2094:
support Julian's public reforms actively for fear of a
Christian revival. However, this apathetic attitude forced the emperor to shift central aspects of pagan worship. Julian's attempts to reinvigorate the people shifted the focus of paganism from a system of tradition to a religion with some of the same characteristics that he opposed in Christianity. For example, Julian attempted to introduce a tighter organization for the priesthood, with greater qualifications of character and service. Classical paganism simply did not accept this idea of priests as model citizens. Priests were elites with social prestige and financial power who organized festivals and helped pay for them. Yet Julian's attempt to impose moral strictness on the civic position of priesthood only made paganism more in tune with Christian morality, drawing it further from paganism's system of tradition.
719:
1913:
1766:
2090:
leaders did not even have the funds, much less the support, to hold religious festivals. Julian found the financial base that had supported these ventures (sacred temple funds) had been seized by his uncle
Constantine to support the Christian Church. In all, Julian's short reign simply could not shift the feeling of inertia that had swept across the Empire. Christians had denounced sacrifice, stripped temples of their funds, and cut priests and magistrates off from the social prestige and financial benefits accompanying leading pagan positions in the past. Leading politicians and civic leaders had little motivation to rock the boat by reviving pagan festivals. Instead, they chose to adopt the middle ground by having ceremonies and mass entertainment that were religiously neutral.
1047:
2148:
5130:
1553:
2066:
941:
707:
6493:
translator's note upon it: "This is the
Alexander of whom Ammianus says (23.2), "When Julian was going to leave Antioch, he made one Alexander of Heliopolis, governor of Syria, a turbulent and severe man, saying that 'undeserving as he was, such a ruler suited the avaricious and contumellious Antiochians'." As the letter makes clear, Julian handed the city over to be looted by a man he himself regarded as unworthy, and the Christian inhabitants, who had dared to oppose his attempt to restore paganism, to be forced to attend and applaud pagan ceremonies at sword-point; and be 'urged' to cheer more loudly."
979:, the army officers were those responsible for distributing an anonymous tract expressing complaints against Constantius as well as fearing for Julian's ultimate fate. Notably absent at the time was the prefect Florentius, who was seldom far from Julian's side, though now he was kept busy organizing supplies in Vienne and away from any strife that the order could cause. Julian would later blame him for the arrival of the order from Constantius. Ammianus Marcellinus even suggested that the fear of Julian gaining more popularity than himself caused Constantius to send the order on the urging of Florentius.
49:
2566:
1868:. Julian writes, "when Zeus was setting all things in order there fell from him drops of sacred blood, and from them, as they say, arose the race of men." Further he writes, "they who had the power to create one man and one woman only, were able to create many men and women at once..." His view contrasts with the Christian belief that humanity is derived from the one pair, Adam and Eve. Elsewhere he argues against the single pair origin, indicating his disbelief, noting for example, "how very different in their bodies are the Germans and Scythians from the Libyans and Ethiopians."
1030:. Julian then divided his forces, sending one column to Raetia, one to northern Italy and the third he led down the Danube on boats. His forces claimed control of Illyricum and his general, Nevitta, secured the pass of Succi into Thrace. He was now well out of his comfort zone and on the road to civil war. (Julian would state in late November that he set off down this road "because, having been declared a public enemy, I meant to frighten him merely, and that our quarrel should result in intercourse on more friendly terms...")
1728:
1975:
744:. Constantius, after his experience with Gallus, intended his representative to be more a figurehead than an active participant in events, so he packed Julian off to Gaul with a small retinue, assuming his prefects in Gaul would keep Julian in check. At first reluctant to trade his scholarly life for war and politics, Julian eventually took every opportunity to involve himself in the affairs of Gaul. In the following years he learned how to lead and then run an army, through a series of campaigns against the
1583:
1374:
1174:
1488:
507:
574:(Julian's half-brother), as the surviving males related to Emperor Constantine. Constantius II, Constans I, and Constantine II were proclaimed joint emperors, each ruling a portion of Roman territory. Julian and Gallus were excluded from public life, were strictly guarded in their youth, and given a Christian education. They were likely saved by their youth. If Julian's later writings are to be believed, Constantius would later be tormented with guilt at the massacre of 337.
5893:
5845:
1656:
5033:
2034:: Let them go back to their churches and expound on them", the edict says. This was an attempt to remove some of the influence of the Christian schools which at that time and later used ancient Greek literature in their teachings in their effort to present the Christian religion as being superior to paganism. The edict also dealt a severe financial blow to many Christian scholars, tutors, and teachers, as it deprived them of students.
1000:
2086:
internal divisions that prevented them from creating any one 'pagan religion'. Indeed, the term pagan was simply a convenient appellation for
Christians to lump together the believers of a system they opposed. In truth, there was no Roman religion, as modern observers would recognize it. Instead, paganism came from a system of observances that one historian has characterized as "no more than a spongy mass of tolerance and tradition."
992:, and this in turn led to a very swift military effort to secure or win the allegiance of others. Although the full details are unclear, there is evidence to suggest that Julian may have at least partially stimulated the insurrection. If so, he went back to business as usual in Gaul, for, from June to August of that year, Julian led a successful campaign against the Attuarian Franks. In November, Julian began openly using the title
1117:. Several high-ranking officials under Constantius, including the chamberlain Eusebius, were found guilty and executed. (Julian was conspicuously absent from the proceedings, perhaps signalling his displeasure at their necessity.) He continually sought to reduce what he saw as a burdensome and corrupt bureaucracy within the Imperial administration whether it involved civic officials, secret agents or the imperial postal service.
9003:
5388:
1189:, arriving in mid-July and staying there for nine months before launching his fateful campaign against Persia in March 363. Antioch was a city favored by splendid temples along with a famous oracle of Apollo in nearby Daphne, which may have been one reason for his choosing to reside there. It had also been used in the past as a staging place for amassing troops, a purpose which Julian intended to follow.
