Crimean State council on 28 March 1777, who then also appealed to Russian authorities with a request for the Russian military presence in Crimea to be maintained indefinitely, in order to prevent any future Ottoman interference. Despite this,
542:
While the
Russian state officially paid khan Şahin Giray 50,000 rubles as compensation, this was not nearly enough to make up for the economic damage that had resulted from the exodus of the Christians. The financial ruin caused by the relocation caused Crimean khan Şahin Giray to resign from his
373:
reported to the khan that metropolitan
Ignatius had requested the Russian authorities to withdraw all Christians from the city, at which point some local Christians opposed to this requested the mayor to intervene. On 21 July, the Russian government officially informed the khan about the ongoing
316:
shore. Additionally, the exodus of the
Christians, who were the wealthiest subjects of the Crimean khan, would cause the Khanate to lose tax revenue and become more dependent on Russia, eventually leading to its complete integration. Regarding Russian intentions to make use of the relocation to
368:
Subsequent to the appointment of
Alexander Suvorov to the head of the military administration over Crimea in April 1778, the process of preparing the relocation of the Christian population officially began, with the help of metropolitan bishop Ignatius in its implementation. Once rumors of the
527:
1779 the
Russian government instituted the "Charters Granted to Christians of the Greek and Armenian Denominations Who Migrated from the Crimea to Settle in the Azov Province," which gave the migrants the right to administer themselves according to their own legal norms and exempted them from
410:
However, by 23 July 1778 Şahin Giray had realized the futility of any resistance to the royal decree of
Catherine the Great, and signed an order announcing the withdrawal of Christians from Crimea. Additionally, he called on the inhabitants of the Crimean Khanate not to resist the relocation
538:
wrote a poem titled "To Prince
Aleksandrovich Potemkin," in which he celebrates the Russian leadership for their role in the exodus of the peninsula's Armenians and Greeks, calling it the result of divine intervention which allowed the state to "regenerate foreign peoples into Russian".
501:
Whether the resettlement was voluntary or involuntary remains a highly debated topic among historians today, but it is clear that the
Christians of Crimea were, at the very least, heavily persuaded by Russia via a propaganda campaign led by the Russian state and the
276:
435:
461:
292:, and, as a consequence of finally having established control over the Crimean peninsula, was now able to move populations and change demographics towards that objective. Following the installation of Şahin Giray as the head of the
1041:
Regional and general in history: Abstracts from the international scientific conference dedicated to the 140th anniversary of the birth of D.I. Yavornytsky and the 90th anniversary of the XIII Archaeological Congress (9 November
369:
relocation began to spread among the Crimean population, they were initially denied by Crimean khan Şahin Giray on 18 July 1778, who was at the time unaware of its preparation. Following this, on the same day, the mayor of
506:, which took advantage of existing social tensions in Crimea between Christian minorities and the ruling Muslim Tatars. While some historians classify it as a forced deportation, this is rejected by the majority today.
343:, opposed the implementation of this plan, Catherine the Great approved it, signing the decree "On the resettlement of all Christians to the southern Russian countryside" on 9 March 1778. The following month,
220:, Crimea was effectively ceded to the Russian Empire as a client state. At the start of 1775, however, Ottoman forces intervened in Crimea, in violation of the Kuchuk-Kainarji Treaty, and, after ousting
1116:
421:
During the time of the migrants in Katerynoslav, they were held in the homes of other peasants and unable to participate in agriculture, resulting in an difficult economic situation for them.
1037:Регіональне і загальне в історії: Тези міжнародної наукової конференції, присвяченої 140-річчю від дня народження Д.І.Яворницького та 90-літтю XIII Археологічного з'їзду (9 листопада 1995 р.)
