2065:
4636:
2053:
2080:
2025:
1470:
2098:
1679:
1594:
1821:
505:
1336:(typically abbreviated to "Emir") following his father's refusal of the position on the grounds that he was too old. The appointment was confirmed five days later at the Great Mosque of Mascara. Within a year, through a combination of punitive raids and careful politics, Abdelkader had succeeded in uniting the tribes in the region and in reestablishing security – his area of influence now covered the entire Province of Oran. The local French commander-in-chief, General
3123:
4570:
4452:
1942:
1489:. His approach to the military was to have a standing army of 2000 men supported by volunteers from the local tribes. He placed, in the interior towns, arsenals, warehouses, and workshops, where he stored items to be sold for arms purchases from England. Through his frugal living (he lived in a tent), he taught his people the need for austerity and through education he taught them concepts such as nationality and independence.
3161:
1602:
3147:
2041:
3136:
332:
1639:
assassin armed with a dagger, however the assassin quickly threw the dagger to the ground and said: “I was going to strike you, but the sight of you disarmed me. I thought I saw the halo of the
Prophet on your head.” The nephew of Abd al-Rahman, Moulay Hashem was sent along with the governor of the Rif, El Hamra in command of a Moroccan army to attack the Emir, however the Moroccans were
58:
1462:
2064:
1847:
spread to
Damascus, and local Druze attacked the Christian quarter, killing over 12,000 people. Abdelkader had previously warned the French consul as well as the Council of Damascus that violence was imminent; when it finally broke out, he sheltered large numbers of Christians, including the heads of
1517:
returned to
Algeria, this time as governor-general, in February 1841. Abdelkader was originally encouraged to hear that Bugeaud, the promoter of the Treaty of Tafna, was returning; but this time Bugeaud's tactics would be radically different. This time, his approach was one of annihilation, with the
1856:
e were in consternation, all of us quite convinced that our last hour had arrived . In that expectation of death, in those indescribable moments of anguish, heaven, however, sent us a savior! Abd el-Kader appeared, surrounded by his
Algerians, around forty of them. He was on horseback and without
1638:
secretly sent soldiers to attack
Abdelkader and destroy his supplies, six months after the emir routed the Moroccans and imprisoned them. Following this failure by the Moroccans, an assassin was sent to kill Emir Abdelkader. While he was reading he raised his head and witnessed a large powerful
1670:, Henri d'Orléans, Duke of Aumale, to whom Abdelkader symbolically handed his war-horse. Ultimately, however, the French government refused to honour Lamoricière's promise: Abdelkader was shipped to France and, instead of being allowed to carry on to the East, ended up being kept in captivity.
3869:" refusent de reconnaitre le rôle d'ami de la France joué par l'émir à Damas sous le Second Empire. En 1860, en effet, Abd-el-Kader intervint pour protéger les chrétiens lors des massacres de Syrie, ce qui lui valut d'être fait grand-croix de la Légion d'honneur par Napoléon III",
3660:
3277:
On 6 February 2022, a French sculpture of
Abdelkader was reported vandalized on 5 February in Amboise, central France. The vandalism occurred amid the presidential election campaign, during which immigration and Islam have been significant issues for specific candidates.
1732:
while
Abdelkader was already imprisoned. He was keen to make a break with several policies of the previous regime, and Abdelkader's cause was one of them. Eventually, on 16 October 1852, Abdelkader was released by the President and given an annual pension of 100,000
1536:
and for a decade, up until 1842, scored many victories. He often signed tactical truces with the French, but these did not last. His power base was in the western part of
Algeria, where he was successful in uniting the tribes against the French. He was noted for his
1917:. In France, the episode represented the culmination of a remarkable turnaround, from being considered as an enemy of France during the first half of the 19th century, to becoming a "friend of France" after having intervened in favor of persecuted Christians.
1545:
simply because he had insufficient food to feed them. Throughout this period, Abdelkader demonstrated political and military leadership and acted as a capable administrator and a persuasive orator. His fervent faith in the doctrines of Islam was unquestioned.
3557:
Par Société languedocienne de géographie, Université de
Montpellier. Institut de géographie, Centre national de la recherche scientifique (France) Publié par Secrétariat de la Société languedocienne de géographie, 1881. Notes sur l'article: v. 4, page
266:
who unexpectedly found himself leading a military campaign, he built up a collection of
Algerian tribesmen that for many years successfully held out against one of the most advanced armies in Europe. His consistent regard for what would now be called
1852:, in the safety of his house. His eldest sons were sent into the streets to offer any Christians under threat shelter under his protection, and Abdelkader himself was said by many survivors to have played an instrumental part in saving them.
1321:. There was a lot of pent-up resentment against the Ottomans when the French arrived, and due to numerous rebellions in the early 19th century, the Algerians could not oppose the French at all initially. When the French Africa Army reached
3657:
1348:
to Abdelkader. For the French, this was a way of establishing peace in the region while also confining Abdelkader to the west; but his status as a co-signatory also did much to elevate him in the eyes of the Berbers and of the French.
1872:
Reports coming out of Syria as the rioting subsided stressed the prominent role of Abdelkader, and considerable international recognition followed. The French government increased his pension to 150,000 francs and bestowed on him the
3204:
From the beginning of his career, Abdelkader inspired admiration not only from within Algeria, but from Europeans as well, even while fighting against the French forces. "The generous concern, the tender sympathy" he showed to his
1666:. He supposedly commented on his own surrender with the words, "And God undoes what my hand has done", although this is probably apocryphal. His request was granted, and two days later his surrender was made official to the French
4009:
transferred to Damascus by Napoleon III. There he became a friend of France, saving twelve thousand Christians from the Turks at the time of the massacres in Damascus, and refused to ally himself with the insurgents in Algeria in
5124:
2316:
3961:,The Journal of North African Studies Volume 12, Issue 2, 2007 : "The French continued to pay his pension and monitor his activities, and 'Abd al-Qadir remained a self-declared 'friend of France' until his death in 1883."
4862:
4850:
2719:
1387:, signed on 30 May 1837. This treaty gave even more control of interior portions of Algeria to Abdelkader but with the recognition of France's right to imperial sovereignty. Abdelkader thus won control of all of
2346:
1553:, due to Bugeaud's adaptation to the guerilla tactics employed by Abdelkader. Abdelkader would strike fast and disappear into the terrain with light infantry; however the French increased their mobility. The
1816:…if you see him on horseback without knowing him to be Abd el Kadir, you would single him out…he has the seat of a gentleman and a soldier. His mind is as beautiful as his face; he is every inch a Sultan.
394:, which by the early nineteenth century had become the centre of a thriving community on the banks of the Oued al-Hammam. Like other students, he received a traditional and common education in theology,
4838:
416:
for further education. He was a good orator and could excite his peers with poetry and religious diatribes. He is noted for numerous published essays about adapting Islamic law to modern society.
5129:
3680:
1561:
policy in the countryside to force the residents to starve so as to desert their leader. By 1841, his fortifications had all but been destroyed and he was forced to wander the interior of the
4857:
4845:
2024:
1240:
4906:
4833:
4166:
3042:
1383:
was deployed to the region in April 1837, he was "authorized to use all means to induce Abd el-Kader to make overtures of peace". The result, after protracted negotiations, was the
2921:
2576:
1682:
Tomb at the Château d'Amboise of 25 members of Abdelkader's retinue who died during their imprisonment, including one of his wives, one of his brothers, and two of his children
4558:
2414:
2341:
1403:
The period of peace following the Treaty of Tafna benefited both sides, and the Emir Abdelkader took the opportunity to consolidate a new functional state, with a capital in
2399:
3901:"Notre ancien adversaire en Algérie était devenu un loyal ami de la France, et personne n'ignore que son concours nous a été précieux dans les circonstances difficiles" in
5078:
4767:
2916:
2264:
3512:
Most modern sources give 6 September 1808; but the precise date is not clear. The earliest Arabic sources note his birth as taking place variously between 1221 and 1223
2532:
3252:, John Thompson, and Chester Sage, were impressed by his fight against French colonial power and decided to pick his name as the name for their new settlement in 1846.
4894:
2862:
2571:
2409:
1364:. The French high command, unhappy with what they now saw as the unfavorable terms of the Desmichels Treaty, recalled General Desmichels and replaced him with General
5073:
4911:
3923:
2906:
2867:
2269:
4918:
3184:
3037:
2394:
2326:
4899:
1924:
and was greeted with both official and popular respect. In 1871, during an insurrection in Algeria, he disowned one of his sons, who was arousing the tribes around
1753:. He devoted himself anew to theology and philosophy, and composed a philosophical treatise, of which a French translation was published in 1858 under the title of
4583:
4419:
2220:
2188:
2175:
1477:
Another aspect of Abdelkader that helped him lead his fledgling nation was his ability to find and use good talent regardless of its nationality. He would employ
3870:
3764:
2901:
2761:
3412:
2766:
887:
291:", and his ability to combine religious and political authority has led to his being acclaimed as the "Saint among the Princes, the Prince among the Saints".
4107:
5061:
4521:
1784:
and was close to the French intellectual circles. He was a prominent member of the lodge of the 'Pyramides', which was directly under the patronage of the
4574:
4506:
1643:, El Hamra was killed, Moulay Hashem had barely escaped with his life and Abd al-Rahman accepted this defeat. The Moroccans led another offensive in the
952:
5066:
3677:
2331:
2040:
4551:
2714:
2501:
2215:
2079:
1376:
4772:
2193:
276:
3742:
3434:
3072:
2013:
in Algiers. This transfer of his remains was controversial as Abd el-Kader had clearly wanted to be buried in Damascus with his master, ibn Arabi.
1718:
2311:
1134:
1027:
4491:
2097:
1698:. Damp conditions in the castle led to deteriorating health as well as morale in the Emir and his followers, and his fate became something of a
1375:
France's response was to step up its military campaign, and under new commanders the French won several important encounters including the 1836
2506:
4544:
4536:
1168:
4156:
5180:
4290:
Danziger, Raphael. Abd al-Qadir and the Algerians: Resistance to the French and Internal Consolidation. New York: Holmes & Meier, 1977.
3108:
3103:
1435:
1275:
1234:
1173:
271:, especially as regards his Christian opponents, drew widespread admiration, and a crucial intervention to save the Christian community of
3449:
1090:
1017:
4496:
2052:
4809:
3717:
R. RichardsI, Omidvar, Anne, Iraj; K. Al-Rawi, Ahmed (2014). "Chapter 5: Two Muslim Travelers to the West in the Nineteenth Century".
1647:
in which they were defeated by Abdelkader in all three military engagements, however Abdelkader soon made the choice to withdraw from
1439:
3656:
The Life of Abdel Kader, Ex-sultan of the Arabs of Algeria: Written from His Own Dictation, and Comp. from Other Authentic Sources.
