402:
mental processes people utilize to make sense of the world around them. He recruited three groups of individuals: those with social phobias, those with depression, and controls with no emotional disorder diagnosis. He wanted to determine whether these groups had a cognitive structure showing an actual/ideal (AI) discrepancy (referring to an individual not believing that they have achieved their personal desires) or actual/own/other (AOO) discrepancy (referring to an individual's actions not living up to what their significant other believes that they need to be). He found that depressed individuals had the highest AI discrepancy and social phobics had the greatest AOO discrepancy, while the controls were lower or in between the two for both discrepancies.
106:
410:
depressed individuals tended to use maladaptive emotion regulation strategies (such as rumination or brooding) more. They also found that when depressed individuals displayed cognitive inhibition (slowing of response to a variable that had been previously ignored) when asked to describe a negative word (ignored variable was a positive word), they were less likely to ruminate or brood. When they displayed cognitive inhibition when asked to describe a positive word (ignored variable was a negative word), they were more likely to reflect.
389:
children should go through behavioral treatment before being treated with medication. Another recommended form of treatment for children and adolescents diagnosed with ADHD would be counseling from a mental health professional. Treatment options will improve performance of children and adolescents on emotion recognition tasks, specifically response time as there is no difficulty recognizing human emotions. The degree of required treatments vary depending on the degree of ADD or ADHD the individual has.
464:
home, school, or community due to drugs and substance abuse or mental health issues. SEDNET 2A Services: Family
Services Planning Team (FSPT)- agencies, school officials and SEDNET meet with parents to assist and aid the child's poor performance at school and home. Positive Behavior Support providing technical assistance to promote positive behavior. Classroom Observation/Teacher Consultation- working with EBD children using successful strategies and tips in a classroom environment.
22:
302:
behavior that does not interfere with classroom instruction, though to what extent this perception is due to social expectations of differences in male and female behavior is unclear. In any case, it is important to note that both internalizing and externalizing behaviour can and do occur in either sex; Students with EBD are also at an increased risk for learning disabilities, school dropout, substance abuse, and juvenile delinquency.
201:
stigmatizing. In the late 1900s the term "behaviorally disordered" appeared. Some professionals in the field of special education accepted the term while others felt it ignored emotional issues. In order to make a more uniformed terminology, the
National Mental Health and Special Education Coalition, which consists of over thirty professional and advocacy groups, coined the term "emotional and behavioral disorders" in 1988.
385:). These students often have difficulty inhibiting emotional responses resulting from anger, frustration, and disappointment. Students who "externalize" exhibit behaviors such as insulting, provoking, threatening, bullying, cursing, and fighting, along with other forms of aggression. Male students with EBD exhibit externalizing behavior more often than their female counterparts.
406:
threatening words were presented, people with greater anxiety tended to have increased selective attention, meaning that they reacted quicker to a stimulus in an area where a threatening word was just presented (32-59ms faster). When in the control group, subjects reacted slower when there was a threatening word proceeding the stimulus (16-32ms slower).
176:, was passed by Congress and signed by John F. Kennedy, which provided federal funding to community mental health centers. This legislation changed the way that mental health services were handled and also led to the closure of many large asylums. Many laws soon followed assisting more and more people with EBDs. 1978 came with the passing of
446:
high school diploma. The main practice is the use of
Positive Behavior Interventions and Supports (PBIS). PBIS instructional practices help students determine their skill level and progress, restore their skills through direct instruction, knowing the standards on their grade level and small group counseling.
445:
The state of
California has Spectrum Center classrooms in Los Angeles and the San Francisco area which are providing Emotional Disabilities and Behavioral Services. They provide academic classrooms for students who are actively working to improve grade-level standards and working toward getting their
436:
The state of New York has the
Foundations Behavioral Health that has been approved out of state educations and residential provider with the New York State Education Dept. Foundations offer Academic and Behavioral Health Services to students between the ages of 14 and 21. This program allows students
405:
Specific cognitive processes (e.g., attention) may be different in those with emotional disorders. MacLeod, Mathews, and Tata (1986) tested the reaction times of 32 participants, some of whom were diagnosed with
Generalized Anxiety disorder, when presented with threatening words. They found that when
392:
Treatment for these types of behaviors should include the parents as it is evident that their parenting skills impact on how their child deals with their symptoms, especially when at a younger age. Parents going through a parenting skills training program were reported a decrease in internalizing and
200:
were used to describe adults with such conditions. Mental illness was a label for most people with any type of disorder and it was common for people with emotional and behavioral disorders to be labeled with a mental illness. However, those terms were avoided when describing children as it seemed too
427:
The state of Texas has the Texas
Behavior Support Initiative (TBSI) authorized by Senate Bill 1196 and Texas Administrative Code §89.1053. With its design to provide knowledge for the use of constructive behavior interventions and to aid students, including students with disabilities. TBSI meets the
454:
The state of
Michigan has a Behavioral Education Center (BEC) in Bangor. Its purpose is to aid local schools directs with students between the ages of 5 and 26 years old with EBD's. Along with having students use appropriate behaviors and skills to successfully return to their local school setting.