376:, his cousin. Julian became an orphan as a child after his father was executed in 337, and spent much of his life under Constantius's close supervision. However, the emperor allowed Julian to pursue freely an education in the Greek-speaking east, with the result that Julian became unusually cultured for an emperor of his time. In 355, Constantius II summoned Julian to court and appointed him to rule
2662:' invectives against Julian. Christians no doubt suppressed some of Julian's works as well. This Christian influence is still visible in Wright's much smaller collection of Julian's letters. She comments that some letters are suddenly cut off when the contents become hostile towards Christians and believes this to be the result of Christian censorship. Notable examples appear in the
865:), however, he crossed the Rhine in an expedition that penetrated deep into what is today Germany, and forced three local kingdoms to submit. This action showed the Alamanni that Rome was once again present and active in the area. On his way back to winter quarters in Paris he dealt with a band of Franks who had taken control of some abandoned forts along the river
2655:
that is itself likely to be genuine. Julian's religious agenda gave him even more work than the average emperor as he sought to instruct his newly styled pagan priests and dealt with discontented
Christian leaders and communities. An example of him instructing his pagan priests is found in a fragment in the Vossianus MS., inserted in the Letter to Themistius.
2119:
but
Juventinus and Maximinus admitted to being Christians, and refused to moderate their stance. Chrysostom asserts that the emperor forbade anyone from having contact with the men, but that nobody obeyed his orders; so he had the two men executed in the middle of the night. Chrysostom urges his audience to visit the tomb of these martyrs.
1038:
birth, waiting for news and writing letters to various cities in Greece justifying his actions (of which only the letter to the
Athenians has survived in its entirety). Civil war was avoided only by the death on 3 November of Constantius, who, in his last will, is alleged by some sources to have recognized Julian as his rightful successor.
842:. The Romans were heavily outnumbered and during the heat of battle a group of 600 horsemen on the right wing deserted, yet, taking full advantage of the limitations of the terrain, the Romans were overwhelmingly victorious. The enemy was routed and driven into the river. King Chnodomarius was captured and later sent to Constantius in
2187:, the builders were described as "being driven against one another, as though by a furious blast of wind, and sudden heaving of the earth" driving some to seek refuge in a church where "a flame issued forth... and stopped them." This, according to Gregory, is "what all people nowadays report and believe." The 18th century writer
1134:
Mediterranean had become the economic locus of the Empire. If the cities were treated as relatively autonomous local administrative areas, it would simplify the problems of imperial administration, which as far as Julian was concerned, should be focused on the administration of the law and defense of the empire's vast frontiers.
2098:
paganism into a religion that accepted only one form of religious experience while excluding all others—such as
Christianity. In trying to compete with Christianity in this manner, Julian fundamentally changed the nature of pagan worship. That is, he made paganism a religion, whereas it once had been only a system of tradition.
649:
is attained by reason." In spite of
Eusebius' warnings regarding the "impostures of witchcraft and magic that cheat the senses" and "the works of conjurers who are insane men led astray into the exercise of earthly and material powers", Julian was intrigued, and sought out Maximus as his new mentor. According to the historian
2636:. Wright mentions, however, that there are many problems surrounding Julian's vast collection of works, mainly the letters ascribed to Julian. The collections of letters existing today are the result of many smaller collections, which contained varying numbers of Julian's works in various combinations. For example, in
1855:. Others (Rowland Smith, in particular) have argued that Julian's philosophical perspective was nothing unusual for a "cultured" pagan of his time, and, at any rate, that Julian's paganism was not limited to philosophy alone, and that he was deeply devoted to the same gods and goddesses as other pagans of his day.
2081:
Julian's popularity among the people and the army during his brief reign suggest that he might have brought paganism back to the fore of Roman public and private life. In fact, during his lifetime, neither pagan nor
Christian ideology reigned supreme, and the greatest thinkers of the day argued about
2000:
by past Roman Emperors had seemingly only strengthened Christianity, many of Julian's actions may have been designed to harass Christians and undermine their ability to organize resistance to the re-establishment of paganism in the empire. Julian's preference for a non-Christian and non-philosophical
1970:
On 4 February 362, Julian promulgated an edict to guarantee freedom of religion. This edict proclaimed that all the religions were equal before the law, and that the Roman Empire had to return to its original religious eclecticism, according to which the Roman state did not impose any religion on its
1677:
Libanius says in his epitaph of the deceased emperor (18.304) that "I have mentioned representations (of Julian); many cities have set him beside the images of the gods and honour him as they do the gods. Already a blessing has been besought of him in prayer, and it was not in vain. To such an extent
1369:
and definitively secure the eastern border. Yet the full motivation for this ambitious operation is, at best, unclear. There was no direct necessity for an invasion, as the Sassanids sent envoys in the hope of settling matters peacefully. Julian rejected this offer. Ammianus states that Julian longed
1223:
When the curia still took no substantial action in regards to the food shortage, Julian intervened, fixing the prices for grain and importing more from Egypt. Then landholders refused to sell theirs, claiming that the harvest was so bad that they had to be compensated with fair prices. Julian accused
1203:
Julian soon discovered that wealthy merchants were causing food problems, apparently by hoarding food and selling it at high prices. He hoped that the curia would deal with the issue for the situation was headed for a famine. When the curia did nothing, he spoke to the city's leading citizens, trying
1037:
on the north Adriatic coast, an event that threatened to cut Julian off from the rest of his forces, while Constantius's troops marched towards him from the east. Aquileia was subsequently besieged by 23,000 men loyal to Julian. All Julian could do was sit it out in Naissus, the city of Constantine's
910:. This was Julian's first experience with civil administration, where his views were influenced by his liberal education in Greece. Properly it was a role that belonged to the praetorian prefect. However, Florentius and Julian often clashed over the administration of Gaul. Julian's first priority, as
648:
and, chanting a hymn, caused a statue of the goddess to smile and laugh, and her torches to ignite. Eusebius reportedly told Julian that he "must not marvel at any of these things, even as I marvel not, but rather believe that the thing of the highest importance is that purification of the soul which
7535:
In A.D. 363, the Emperor Julian undertook to rebuild the temple, but after considerable preparations and much expense he was compelled to desist by flames which burst forth from the foundations. Repeated attempts have been made to account for these igneous explosions by natural causes; for instance,