1513:
and routed the invaders. In response the French officially declared war on 18 November 1839. The fighting bogged down until General
5200:
1415:, and most positions of authority were held by members of the religious aristocracy; even the main unit of currency was named the
5098:
4923:
4277:
Life of Abd el-Kader: Ex-Sultan of the Arabs of Algeria: written and compiled from his own dictation from other Authentic Sources
3589:
3209:
was "almost without parallel in the annals of war", and he was careful to show respect for the private religion of any captives.
1158:
598:
4732:
3303:
1332:
It was at this point that Abdelkader came to the fore. At a meeting of the western tribes in the autumn of 1832, he was elected
1304:
4511:
4476:
1047:
1498:
5205:
5160:
4392:
4002:
3726:
3389:
1573:
were not effective. He was able to cross the border into Morocco for a respite, but the French defeated the Moroccans at the
4226:
5215:
5170:
3915:
2493:
3077:
2537:
3191:
2976:
2164:
1022:
945:
4889:
4023:
3916:"Commander of the Faithful: The Life and Times of Emir Abd el-Kader, A Story of True Jihad - Middle East Policy Council"
3091:
1857:
arms: his handsome figure calm and imposing made a strange contrast with the noise and disorder that reigned everywhere.
1313:
In 1830, Algeria was invaded by France; French colonial domination over Algeria eventually supplanted domination by the
4371:
4357:
4284:
4270:
4033:
1129:
1079:
4133:
3756:
1728:
Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte (later the Emperor Napoleon III) was a relatively new president, having come to power in the
402:; it was said that he could read and write by the age of five. A gifted student, Abdelkader succeeded in reciting the
5190:
4991:
4610:
4439:
3406:
1989:
1971:
1340:, saw Abdelkader as the principal representative of the area during peace negotiations, and in 1834 they signed the
5210:
5103:
1963:
1368:, which caused a resumption of hostilities. Abdelkader's tribal warriors met the French forces in July 1834 at the
1268:
739:
546:
514:
1655:
4099:
3815:
3270:
The Abd el-Kader Fellowship is a postdoctoral fellowship of The Institute for Advanced Studies in Culture at the
3249:
1325:
in January 1831, Abdelkader's father was asked to lead a resistance campaign against them; Muhieddine called for
1187:
1153:
684:
4429:
1522:
I will enter into your mountains, I will burn your villages and your harvests, I will cut down your fruit trees.
1095:
5220:
5108:
4587:
4302:
3979:
3889:
3604:
Service Historique de l'Armée de Terre, Fonds Serie 1H46, Dossier 2, Province d'Oran, cited in Bouyerdene 2012.
1967:
1717:
carried out a public opinion campaign to raise awareness over his fate. There was also international pressure.
1691:
1227:
1148:
4566:
1616:
Abdelkader was ultimately forced to surrender. His failure to get support from eastern tribes, apart from the
4625:
4620:
4615:
4405:
3380:. Vol. I: A-Ak - Bayes (15th ed.). Chicago, Illinois: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 2010. pp.
2885:
2650:
550:
2524:
5195:
5165:
3217:
2838:
1840:
1834:
1808:
and skill with languages earned Burton's respect and friendship; his wife Isabel described him as follows:
1197:
3903:
Archives diplomatiques: recueil mensuel de diplomatie, d'histoire et de droit international, Numéros 3 à 4
996:
4939:
4663:
3287:
2706:
2698:
2148:
1261:
1221:
484:
259:
4481:
283:
and Berber tribes to resist the spread of French colonization. His efforts to unite the country against
5006:
4932:
4744:
4716:
4647:
3264:
3139:
2682:
2440:
1606:
1294:
940:
165:
4466:
4460:
3405:
Division, American University (Washington, D. C. ) Foreign Areas Studies; Army, United States (1965).
1365:
986:
5185:
5011:
4738:
4526:
4196:
3309:
2893:
1729:
1667:
1308:
170:
4726:
4057:
Bouyerdene, p45-47 "scrupulous respect for the law, the foundation of which is humanity and justice"
1549:
Until the beginning of 1842 the struggle went in his favor; however, the resistance was put down by
1300:
4969:
4884:
4797:
4635:
3875:
2448:
1952:
1711:
1635:
1629:
1625:
2180:
5175:
4974:
4750:
4066:
3084:
2992:
2931:
1956:
1337:
1247:
1143:
969:
957:
732:
644:
640:
24:
2089:
668:
5023:
4762:
4680:
3381:
3372:
3271:
3233:
3065:
2784:
2753:
2594:
1886:
1797:
1785:
1163:
1037:
964:
4964:
3479:
1874:
1469:
1430:. Next, he moved east to the valley of the Chelif and Titteri, but was resisted by the Bey of
309:", "Abd al-Kader", "Abdul Kader" or other variants, and he is often referred to as simply the
5028:
4803:
4704:
4686:
4674:
3992:
3221:
2947:
2456:
1898:
1890:
1878:
1582:
1550:
1514:
1380:
894:
585:
460:
223:
219:
185:
4668:
3959:
Following the Leader: A History and Evolution of the Amir ‘Abd al-Qadir al-Jazairi as Symbol
1695:
1379:. But political opinion in France was becoming ambivalent towards Algeria, and when General
279:
brought honours and awards from around the world. Within Algeria, he was able to unite many
5155:
5150:
4996:
4785:
4756:
4605:
2984:
2642:
2563:
2485:
2138:
2031:
1925:
1725:(whom he had known during the latter's exile in England) to appeal for the Emir's release.
1686:
Abdelkader and his family and followers were detained in France, first at Fort Lamalgue in
1640:
1506:
1431:
1329:
and he and his son were among those involved in early attacks below the walls of the city.
1012:
703:
391:
193:
4430:
When Americans Honored an Icon of Jihad - John Kiser's video on Emir Abdelkader al-Jazairi
4385:
Another Road to Damascus: An integrative approach to ʿAbd al-Qādir al-Jazā'irī (1808–1883)
1703:
317:
just means "the Algerian"). "Ibn Muhieddine" is a patronymic meaning "son of Muhieddine".
8:
4979:
4791:
4657:
4434:
3946:
Commander of the Faithful, the Life and Times of Emir Abd El-Kader: A Story of True Jihad
2877:
2812:
2800:
2610:
2279:
2248:
1411:
and striving to concentrate on his spiritual authority. The state he created was broadly
1361:
1333:
911:
692:
660:
1820:
5016:
5001:
4986:
4779:
4444:
3807:
3736:
3428:
3216:
declared that Abd-el-Kader was one of the three great men then living; the two others,
3213:
3177:
3127:
2729:
1644:
1554:
1216:
1124:
1107:
923:
879:
554:
493:
448:
197:
110:
20:
4256:
3586:
5046:
4814:
4388:
4367:
4353:
4330:
4313:
4298:
4280:
4266:
4029:
3998:
3975:
3885:
3722:
3471:
3385:
2807:
2737:
2674:
2169:
1533:
1341:
918:
835:
827:
747:
676:
558:
354:, to a religious family. His father, Muhieddine (or "Muhyi al-Din") al-Hasani, was a
3297:
2030:
Abdelkader saving Christians during the Druze/Christian strife of 1860. Painting by
1714:
1509:. On 15 October 1839, Abd al-Qadir attacked the French as they were colonizing the
63:
3799:
3461:
3238:
3206:
2658:
2208:
2143:
2010:
1849:
1116:
859:
771:
713:
610:
344:
214:
209:
141:
5056:
1042:
455:
in Algeria. This experience cemented his religious enthusiasm. On his way back to
5051:
4959:
4698:
4596:
4218:
3684:
3664:
3593:
2634:
2618:
2424:
2112:
1906:
1678:
1577:. He left Morocco, and was able to keep up the fight to the French by taking the
1542:
1502:
1407:. He played down his political power, however, repeatedly declining the title of
1384:
1369:
1192:
1032:
991:
979:
906:
899:
843:
779:
755:
537:
370:
236:
175:
3241:, Ibn Arabi's revised version of the text, and it subsequently became standard.
1593:
4875:
4157:"Oliver Stone to Executive Produce Biopic of Algerian Leader Emir Abd el-Kader"
3844:
3320:
3315:
2955:
2776:
2745:
2626:
2240:
1737:
on taking an oath never again to disturb Algeria. He then took up residence in
1574:
1558:
1314:
974:
931:
851:
652:
631:
529:
258:, was an Algerian religious and military leader who led a struggle against the
3803:
3788:"Freemasonry in Egypt 1798-1921: A Study in Cultural and Political Encounters"
3522:
1222. For a full discussion of the problem, see Bouyerdene 2012, ch.1 note 14.
3466:
2002:
Abdelkader died in Damascus on 26 May 1883 and was buried near the great Sufi
1486:
5144:
4692:
4459:
4334:
4317:
3836:
3475:
3292:
3245:
3165:
2432:
2378:
2256:
1844:
1801:
1770:
1562:
1388:
1345:
1102:
811:
468:
408:
395:
384:
326:
180:
130:
3518:(i.e. AD 1806-1808), with biographical works written by his sons specifying
4950:
4129:
3514:
3256:
3151:
2846:
2830:
2690:
2555:
2386:
2303:
1921:
1722:
1353:
1003:
268:
1863:
1597:
Surrender of Emir Abdelkader, December 23, 1847. Painted by Augustin Regis
1455:
504:
244:
3228:
3000:
2854:
2792:
2666:
1781:
1707:
1663:
1578:
1442:
for supporting the French. By the end of 1838, his rule extended east to
1318:
1064:
1054:
763:
432:
348:
306:
300:
4825:
3029:
2516:
2287:
1913:(now on display in the Algiers museum) and Great Britain a gold-inlaid
1793:
1721:
visited Abdelkader in Amboise and subsequently wrote to then-President
1659:
1510:
1482:
1427:
1412:
1352:
Using this treaty as a start, he imposed his rule on the tribes of the
623:
424:
4327:
Abd-el Kader : Sa vie intime, sa lutte avec la France, son avenir
3811:
3787:
1624:, had contributed to the quelling of the rebellion, and a decree from
3248:
in the United States is named after Abdelkader. The town's founders,
3021:
2602:
2547:
2356:
2122:
2071:
2003:
1710:, called for greater clarification over the Emir's situation; future
819:
787:
605:
571:
444:
403:
359:
331:
1941:
1454:
border. He continued to fight al-Tijani and besieged his capital at
5090:
5038:
2939:
2295:
2131:
1902:
1848:
several foreign consulates as well as religious groups such as the
1789:
1750:
1746:
1538:
803:
795:
718:
708:
436:
435:; the two spoke at length on different topics. He also traveled to
366:
355:
340:
288:
272:
126:
106:
4451:
4350:
Commander of the Faithful: The Life and Times of Emir Abd El-Kader
4161:
3450:"The Amîr ʿAbd Al-Qâdir and the "Good War" in Algeria, 1832-1847"
2464:
2103:
The remains of Emir Abdelkader arrived from Syria to Algeria 1965
1914:
1648:
1621:
1617:
1601:
1570:
1566:
1451:
1443:
1438:. In other actions, he demanded punishment of the Kouloughlis of
1404:
1392:
1357:
615:
521:
463:. He returned to his homeland a few months before the arrival of
456:
440:
399:
3719:
Historic Engagements with Occidental Cultures, Religions, Powers
4424:
4219:"Emir Abdelkader: French sculpture of Algerian hero vandalised"
4025:
Freemasonry in the Holy Land: or, Handmarks of Hiram's Builders
3716:
1910:
1894:
1882:
1805:
1742:
1734:
1687:
1447:
1423:
1408:
576:
566:
464:
375:
362:
284:
57:
1658:
in exchange for the promise that he would be allowed to go to
287:
invaders led some French authors to describe him as a "modern
3519:
1828:
1777:
1738:
1326:
1059:
428:
280:
1702:
in certain circles. Several high-profile figures, including
3259:
announced the pending production of a filmed biopic called
2586:
1610:
1478:
1461:
1322:
420:
413:
351:
263:
152:
36:
3227:ʿAbd al-Qādir was involved in research that went into the
1557:
brutally suppressed the native population and practiced a
406:
by heart at the age of 14, thereby receiving the title of
4188:
3849:
A Rage to Live: A Biography of Richard and Isabel Burton
1812:
He dresses purely in white…enveloped in the usual snowy
5125:
List of participants in the invasion of Algiers in 1830
4378:
Writings on Empire and Slavery by Alexis de Tocqueville
4071:
Life of Abd el-Kader: Ex-Sultan of the Arabs of Algeria
3884:, Service historique de l'Armée de terre, 1998, p.174 (
3701:
Modern Algiera: The Origins and Development of a Nation
1654:
On 23 December 1847, Abdelkader surrendered to General
1391:
and extended his reach to the neighbouring province of
3441:
2046:
Two Colt Dragoon revolvers, Lincoln's gift to the Emir
1759:
Reminder to the intelligent, notice to the indifferent
305:
The name "Abdelkader" is sometimes transliterated as "
1422:
His first military action was to move south into the
262:
in the early 19th century. As an Islamic scholar and
3994:
France Overseas: A Study Of Modern Imperialism, 1938
1694:, and in November 1848 they were transferred to the
1485:
on his way to building his nation. One of these was
1465:
Map of Emir Abd al-Qadir state between 1836 and 1839
4245:
443:, and visited the graves of noted Muslims, such as
4380:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2000.
4364:The Compassionate Warrior: Abd El-Kader of Algeria
3371:
1505:, headed an expeditionary force that breached the
1372:, where the French suffered an unexpected defeat.
16:Algerian religious and military leader (1808–1883)
4406:"Alexis de Tocqueville's First Letter on Algeria"
2009:His body was recovered in 1965 and is now in the
474:
459:, he was impressed by the reforms carried out by
5142:
4500:. Vol. I (11th ed.). 1911. p. 32.
3841:Inner Life of Syria, Palestine and the Holy Land
1473:The Emirate of Abdelkader at its greatest extent
4470:. Vol. I (9th ed.). 1878. p. 30.
3882:La Guerre d'Algérie par les documents, Volume 2
3636:
3634:
3632:
3630:
3620:
3618:
3616:
3614:
3612:
3610:
1632:had outlawed the Emir from his entire kingdom.
431:, with his father. While there, he encountered
358:in a religious institution affiliated with the
4425:Science sacrée, Revue d'études traditionnelles
3667:Charles Henry Churchill Chapman and Hall, 1867
3499:
3497:
1920:In 1865 he visited Paris on the invitation of
379:, and entitled to add the honorary patronymic
4552:
4257:"Travels in Algeria, United Empire Loyalists"
3587:"Travels in Algeria, United Empire Loyalists"
3185:
1824:Knight of the army of Emir Abdelkader (1854).
1651:and enter French territory for negotiations.
1269:
3972:Abd el-Kader, adversaire et ami de la France
3741:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3676:Abd-el-Kader, sa vie politique et militaire.
3652:
3650:
3648:
3646:
3627:
3607:
3540:
3538:
3536:
3534:
3532:
3530:
3528:
3433:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3404:
1755:Rappel à l'intelligent, avis à l'indifférent
1288:
76:
45:
4265:, trans. Gustavo Polit, World Wisdom 2012,
4253:Travels in Algeria, United Empire Loyalists
4189:"Institute for Advanced Studies in Culture"
3695:
3693:
3583:Travels in Algeria, United Empire Loyalists
3494:
1970:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
4559:
4545:
4263:Emir Abd el-Kader: Hero and Saint of Islam
4084:Abd-el-Kader sa vie politique et militaire
3798:(2). Taylor & Francis, Ltd.: 143–161.
3792:British Society for Middle Eastern Studies
3546:Emir Abd el-Kader: Hero and Saint of Islam
3448:Brower, Benjamin Claude (1 January 2011).
3192:
3178:
1829:Massacre of Christians in 1860 in Damascus
1458:for six months, eventually destroying it.
1276:
1262:
419:As a young man In 1825, he set out on the
56:
4193:Institute for Advanced Studies in Culture
3990:
3643:
3548:, trans. Gustavo Polit, World Wisdom 2012
3525:
3465:
1990:Learn how and when to remove this message
1673:
1541:; on one occasion he released his French
4100:"al-Futuhat al-Makiyya Printed Editions"
3948:, Monkfish Book Publishing Company, 2008
3690:
1841:conflict between the Druze and Maronites
1819:
1761:), and again in 1877 under the title of
1677:
1600:
1592:
1468:
1460:
330:
89:Abd al-Qadir ibn Muhyi al-Din al-Hassani
5099:1920 Algerian Political Rights Petition
4890:Battle of the Col des Beni Aïcha (1871)
4834:Allegiance to Mohamed ben Zamoum (1830)
4810:Battle of the Col des Beni Aïcha (1846)
4154:
23:. For the Palestinian nationalist, see
5143:
5130:List of participants in Mokrani Revolt
4324:
4307:
4021:
3447:
3267:. To date the film has not been made.
3109:Tanbih al-'Uqul 'ala Tanzih al-Sufiyya
3104:Tanbih al-Ghabi bi-Tabri'at Ibn 'Arabi
5104:1943 Manifesto of the Algerian People
4540:
4199:from the original on 29 November 2019
4110:from the original on 21 February 2024
4094:
4092:
3818:from the original on 18 December 2023
3785:
3366:
3364:
3362:
3360:
3358:
3356:
1569:and his lines of communications with
4858:Allegiance to Emir Abdelkader (1833)
4846:Allegiance to Emir Abdelkader (1832)
4733:Expedition of the Col des Beni Aïcha
4575:Conflicts between France and Algeria
4345:. Paris: Hachette Littérature, 2003.
4287:, Reprint from Chapman and Hall 1867
4169:from the original on 14 October 2015
3926:from the original on 7 December 2017
3767:from the original on 13 January 2023
3354:
3352:
3350:
3348:
3346:
3344:
3342:
3340:
3338:
3336:
3304:Expedition of the Col des Beni Aïcha
3255:In 2013, the American film director
3135:
1968:adding citations to reliable sources
1935:
1518:conquest of Algeria as the endgame:
1492:
1344:, which ceded near-total control of
1305:Expedition of the Col des Beni Aïcha
5181:Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour
4312:. Bordeaux: Imprimerie de H. Faye.
3860:Cited in Bouyerdene 2012, chapter 5
3721:. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 120.
3415:from the original on 4 October 2023
3411:. U.S. Government Printing Office.
3408:U.S. Army Area Handbook for Algeria
2165:Ibn Arabi and theoretical mysticism
2016:
1931:
1875:Grand Cross of the Légion d'honneur
1241:List of people on stamps of Algeria
260:French colonial invasion of Algiers
256:Abd al-Qadir al-Hassani al-Jaza'iri
240:
77:
46:
13:
4634:
4229:from the original on 23 April 2023
4136:from the original on 29 April 2017
4089:
3991:Priestley, Herbert Ingram (1938).
3707:(Casa Editrice Bonechi, 2007) p10.
3569:Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire
3231:1911 third edition of Ibn Arabi's
2058:Abdelkader in Damascus during 1862
1891:Order of the Medjidie, First Class
1885:, a Star of Magnificence from the
1565:. In 1842, he had lost control of
1532:Abdelkader was effective at using
14:
5232:
4442:collected news and commentary at
4420:Abd Al-Kadir's Struggle for Truth
4398:
4310:Abd-el-Kader au château d'Amboise
4028:. Westphalia Press. p. 577.
3333:
2494:Shihab al-Din 'Umar al-Suhrawardi
1780:, 'Abd al-Qadir became an active
235:(6 September 1808 – 26 May 1883;
4568:
4512:The New Student's Reference Work
4450:
4376:Pitts, Jennifer, trans. and ed.
4325:Dupuch, Antoine-Adolphe (1860).
4308:Dupuch, Antoine-Adolphe (1849).
4246:Bibliography and further reading
4155:Sneider, Jeff (8 October 2013).
3237:. This edition was based on the
3159:
3145:
3134:
3122:
3121:
2096:
2078:
2063:
2051:
2039:
2023:
1940:
503:
5201:Algerian independence activists
4211:
4181:
4148:
4122:
4076:
4060:
4051:
4042:
4015:
3984:
3964:
3951:
3938:
3908:
3895:
3863:
3854:
3830:
3779:
3749:
3710:
3670:
3598:
2070:Memorial of Emir Abdelkader in
1769:). He also wrote a book on the
1605:Portrait of Emir Abdelkader by
5109:Declaration of 1 November 1954
4907:Battle of Bordj Menaïel (1871)
4588:Declaration of 1 November 1954
4225:. 6 February 2022. p. 1.
3703:, (Bloomington, 2005), p. 65;
3575:
3561:
3551:
3506:
3398:
1228:List of wars involving Algeria
475:French invasion and resistance
320:
1:
4626:Bombardment of Algiers (1688)
4621:Bombardment of Algiers (1683)
4616:Bombardment of Algiers (1682)
4611:French-Algerian War 1681–1688
4435:Famous Quotes by Abd al-Qadir
3997:. Octagon Books. p. 40.
3687:Alexandre Bellemare Hachette.