401:
In recent years, many researchers have been interested in exploring the relationship between emotional disorders and cognition. Evidence has revealed that there is a relationship between the two. Strauman (1989) investigated how emotional disorders shape a person's cognitive structure, that is, the
301:
such as oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder). Male students may be over-represented in the EBD population because they appear to be more likely to exhibit disruptive externalizing behavior that interferes with classroom instruction. Females may be more likely to exhibit internalizing
463:
The state of
Florida has Students with Emotional/Behavioral Disabilities Network (SEDNET). SEDNET projects across the state aid the local school districts to work with those at-risk of EBD's. “Dealing with adverse behavior in the educational environment,” it serves students who poorly function at
418:
There are many types of services available to EBD students, referenced below. One service is one-on-one support (or an aide) who assists in everyday activities and academics. Another service is foundations offer behavior services as well as counseling support. Some services include classrooms that
409:
Emotional disorders can also alter the way people regulate their emotions. Joormann and Gotlib (2010) conducted a study with depressed, or previously depressed, individuals to test this. They found that, when compared to individuals who have never had a depressive episode, previously and currently
284:
Students with EBD are a diverse population with a wide range of intellectual and academic abilities. Males, African-Americans, and economically disadvantaged students are over-represented in the EBD population, and students with EBD are more likely to live in single-parent homes, foster homes, or
388:
Children and adolescents with ADD or ADHD may display different types of externalizing behavior and should be either medicated or going through behavioral treatment for their diagnosis. Adolescents with severe ADHD would likely benefit most from both medication and behavioral treatment. Younger
171:
on the person exhibiting signs of any mental illness. In the early to mid-1800s, asylums were introduced to
America and Europe. There, patients were treated cruelly and often referred to as lunatics by doctors in the professional fields. The main focus of asylums were to shun people with mental
166:
were often thought to be a form of demonic possession or witchcraft. Since much was unknown, there was little to no distinction between the different types of mental illness and developmental disorders that we refer to today. Most often, they were dealt with by performing an
393:
externalizing behavior in their children post-training program. The program included learning how to give positive attention, increase good behavior with small frequent rewards and specific praise as well as learning how to decrease attention when the child behaved poorly.
437:
educational experience to have strategic interventions to aid their social and behavioral functioning. Some of the program's highlights include Functional Behavioral Assessment (FBA), Behavioral Intervention Plan (BIP) & Community Based Instruction (CBI).
346:. Teachers are more likely to write referrals for students that are overly disruptive. Screening tools used to detect students with high levels of "internalizing" behavior are not sensitive and are rarely used in practice. Students with EBD with "
285:
other non-traditional living situations. These students also tend to have low rates of positive social interactions with peers in educational contexts. Students with EBD are often categorized as "internalizers" (e.g., have poor
419:
are dedicated to educational foundations and work on building the student up possessively. States also offer dedicated schools with multiple resources that help students with EBD excel and transition (back) into local schools.
215:
According to the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act an EBD classification is required if one or more of the following characteristics is excessively observed in a student over a significant amount of time:
1466:
1447:
486:"International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems 10th Revision (ICD-10): Behavioural and emotional disorders with onset usually occurring in childhood and adolescence (F90–F98)"
963:
Cartwright-Hatton, Sam; McNally, Deborah; White, Caroline; Verduyn, Chrissie (2005). "Parenting Skills Training: An Effective Intervention for Internalizing Symptoms in Younger Children?".
272:(CD) do not have an automatic eligibility to receive an IEP or 504 Plan. Students considered "socially maladjusted", but ineligible for an EBD classification (i.e., students diagnosed with
1362:
530:
256:
are not guaranteed to receive additional educational services under an EBD classification. Students with an EBD classification who meet the diagnostic criteria for various
2779:
428:
legislative requirements for the use of restraint and time-out, along with providing the baseline work for behavior strategies and prevention throughout each environment.
866:
Wehby, Joseph; Symons, F.; Shores, R. E. (1995). "A descriptive analysis of aggressive behavior in classrooms for children with emotional and behavioral disorders".
1978:
276:), often receive better educational services in special education classrooms or alternative schools with high structure, clear rules, and consistent consequences.
184:, was put into act which would provide services to all disabled children from the ages of 3-5 by the 1990–91 school year. PL 94-142 has since been renamed to the
2933:
2772:
1370:
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1243:
1015:
Strauman T. J. (1989). "Self-discrepancies in clinical depression and social phobia: Cognitive structures that underlie emotional disorders?".
541:
32:
226:
Inappropriate behavior (against self or others) or emotions (shares the need to harm others or self, low self-worth) in normal conditions.
2765:
809:
Danielson, Melissa L.; Bitsko, Rebecca H.; Ghandour, Reem M.; Holbrook, Joseph R.; Kogan, Michael D.; Blumberg, Stephen J. (2018-03-04).