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by Libanius: "That Alexander was appointed to the government at first, I confess, gave me some concern, as the principal persons among us were dissatisfied. I thought it dishonourable, injurious, and unbecoming a prince; and that repeated fines would rather weaken than improve the city...." and the
1599:
near Maranga in Mesopotamia, Julian was wounded when the Sassanid army raided his column. In the haste of pursuing the retreating enemy, Julian chose speed rather than caution, taking only his sword and leaving his coat of mail. He received a wound from a spear that reportedly pierced the lower lobe
1525:
against the city, given the impregnability of its defences and the fact that Shapur would soon arrive with a large force. Julian, not wanting to give up what he had gained and probably still hoping for the arrival of the column under Procopius and Sebastianus, set off east into the Persian interior,
1353:
was the result of military insurrection eased by Constantius's sudden death. This meant that, while he could count on the wholehearted support of the Western army which had aided his rise, the Eastern army was an unknown quantity originally loyal to the Emperor he had risen against, and he had tried
1240:
They expected a man who was both removed from them by the awesome spectacle of imperial power, and would validate their interests and desires by sharing them from his Olympian height (...) He was supposed to be interested in what interested his people, and he was supposed to be dignified. He was not
1125:
was made voluntary rather than a compulsory tax. Additionally, arrears of land taxes were cancelled. This was a key reform reducing the power of corrupt imperial officials, as the unpaid taxes on land were often hard to calculate or higher than the value of the land itself. Forgiving back taxes both
920:
frontier. He sought to win over the support of the civil population, which was necessary for his operations in Gaul, and also to show his largely Germanic army the benefits of Imperial rule. Julian therefore felt it was necessary to rebuild stable and peaceful conditions in the devastated cities and
503:. Julian's mother died shortly after he was born, and he spent his childhood in Constantinople, forming a lasting attachment to the city. Julian was probably raised with Greek as his first language, and, being the nephew of Rome's first Christian emperor, he was brought up under the Christian faith.
2097:
Indeed, this development of a pagan order created the foundations of a bridge of reconciliation over which paganism and Christianity could meet. Likewise, Julian's persecution of Christians, who by pagan standards were simply part of a different cult, was quite an un-pagan attitude that transformed
2093:
After witnessing the reign of two emperors bent on supporting the Church and stamping out paganism, it is understandable that pagans simply did not embrace Julian's idea of proclaiming their devotion to polytheism and their rejection of Christianity. Many chose to adopt a practical approach and not
2085:
Even so, Julian's short reign did not stem the tide of Christianity. The emperor's ultimate failure can arguably be attributed to the many religious traditions and deities that paganism promulgated. Most pagans sought religious affiliations that were unique to their culture and people, and they had
1530:
in the Romans' path. Julian had not brought adequate siege equipment, so there was nothing he could do when he found that the Persians had flooded the area behind him, forcing him to withdraw. A second council of war on 16 June 363 decided that the best course of action was to lead the army back to
968:
after a 73-day siege. In February 360, Constantius II ordered more than half of Julian's Gallic troops to join his eastern army, the order by-passing Julian and going directly to the military commanders. Although Julian at first attempted to expedite the order, it provoked an insurrection by troops
2654:
The problems surrounding a collection of Julian's works are exacerbated by the fact that Julian was a motivated writer, which means it is possible that many more letters could have circulated despite his short reign. Julian himself attests to the large number of letters he had to write in a letter
2131:
were open to all, including pagans, put this aspect of Roman citizens' lives out of the control of Imperial authority and under that of the Church. Thus Julian envisioned the institution of a Roman philanthropic system, and cared for the behaviour and the morality of the pagan priests, in the hope
2118:
tells the story of two of Julian's soldiers at Antioch, who were overheard at a drinking party, criticizing the emperor's religious policies, and taken into custody. According to Chrysostom, the emperor had made a deliberate effort to avoid creating martyrs of those who disagreed with his reforms;
2056:
was due to his wish to create a society in which every aspect of the life of the citizens was to be connected, through layers of intermediate levels, to the consolidated figure of the Emperor—the final provider for all the needs of his people. Within this project, there was no place for a parallel
1954:
He restored pagan temples which had been confiscated since Constantine's time, or simply appropriated by wealthy citizens; he repealed the stipends that Constantine had awarded to Christian bishops, and removed their other privileges, including a right to be consulted on appointments and to act as
1520:
ordered his soldiers not to enter the open gates of the city in pursuit of the defeated Persians. Resultantly, the main Persian army was still at large and approaching, while the Romans lacked a clear strategic objective. In the council of war which followed, Julian's generals persuaded him not to
1133:
had to be approved by him directly rather than left to the judgement of the bureaucratic apparatus. Julian certainly had a clear idea of what he wanted Roman society to be, both in political as well as religious terms. The terrible and violent dislocation of the 3rd century meant that the Eastern
1120:
Another effect of Julian's political philosophy was that the authority of the cities was expanded at the expense of the imperial bureaucracy as Julian sought to reduce direct imperial involvement in urban affairs. For example, city land owned by the imperial government was returned to the cities,
2089:
This system of tradition had already shifted dramatically by the time Julian came to power; gone were the days of massive sacrifices honoring the gods. The communal festivals that involved sacrifice and feasting, which once united communities, now tore them apart—Christian against pagan. Civic
2650:
compiled the different collections in 1922 and arrived at a total of 284 items. 157 of these were considered genuine, and 127 were regarded as spurious. This contrasts starkly with Wright's earlier mentioned collection, which contains only 73 items which are considered genuine, along with 10
1256:
Julian's fellow pagans were of a divided mind about this habit of talking to his subjects on an equal footing: Ammianus Marcellinus saw in that only the foolish vanity of someone "excessively anxious for empty distinction", whose "desire for popularity often led him to converse with unworthy
5195:("A Romantic on the Throne of the Caesars"), in which Julian was satirised as "an unworldly dreamer, a man who turned nostalgia for the ancients into a way of life and whose eyes were closed to the pressing needs of the present". In fact, this was a veiled criticism of the contemporary King
1215:
were suppressing the god, he made a public-relations mistake in ordering the removal of the bones from the vicinity of the temple. The result was a massive Christian procession. Shortly after that, when the temple was destroyed by fire, Julian suspected the Christians and ordered stricter
1101:("first among equals"), operating under the same laws as his subjects. While in Constantinople, therefore, it was not strange to see Julian frequently active in the Senate, participating in debates and making speeches, placing himself at the level of the other members of the Senate.