2977:'Izz al-Din ibn 'Abd al-Salam
1656:Louis Juchault de Lamoricière
365:and claimed descendence from
246:ʿAbd al-Qādir ibn Muḥy al-Dīn
233:Abd al-Qadir ibn Muhyi al-Din
5206:People from Mascara Province
5161:19th-century Algerian people
3757:"Abd-el-Khader. A—Freemason"
3326:
3218:Shamil, 3rd Imam of Dagestan
2342:Jamal al-Din b. al-Harastani
1835:1860 Mount Lebanon civil war
1804:. Abdelkader's knowledge of
1588:
1501:, ignoring the terms of the
1398:
7:
5216:Religious leaders in Africa
5171:Algerian resistance leaders
4664:Invasion of Algiers in 1830
4104:Muhyiddin Ibn Arabi Society
3851:(1998), Abacus 1999, p. 513
3288:Invasion of Algiers in 1830
3281:
2149:Muhyiddin Ibn Arabi Society
1879:Grand Cross of the Redeemer
1668:Governor-General of Algeria
1641:severely defeated in battle
1222:Military history of Algeria
412:; a year later, he went to
390:He grew up in his father's
245:
10:
5237:
4768:Battle of Boudouaou (1840)
4745:First Battle of the Issers
4717:French conquest of Algeria
4648:French conquest of Algeria
4527:Collier's New Encyclopedia
4255:. Tikhanov Library, 2023.
3843:, 1875, vol. II, cited in
3640:Bouyerdene 2012, chapter 5
3624:Bouyerdene 2012, chapter 4
3585:. Tikhanov Library, 2023.
3503:Bouyerdene 2012, chapter 3
1909:sent him a pair of inlaid
1832:
1607:Jean-Baptiste-Ange Tissier
1298:
1295:French conquest of Algeria
1292:
324:
298:
166:French conquest of Algeria
47:عـبـد الـقـادر الـجـزائـري
18:
5117:
5089:
5037:
4948:
4873:
4824:
4739:First Battle of Boudouaou
4714:
4645:
4632:
4594:
4581:
4275:Churchill, Charles Henry
3804:10.1080/13530198908705494
3467:10.1163/19585705-12341257
3310:First Battle of Boudouaou
1497:The peace ended when the
1309:First Battle of Boudouaou
1289:Early success (1830–1837)
1235:Postal history of Algeria
1174:Insurgency in the Maghreb
997:Sétif and Guelma massacre
205:
158:
148:
136:
116:
93:
85:
71:
55:
34:
5191:Heads of state in Africa
4895:Battle of Naciria (1871)
4798:Second Assault of Dellys
4482:The Nuttall Encyclopædia
4130:"History of Elkader, IA"
2707:'Abd al-Ghani al-Nabulsi
2699:Isma'il Haqqi al-Brusawi
2572:Siraj al-Din al-Makhzumi
2410:Shams al-Din al-Khuwayyi
2086:Portrait of Abd el-Kader
1867:newspaper, 2 August 1869
1723:Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte
1636:Abd al-Rahman of Morocco
1626:Abd al-Rahman of Morocco
373:. Abdelkader was thus a
343:, a town and commune in
241:عبد القادر ابن محي الدين
78:عبد القادر ابن محي الدين
42:Abd al-Qadir al-Jaza'iri
5211:Supporters of Ibn Arabi
4919:Battle of Issers (1871)
4751:First Assault of Dellys
4497:Encyclopædia Britannica
4467:Encyclopædia Britannica
4297:, 1840 (reprint 2006),
4067:Charles Henry Churchill
4022:Morris, Robert (2015).
3592:2 November 2023 at the
3378:Encyclopædia Britannica
3038:Sharaf al-Din al-Munawi
2993:Siraj al-Din al-Bulqini
2932:Shams al-Din al-Sakhawi
2917:Burhan al-Din al-Biqa'i
2886:'Ala' al-Din al-Bukhari
2683:Ibn al-'Imad al-Hanbali
2651:'Abd al-Ra'uf al-Munawi
2441:Diya' al-Din al-Maqdisi
2395:Zakiy al-Din al-Birzali
2265:'Abd al-Haqq al-Ishbili
1887:Masonic Order of France
1877:; he also received the
1630:1844 Treaty of Tangiers
1366:Camille Alphonse Trézel
1338:Louis Alexis Desmichels
1248:History of North Africa
1048:Independence referendum
987:Attack on Mers-el-Kébir
339:Abdelkader was born in
294:
25:Abd al-Qadir al-Husayni
4763:Battle Of Ammal (1840)
4681:Second Battle of Blida
4639:
4584:Ministry of Mujahideen
3272:University of Virginia
3098:Books about Ibn 'Arabi
3066:Al-Futuhat al-Makkiyya
2894:Ibn Hajar al-'Asqalani
2839:'Ala' al-Dawla Simnani
2754:Jamal al-Din al-Qasimi
2595:Jalal al-Din al-Dawani
2587:'Abd al-Rahman al-Jāmī
2533:Badr al-Din ibn Jama'a
2480:Admirers and defenders
2377:Baha' al-Din Ghazi b.
1870:
1825:
1818:
1786:Grand Orient of France
1683:
1674:Imprisonment and exile
1613:
1598:
1530:
1474:
1466:
1301:Raid on Reghaïa (1837)
530:Iberomaurusian Culture
451:, who was also called
336:
5221:Emirate of Abdelkader
5074:De Lamoricière Treaty
4885:Battle of Alma (1871)
4804:Battle of Sidi Brahim
4705:Battle of Constantine
4687:Massacre of El Ouffia
4675:First Battle of Blida
4638:
4455:Texts on Wikisource:
4383:Woerner-Powell, Tom.
4366:, Wisdom Tales 2013,
4086:, Hachette, 1863, p.4
4082:Alexandre Bellemare,
3871:Jean-Charles Jauffret
3786:Wissa, Karim (1989).
3705:Chateaux of the Loire
3261:The Emir Abd el-Kader
3222:Muhammad Ali of Egypt
2902:Ibn Imam al-Kamiliyya
2863:Wali al-Din al-'Iraqi
2825:Critics and opponents
2762:Badr al-Din al-Hasani
2457:Sadr al-Din al-Qunawi
2449:Sa'd al-Din al-Hamawi
1899:Order of Pope Pius IX
1854:
1823:
1810:
1792:, he also befriended
1681:
1604:
1596:
1583:Battle of Sidi-Brahim
1520:
1515:Thomas Robert Bugeaud
1472:
1464:
1419:, after the Prophet.
1381:Thomas Robert Bugeaud
1154:High Council of State
934:(19th–20th centuries)
895:Emirate of Beni Abbas
882:(16th–19th centuries)
586:Archeology of Algeria
461:Muhammad Ali of Egypt
334:
224:Order of the Redeemer
220:Order of the Medjidie
186:Battle of Sidi-Brahim
4940:Capture of Touggourt
4786:Battle of Beni Mered
4757:Siege of Constantine
4606:Djidjelli expedition
4461:"Abd-el-Kader"
4329:. Bordeaux: Lacaze.
3905:, Amyot, 1877, p.384
3663:9 April 2023 at the
3263:, to be directed by
3224:also being Muslims.
2985:Taqi al-Din al-Subki
2643:Ibn Hajar al-Haytami
2564:Al-Sharif al-Jurjani
2486:Fakhr al-Din al-Razi
2327:Al-Qasim ibn 'Asakir
2296:Ibn Rushd (Averroes)
2185:(the Fixed Entities)
2172:(the Complete Human)
2090:Stanisław Chlebowski
2032:Jan-Baptist Huysmans
1964:improve this section
1767:Letter to the French
1745:, moving in 1855 to
1432:Constantine Province
704:Early African Church
685:Prefecture of Africa
669:Kingdom of the Aurès
194:Battle of Oued Aslaf
5196:History of Damascus
5166:Algerian guerrillas
4933:Capture of Palestro
4792:Battle of the Smala
4658:Shipwreck of Dellys
4387:, De Gruyter 2017,
4279:, Nabu Press 2014,
3974:, Pygmalion, 1984,
3761:Library of Congress
3683:11 May 2023 at the
2878:Taqi al-Din al-Fasi
2813:Seyyed Hossein Nasr
2801:Gibril Fouad Haddad
2785:Ashraf 'Ali Thanawi
2611:Zakariyya al-Ansari
2559:(d. after 787/1385)
2280:Abu Zayd al-Suhayli
2249:Abu Tahir al-Silafi
2189:Al-Maratib al-Sab'a
2176:Al-A'yan al-Thabita
1776:During his stay in
1763:Lettre aux Français
912:Barbary Slave Trade
693:Exarchate of Africa
661:Mauro-Roman Kingdom
335:Photo from ca. 1860
218:First Class of the
5062:De Bourmont Treaty
4780:Battle of Mazagran
4669:Battle of Staouéli
4640:
4597:Pre-1830 conflicts
4445:The New York Times
4352:, Archetype 2008,
4261:Bouyerdene, Ahmed
3970:Louis Lataillade,
3826:– via JSTOR.
3544:Ahmed Bouyerdene,
3482:on 19 January 2021
3234:Meccan Revelations
3214:Jean-de-Dieu Soult
3085:Tarjumān al-Ashwāq
2948:Mulla 'Ali al-Qari
2198:(the Seven Grades)
1826:
1730:Revolution of 1848
1696:château of Amboise
1684:
1645:Battle of Agueddin
1614:
1599:
1475:
1467:
1217:Outline of Algeria
1125:Algerian Civil War
924:Second Barbary War
880:Regency of Algiers
449:Abdul Qadir Gilani
337:
198:Battle of Agueddin
171:Capture of Mascara
111:Regency of Algiers
21:Abdel Kader (song)
19:For the song, see
5138:
5137:
5047:Desmichels Treaty
4815:Siege of Laghouat
4393:978-3-11-049699-4
4004:978-0-7146-1024-5
3763:. 29 March 1862.
3728:978-1-137-40502-9
3391:978-1-59339-837-8
3202:
3201:
3166:Saints portal
3049:
3034:
3026:
3005:
2997:
2989:
2981:
2960:
2952:
2944:
2936:
2928:
2913:
2898:
2890:
2882:
2874:
2859:
2851:
2843:
2835:
2808:Nuh Ha Mim Keller
2797:
2789:
2781:
2773:
2758:
2750:
2742:
2738:Murtada al-Zabidi
2734:
2726:
2711:
2703:
2695:
2687:
2679:
2671:
2663:
2655:
2647:
2639:
2631:
2623:
2615:
2607:
2599:
2591:
2583:
2568:
2560:
2552:
2544:
2529:
2521:
2513:
2498:
2490:
2469:
2461:
2453:
2445:
2437:
2429:
2421:
2406:
2391:
2383:
2361:
2353:
2338:
2323:
2308:
2300:
2292:
2284:
2276:
2261:
2253:
2245:
2170:Al-Insan al-Kamil
2159:Mystical theories
2139:Ibn 'Arabi Mosque
2000:
1999:
1992:
1704:Émile de Girardin
1534:guerrilla warfare
1511:Plains of Mitidja
1493:End of the nation
1342:Desmichels Treaty
1286:
1285:
1198:COVID-19 pandemic
919:First Barbary War
888:Ottoman governors
748:Umayyad Caliphate
677:Kingdom of Altava
230:
229:
5228:
5186:Hashemite people
5082:
5070:
5007:Bab El Bekkouche
4927:
4915:
4903:
4866:
4854:
4842:
4776:
4573:
4572:
4571:
4561:
4554:
4547:
4538:
4537:
4531:
4516:
4501:
4486:
4471:
4463:
4454:
4416:
4414:
4412:
4341:Étienne, Bruno.