249:
185:
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may have poor self-esteem, have depression, experience loss of interest in social, academic, and other life activities, and may exhibit
2450:
2406:
1509:
240:. However, it does not have any significant bearing on students who are socially maladjusted unless they also meet the above criteria.
177:
196:
Various terms have been used to describe irregular emotional and behavioral disorders. Many of the terms such as mental illness and
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2265:
1882:
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710:
354:
261:
133:
The classification is often given to students after conducting a Functional Behavior Analysis. These students need individualized
2923:
1675:
1304:
44:
2001:
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595:
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Classroom programs, consultation, coaching, and professional development services are available within the school districts.
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which required free and public education to all disabled children including those with EBDs. An extension of PL 94–142,
1522:
2498:
2318:
2216:
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does not clarify which children would be considered "socially maladjusted". Students with a psychiatric diagnosis of
66:
126:) refer to a disability classification used in educational settings that allows educational institutions to provide
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2590:
1827:
1798:
1739:
1005:
Garner, B. K. (2007). Getting to “got it!”. Alexandria, VA: Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development.
686:
1832:
1627:
1552:
811:"Prevalence of Parent-Reported ADHD Diagnosis and Associated Treatment Among U.S. Children and Adolescents, 2016"
1214:
2485:
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1502:
327:
1333:
512:
The ICD-10 Classification of Mental and Behavioural Disorders. Clinical descriptions and diagnostic guidelines
2885:
2814:
2011:
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358:
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142:
40:
2840:
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2211:
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619:
257:
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Wells, Erica L.; Day, Taylor N.; Harmon, Sherelle L.; Groves, Nicole B.; Kofler, Michael J. (2018-11-26).
2928:
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568:
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2679:
2648:
2026:
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506:
481:
1283:
1251:
105:
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2298:
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2108:
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48:
2664:
2171:
2021:
2016:
1973:
1790:
1074:
MacLeod, Colin; Mathews, Andrew; Tata, Philip (1986). "Attentional bias in emotional disorders".
347:
485:
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Providing or failing to provide an EBD classification to a student may be controversial, as the
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2006:
1914:
311:
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1652:
1632:
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210:
134:
85:
Emotional and behavioral disorder with onset usually occurring in childhood and adolescence
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A tendency to develop physical symptoms or fears related with individual or school issues.
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and related services to students who have displayed poor social and/or academic progress.
8:
2612:
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2401:
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Learning challenges that cannot be explained by intellectual, sensory, or health factors.
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1968:
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988:
980:
976:
945:
927:
887:
848:
830:
181:
127:
90:
1487:
1475:
1341:
373:; however, this population can also include typically developing children that have
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2835:
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2313:
2161:
2139:
2104:
1867:
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822:
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370:
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273:
269:
253:
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826:
665:
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Trouble keeping up or building satisfactory relationships with peers and teachers.
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2383:
2330:
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2308:
2188:
1983:
1955:
1756:
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1518:
343:
331:
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297:) or "externalizers" (e.g., disrupt classroom instruction, or are diagnosed with
197:
2617:
780:
2552:
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2417:
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2193:
2176:
2166:
1406:
879:
339:
163:
1182:
1150:
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1028:
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2853:
2586:
2537:
1855:
1166:
1158:
1111:
1103:
1095:
1052:
1044:
1036:
984:
931:
834:
335:
294:
237:
1460:
1456:
353:
Students with EBD that show externalizing behavior are often diagnosed with
2440:
2221:
1773:
1200:
992:
949:
852:
1119:
1060:
2425:
2156:
1887:
1637:
1405:. PACER: Minnesota Parent Training and Information Center. Archived from
350:" behavior may be aggressive, non-compliant, extroverted, or disruptive.
286:
1439:
2900:
2878:
2873:
2742:
2435:
2340:
2041:
1766:
1761:
1557:
923:
510:
99:
95:
1403:
Children's mental health and emotional or behavioral disorders project
743:"Students with Emotional Disturbance: Eligibility and Characteristics"
2695:
2627:
2445:
1904:
1642:
1567:
1222:
620:"The History of Asylums in the 1800s - Video & Lesson Transcript"
1135:"Emotion regulation in depression: Relation to cognitive inhibition"
962:
644:
596:"Mental Health Treatment: Then and Now | Introduction to Psychology"
322:. Students with internalizing behavior may also have a diagnosis of
174:
Community Mental Health Centers Construction Act (Public Law 88–164)
2895:
2430:
2100:
2067:
1993:
168:
146:
1174:
2148:
1963:
1451:
808:
516:
2585:
1926:
908:"Are emotion recognition abilities intact in pediatric ADHD?"
377:
to exhibit externalizing behavior for various reasons (e.g.,
31:
deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a
2099:
305:
1425:
Behaviour Management (EBD) Review Group: Published reviews
1334:"Classrooms for Students With Severe Emotional Impairment"
1363:"Students with Emotional/Behavioral Disabilities Network"
480:
2372:
745:. The Center for Effective Collaboration and Practice.