308:
began planning a method for the resettlement of the Greek and Armenian populations of the region. One primary motivation for this plan was a desire to eliminate the ethnic tensions between
312:
and Christians within Crimea, which had been raised as result of the Russian military intervention. Another motivation was the desire to colonize the unpopulated Pryazovia region on the
41:
472:
378:
430:
1066:
17:
414:
The first wave of the resettlement began on 26 July, with the process continuing until 24 November when the last batch of immigrants were resettled to the city of
544:
440:, which had been allotted to them by the Russian government. Of the 19 settlements established for the Greeks, the most prominent would become the city of
271:
514:
242:
as the new khan of Crimea. This resulted in Russian military intervention on 23 November 1776, with Catherine the Great proclaiming the Russian-aligned
260:
467:
232:
977:
667:
221:
1239:
237:
1277:
265:
1297:
1282:
226:
1035:[From the history of the relocation of the Greeks from the Crimea to the Mariupol region: Metropolitan Ignatius (Gazadinov)].
1317:
456:
910:
406:"More than half do not wish to be relocated, and I ask you to give me the authority to end this matter in a positive way."
888:
1262:
478:
395:Большая половина не согласна отсель отлучаться, в котором прошу дать мне полномочие хорошим способом докончить сие дело.
1307:
950:
528:
1053:
203:
628:
259:
In December 1777, the Ottoman Empire once again attempted to appoint to the Crimean throne a khan of its choosing,
429:
In April 1780, the Greeks temporarily being held in Katerynoslav began to be settled in a number of newly founded
1292:
1104:
1045:
1312:
1267:
388:
with his objections, in which he requested to be given the power to prevent the relocation from taking place:
216:
had captured the entirety of the Crimean peninsula. As a result of the end of the war and the signing of the
1322:
1272:
1084:
535:
1287:
1130:
217:
213:
108:
A request from the metropolitan of Crimea, Ignatius, that Crimean Christians be made Russian subjects
942:
1257:
288:
Russia had long sought to pacify its notoriously unstable southern frontier and coastline with the
281:
that France would intervene on behalf of Russia if the Ottomans did not cease these attempts, the
503:
1302:
36:
936:
898:
892:
340:
67:
Relocation from Crimea to Katerynoslav lasted July 26 – November 24, 1778
986:
297:
175:
8:
1009:
191:
1075:
335:"The removal of the Christians can be considered the conquest of that great province."
1233:
1187:
1158:
1142:
1033:"З історії переселення греків з Криму на Маріупольщину: Митрополит Ігнатій (Газадінов)"
990:
489:
155:
1112:
668:"The Deportation of Christians from the Crimean Peninsula During Catherine II's Reign"
1162:
1150:
1089:
1049:
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906:
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375:
344:
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in 1783 and an end to the over three century-long existence of the Crimean Khanate.
1191:
1134:
973:"Review: V. B. Barkhudarian. History of the Armenian Settlement of Nor Nakhichevan"
488:
Unlike the Greeks, Armenians were relocated to the newly established settlement of
482:
305:
301:
171:
163:
1078:[The migration of Greeks from the Crimea to the Pryazovia region in 1778]
293:
111:
A desire to eliminate ethnic tensions between Tatars and Christians within Crimea
317:
induce an annexation of Crimea, Pyotr Rumyantsev stated to Catherine the Great:
637:, pp. 46–50, Appendices: Emigration of Christians from the Crimea in 1778.
581:
309:
209:
183:
134:
129:
1032:
247:
the Ottoman Empire refused to recognize Şahin Giray's legitimacy, with Sultan
243:
1251:
1121:
1093:
941:. Studies of Nationalities in the USSR (1st ed.). Stanford, California:
282:
248:
32:
509:
1225:
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in February 1778, as well as a request from metropolitan bishop of Crimea
994:
972:
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1146:
902:
598:
313:
289:
187:
92:
1211:
1178:
1138:
897:. Russian voices of the Napoleonic Wars. Vol. 5. Translated by
441:
347:
was appointed in place of Prozorovsky to implement the relocation.
649:
647:
645:
643:
534:
Within the Russian Empire, the resettlement was greatly praised.
339:
While some in the Russian court, such as military head of Crimea
1117:"Garden of the Empire: Catherine's Appropriation of the Crimea"
1067:
Dmytro Yavornytsky National Historical Museum of Dnipropetrovsk
640:
611:
370:
354:
Map depicting the locations Greeks and Armenians were resettled
300:
that Crimean Christians be made subjects of the Russian state,
179:
88:
255:" Giray is a tool. The aim of the Russians is to take Crimea."