4338:
4321:
4239:
4238:
4236:
4234:
4215:
4209:
4208:
4206:
4204:
4185:
4179:
4178:
4176:
4174:
4152:
4146:
4145:
4143:
4141:
4126:
4120:
4119:
4117:
4115:
4096:
4087:
4080:
4074:
4064:
4058:
4055:
4049:
4046:
4040:
4039:
4019:
4013:
4012:
3988:
3982:
3968:
3962:
3955:
3949:
3942:
3936:
3935:
3933:
3931:
3912:
3906:
3899:
3893:
3879:
3867:
3861:
3858:
3852:
3834:
3828:
3827:
3825:
3823:
3783:
3777:
3776:
3774:
3772:
3753:
3747:
3746:
3740:
3732:
3714:
3708:
3697:
3688:
3674:
3668:
3654:
3641:
3638:
3625:
3622:
3605:
3602:
3596:
3579:
3573:
3572:
3565:
3559:
3555:
3549:
3542:
3523:
3510:
3504:
3501:
3492:
3491:
3489:
3487:
3478:. Archived from
3469:
3445:
3439:
3438:
3432:
3424:
3422:
3420:
3402:
3396:
3395:
3375:
3368:
3239:Konya Manuscript
3207:prisoners-of-war
3194:
3187:
3180:
3164:
3163:
3162:
3152:Islam portal
3150:
3149:
3148:
3138:
3137:
3125:
3124:
3081:
3047:
3046:
3032:
3024:
3003:
2995:
2987:
2979:
2958:
2950:
2942:
2934:
2926:
2925:
2911:
2910:
2896:
2888:
2880:
2872:
2871:
2857:
2849:
2841:
2833:
2795:
2787:
2779:
2771:
2770:
2756:
2748:
2740:
2732:
2724:
2723:
2715:Mustafa al-Bakri
2709:
2701:
2693:
2685:
2677:
2669:
2661:
2659:Ahmad al-Maqqari
2653:
2645:
2637:
2629:
2621:
2613:
2605:
2597:
2589:
2581:
2580:
2566:
2558:
2550:
2542:
2541:
2527:
2519:
2511:
2510:
2502:Ibn al-Zamalkani
2496:
2488:
2467:
2459:
2451:
2443:
2435:
2427:
2419:
2418:
2404:
2403:
2389:
2381:
2359:
2351:
2350:
2336:
2335:
2321:
2320:
2306:
2298:
2290:
2282:
2274:
2273:
2259:
2251:
2243:
2224:
2216:Wahdat al-Shuhud
2203:Related articles
2197:
2184:
2144:Konya Manuscript
2108:
2107:
2100:
2082:
2067:
2055:
2043:
2027:
2017:Image and legacy
2011:El Alia Cemetery
1995:
1988:
1984:
1981:
1975:
1944:
1936:
1932:Death and burial
1868:
1850:Sisters of Mercy
1719:Lord Londonderry
1528:
1377:Battle of Sikkak
1334:Amir al-Mu'minin
1278:
1271:
1264:
1243:
1230:
1181:2010s to present
1096:1965 coup d'état
1080:Contemporary era
946:French governors
864:
856:
848:
840:
832:
824:
816:
808:
800:
792:
784:
776:
768:
760:
752:
744:
714:Fossatum Africae
697:
689:
681:
673:
665:
657:
649:
636:
628:
620:
611:Ancient Carthage
542:
534:
526:
507:
497:
479:
478:
387:") to his name.
383:("descendant of
277:massacre in 1860
250:), known as the
248:
242:
215:Order of Pius IX
210:Legion of Honour
142:El Alia Cemetery
123:
104:6 September 1808
103:
101:
80:
79:
62:Photographed by
60:
50:
49:
48:
32:
31:
5236:
5235:
5231:
5230:
5229:
5227:
5226:
5225:
5141:
5140:
5139:
5134:
5113:
5085:
5076:
5064:
5033:
5012:May 1958 crisis
4960:Toussaint Rouge
4944:
4921:
4909:
4897:
4869:
4860:
4848:
4836:
4820:
4770:
4727:Raid on Reghaïa
4710:
4699:Battle of Macta
4641:
4630:
4590:
4577:
4569:
4567:
4565:
4519:
4504:
4489:
4474:
4458:
4440:Emir Abdelkader
4410:
4408:
4404:
4401:
4362:Marston, Elsa.
4348:Kiser, John W.
4293:Dinesen, A. W.
4251:Ritter, Yusuf.
4248:
4243:
4242:
4232:
4230:
4217:
4216:
4212:
4202:
4200:
4187:
4186:
4182:
4172:
4170:
4153:
4149:
4139:
4137:
4128:
4127:
4123:
4113:
4111:
4098:
4097:
4090:
4081:
4077:
4065:
4061:
4056:
4052:
4047:
4043:
4036:
4020:
4016:
4005:
3989:
3985:
3969:
3965:
3956:
3952:
3944:John W. Kiser,
3943:
3939:
3929:
3927:
3914:
3913:
3909:
3900:
3896:
3873:
3868:
3864:
3859:
3855:
3835:
3831:
3821:
3819:
3784:
3780:
3770:
3768:
3755:
3754:
3750:
3734:
3733:
3729:
3715:
3711:
3698:
3691:
3685:Wayback Machine
3675:
3671:
3665:Wayback Machine
3655:
3644:
3639:
3628:
3623:
3608:
3603:
3599:
3594:Wayback Machine
3581:Ritter, Yusuf.
3580:
3576:
3567:
3566:
3562:
3556:
3552:
3543:
3526:
3511:
3507:
3502:
3495:
3485:
3483:
3454:Studia Islamica
3446:
3442:
3426:
3425:
3418:
3416:
3403:
3399:
3392:
3370:
3369:
3334:
3329:
3284:
3265:Charles Burnett
3198:
3160:
3158:
3146:
3144:
3114:
3113:
3075:
3061:
3053:
3052:
3040:
3017:
3009:
3008:
2972:
2964:
2963:
2919:
2904:
2865:
2826:
2818:
2817:
2764:
2730:Hamid al-'Imadi
2717:
2635:Ebussuud Efendi
2619:Ibn Kamal Pasha
2574:
2535:
2504:
2481:
2473:
2472:
2425:Ibn al-Dubaythi
2412:
2397:
2373:
2365:
2364:
2344:
2329:
2314:
2267:
2236:
2228:
2227:
2218:
2209:Wahdat-al-Wujud
2191:
2178:
2160:
2104:
2101:
2092:
2083:
2074:
2068:
2059:
2056:
2047:
2044:
2035:
2028:
2019:
1996:
1985:
1979:
1976:
1961:
1945:
1934:
1907:Abraham Lincoln
1869:
1861:
1837:
1831:
1676:
1591:
1551:Marshal Bugeaud
1529:
1527:General Bugeaud
1526:
1503:Treaty of Tafna
1495:
1446:, and south to
1401:
1385:Treaty of Tafna
1370:Battle of Macta
1311:
1297:
1291:
1282:
1253:
1252:
1239:
1237:
1226:
1224:
1212:
1204:
1203:
1202:
1178:
1112:
1082:
1072:
1071:
1070:
1069:
992:Operation Torch
980:Cheikh Bouamama
965:Emir Abdelkader
941:French conquest
928:
907:Barbary pirates
900:Emirate of Kuku
876:
868:
867:
862:
854:
846:
838:
830:
822:
814:
806:
798:
790:
782:
774:
766:
758:
750:
742:
735:
725:
724:
723:
695:
687:
679:
671:
663:
655:
648:(146 BC–590 AD)
647:
634:
626:
618:
601:
591:
590:
581:
540:
538:Capsian culture
532:
524:
522:Aterian Culture
517:
495:
488:
477:
371:Idrisid dynasty
329:
323:
311:Emir Abdelkader
303:
297:
252:Emir Abdelkader
222:
217:
213:
201:
196:
176:Battle of Macta
144:
125:
121:
105:
99:
97:
81:
67:
51:
44:
43:
40:
39:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5234:
5224:
5223:
5218:
5213:
5208:
5203:
5198:
5193:
5188:
5183:
5178:
5176:Algerian Sufis
5173:
5168:
5163:
5158:
5153:
5136:
5135:
5133:
5132:
5127:
5121:
5119:
5115:
5114:
5112:
5111:
5106:
5101:
5095:
5093:
5087:
5086:
5084:
5083:
5071:
5059:
5054:
5049:
5043:
5041:
5035:
5034:
5032:
5031:
5026:
5024:Algiers putsch
5021:
5014:
5009:
5004:
4999:
4994:
4989:
4984:
4977:
4972:
4967:
4962:
4956:
4954:
4946:
4945:
4943:
4942:
4936:
4935:
4929:
4928:
4916:
4904:
4892:
4887:
4881:
4879:
4876:Mokrani Revolt
4871:
4870:
4868:
4867:
4855:
4843:
4830:
4828:
4822:
4821:
4819:
4818:
4812:
4807:
4801:
4795:
4789:
4783:
4777:
4765:
4760:
4754:
4748:
4742:
4736:
4730:
4723:
4721:
4712:
4711:
4709:
4708:
4702:
4696:
4690:
4684:
4678:
4672:
4666:
4661:
4654:
4652:
4643:
4642:
4633:
4631:
4629:
4628:
4623:
4618:
4613:
4608:
4602:
4600:
4592:
4591:
4582:
4579:
4578:
4564:
4563:
4556:
4549:
4541:
4535:
4534:
4533:
4532:
4517:
4502:
4487:
4472:
4448:
4437:
4432:
4427:
4422:
4417:
4400:
4399:External links
4397:
4396:
4395:
4381:
4374:
4372:978-1937786106
4360:
4358:978-1901383317
4346:
4339:
4322:
4305:
4291:
4288:
4285:978-1294672289
4273:
4271:978-1936597178
4259:
4247:
4244:
4241:
4240:
4210:
4180:
4147:
4121:
4088:
4075:
4059:
4050:
4041:
4035:978-1633912205
4034:
4014:
4003:
3983:
3963:
3950:
3937:
3907:
3894:
3862:
3853:
3845:Mary S. Lovell
3829:
3778:
3748:
3727:
3709:
3689:
3669:
3642:
3626:
3606:
3597:
3574:
3560:
3550:
3524:
3505:
3493:
3460:(2): 169–195.