145:(IEP) and/or accommodations in the classroom through a
2787:
1517:
815:
Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology
505:
1429:
905:
569:"Are Students with EBD Given an IEP Plan? | Synonym"
1244:"Out of State Education and Residential Provider |"
965:
Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Nursing
645:"The History of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders"
137:such as a Behavior Intervention Plan, to receive a
1535:
1276:"Emotional Disabilities and Behavioral Services |"
1073:
191:
186:Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)
865:
229:An overall attitude of unhappiness or depression.
2915:
1944:
737:
735:
666:"Overview of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders"
413:
236:The term "EBD" includes students diagnosed with
2717:
1396:"What is an emotional or behavioral disorder?"
1132:
1014:
499:
2773:
1503:
732:
162:Before any studies were done on the subject,
29:The examples and perspective in this article
474:
1336:. Special Education Programs and Services.
1307:. Special Education Programs and Services.
715:Center for Parent Information and Resources
687:"History of Emotional Behavioral Disorders"
141:. Students with EBD may be eligible for an
2780:
2766:
2407:Other specified feeding or eating disorder
1674:
1510:
1496:
279:
104:
1190:
939:
842:
531:"EMOTIONAL AND BEHAVIORAL DISORDER (EBD)"
67:Learn how and when to remove this message
2670:Disorganized (hebephrenic) schizophrenia
2266:Depersonalization-derealization disorder
1133:Joormann, Jutta; Gotlib, Ian H. (2010).
355:attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
306:Internalizing and externalizing behavior
262:attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder
172:illnesses from the public. In 1963, the
2934:Mental disorders diagnosed in childhood
338:, obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD),
2916:
1338:Van Buren Intermediate School District
1309:Van Buren Intermediate School District
396:
2761:
2716:
2584:
2519:
2371:
2098:
1943:
1853:
1673:
1534:
1491:
1367:Panhandle Area Educational Consortium
901:
899:
897:
804:
802:
800:
798:
139:free and appropriate public education
1854:
660:
658:
590:
588:
563:
561:
15:
2373:Physiological and physical behavior
1369:. Chipley, FL. 2019. Archived from
13:
2789:Emotional and behavioral disorders
2319:Psychogenic non-epileptic seizures
1713:Emotional and behavioral disorders
1263:All the locations listed are in PA
894:
795:
124:behavioral and emotional disorders
116:Emotional and behavioral disorders
14:
2950:
2499:Hypoactive sexual desire disorder
1388:
655:
585:
558:
1799:X-linked intellectual disability
977:10.1111/j.1744-6171.2005.00014.x
747:American Institutes for Research
642:
157:
20:
1628:Intermittent explosive disorder
1553:Ego-dystonic sexual orientation
1355:
1326:
1297:
1282:. San Pablo, CA. Archived from
1268:
1236:
1207:
1126:
1067:
1008:
999:
956:
859:
765:
703:
538:Cherokee County School District
192:Use and development of the term
2924:School and classroom behaviour
2271:Dissociative identity disorder
1536:Adult personality and behavior
1340:. Lawrence, MI. Archived from
1311:. Lawrence, MI. Archived from
1076:Journal of Abnormal Psychology
1017:Journal of Abnormal Psychology
691:Emotional Behavioral Disorders
679:
636:
612:
523:
328:post-traumatic stress disorder
1:
2886:Stereotypic movement disorder
2820:Emotional/behavioral disorder
2815:Oppositional defiant disorder
1305:"Behavioral Education Center"
1248:Foundations Behavioral Health
827:10.1080/15374416.2017.1417860
467:
440:
414:Services in the United States
359:oppositional defiant disorder
326:or another anxiety disorder,
299:disruptive behavior disorders
266:oppositional defiant disorder
258:disruptive behavior disorders
243:
143:Individualized Education Plan
2675:Pseudoneurotic schizophrenia
2212:Generalized anxiety disorder
1945:Neurological and symptomatic
1590:Sexual relationship disorder
717:. 2010-06-16. Archived from
379:escape from academic demands
7:
2451:REM sleep behavior disorder
1920:Seasonal affective disorder
1718:Separation anxiety disorder
449:
431:
289:, or are diagnosed with an
204:
43:, discuss the issue on the
10:
2955:
2718:Symptoms and uncategorized
1819:developmental disabilities
1585:Sexual maturation disorder
1215:"Texas Support Initiative"
880:10.1177/019874299502000207
458:
208:
152:
2795:
2723:
2712:
2688:
2680:Simple-type schizophrenia
2657:
2649:Schizophreniform disorder
2626:
2605:
2601:
2580:
2533:
2515:
2484:
2461:
2415:
2382:
2378:
2367:
2289:
2256:
2204:
2147:
2138:
2119:
2115:
2094:
2060:
2027:Mild cognitive impairment
2012:Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease
1992:
1954:
1950:
1939:
1910:Major depressive disorder
1863:
1849:
1815:Psychological development
1814:
1789:
1686:
1682:
1669:
1598:
1545:
1541:
1530:
1433:
1151:10.1080/02699930903407948
1145:(2). Routledge: 281–298.