1447:
in order to supply his army for a march down the Euphrates and of 50 pontoon ships to facilitate river crossings. Procopius and the Armenians would march down the Tigris to meet Julian near Ctesiphon. Julian's ultimate aim seems to have been "regime change" by replacing king
668:
of the East, while Constantius II himself turned his attention westward to Magnentius, whom he defeated decisively that year. In 354 Gallus, who had imposed a rule of terror over the territories under his command, was executed. Julian was summoned to Constantius' court in
2049:. The latter was an instance of tolerance of different religious views, but it may also have been an attempt by Julian to foster schisms and divisions between his Christian rivals, since disputes over what constituted orthodox Catholic teaching could become quite fierce.
5947:, New Series, Vol. 48, No. 2 (1998), pp. 595–599), argues that the kind Eusebia of Julian's panegyric is a literary creation and that she was doing the bidding of her husband in bringing Julian around to doing what Constantius had asked of him. See especially p. 597.
7004:, which is to the north, lies a cylindrically-shaped sarcophagus, in which lies the cursed and wretched body of the apostate Julian, porphyry or Roman in colour. 44 Another sarcophagus, porphyry, or Roman, in which lies the body of Jovian, who ruled after Julian."
2651:
apocryphal letters. Michael Trapp notes, however, that when comparing Bidez and Cumont's work with Wright's, Bidez and Cumont regard as many as sixteen of Wright's genuine letters as spurious. Which works can be ascribed to Julian is thus very much up to debate.
1643:) and this may have been confirmed by Julian's doctor Oribasius who, having examined the wound, said that it was from a spear used by a group of Lakhmid auxiliaries in Persian service. Later Christian historians propagated the tradition that Julian was killed by
1616:, the suturing of the damaged intestine. On the third day a major hemorrhage occurred and the emperor died during the night. Some Christian writers reported that his final words were "Thou hast conquered, Galilean.” As Julian wished, his body was buried outside
1231:
Julian's ascetic lifestyle was not popular either, since his subjects were accustomed to the idea of an all-powerful Emperor who placed himself well above them. Nor did he improve his dignity with his own participation in the ceremonial of bloody sacrifices.
780:
to await the spring. This turned out to be a tactical error, for he was left with insufficient forces to defend himself when a large contingent of Franks besieged the town and Julian was virtually held captive there for several months, until his general
2601:, Marcus Aurelius and Constantine, with the competition also including Alexander the Great. This was a satiric attack upon the recent Constantine, whose worth, both as a Christian and as the leader of the Roman Empire, Julian severely questions.
1678:
has he literally ascended to the gods and received a share of their power from him themselves." However, no similar action was taken by the Roman central government, which would be more and more dominated by Christians in the ensuing decades.
1164:
general. This latter appointment made overt the fact that an emperor's authority depended on the power of the army. Julian's choice of Nevitta appears to have been aimed at maintaining the support of the Western army which had acclaimed him.
1442:
in conjunction with Armenian forces. This was where two earlier Roman campaigns had concentrated and where the main Persian forces were soon directed. Julian's strategy lay elsewhere, however. He had had a fleet built of over 1,000 ships at
2020:, Julian required that all public teachers be approved by the Emperor; the state paid or supplemented much of their salaries. Ammianus Marcellinus explains this as intending to prevent Christian teachers from using pagan texts (such as the
415:. However, he did not attempt to besiege the capital. Julian instead moved into Persia's heartland, but he soon faced supply problems and was forced to retreat northwards while being ceaselessly harassed by Persian skirmishers. During the
561:
appears to have led a massacre of most of Julian's close relatives. Constantius II allegedly ordered the murders of many descendants from the second marriage of Constantius Chlorus and Theodora, leaving only Constantius and his brothers
2159:. The point was that the rebuilding of the temple would invalidate Jesus' prophecy about its destruction in 70, which Christians had cited as proof of Jesus' truth. But fires broke out and stopped the project. A personal friend of his,
619:
Julian's conversion from Christianity to paganism happened at around the age of 20. Looking back on his life in 362, Julian wrote that he had spent twenty years in the way of Christianity and twelve in the true way, i.e., the way of
5360:
parallels the life of Julian with the titular character as the hereditary president of an oligarchic future United States of America who tries to restore science and combat the fundamentalist Christianity that has taken over the
1074:
The new Emperor rejected the style of administration of his immediate predecessors. He blamed Constantine for the state of the administration and for having abandoned the traditions of the past. He made no attempt to restore the
685:
intervened on his behalf, and he was permitted to study in Athens (Julian expresses his gratitude to the empress in his third oration). While there, Julian became acquainted with two men who later became both bishops and saints:
1264:, a friend of the emperor, admits on first thought was a "dishonourable" appointment. Julian himself described the man as "undeserving" of the position, but appropriate "for the avaricious and rebellious people of Antioch".