3440:
3397:
3390:
3331:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3324:
3323:
3321:French Algeria
3318:
3316:Mokrani Revolt
3313:
3307:
3301:
3298:Reghaïa attack
3295:
3290:
3283:
3280:
3200:
3199:
3197:
3196:
3189:
3182:
3174:
3171:
3170:
3169:
3168:
3142:
3116:
3115:
3112:
3111:
3106:
3100:
3099:
3095:
3094:
3082:
3073:Fusus al-Hikam
3062:
3059:
3058:
3055:
3054:
3051:
3050:
3035:
3027:
3018:
3015:
3014:
3011:
3010:
3007:
3006:
3004:(d. 1250/1834)
2998:
2990:
2982:
2973:
2970:
2969:
2966:
2965:
2962:
2961:
2959:(d. 1034/1624)
2956:Ahmad Sirhindi
2953:
2951:(d. 1014/1606)
2945:
2937:
2929:
2914:
2899:
2891:
2889:(d. 841/ 1437)
2883:
2875:
2860:
2852:
2844:
2836:
2827:
2824:
2823:
2820:
2819:
2816:
2815:
2810:
2798:
2796:(d. 1371/1951)
2790:
2782:
2777:Meher Ali Shah
2774:
2772:(d. 1354/1935)
2759:
2757:(d. 1332/1914)
2751:
2749:(d. 1252/1836)
2743:
2741:(d. 1205/1791)
2735:
2733:(d. 1171/1758)
2727:
2725:(d. 1162/1749)
2712:
2710:(d. 1143/1731)
2704:
2702:(d. 1137/1725)
2696:
2694:(d. 1105/1694)
2688:
2686:(d. 1089/1679)
2680:
2678:(d. 1067/1657)
2672:
2670:(d. 1050/1640)
2664:
2662:(d. 1041/1631)
2656:
2654:(d. 1032/1622)
2648:
2640:
2632:
2624:
2616:
2608:
2600:
2592:
2584:
2569:
2561:
2553:
2545:
2530:
2522:
2514:
2499:
2491:
2482:
2479:
2478:
2475:
2474:
2471:
2470:
2462:
2454:
2446:
2438:
2430:
2422:
2407:
2392:
2384:
2374:
2371:
2370:
2367:
2366:
2363:
2362:
2354:
2339:
2324:
2309:
2301:
2293:
2285:
2277:
2262:
2254:
2246:
2237:
2234:
2233:
2230:
2229:
2226:
2225:
2205:
2204:
2200:
2199:
2186:
2173:
2167:
2161:
2158:
2157:
2154:
2153:
2152:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2126:
2125:
2119:
2118:
2106:
2105:
2102:
2095:
2093:
2084:
2077:
2075:
2069:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2038:
2036:
2029:
2022:
2018:
2015:
1998:
1997:
1948:
1946:
1939:
1933:
1930:
1859:
1839:In July 1860,
1830:
1827:
1747:Amara District
1715:Émile Ollivier
1712:prime minister
1675:
1672:
1628:following the
1590:
1587:
1575:Battle of Isly
1559:scorched earth
1524:
1494:
1491:
1400:
1397:
1315:Ottoman Empire
1293:Main article:
1290:
1287:
1284:
1283:
1281:
1280:
1273:
1266:
1258:
1255:
1254:
1251:
1250:
1245:
1232:
1219:
1213:
1211:Related topics
1210:
1209:
1206:
1205:
1201:
1200:
1195:
1193:Hirak Movement
1190:
1184:
1177:
1176:
1171:
1166:
1161:
1156:
1151:
1146:
1140:
1139:
1138:
1137:
1132:
1121:
1111:
1110:
1105:
1099:
1098:
1093:
1087:
1083:
1078:
1077:
1074:
1073:
1068:
1067:
1062:
1057:
1051:
1050:
1045:
1040:
1035:
1030:
1025:
1020:
1015:
1009:
1000:
999:
994:
989:
983:
982:
977:
975:Mokrani Revolt
972:
970:Fatma N'Soumer
967:
961:
960:
955:
949:
948:
943:
937:
932:French Algeria
927:
926:
921:
915:
914:
909:
903:
902:
897:
891:
890:
884:
877:
874:
873:
870:
869:
866:
865:
863:(1235–1556 AD)
857:
855:(1229–1574 AD)
849:
847:(1215–1465 AD)
841:
839:(1121–1269 AD)
833:
831:(1040–1147 AD)
825:
823:(1014–1152 AD)
817:
809:
801:
793:
785:
777:
769:
761:
753:
745:
736:
731:
730:
727:
726:
722:
721:
716:
711:
706:
700:
699:
698:
690:
682:
674:
666:
658:
653:Vandal Kingdom
650:
637:
632:Jugurthine War
629:
621:
613:
608:
602:
597:
596:
593:
592:
589:
588:
580:
579:
574:
569:
563:
562:
561:
543:
535:
527:
518:
513:
512:
509:
508:
500:
499:
490:
489:
482:
476:
473:
369:, through the
322:
319:
296:
293:
228:
227:
207:
203:
202:
191:
190:
189:
188:
183:
178:
173:
162:
160:
156:
155:
150:
146:
145:
140:
138:
134:
133:
124:(aged 74)
118:
114:
113:
95:
91:
90:
87:
83:
82:
75:
73:
69:
68:
64:Étienne Carjat
61:
53:
52:
41:
35:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5233:
5222:
5219:
5217:
5214:
5212:
5209:
5207:
5204:
5202:
5199:
5197:
5194:
5192:
5189:
5187:
5184:
5182:
5179:
5177:
5174:
5172:
5169:
5167:
5164:
5162:
5159:
5157:
5154:
5152:
5149:
5148:
5146:
5131:
5128:
5126:
5123:
5122:
5120:
5116:
5110:
5107:
5105:
5102:
5100:
5097:
5096:
5094:
5092:
5088:
5080:
5075:
5072:
5068:
5063:
5060:
5058:
5057:Évian Accords
5055:
5053:
5050:
5048:
5045:
5044:
5042:
5040:
5036:
5030:
5027:
5025:
5022:
5020:
5019:
5015:
5013:
5010:
5008:
5005:
5003:
5000:
4998:
4995:
4993:
4990:
4988:
4985:
4983:
4982:
4978:
4976:
4975:Philippeville
4973:
4971:
4968:
4966:
4963:
4961:
4958:
4957:
4955:
4953:
4952:
4947:
4941:
4938:
4937:
4934:
4931:
4930:
4925:
4920:
4917:
4913:
4908:
4905:
4901:
4896:
4893:
4891:
4888:
4886:
4883:
4882:
4880:
4878:
4877:
4872:
4864:
4859:
4856:
4852:
4847:
4844:
4840:
4835:
4832:
4831:
4829:
4827:
4823:
4816:
4813:
4811:
4808:
4805:
4802:
4799:
4796:
4793:
4790:
4787:
4784:
4781:
4778:
4774:
4769:
4766:
4764:
4761:
4758:
4755:
4752:
4749:
4746:
4743:
4740:
4737:
4734:
4731:
4728:
4725:
4724:
4722:
4720:
4718:
4713:
4706:
4703:
4700:
4697:
4694:
4693:Battle of Sig
4691:
4688:
4685:
4682:
4679:
4676:
4673:
4670:
4667:
4665:
4662:
4659:
4656:
4655:
4653:
4651:
4649:
4644:
4637:
4627:
4624:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4614:
4612:
4609:
4607:
4604:
4603:
4601:
4599:
4598:
4593:
4589:
4585:
4580:
4576:
4562:
4557:
4555:
4550:
4548:
4543:
4542:
4539:
4529:
4528:
4523:
4518:
4514:
4513:
4508:
4503:
4499:
4498:
4493:
4488:
4484:
4483:
4478:
4473:
4469:
4468:
4462:
4457:
4456:
4453:
4449:
4447:
4446:
4441:
4438:
4436:
4433:
4431:
4428:
4426:
4423:
4421:
4418:
4407:
4403:
4402:
4394:
4390:
4386:
4382:
4379:
4375:
4373:
4369:
4365:
4361:
4359:
4355:
4351:
4347:
4344:
4340:
4336:
4332:
4328:
4323:
4319:
4315:
4311:
4306:
4304:
4300:
4296:
4292:
4289:
4286:
4282:
4278:
4274:
4272:
4268:
4264:
4260:
4258:
4254:
4250:
4249:
4228:
4224:
4220:
4214:
4198:
4194:
4190:
4184:
4168:
4164:
4163:
4158:
4151:
4135:
4131:
4125:
4109:
4105:
4101:
4095:
4093:
4085:
4079:
4072:
4068:
4063:
4054:
4045:
4037:
4031:
4027:
4026:
4018:
4011:
4006:
4000:
3996:
3995:
3987:
3981:
3977:
3973:
3967:
3960:
3954:
3947:
3941:
3925:
3921:
3917:
3911:
3904:
3898:
3891:
3887:
3883:
3877:
3872:
3866:
3857:
3850:
3846:
3842:
3838:
3837:Isabel Burton
3833:
3817:
3813:
3809:
3805:
3801:
3797:
3793:
3789:
3782:
3766:
3762:
3758:
3752:
3744:
3738:
3730:
3724:
3720:
3713:
3706:
3702:
3696:
3694:
3686:
3682:
3679:
3673:
3666:
3662:
3659:
3653:
3651:
3649:
3647:
3637:
3635:
3633:
3631:
3621:
3619:
3617:
3615:
3613:
3611:
3601:
3595:
3591:
3588:
3584:
3578:
3571:. p. 43.