1088:10.1037/0021-843x.95.1.15
1029:10.1037/0021-843x.98.1.14
779:. Georgia. Archived from
711:"Emotional Disturbance |"
600:courses.lumenlearning.com
507:World Health Organization
482:World Health Organization
89:
84:
2728:Impulse-control disorder
2644:Schizoaffective disorder
2639:Brief reactive psychosis
2336:Mass psychogenic illness
2299:Body dysmorphic disorder
2078:Post-concussion syndrome
1688:Emotional and behavioral
422:
367:autism spectrum disorder
316:non-suicidal self-injury
312:"internalizing" behavior
2665:Childhood schizophrenia
2017:Frontotemporal dementia
1974:High-functioning autism
1791:Intellectual disability
1139:Cognition & Emotion
777:Reinforcement Unlimited
310:A person with EBD with
280:Student characteristics
2182:Specific social phobia
2073:Organic brain syndrome
1915:Melancholic depression
1676:Childhood and learning
1219:Texas Behavior Support
773:"Social Maladjustment"
749:. 2001. Archived from
2891:Elimination disorders
2738:Psychomotor agitation
2528:and substance-related
2471:Postpartum depression
2351:Somatization disorder
2237:Acute stress reaction
2002:AIDS dementia complex
573:classroom.synonym.com
209:Further information:
2797:Emotional/behavioral
2733:Klüver–Bucy syndrome
2563:Substance dependence
2476:Postpartum psychosis
2022:Huntington's disease
1804:Lujan–Fryns syndrome
1653:Personality disorder
868:Behavioral Disorders
211:Expectancy challenge
49:create a new article
41:improve this article
2613:Delusional disorder
2558:Stimulant psychosis
2548:Physical dependence
2402:Rumination syndrome
2304:Conversion disorder
2281:Psychogenic amnesia
2131:with depressed mood
2129:Adjustment disorder
2032:Parkinson's disease
2007:Alzheimer's disease
1900:Atypical depression
1736:Social functioning
1611:Munchausen syndrome
1606:Factitious disorder
971:(2). Wiley: 45–52.
397:Effect in cognition
383:access to attention
2929:Disability by type
2831:Social functioning
2826:Separation anxiety
2632:schizophrenia-like
2276:Dissociative fugue
1725:Movement disorders
924:10.1037/emo0000520
753:on 18 October 2015
324:separation anxiety
178:Public Law 94- 142
2911:
2910:
2860:Tourette syndrome
2755:
2754:
2751:
2750:
2708:
2707:
2704:
2703:
2576:
2575:
2511:
2510:
2507:
2506:
2363:
2362:
2359:
2358:
2252:
2251:
2090:
2089:
2086:
2085:
2047:Vascular dementia
1969:Asperger syndrome
1935:
1934:
1845:
1844:
1841:
1840:
1779:Tourette syndrome
1665:
1664:
1661:
1660:
1485:
1484:
1412:on 2 October 2006
1082:(1). APA: 15–20.
1023:(1). APA: 14–22.
135:behavior supports
128:special education
113:
112:
79:Medical condition
77:
76:
69:
51:, as appropriate.
2946:
2939:Emotional issues
2868:Speech disorders
2836:Selective mutism
2810:Conduct disorder
2782:
2775:
2768:
2759:
2758:
2714:
2713:
2603:
2602:
2582:
2581:
2517:
2516:
2392:Anorexia nervosa
2380:
2379:
2369:
2368:
2346:Psychogenic pain
2314:Globus pharyngis
2162:Childhood phobia
2145:
2144:
2117:
2116:
2096:
2095:
1952:
1951:
1941:
1940:
1851:
1850:
1750:Selective mutism
1701:Conduct disorder
1684:
1683:
1671:
1670:
1648:Trichotillomania
1623:Gender dysphoria
1618:Fear of intimacy
1575:Sexual anhedonia
1543:
1542:
1532:
1531:
1519:Mental disorders
1512:
1505:
1498:
1489:
1488:
1431:
1430:
1421:
1419:
1417:
1411:
1400:
1382:
1381:
1379:
1378:
1359:
1353:
1352:
1350:
1349:
1330:
1324:
1323:
1321:
1320:
1301:
1295:
1294:
1292:
1291:
1280:Spectrum Schools
1272:
1266:
1265:
1260:
1259:
1250:. Archived from
1240:
1234:
1233:
1231:
1230:
1221:. Archived from
1211:
1205:
1204:
1194:
1130:
1124:
1123:
1071:
1065:
1064:
1012:
1006:
1003:
997:
996:
960:
954:
953:
943:
918:(7): 1192–1205.