1515:
over the Persians before the gates of the city, driving them back into the city. However, the Persian capital was not taken. Concerned with the risk of becoming encircled and trapped within the city's walls, master-general
1992:(an old school-mate of Julian) had been imprisoned at the start of Julian's Sassanid campaign. Basil prayed to Mercurius to help him, and the saint appeared in a vision to Basil, claiming to have speared Julian to death.
1935:
polytheism as the state religion. His laws tended to target wealthy and educated Christians, and his aim was not to destroy Christianity but to drive the religion out of "the governing classes of the empire—much as
6796:
Lascaratos, John and Dionysios Voros. 2000 Fatal Wounding of the Byzantine Emperor Julian the Apostate (361–363 A.D.): Approach to the Contribution of Ancient Surgery. World Journal of Surgery 24: 615–619. See p.
1526:
ordering the destruction of the fleet. This proved to be a hasty decision, for they were on the wrong side of the Tigris with no clear means of retreat and the Persians had begun to harass them from a distance,
1054:
On 11 December 361, Julian entered Constantinople as sole emperor and, despite his rejection of Christianity, his first political act was to preside over Constantius' Christian burial, escorting the body to the
438:
Julian was the last non-Christian ruler of the Roman Empire, and he believed that it was necessary to restore the Empire's ancient Roman values and traditions in order to save it from dissolution. He purged the
6528:, book 3, chapter 12. Zosimus' text is ambiguous and refers to a smaller force of 18,000 under Procopius and a larger force of 65,000 under Julian himself; it's unclear if the second figure includes the first.
5483:"Two famous, almost identical marble statues of a bearded man wearing a tunic, a Greek mantle, and multi-tiered crown have long been considered to be portraits of Julian. Both of them are on display in Paris (
1393:) depicting "the skyn of Julyan". There is no evidence that Julian's corpse was skinned and displayed, and it is likely that the illustrator simply confused the fate of Julian's body with that of Emperor
1475:, which guarded the canal approach from the Euphrates to Ctesiphon on the Tigris. As the army marched toward the Persian capital, the Sassanids broke the dikes which crossed the land, turning it into
2202:". However, it is believed by most historians that Julian's favor towards the Jews was more of an attempt to impede the growth of Christianity as opposed to any genuine affection towards Judaism.
794:
The following year saw a combined operation planned by Constantius to regain control of the Rhine from the Germanic peoples who had spilt across the river onto the west bank. From the south his
9458:
7216:
1104:
He viewed the royal court of his predecessors as inefficient, corrupt and expensive. Thousands of servants, eunuchs and superfluous officials were therefore summarily dismissed. He set up the
850:, who was a participant in the battle, portrays Julian in charge of events on the battlefield and describes how the soldiers, because of this success, acclaimed Julian attempting to make him
427:, in order to save the trapped Roman forces. Julian and Jovian were the last sole emperors to rule the whole Empire for their entire reign, after which it was permanently divided between a
6698:
Ammianus Marcellinus, Rerum gestarum libri XXXI, ed. and trs. J. C. Roffe, 3 vols, Loeb Classical Library 300, 315 and 331 (Cambridge, MA, 1939–50). Book 24, Chapter 6, Section number 13.
1293:
2175:; when fearful balls of fire, breaking out near the foundations, continued their attacks, till the workmen, after repeated scorchings, could approach no more: and he gave up the attempt.
1228:
and forced them to sell. Various parts of Libanius' orations may suggest that both sides were justified to some extent; while Ammianus blames Julian for "a mere thirst for popularity".
1059:, where it was placed alongside that of Constantine. This act was a demonstration of his lawful right to the throne. He is also now thought to have been responsible for the building of
2191:
considered this to be unreliable, positing instead sabotage or accident. Divine intervention is a common view among Christian historians, and it was seen as proof of Jesus' divinity.
5176:. This work made use of the Roman Emperor's life in order to address contemporary English political and theological debates – specifically, to reply to the conservative arguments of
5339:. His reign not being cut short, he was successful in disestablishing Christianity and restoring a religiously eclectic societal order which survived the fall of Rome and into the
2589:(or "Beard Hater") is a light-hearted account of Julian's clash with the inhabitants of Antioch after he was mocked for his beard and generally scruffy appearance for an emperor.
2082:
the merits and rationality of each religion. Most importantly for the pagan cause, though, Rome was still a predominantly pagan empire that had not wholly accepted Christianity.
1471:
on 6 April, the army made good progress, bypassing towns after negotiations or besieging those which chose to oppose him. At the end of April the Romans captured the fortress of
921:
countryside. For this reason, Julian clashed with Florentius over the latter's support of tax increases, as mentioned above, and Florentius's own corruption in the bureaucracy.
8892:
1847:
in particular), Julian's paganism was highly eccentric and atypical because it was heavily influenced by an esoteric approach to Platonic philosophy sometimes identified as
7646:
392:(Paris), sparking a civil war with Constantius. However, Constantius died before the two could face each other in battle, having allegedly named Julian as his successor.
2706:
857:
Rather than chase the routed enemy across the Rhine, Julian now proceeded to follow the Rhine north, the route he followed the previous year on his way back to Gaul. At
8537:
Lascaratos, John and Dionysios Voros. 2000 Fatal Wounding of the Byzantine Emperor Julian the Apostate (361–363 A.D.): Approach to the Contribution of Ancient Surgery.