3570:
3564:
3554:
3547:
3541:
3539:
3537:
3535:
3533:
3531:
3529:
3521:
3517:
3516:
3509:
3500:
3498:
3481:
3477:
3473:
3468:
3463:
3459:
3455:
3451:
3444:
3436:
3430:
3414:
3410:
3409:
3401:
3393:
3387:
3383:
3379:
3374:
3367:
3365:
3363:
3361:
3359:
3357:
3355:
3353:
3351:
3349:
3347:
3345:
3343:
3341:
3339:
3337:
3332:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3311:
3308:
3305:
3302:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3293:Emir Mustapha
3291:
3289:
3286:
3285:
3279:
3275:
3273:
3268:
3266:
3262:
3258:
3253:
3251:
3250:Timothy Davis
3247:
3246:Elkader, Iowa
3242:
3240:
3236:
3235:
3230:
3229:Bulaq Press's
3225:
3223:
3219:
3215:
3210:
3208:
3195:
3190:
3188:
3183:
3181:
3176:
3175:
3173:
3172:
3167:
3157:
3153:
3143:
3141:
3133:
3129:
3120:
3119:
3118:
3117:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3101:
3097:
3096:
3093:
3092:Anqa' Mughrib
3090:
3086:
3083:
3079:
3074:
3071:
3067:
3064:
3063:
3060:Notable works
3057:
3056:
3048:(d. 871/1466)
3044:
3039:
3036:
3033:(d. 748/1347)
3031:
3028:
3025:(d. 676/1277)
3023:
3020:
3019:
3013:
3012:
3002:
2999:
2996:(d. 805/1405)
2994:
2991:
2988:(d. 756/1355)
2986:
2983:
2980:(d. 660/1262)
2978:
2975:
2974:
2968:
2967:
2957:
2954:
2949:
2946:
2943:(d. 930/1524)
2941:
2938:
2935:(d. 902/1497)
2933:
2930:
2927:(d. 885/1480)
2923:
2918:
2915:
2912:(d. 874/1470)
2908:
2903:
2900:
2897:(d. 852/1449)
2895:
2892:
2887:
2884:
2881:(d. 832/1429)
2879:
2876:
2873:(d. 826/1423)
2869:
2864:
2861:
2858:(d. 808/1405)
2856:
2853:
2850:(d. 793/1390)
2848:
2845:
2842:(d. 736/1336)
2840:
2837:
2834:(d. 728/1328)
2832:
2829:
2828:
2822:
2821:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2802:
2799:
2794:
2791:
2788:(d.1362/1943)
2786:
2783:
2780:(d.1356/1937)
2778:
2775:
2768:
2763:
2760:
2755:
2752:
2747:
2744:
2739:
2736:
2731:
2728:
2721:
2716:
2713:
2708:
2705:
2700:
2697:
2692:
2689:
2684:
2681:
2676:
2673:
2668:
2665:
2660:
2657:
2652:
2649:
2646:(d. 974/1567)
2644:
2641:
2638:(d. 982/1574)
2636:
2633:
2630:(d. 973/1565)
2628:
2625:
2622:(d. 940/1534)
2620:
2617:
2614:(d. 926/1520)
2612:
2609:
2606:(d. 911/1505)
2604:
2601:
2598:(d. 907/1501)
2596:
2593:
2590:(d. 898/1492)
2588:
2585:
2582:(d. 885/1480)
2578:
2573:
2570:
2567:(d. 816/1413)
2565:
2562:
2557:
2554:
2551:(d. 764/1363)
2549:
2546:
2543:(d. 733/1333)
2539:
2534:
2531:
2528:(d. 730/1329)
2526:
2523:
2520:(d. 685/1286)
2518:
2515:
2512:(d. 651/1253)
2508:
2503:
2500:
2497:(d. 632/1234)
2495:
2492:
2489:(d. 606/1209)
2487:
2484:
2483:
2477:
2476:
2468:(d. 676/1277)
2466:
2463:
2460:(d. 672/1273)
2458:
2455:
2452:(d. 650/1252)
2450:
2447:
2444:(d. 643/1245)
2442:
2439:
2436:(d. 643/1245)
2434:
2433:Ibn al-Najjar
2431:
2428:(d. 637/1239)
2426:
2423:
2420:(d. 637/1239)
2416:
2411:
2408:
2405:(d. 636/1239)
2401:
2396:
2393:
2390:(d. 632/1235)
2388:
2385:
2382:(d. 613/1216)
2380:
2376:
2375:
2369:
2368:
2360:(d. 672/1274)
2358:
2355:
2352:(d. 614/1217)
2348:
2343:
2340:
2337:(d. 600/1203)
2333:
2328:
2325:
2322:(d. 599/1202)
2318:
2313:
2312:Ibn Abi Jamra
2310:
2307:(d. 597/1201)
2305:
2302:
2299:(d. 595/1198)
2297:
2294:
2291:(d. 594/1197)
2289:
2286:
2283:(d. 581/1185)
2281:
2278:
2275:(d. 581/1185)
2271:
2266:
2263:
2260:(d. 578/1183)
2258:
2257:Ibn Bashkuwal
2255:
2252:(d. 576/1180)
2250:
2247:
2244:(d. 571/1176)
2242:
2239:
2238:
2232:
2231:
2222:
2217:
2214:
2210:
2207:
2206:
2202:
2201:
2195:
2190:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2174:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2162:
2156:
2155:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2133:
2130:
2129:
2128:
2127:
2124:
2121:
2120:
2116:
2115:
2110:
2109:
2099:
2094:
2091:
2087:
2081:
2076:
2073:
2066:
2061:
2054:
2049:
2042:
2037:
2033:
2026:
2021:
2020:
2014:
2012:
2007:
2006:in Damascus.
2005:
1994:
1991:
1983:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1959:
1958:
1954:
1949:This section
1947:
1943:
1938:
1937:
1929:
1927:
1923:
1918:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1866:
1865:
1858:
1853:
1851:
1846:
1845:Mount Lebanon
1842:
1836:
1822:
1817:
1815:
1809:
1807:
1803:
1802:Isabel Burton
1799:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1774:
1772:
1771:Arabian horse
1768:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1700:cause célèbre
1697:
1693:
1689:
1680:
1671:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1652:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1637:
1633:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1612:
1608:
1603:
1595:
1586:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1555:French armies
1552:
1547:
1544:
1540:
1535:
1523:
1519:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1499:Duc d'Orléans
1490:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1471:
1463:
1459:
1457:
1453:
1450:, and to the
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1420:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1396:
1394:
1390:
1389:Oran Province
1386:
1382:
1378:
1373:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1350:
1347:
1346:Oran Province
1343:
1339:
1335:
1330:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1296:
1279:
1274:
1272:
1267:
1265:
1260:
1259:
1257:
1256:
1249:
1246:
1242:
1236:
1233:
1229:
1223:
1220:
1218:
1215:
1214:
1208:
1207:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1191:
1189:
1186:
1185:
1183:
1182:
1175:
1172:
1170:
1169:Peace Charter
1167:
1165:
1162:
1160:
1159:Civil Concord
1157:
1155:
1152:
1150:
1147:
1145:
1142:
1141:
1136:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1127:
1126:
1123:
1122:
1120:
1119:
1118:
1109:
1106:
1104:
1103:Berber Spring
1101:
1100:
1097:
1094:
1092:
1091:FFS rebellion
1089:
1088:
1086:
1081:
1076:
1075:
1066:
1063:
1061:
1058:
1056:
1053:
1052:
1049:
1046:
1044:
1043:Évian Accords
1041:
1039:
1036:
1034:
1031:
1029:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1019:
1016:
1014:
1011:
1010:
1008:
1007:
1005:
998:
995:
993:
990:
988:
985:
984:
981:
978:
976:
973:
971:
968:
966:
963:
962:
959:
956:
954:
951:
950:
947:
944:
942:
939:
938:
936:
935:
933:
925:
922:
920:
917:
916:
913:
910:
908:
905:
904:
901:
898:
896:
893:
892:
889:
886:
885:
883:
881:
872:
871:
861:
858:
853:
850:
845:
842:
837:
834:
829:
826:
821:
818:
815:(973–1152 AD)
813:
810:
807:(970–1068 AD)
805:
802:
799:(909–1171 AD)
797:
794:
789:
786:
781:
778:
773:
770:
765:
762:
759:(742–1066 AD)
757:
754:
749:
746:
741:
740:Arab conquest
738:
737:
734:
729:
728:
720:
717:
715:
712:
710:
707:
705:
702:
701:
694:
691:
686:
683:
678:
675:
670:
667:
662:
659:
654:
651:
646:
642:
638:
633:
630:
625:
622:
617:
614:
612:
609:
607:
604:
603:
600:
595:
594:
587:
583:
582:
578:
575:
573:
570:
568:
565:
564:
560:
556:
552:
548:
544:
539:
536:
531:
528:
523:
520:
519:
516:
511:
510:
506:
502:
501:
498:
492:
491:
486:
481:
480:
472:
470:
469:July Monarchy
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
417:
415:
411:
410:
405:
401:
397:
396:jurisprudence
393:
388:
386:
385:Hasan ibn Ali
382:
378:
377:
372:
368:
364:
361:
357:
353:
350:
346:
342:
333:
328:
327:Emir Mustapha
318:
316:
312:
308:
307:ʻAbd al-Qādir
302:
292:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
247:
238:
234:
226:(Grand Cross)
225:
221:
216:
212:(Grand Cross)
211:
208:
204:
200:
199:
195:
187:
184:
182:
181:Battle of Sig
179:
177:
174:
172:
169:
168:
167:
164:
163:
161:
157:
154:
151:
147:
143:
139:
135:
132:
131:Ottoman Syria
128:
119:
115:
112:
108:
96:
92:
88:
84:
74:
70:
65:
59:
54:
38:
33:
30:
26:
22:
5052:Tafna Treaty
5017:
4980:
4951:Algerian War
4949:
4874:
4715:
4646:
4595:
4525:
4522:Abd-el-Kader
4510:
4507:Abd-el-Kader
4495:
4492:Abd-el-Kader
4480:
4477:Abd-el-Kadir
4465:
4443:
4409:. Retrieved
4384:
4377:
4363:
4349:
4342:
4326:
4309:
4295:Abd el-Kader
4294:
4276:
4262:
4252:
4231:. Retrieved
4222:
4213:
4201:. Retrieved
4192:
4183:
4171:. Retrieved
4160:
4150:
4138:. Retrieved
4124:
4112:. Retrieved
4103:
4083:
4078:
4070:
4062:
4053:
4044:
4024:
4017:
4008:
3993:
3986:
3971:
3966:
3958:
3957:N. Achrati,
3953:
3945:
3940:
3928:. Retrieved
3920:www.mepc.org
3919:
3910:
3902:
3897:
3881:
3865:
3856:
3848:
3840:
3832:
3820:. Retrieved
3795:
3791:
3781:
3769:. Retrieved
3760:
3751:
3718:
3712:
3704:
3700:
3672:
3600:
3582:
3577:
3568:
3563:
3553:
3545:
3515:anno hegirae
3513:
3508:
3484:. Retrieved
3480:the original
3457:
3453:
3443:
3417:. Retrieved
3407:
3400:
3377:
3373:"Abdelkader"
3276:
3269:
3260:
3257:Oliver Stone
3254:
3244:The town of
3243:
3232:
3226:
3211:
3203:
3155:
3131:
3088:
3069:
2847:Al-Taftazani
2831:Ibn Taymiyya
2804:
2691:Niyazi Misri
2675:Kâtip Çelebi
2556:Haydar Amuli
2387:Ibn al-Farid
2304:Ibn al-Jawzi
2212:
2135:
2113:
2085:
2008:
2001:
1986:
1977:
1962:Please help
1950:
1922:Napoleon III
1919:
1871:
1862:
1855:
1838:
1813:
1811:
1775:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1727:
1699:
1685:
1653:
1634:
1615:
1548:
1531:
1521:
1496:
1476:
1421:
1417:muhammadiyya
1416:
1402:
1395:and beyond.