903:
892:
891:
863:
857:
856:
846:
806:
793:
792:
790:
788:
769:
763:
762:
760:
758:
739:
730:
729:
727:
726:
707:
701:
700:
698:
697:
683:
677:
676:
670:
662:
653:
652:
640:
634:
633:
631:
630:
616:
610:
609:
607:
606:
592:
583:
582:
580:
579:
565:
556:
555:
553:
552:
546:
540:. Archived from
535:
527:
521:
520:
503:
497:
496:
494:
492:
478:
371:bipolar disorder
363:conduct disorder
291:anxiety disorder
274:conduct disorder
270:conduct disorder
254:conduct disorder
164:mental illnesses
122:; also known as
109:
108:
82:
81:
72:
65:
61:
58:
52:
24:
23:
16:
2954:
2953:
2949:
2948:
2947:
2945:
2944:
2943:
2914:
2913:
2912:
2907:
2791:
2786:
2756:
2747:
2719:
2700:
2684:
2653:
2631:
2622:
2597:
2572:
2529:
2526:substance abuse
2503:
2480:
2457:
2411:
2397:Bulimia nervosa
2374:
2355:
2331:Hypochondriasis
2326:False pregnancy
2309:Ganser syndrome
2291:Somatic symptom
2285:
2248:
2200:
2189:Specific phobia
2134:
2111:
2082:
2056:
1988:
1984:Savant syndrome
1956:Autism spectrum
1946:
1931:
1859:
1837:
1816:
1810:
1785:
1678:
1657:
1633:Dermatillomania
1594:
1580:Sexual anorexia
1537:
1526:
1516:
1486:
1481:
1480:
1442:
1415:
1413:
1409:
1398:
1394:
1391:
1386:
1385:
1376:
1374:
1361:
1360:
1356:
1347:
1345:
1332:
1331:
1327:
1318:
1316:
1303:
1302:
1298:
1289:
1287:
1274:
1273:
1269:
1257:
1255:
1242:
1241:
1237:
1228:
1226:
1213:
1212:
1208:
1131:
1127:
1072:
1068:
1013:
1009:
1004:
1000:
961:
957:
904:
895:
864:
860:
807:
796:
786:
784:
771:
770:
766:
756:
754:
741:
740:
733:
724:
722:
709:
708:
704:
695:
693:
685:
684:
680:
668:
664:
663:
656:
641:
637:
628:
626:
618:
617:
613:
604:
602:
594:
593:
586:
577:
575:
567:
566:
559:
550:
548:
544:
533:
529:
528:
524:
504:
500:
490:
488:
479:
475:
470:
461:
452:
443:
434:
425:
416:
399:
344:eating disorder
320:substance abuse
308:
282:
246:
213:
207:
198:psychopathology
194:
160:
155:
103:
80:
73:
62:
56:
53:
38:
25:
21:
12:
11:
5:
2952:
2942:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2909:
2908:
2906:
2905:
2904:
2903:
2898:
2888:
2883:
2882:
2881:
2876:
2864:
2863:
2862:
2850:
2849:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2828:
2823:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2801:
2799:
2793:
2792:
2785:
2784:
2777:
2770:
2762:
2753:
2752:
2749:
2748:
2746:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2724:
2721:
2720:
2710:
2709:
2706:
2705:
2702:
2701:
2699:
2698:
2692:
2690:
2686:
2685:
2683:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2661:
2659:
2655:
2654:
2652:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2635:
2633:
2624:
2623:
2621:
2620:
2615:
2609:
2607:
2599:
2598:
2578:
2577:
2574:
2573:
2571:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2553:Rebound effect
2550:
2545:
2540:
2534:
2531:
2530:
2513:
2512:
2509:
2508:
2505:
2504:
2502:
2501:
2496:
2494:Hypersexuality
2490:
2488:
2482:
2481:
2479:
2478:
2473:
2467:
2465:
2459:
2458:
2456:
2455:
2454:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2433:
2428:
2422:
2420:
2413:
2412:
2410:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2388:
2386:
2376:
2375:
2365:
2364:
2361:
2360:
2357:
2356:
2354:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2322:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2301:
2295:
2293:
2287:
2286:
2284:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2262:
2260:
2254:
2253:
2250:
2249:
2247:
2246:
2245:
2244:
2239:
2229:
2227:Panic disorder
2224:
2219:
2214:
2208:
2206:
2202:
2201:
2199:
2198:
2197:
2196:
2194:Claustrophobia
2186:
2185:
2184:
2179:
2177:Anthropophobia
2169:
2167:Social anxiety
2164:
2159:
2153:
2151:
2142:
2136:
2135:
2133:
2132:
2125:
2123:
2113:
2112:
2092:
2091:
2088:
2087:
2084:
2083:
2081:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2064:
2062:
2058:
2057:
2055:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2037:Pick's disease
2034:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1998:
1996:
1990:
1989:
1987:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1960:
1958:
1948:
1947:
1937:
1936:
1933:
1932:
1930:
1929:
1924:
1923:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1892:
1891:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1864:
1861:
1860:
1847:
1846:
1843:
1842:
1839:
1838:
1836:
1835:
1830:
1824:
1822:
1812:
1811:
1809:
1808:
1807:
1806:
1795:
1793:
1787:
1786:
1784:
1783:
1782:
1781:
1771:
1770:
1769:
1764:
1754:
1753:
1752:
1747:
1742:
1734:
1733:
1732:
1722:
1721:
1720:
1710:
1709:
1708:
1698:
1692:
1690:
1680:
1679:
1667:
1666:
1663:
1662:
1659:
1658:
1656:
1655:
1650:
1645:
1640:
1635:
1630:
1625:
1620:
1615:
1614:
1613:
1602:
1600:
1596:
1595:
1593:
1592:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1572:
1571:
1570:
1565:
1555:
1549:
1547:
1539:
1538:
1528:
1527:
1523:Classification
1515:
1514:
1507:
1500:
1492:
1483:
1482:
1479:
1478:
1463:
1443:
1438:
1437:
1435:
1434:Classification
1428:
1427:
1422:
1390:
1389:External links
1387:
1384:
1383:
1354:
1325:
1296:
1267:
1235:
1206:
1125:
1066:
1007:
998:
955:
893:
858:
821:(2): 199–212.