117:
A desire to bring about an annexation of the Crimean peninsula
585:
324:Вывод христиан может почесться завоеванием знатной провинции.
208:
In 1768, Russia began a new round of hostilities against the
737:
735:
733:
731:
729:
350:
828:
752:
750:
492:
in November 1779, named after the South Caucasian city of
1180:
The Ottoman-Russian relations between the years 1774–1787
894:
Memoirs of the Revolution, the Empire and the Restoration
726:
374:
preparations, prompting him to write a letter to Russian
774:
747:
477:
region, itself abandoned shortly antecedently with the
212:, and by June 1771 an army under the command of Prince
1177:Özer, Abdürrahim (August 2008). Kırımlı, Hakan (ed.).
852:
816:
806:
804:
791:
789:
714:
114:
A desire to colonize the unpopulated Pryazovia region
840:
702:
678:
1076:"Переселення греків з Криму до Приазов'я у 1778 р."
690:
864:
801:
786:
762:
1044:]. By Beketov, V. M. (in Ukrainian). Dnipro:
144:31,386 Greeks and Armenians resettled from Crimea
1249:
978:Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae
285:eventually recognized Şahin Giray's legitimacy.
18:Emigration of Christians from the Crimea (1778)
152:Eviction of Christians from the Crimea in 1778
80:Relocation to Pryazovia began in November 1779
49:Eviction of Christians from the Crimea in 1778
569:Deportation of the Christians from the Crimea
455:on the territory of the former settlement of
393:
322:
887:
834:
27:Russian resettlement of Armenians and Greeks
190:, taking place in 1778 on order of Empress
1238:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
545:annexation of Crimea by the Russian Empire
424:
1008:
780:
363:
182:were resettled by the authorities of the
1209:
634:
565:Exodus of the Christians from the Crimea
508:
349:
1111:
858:
846:
720:
14:
1250:
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756:
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170:) was a historical event in which the
1088:(in Ukrainian) (1). Mariupol: 73–84.
1012:(1992). Kachmarsky, Eugene S. (ed.).
1176:
1073:
870:
810:
795:
768:
708:
684:
653:
543:position, eventually leading to the
160:Виведення християн з Криму в 1778 р.
58:Виведення християн з Криму в 1778 р.
1133:(published 27 January 2017): 1–23.
665:
24:
1278:History of Christianity in Ukraine
25:
1334:
1283:History of Christianity in Russia
1074:Hedo, Anna Volodymyrivna (2001).
168:Вывод христиан из Крыма в 1778 г.
1318:Politically motivated migrations
1010:Butkevych, Volodymyr Hryhorovych
186:to newly founded settlements in
128:
1105:Institute of History of Ukraine
1046:Institute of History of Ukraine
889:Rochechouart, Louis-Victor-Léon
880:
604:
591:
513:Monument to the deportation in
931:Fisher, Alan Washburn (1978).
659:
656:, pp. 50–51, section 3.6.
580:Including both the Grecophone
574:
557:
431:Greek settlements of Pryazovia
13:
1:
1298:Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774)
621:
445:
358:
204:Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774)
197:
1213:Bakhchisarai Assumption rock
1085:Ukrainian Historical Journal
521:
7:
1186:(Master's thesis). Ankara:
10:
1339:
1263:1778 in the Russian Empire
1131:Cambridge University Press
1015:Who Has A Right To Crimea?
529:mandatory military service
201:
1308:Greek diaspora in Ukraine
1210:Zharkykh, Mykola (2016).
394:
323:
218:Treaty of Kuchuk-Kainarji
214:Vasily Dolgorukov-Krymsky
167:
159:
140:
123:
102:
84:
63:
57:
53:
943:Hoover Institution Press
550:
1113:Schönle, Andreas Xavier
971:Schütz, Edmond (1987).
504:Eastern Orthodox Church
425:Relocation to Pryazovia
29:
1293:Christianity in Crimea
1031:Kozina, N. I. (1995).
899:Mikaberidze, Alexander
518:
408:
400:
364:Relocation from Crimea
355:
337:
329:
257:
231:from power, installed
42:considered for merging
1313:Historical migrations
666:Saienko, Anastasiia.