1137:
In replacing Constantius's political and civil appointees, Julian drew heavily from the intellectual and professional classes, or kept reliable holdovers, such as the
785:
deigned to lift the siege. Relations between Julian and Marcellus seem to have been poor. Constantius accepted Julian's report of events and Marcellus was replaced as
7776:
Athanassiadi, p. 148, doesn't supply a clear date. Bowersock, p. 103, dates it to the celebration of Sol Invictus, 25 December, shortly after the Caesars was written.
5491:
in 1803, the other for the Musée de Cluny in 1859). Today, however, the statue in the Musée de Cluny is dated to the 2nd century and thought to represent a priest of
8944:
8095:
Coustillas, Pierre ed. London and the Life of Literature in Late Victorian England: the Diary of George Gissing, Novelist. Brighton: Harvester Press, 1978, p. 237.
1286:
1840:) may show Christian influence. Some of these potential sources have not come down to us, and all of them influenced each other, which adds to the difficulties.
8904:
11987:
8865:
900:
At the end of 357 Julian, with the prestige of his victory over the Alamanni to give him confidence, prevented a tax increase by the Gallic praetorian prefect
1931:, Julian started a religious reformation of the empire, which was intended to restore the lost strength of the Roman state. He supported the restoration of
9082:
2640:, the largest collection of letters ascribed to Julian was found, containing 43 manuscripts. The origins of many letters in these collections are unclear.
2155:
In 363, not long before Julian left Antioch to launch his campaign against Persia, in keeping with his effort to oppose Christianity, he allowed Jews to
1279:
8225:
1129:
While he ceded much of the authority of the imperial government to the cities, Julian also took more direct control himself. For example, new taxes and
1812:
As the last pagan ruler of the Roman Empire, Julian's beliefs are of great interest for historians, but they are not in complete agreement. He learned
1787:
Julian's personal religion was both pagan and philosophical; he viewed the traditional myths as allegories, in which the ancient gods were aspects of
760:
During his first campaign in 356, Julian led an army to the Rhine, where he engaged the inhabitants and recovered several towns that had fallen into
653:, when Julian left Eusebius, he told his former teacher "farewell, and devote yourself to your books. You have shown me the man I was in search of."
5849:
772:). With success under his belt he withdrew for the winter to Gaul, distributing his forces to protect various towns, and choosing the small town of
9545:
9257:
5355:
1955:
private courts. He also reversed some favors that had previously been given to Christians. For example, he reversed Constantine's declaration that
1907:
2699:
2620:. These extracts do not give an adequate idea of the work: Cyril confesses that he had not ventured to copy several of the weightiest arguments.
996:
even issuing coins with the title, sometimes with Constantius, sometimes without. He celebrated his fifth year in Gaul with a big show of games.
12027:
8160:
5560:
Not dealt with in Athanassiadi, or dated by Bowersock, but reflects a time when Julian was emperor, and he had other issues to deal with later.
1253:
or "Beard Hater". There he blames the people of Antioch for preferring that their ruler have his virtues in the face rather than in the soul.
2106:
Many of the Church fathers viewed the emperor with hostility, and told stories of his supposed wickedness after his death. A sermon by Saint
1997:
2026:, which was widely regarded as divinely inspired) that formed the core of classical education: "If they want to learn literature, they have
1595:
During the withdrawal, Julian's forces suffered several attacks from Sassanid forces. In one such engagement on 26 June 363, the indecisive
1418:. En route he was met by embassies from various small powers offering assistance, none of which he accepted. He did order the Armenian King
616:, a minor office in the Christian church, and his later writings show a detailed knowledge of the Bible, likely acquired in his early life.
2628:
Julian's works have been edited and translated several times since the Renaissance, most often separately; but many are translated in the
1358:. However, to solidify his position in the eyes of the eastern army, he needed to lead its soldiers to victory and a campaign against the
1121:
city council members were compelled to resume civic authority, often against their will, and the tribute in gold by the cities called the
7067:
1623:
In 364, Libanius stated that Julian was assassinated by a Christian who was one of his own soldiers; this charge is not corroborated by
9229:
2692:
2041:
of 362, Julian decreed the reopening of pagan temples, the restitution of confiscated temple properties, and the return from exile of "
1735:
As he had requested, Julian's body was buried in Tarsus. It lay in a tomb outside the city, across a road from that of Maximinus Daia.
8976:
8300:
Julian the emperor: containing Gregory Nazianzen's two Invectives and Libanius' Monody : with Julian's extant theosophical works.
1912:
1608:
of Pergamum, who seems to have made every attempt to treat the wound. This probably included the irrigation of the wound with a dark
608:, who lent him books from the classical tradition. At the age of 18, the exile was lifted and he dwelt briefly in Constantinople and
8134:
7598:
12037:
9586:
8289:
The Roman History of Ammianus Marcellinus During the Reigns of the Emperors Constantius, Julian, Jovianus, Valentinian, and Valens.
1770:
831:
territory, so he felt obliged to withdraw, retracing his steps. Thus ended the coordinated operation against the Germanic peoples.
12012:
8293:
The Roman History of Ammianus Marcellinus During the Reigns of the Emperors Constantius, Julian, Jovianus, Valentinian, and Valens
11997:
10111:
8322:, panegyric delivered in Constantinople in 362, also as a speech of thanks at his assumption of the office of consul of that year
1832:, although whether he was initiated into it remains debatable; and certain aspects of his thought (such as his reorganization of
1709:'s elaboration of what a philosophic pagan might have felt at the triumph of Christianity. It also ends the Polish Romantic play
1755:
1746:
in Constantinople, where Constantine and the rest of his family lay. His sarcophagus is listed as standing in a "stoa" there by
718:
7910:
Julian, Volume II. Orations 6–8. Letters to Themistius. To The Senate and People of Athens. To a Priest. The Caesars. Misopogon
5724:
5629:
5424:, ‘Julian Way,’ initially named after the Emperor, was later renamed King David Street after the establishment of the State of
723:
7081:
The emperor's study of Iamblichus and of theurgy are a source of criticism from his primary chronicler, Ammianus Marcellinus,
656:
Constantine II died in 340 when he attacked his brother Constans. Constans in turn fell in 350 in the war against the usurper
12052:
10905:
10773:
8733:
8718:
8652:
8519:
8409:
8080:
7471:
6820:
6716:
6489:
6273:
5680:
5097:
10938:
Italics indicates a junior co-emperor, underlining indicates an emperor variously regarded as either legitimate or a usurper
8866:
https://www.academia.edu/85590664/Julian_the_Apostate_The_Persian_campaign_and_the_riddle_of_battle_at_Tummar_on_June_26_363
5302:, and accounts for the transition from a Christian philosophy student in Athens to a pagan Roman Augustus of the old nature.