794:
764:
731:
702:
678:
654:
643:Fong, Yvonne.
635:
611:
584:
557:
522:
498:
472:
471:
469:
466:
460:
457:
451:
448:
442:
439:
433:
430:
424:
421:
415:
412:
398:
395:
340:panic disorder
307:
304:
281:
278:
245:
242:
234:
233:
230:
227:
224:
221:
206:
203:
193:
190:
159:
156:
154:
151:
111:
110:
93:
87:
86:
78:
75:
74:
57:September 2018
35:of the subject
33:worldwide view
28:
26:
19:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2951:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2921:
2919:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2893:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2871:
2870:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2858:
2857:
2856:
2855:
2854:Tic disorders
2851:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2833:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2802:
2800:
2798:
2794:
2790:
2783:
2778:
2776:
2771:
2769:
2764:
2763:
2760:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2725:
2722:
2715:
2711:
2697:
2694:
2693:
2691:
2687:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2662:
2660:
2658:Schizophrenia
2656:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2636:
2634:
2629:
2625:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2610:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2587:Schizophrenia
2583:
2579:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2538:Drug overdose
2536:
2535:
2532:
2527:
2523:
2518:
2514:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2491:
2489:
2487:
2486:Sexual desire
2483:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2468:
2466:
2464:
2460:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2438:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2423:
2421:
2419:
2414:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2389:
2387:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2370:
2366:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2306:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2296:
2294:
2292:
2288:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2263:
2261:
2259:
2255:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2234:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2209:
2207:
2203:
2195:
2192:
2191:
2190:
2187:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2174:
2173:
2172:Social phobia
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2154:
2152:
2150:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2137:
2130:
2127:
2126:
2124:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2107:-related and
2106:
2102:
2097:
2093:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2065:
2063:
2059:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1999:
1997:
1995:
1991:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1961:
1959:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1942:
1938:
1928:
1925:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1897:
1896:
1893:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1870:
1869:
1866:
1865:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1848:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1825:
1823:
1820:
1813:
1805:
1802:
1801:
1800:
1797:
1796:
1794:
1792:
1788:
1780:
1777:
1776:
1775:
1772:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1759:
1758:
1755:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1737:
1735:
1731:
1728:
1727:
1726:
1723:
1719:
1716:
1715:
1714:
1711:
1707:
1704:
1703:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1693:
1691:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1672:
1668:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1646:
1644:
1641:
1639:
1636:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1612:
1609:
1608:
1607:
1604:
1603:
1601:
1597:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1573:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1560:
1559:
1556:
1554:
1551:
1550:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1533:
1529:
1524:
1520:
1513:
1508:
1506:
1501:
1499:
1494:
1493:
1490:
1477:
1473:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1444:
1441:
1436:
1432:
1426:
1423:
1408:
1404:
1397:
1393:
1392:
1373:on 2019-05-06
1372:
1368:
1364:
1358:
1344:on 2020-09-20
1343:
1339:
1335:
1329:
1315:on 2020-08-05
1314:
1310:
1306:
1300:
1286:on 2019-05-06
1285:
1281:
1277:
1271:
1264:
1254:on 2016-07-13
1253:
1249:
1245:
1239:
1225:on 2011-08-23
1224:
1220:
1216:
1210:
1202:
1198:
1193:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1129:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1070:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1011:
1002:
994:
990:
986:
982:
978:
974:
970:
966:
959:
951:
947:
942:
937:
933:
929:
925:
921:
917:
913:
909:
902:
900:
898:
889:
885:
881:
877:
874:(2): 87–105.
873:
869:
862:
854:
850:
845:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
812:
805:
803:
801:
799:
783:on 2 May 2001
782:
778:
774:
768:
752:
748:
744:
738:
736:
721:on 2017-07-28
720:
716:
712:
706:
692:
688:
682:
674:
667:
661:
659:
650:
646:
639:
625:
621:
615:
601:
597:
591:
589:
574:
570:
564:
562:
547:on 2019-05-02
543:
539:
532:
526:
519:. p. 40.