1374:
1351:
1331:
1312:
1180:
1179:
1164:Black Spring
1114:
1113:
1084:
1004:Algerian War
1002:
1001:
958:Pacification
930:
929:
878:
875:Modern times
791:(800–909 AD)
783:(789–828 AD)
775:(776–909 AD)
767:(771–793 AD)
751:(703–744 AD)
743:(647–709 AD)
696:(585–698 AD)
688:(534–585 AD)
680:(578–708 AD)
672:(484–703 AD)
664:(477–578 AD)
656:(435–534 AD)
635:(111–106 BC)
627:(264–146 BC)
545:Rock art in
452:
418:
407:
389:
380:
374:
338:
314:
310:
304:
269:human rights
255:
251:
243:
232:
231:
192:
159:Battles/wars
122:(1883-05-26)
29:
5156:1883 deaths
5151:1808 births
5077: [
5065: [
5029:Bab El Oued
4922: [
4910: [
4898: [
4861: [
4849: [
4837: [
4826:Allegiances
4771: [
4719:: 1837-1870
4650:: 1830-1836
3874: [
3076: [
3041: [
3001:Al-Shawkani
2920: [
2905: [
2866: [
2855:Ibn Khaldun
2793:Al-Kawthari
2765: [
2746:Ibn 'Abidin
2718: [
2667:Mulla Sadra
2627:Al-Sha'rani
2575: [
2536: [
2505: [
2413: [
2398: [
2345: [
2330: [
2315: [
2268: [
2241:Ibn 'Asakir
2219: [
2192: [
2179: [
1926:Constantine
1796:as well as
1788:. While in
1708:Victor Hugo
1620:of western
1579:Sidi Brahim
1487:Léon Roches
1319:Kouloughlis
1188:Arab Spring
1065:Oujda Group
1055:Pieds-noirs
1038:1961 putsch
1033:1958 crisis
1013:Nationalism
1006:(1954–1962)
764:Muhallabids
733:Middle Ages
619:(202–46 BC)
541:(10,000 BC)
533:(20,000 BC)
525:(80,000 BC)
494:History of
433:Imam Shamil
349:September 6
321:Early years
301:Abdul Qadir
120:26 May 1883
72:Native name
5145:Categories
4997:Agounennda
4970:El Djorf I
4411:21 October
4343:Abdelkader
4303:8776950301
4233:6 February
4173:25 October
4140:22 January
3980:2857041705
3890:2863231138
3771:11 January
3699:J. Ruedy,
3658:P.253-256.
3486:19 January
3030:Al-Dhahabi
2971:Ex-critics
2525:Al-Qashani
2517:Al-Baydawi
2379:al-'Adil I
2288:Abu Madyan
2123:Ibn 'Arabi
2088:(1864) by
1897:, and the
1833:See also:
1794:Jane Digby
1741:, today's
1690:, then at
1660:Alexandria
1507:Iron Gates
1483:Christians
1436:Hajj Ahmed
1413:theocratic
1299:See also:
1108:1988 riots
953:Resistance
828:Almoravids
641:Mauretania
624:Punic Wars
515:Prehistory
467:under the
465:the French
425:pilgrimage
325:See also:
315:El Jezairi
299:See also:
100:1808-09-06
86:Birth name
5091:Documents
4981:Blue Bird
4965:Véronique
4335:493227699
4318:457413515
4114:31 August
3737:cite book
3476:1958-5705
3429:cite book
3327:Citations
3022:Al-Nawawi
2603:Al-Suyuti
2548:Al-Safadi
2357:Ibn Malik
2072:Sidi Kada
2004:ibn Arabi
1951:does not
1901:from the
1864:Le Siècle
1782:Freemason
1589:Surrender
1456:Aïn Madhi
1428:al-Tijani
1399:New state
1135:Massacres
1085:1960s–80s
860:Ziyyanids
820:Hammadids
804:Maghrawas
788:Aghlabids
772:Rustamids
606:Phoenicia
599:Antiquity
584:Related:
572:Madghacen
453:al-Jilālī
445:ibn Arabi
381:al-Hasani
360:Qadiriyya
341:el Guetna
5039:Treaties
5018:Jumelles
5002:Bouzegza
4987:Palestro
4227:Archived
4223:BBC News
4197:Archived
4167:Archived
4134:Archived
4108:Archived
3924:Archived
3816:Archived
3765:Archived
3681:Archived
3661:Archived
3590:Archived
3413:Archived
3282:See also
3212:In 1843
3128:Category
3016:Neutrals
2940:Ibn Iyas
2372:Students
2235:Teachers
2132:Akbarism
2114:a series
2111:Part of
1980:May 2024
1860:—
1790:Damascus
1751:Damascus
1543:captives
1539:chivalry
1525:—
1452:Moroccan
1317:and the
1130:Timeline
844:Marinids
836:Almohads
796:Fatimids
780:Idrisids
756:Ifranids
719:Gemellae
709:Partenia
485:a series
483:Part of
437:Damascus
367:Muhammad
356:muqaddam
289:Jugurtha
273:Damascus
127:Damascus
4992:Algiers
4530:. 1921.
4515:. 1914.
4485:. 1907.
4203:29 June
4162:TheWrap
4048:Dinesen
3930:29 June
2465:Baybars
1972:removed
1957:sources
1915:shotgun
1911:pistols
1903:Vatican
1814:burnous
1798:Richard
1649:Morocco
1622:Kabylie
1618:Kabyles
1581:at the
1571:Morocco
1567:Tlemcen
1444:Kabylie
1440:Zouatna
1405:Tagdemt
1393:Titteri
1358:Miliana
852:Hafsids
616:Numidia
559:Ahaggar
555:Tassili
496:Algeria
457:Algeria
441:Baghdad
400:grammar
345:Mascara
313:(since
275:from a
66:in 1865
4817:(1852)
4806:(1845)
4800:(1844)
4794:(1843)
4788:(1842)
4782:(1840)
4759:(1837)
4753:(1837)
4747:(1837)
4741:(1837)
4735:(1837)
4729:(1837)
4707:(1836)
4701:(1835)
4695:(1835)
4689:(1832)
4683:(1830)
4677:(1830)
4671:(1830)
4660:(1830)
4391:
4370:
4356:
4333:
4316:
4301:
4283:
4269:
4073:, 1887
4032:
4001:
3978:
3888:
3822:21 May
3812:195148
3810:
3725:
3474:
3419:21 May
3388:
3312:(1837)
3306:(1837)
3300:(1837)
3154:
3130:
3126:
3087:
3068:
2803:
2211:
2134:
1895:Turkey
1889:, the
1883:Greece
1806:Sufism
1743:Turkey
1735:francs
1688:Toulon
1448:Biskra
1424:Sahara
1409:sultan
1360:, and
1354:Chelif
1307:, and
1115:1990s–
1060:Harkis
812:Zirids
645:Africa
639:Roman
577:Jedars
567:Roknia
551:Djelfa
487:on the
423:, the
404:Qur'an
392:zawiya
376:sharif
363:tariqa
285:French
237:Arabic
206:Awards
137:Buried
107:Guetna
5118:Lists
5081:]
5069:]
4926:]
4914:]
4902:]
4865:]
4853:]
4841:]
4775:]
4010:1870.
3878:]
3808:JSTOR
3678:P.305
3520:Rajab
3382:18–19
3140:Media
3080:]
3045:]
2924:]
2909:]
2870:]
2769:]
2722:]
2579:]
2540:]
2509:]
2417:]
2402:]
2349:]
2334:]
2319:]
2272:]
2223:]
2196:]
2183:]
1893:from
1881:from
1778:Syria
1739:Bursa
1609:, in
1362:Médéa
1327:jihad
1117:2000s
429:Mecca
409:ḥāfiẓ
4413:2023
4389:ISBN
4368:ISBN
4354:ISBN
4331:OCLC
4314:OCLC
4299:ISBN
4281:ISBN
4267:ISBN
4235:2022
4205:2019
4175:2013
4142:2014
4116:2022
4030:ISBN
3999:ISBN
3976:ISBN
3932:2019
3886:ISBN
3824:2024
3773:2023
3743:link
3723:ISBN
3488:2021
3472:ISSN
3435:link
3421:2024
3386:ISBN
3220:and
1955:any
1953:cite
1800:and
1706:and
1664:Acre
1611:1852
1563:Oran
1481:and
1479:Jews
1426:and
1323:Oran
1028:GPRA
1018:RCUA
643:and
557:and
547:Oran
447:and
439:and
421:Hajj
414:Oran
398:and
352:1808
295:Name
281:Arab
264:Sufi
153:Emir
149:Rank
117:Died
94:Born
37:Emir
4524:".
4509:".
4494:".
4479:".
3800:doi
3558:517
3462:doi
3458:106
1966:by
1843:of
1749:in
1692:Pau
1662:or
1149:GIA
1144:FIS
1023:FLN
427:to
347:on
254:or
5147::
5079:ar
5067:ar
4924:ar
4912:ar
4900:ar
4863:ar
4851:ar
4839:ar
4773:ar
4586:-
4464:.
4221:.
4195:.
4191:.
4165:.
4159:.
4132:.
4106:.
4102:.
4091:^
4069:,
4007:.
3922:.
3918:.
3880:,
3876:fr
3847:,
3839:,
3814:.
3806:.
3796:16
3794:.
3790:.
3759:.
3739:}}
3735:{{
3692:^
3645:^
3629:^
3609:^
3527:^
3496:^
3470:.
3456:.
3452:.
3431:}}
3427:{{
3384:.
3376:.
3335:^
3274:.
3078:ar
3043:ar
2922:ar
2907:ar
2868:ar
2767:ar
2720:ar
2577:ar
2538:de
2507:ar
2415:ar
2400:ar
2347:ar
2332:ar
2317:ar
2270:ar
2221:ar
2194:ar
2181:de
2117:on
1928:.
1905:.
1773:.
1585:.
1434:,
1356:,
1303:,
553:,
549:,
471:.
239::
129:,
109:,
4560:e
4553:t
4546:v
4520:"
4505:"
4490:"
4475:"
4415:.
4337:.
4320:.
4237:.
4207:.
4177:.
4144:.
4118:.
4038:.
3934:.
3892:)
3802::
3775:.
3745:)
3731:.
3490:.
3464::
3437:)
3423:.
3394:.
3193:e
3186:t
3179:v
3156:·
3132:·
3089:·
3070:·
2805:·
2213:·
2136:·
2034:.
1993:)
1987:(
1982:)
1978:(
1974:.
1960:.
1765:(
1757:(
1277:e
1270:t
1263:v
1244:)
1238:(
1231:)
1225:(
102:)
98:(
27:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