1765:
1370:
for revenge on the Persians and that a certain desire for combat and glory also played a role in his decision to go to war.
12057:
10967:
10118:
7621:
5069:
8856:Вус, Олег. Юлиан Апостат. Персидский поход и загадка битвы у Туммара 26 июня 363 г. // МАИАСП. 2019. Вып. 11. С. 271–299.
12047:
11962:
10741:
6277:
4366:
2658:
Additionally, Julian's hostility towards the Christian faith inspired vicious counteractions by Christian authors, as in
5897:
5783:
Julian cut his beard when he was summoned by Constantius, but grew it back a few months after his rebellion in 360. See
12032:
12007:
11957:
8818:
8799:
8759:
8680:
7997:
7917:
7892:
7841:
4505:
4477:
3203:
1153:
730:
After dealing with the rebellions of Magnentius and Silvanus, Constantius felt he needed a permanent representative in
7691:
The manuscript tradition uses the name "Sallustius", but see Bowersock, p. 45 (footnote #12), and Athanassiadi, p. 20.
5076:
1511:, where Julian partially unloaded some of the fleet and had his troops ferried across the Tigris by night. The Romans
557:
In the turmoil after the death of Constantine in 337, in order to establish himself and his brothers, Julian's cousin
8851:
8837:
8785:
8752:
8635:
8621:
8582:
8556:
8504:
8486:
8433:
8391:
8364:
8022:
7972:
7816:
7633:
7501:
7432:
7226:
7104:
6269:
5740:
5116:
5050:
4912:
3557:
2010:
8106:
7990:
Julian, Orations 6–8. Letters to Themistius, To the Senate and People of Athens, To a Priest. The Caesars. Misopogon
1666:. It was erected in 362, in occasion of the visit of Julian to the city, on his way to the Sassanid Empire frontier.
1204:
to persuade them to take action. Thinking that they would do the job, he turned his attention to religious matters.
660:. This left Constantius II as the sole remaining emperor. In need of support, in 351 he made Julian's half-brother,
11992:
2167:
Julian thought to rebuild at an extravagant expense the proud Temple once at Jerusalem, and committed this task to
2053:
1046:
932:
from Gaul. His departure stimulated the writing of Julian's oration, "Consolation Upon the Departure of Salutius".
2282:
Indicates his support of Constantius, while being critical. (Sometimes called "second panegyric to Constantius".)
388:
and encouraging the ravaged provinces' return to prosperity. In 360, he was proclaimed emperor by his soldiers at
11576:
10707:
10690:
10517:
10505:
9343:
5196:
4144:
2147:
1260:
On leaving Antioch he appointed Alexander of Heliopolis as governor, a violent and cruel man whom the Antiochene
1245:
that it was delivered, as Julian had done on January 3, when Libanius was speaking, and ignore the chariot races.
1083:, nor did he seek to rule as an absolute autocrat. His own philosophic notions led him to idealize the reigns of
380:. Despite his inexperience, Julian showed unexpected success in his new capacity, defeating and counterattacking
5083:
11982:
11972:
11310:
10678:
10470:
10432:
10392:
10359:
9310:
9222:
8700:
5573:, edited by J.Bidez, G.Rochefort, and C.Lacombrade, with French translations of all the principal works except
5054:
2995:
2425:
Satire describing a competition among Roman emperors as to who was the best. Strongly critical of Constantine.
1407:
1303:
1249:
He then tried to address public criticism and mocking of him by issuing a satire ostensibly on himself, called
807:(near the Rhine bend), then set off north with 25,000 soldiers; Julian with 13,000 troops would move east from
596:, about whom he later wrote warmly. After Eusebius died in 342, both Julian and Gallus were transferred to the
396:
17:
8811:
The Emperor Julian: Paganism and Christianity with Genealogical, Chronological and Bibliographical Appendices,
8298:
5287:, describing his life and times. It is notable for, among other things, its scathing critique of Christianity.
2612:, intended to refute the Christian religion. The only parts of this work which survive are those excerpted by
11709:
10893:
10719:
10546:
10512:
10476:
10365:
9490:
8472:
5161:
1192:
His arrival on 18 July was well received by the Antiochenes, though it coincided with the celebration of the
1026:. Julian claimed that Vadomarius had been in league with Constantius, encouraging him to raid the borders of
929:
677:) in 354, and held for a year, under suspicion of treasonable intrigue, first with his brother and then with
7795:
1022:
In the spring of 361, Julian led his army into the territory of the Alamanni, where he captured their king,
11967:
11766:
11677:
11353:
10534:
9579:
7463:
Judaism and Christianity in the Age of Constantine: History, Messiah, Israel, and the Initial Confrontation
5129:
5065:
5006:
4022:
3998:
782:
12042:
12022:
11686:
11526:
10615:
10294:
9760:
9199:
5616:
1948:
1759:
1747:
1743:
1056:
188:
8922:
2554:
Budé indicates the numbers used by Athanassiadi given in the Budé edition (1963 & 1964) of Julian's
1552:
372:, Julian was one of few in the imperial family to survive the purges and civil wars during the reign of
11850:
10925:
10881:
10859:
10810:
10697:
10488:
10257:
9599:
7530:
Encyclopaedia Britannica: Or, Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and General Literature, Volume 8; Volume 12
7138:
6391:
1706:
8953:
7552:
11942:
11754:
11189:
11184:
10832:
10800:
10625:
9805:
9564:
9538:
9442:
9328:
9215:
8337:
8333:
7949:
7934:
5943:(London, 1975), pp. 74–75. However, Shaun Tougher, "The Advocacy of an Empress: Julian and Eusebia" (
5873:
Boardman, p. 44, citing Julian to the Alexandrians, Wright's letter 47, of November or December 362.