518:
514:
513:
508:
502:
487:
483:
477:
473:
465:
456:
447:
438:
429:
420:
411:
407:
403:
394:
390:
386:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
351:
349:
348:externalizing
345:
341:
337:
336:social phobia
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
303:
300:
296:
295:mood disorder
292:
288:
277:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
241:
239:
238:schizophrenia
231:
228:
225:
222:
219:
218:
217:
212:
202:
199:
189:
187:
183:
179:
175:
170:
165:
158:Early history
150:
148:
144:
140:
136:
131:
129:
125:
121:
117:
107:
101:
97:
94:
92:
88:
83:
71:
68:
60:
50:
46:
42:
36:
34:
27:
18:
17:
2890:
2866:
2852:
2830:
2819:
2796:
2788:
2618:Folie Ă deux
2543:Intoxication
2524:substances,
2522:Psychoactive
2441:Night terror
2258:Dissociative
2222:Panic attack
1774:Tic disorder
1712:
1687:
1465:
1446:
1414:. Retrieved
1407:the original
1402:
1375:. Retrieved
1371:the original
1366:
1357:
1346:. Retrieved
1342:the original
1337:
1328:
1317:. Retrieved
1313:the original
1308:
1299:
1288:. Retrieved
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2591:schizotypal
2426:Hypersomnia
2416:Nonorganic
2157:Agoraphobia
1888:Cyclothymia
1883:Bipolar NOS
1858:(affective)
1730:Stereotypic
1638:Kleptomania
287:self-esteem
2918:Categories
2901:Encopresis
2879:Cluttering
2874:Stuttering
2743:Stereotypy
2606:Delusional
2595:delusional
2568:Withdrawal
2436:Parasomnia
2341:Nosophobia
2121:Adjustment
2109:somatoform
2042:Sundowning
1895:Depression
1878:Bipolar II
1767:Stuttering
1762:Cluttering
1558:Paraphilia
1377:2019-05-08
1348:2019-05-08
1319:2019-05-08
1290:2019-05-08
1258:2019-05-08
1229:2019-05-08
1183:1039330776
787:22 October
757:22 October
725:2019-05-06
696:2019-05-07
673:Pro Ed Inc
629:2019-05-07
605:2019-05-07
578:2019-05-06
551:2019-05-09
491:2 November
468:References
441:California
268:(ODD), or
244:Criticisms
100:psychology
96:Psychiatry
2696:Catatonia
2628:Psychosis
2463:Postnatal
2446:Nightmare
2052:Wandering
1905:Dysthymia
1873:Bipolar I
1828:Pervasive
1643:Pyromania
1568:Voyeurism
1563:Fetishism
1167:0269-9931
1159:1464-0600
1112:818916111
1104:0021-843X
1096:1939-1846
1053:818916111
1045:0021-843X
1037:1939-1846
985:1744-6171
932:1931-1516
888:151985694
835:1537-4416
624:Study.com
182:PL 99-457
91:Specialty
45:talk page
2896:Enuresis
2431:Insomnia
2101:Neurotic
2068:Delirium
1994:Dementia
1833:Specific
1201:20300538
1175:00238845
993:15966947
950:30475028
853:29363986
649:Academia
484:(2016).
450:Michigan
432:New York
357:(ADHD),
332:specific
330:(PTSD),
264:(ADHD),
205:Criteria
169:exorcism
147:504 Plan
39:You may
2140:Anxiety
1979:PDD-NOS
1868:Bipolar
1521: (
1416:29 June
1192:2839199
1120:3700842
1061:2708634
941:6535378
912:Emotion
844:5834391
459:Florida
375:learned
369:and/or
361:(ODD),
153:History
2384:Eating
2232:Stress
2149:Phobia
2105:stress
1964:Autism
1757:Speech
1546:Sexual
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2689:Other
2418:sleep
2205:Other
2061:Other
1927:Mania
1599:Other
1410:(PDF)
1399:(PDF)
1155:eISSN
1092:eISSN
1033:eISSN
884:S2CID
669:(PDF)
545:(PDF)
534:(PDF)
423:Texas
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2805:ADHD
2593:and
2242:PTSD
1856:Mood
1696:ADHD
1471:9-CM
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1197:PMID
1179:OCLC
1171:LCCN
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1116:PMID
1108:OCLC
1100:ISSN
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1049:OCLC
1041:ISSN
989:PMID
981:ISSN
946:PMID
928:ISSN
849:PMID
831:ISSN
789:2015
759:2015
493:2018
250:IDEA
2846:DAD
2841:RAD
2630:and
2217:OCD
1745:RAD
1740:DAD
1706:ODD
1476:312
1467:ICD
1461:F98
1457:F90
1448:ICD
1187:PMC
1147:doi
1084:doi
1025:doi
973:doi
936:PMC
920:doi
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