512:
404:
390:
353:
341:Alexander Prozorovsky
333:
319:
253:
202:Further information:
1268:1778 in Christianity
1048:. pp. 262–264.
444:, which was settled
402:Which translates to:
331:Which translates to:
1323:History of Mariupol
1273:Catherine the Great
744:, pp. 262–264.
584:and the Turkophone
379:Andrei Konstantinov
192:Catherine the Great
50:
1188:Bilkent University
938:The Crimean Tatars
933:Vucinich, Wayne S.
905:(published 2019).
672:deportation.org.ua
563:Also known as the
519:
356:
272:Alexander Stakhiev
48:
1288:History of Crimea
912:978-0-359-86624-3
835:Rochechouart 1889
759:, pp. 64–69.
711:, pp. 75–76.
687:, pp. 74–75.
490:Nakhchivan-on-Don
376:resident minister
345:Alexander Suvorov
148:
147:
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302:Pyotr Rumyantsev
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1055:5-7707-8671-X
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635:Zharkykh 2016
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37:Infobox event
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1226:Academia.edu
1224:– via
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1212:
1199:. Retrieved
1179:
1166:. Retrieved
1126:
1120:
1103:– via
1097:. Retrieved
1083:
1065:– via
1059:. Retrieved
1040:
1036:
1020:. Retrieved
1014:
998:. Retrieved
982:
976:
964:Google Books
962:– via
956:. Retrieved
937:
924:Google Books
922:– via
916:. Retrieved
893:
881:Bibliography
866:
859:Schönle 2001
854:
849:, p. 6.
847:Schönle 2001
842:
830:
818:
776:
764:
721:Schönle 2001
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487:
428:
420:
416:Katerynoslav
413:
409:
405:
401:
391:
367:
338:
334:
330:
320:
287:
258:
254:
249:Abdulhamid I
207:
151:
149:
124:Organized by
97:Katerynoslav
35:
1220:21 February
1201:13 February
1196:11693/15445
1168:23 February
1099:17 February
989:: 333–337.
823:Schütz 1987
757:Fisher 1978
742:Kozina 1995
697:Fisher 1978
586:Urum Greeks
479:liquidation
471: [
460: [
453: 1781
449: 1780
434: [
382: [
275: [
264: [
244:Şahin Giray
236: [
225: [
31:‹ The
1252:Categories
1022:4 February
903:Lulu Press
622:References
599:Yevpatoria
567:, and the
494:Nakhchivan
451: – c.
411:measures.
359:Relocation
251:remarking:
198:Background
75:1778-11-24
71:1778-07-26
1234:cite book
1163:159492185
1094:0130-5247
871:Hedo 2001
811:Hedo 2001
796:Hedo 2001
769:Hedo 2001
709:Hedo 2001
685:Hedo 2001
654:Özer 2008
522:Aftermath
515:Lisnykove
485:in 1775.
314:Black Sea
290:Black Sea
188:Pryazovia
156:Ukrainian
93:Pryazovia
40:is being
1155:18727221
1061:13 March
995:23657711
891:(1889).
517:, Crimea
442:Mariupol
298:Ignatius
176:Armenian
85:Location
73: –
44:. ›
33:template
1147:2697641
1000:8 March
958:9 March
935:(ed.).
918:3 April
481:of the
466:in the
457:Domakha
164:Russian
141:Outcome
69: (
1216:. Kyiv
1161:
1153:
1145:
1092:
1052:
993:
949:
909:
612:Dnipro
371:Kezlev
310:Tatars
180:Crimea
103:Motive
89:Crimea
1184:(PDF)
1159:S2CID
1143:JSTOR
1129:(1).
1080:(PDF)
1042:1995)
1039:[
991:JSTOR
985:(2).
551:Notes
475:]
464:]
438:]
386:]
279:]
268:]
240:]
229:]
172:Greek
1240:link
1222:2023
1203:2023
1170:2023
1151:PMID
1101:2023
1090:ISSN
1063:2023
1050:ISBN
1024:2023
1002:2023
960:2023
947:ISBN
920:2023
907:ISBN
304:and
174:and
150:The
64:Date
1192:hdl
1135:doi
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1236:}}
1232:{{
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446:c.
436:uk
384:ru
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166::
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