5279:
4167:
2948:
2180:
1559:
1517:
1512:
1327:
1018:, 'virtue of the Gallic army', celebrating Julian's legions from Gaul which acclaimed him as emperor.
479:, and was the first attested individual to be born in that city after its refounding. His father was
404:
8941:. A neo-pagan group seeking to revive the form of Neoplatonic Hellenism that was promoted by Julian.
7863:
2065:
1971:
provinces. The edict was seen as an act of favor toward the Jews, in order to upset the Christians.
734:. In 355, Julian was summoned to appear before the emperor in Mediolanum and on 6 November was made
11566:
11380:
10960:
10842:
10795:
10342:
9989:
8605:
6808:
4808:
3565:
2113:
2070:
1453:
644:. Eusebius related his meeting with Maximus, in which the theurgist invited him into the temple of
563:
444:
8292:
5263:
hero committed to a struggle which he knows will be in vain. It was first staged in Paris in 1948.
940:
11845:
11536:
11486:
11445:
11435:
11040:
10650:
10630:
10404:
10284:
9572:
9412:
9394:
9338:
9156:
6875:
5910:
5716:
5538:, 25.3.6 & 23) is of the view that Julian died the night of the same day that he was wounded.
5184:
5043:
4935:
4630:
4336:
3522:
3222:
3177:
2128:
1880:
1858:
Because of his Neoplatonist background, Julian accepted the creation of humanity as described in
741:
706:
597:
593:
586:
416:
199:
31:
11625:
8861:
8564:
Conflict in Ancient Greece and Rome: The Definitive Political, Social, and Military Encyclopedia
5890:
Julian. "Letter 47: To the Alexandrians", translated by Emily Wilmer Cave Wright, v. 3, p. 149.
2134:"These impious Galileans not only feed their own poor, but ours also; welcoming them into their
827:) and Julian was delayed in order to deal with them. This left Barbatio unsupported and deep in
12017:
11894:
11395:
11365:
11275:
11064:
11059:
10920:
10899:
10805:
9595:
9482:
9285:
9053:
7378:
James O’Donnell, “The Demise of Paganism,” Traditio 35 (1979): 53, accessed 23 September 2014,
7015:
5403:
5393:
5299:
5229:(1895) in the trilogy of historical novels entitled "Christ and Antichrist" (1895–1904) by the
5177:
2757:
2629:
1788:
839:
581:, raised by his maternal grandmother, at the age of seven Julian was under the guardianship of
532:
8886:
7884:
7878:
7528:
5670:
2466:
Written as a satire on himself, while attacking the people of Antioch for their shortcomings.
944:
19th century depiction of Julian being proclaimed emperor in Paris (fancifully located in the
11875:
11645:
11551:
11516:
11496:
11315:
11290:
11270:
11245:
11199:
11158:
11153:
11026:
10854:
10849:
10825:
10820:
10736:
10573:
10561:
10332:
9957:
9474:
9364:
9323:
9177:
9133:
9126:
9122:
9089:
9017:
7461:
6977:
Downey gives the text: '...later the body was transferred to the imperial city' (xiii 13, 25)
5375:
5224:
5199:, known for his romantic dreams of restoring the supposed glories of feudal Medieval society.
5165:
3806:
3252:
2678:
2481:
2184:
1944:
1872:
1365:
An audacious plan was formulated whose goal was to lay siege on the Sassanid capital city of
1322:
1217:
1185:
After five months of dealings at the capital, Julian left Constantinople in May and moved to
1144:. His choice of consuls for the year 362 was more controversial. One was the very acceptable
582:
369:
254:
8413:
7424:
6930:
6912:
5090:
1211:
at the temple of Apollo at Delphi. After being advised that the bones of 3rd-century bishop
916:
and nominal ranking commander in Gaul, was to drive out the barbarians who had breached the
11737:
11655:
11610:
11600:
11571:
11280:
11240:
10837:
10785:
10645:
10620:
10585:
10500:
10414:
10264:
10095:
9466:
9300:
8948:
8273:
6961:
5204:
2659:
2160:
1932:
1624:
901:
851:
847:
695:
687:
605:
432:
428:
354:
287:
5484:
2561:
Wright indicates the oration numbers provided in W. C. Wright's edition of Julian's works.
2346:
Response to an ingratiating letter from Themistius, outlining Julian's political reading.
1716:
8:
11952:
11947:
11808:
11776:
11630:
11620:
11511:
11265:
11119:
11104:
11089:
11084:
11069:
11050:
11045:
11031:
10953:
10768:
10753:
10731:
10666:
10655:
10610:
10556:
10046:
9984:
9947:
9552:
9318:
9166:
9152:
8309:
7595:
7591:
5525:, 16.12.26, though this figure is now thought to be an overestimate – see David S. Potter
5417:
5350:
5336:
5295:
5234:
5169:
4154:
3512:
2974:
2613:
2362:
2199:
1876:
1711:
1435:
1317:
1145:
976:
8803:
8347:
7154:, 1963 (Southern Methodist University Press) /1997 (Oxford University Press, US), p. 8.
6988:
The tombs of the Byzantine emperors at the Church of the Holy Apostles in Constantinople
6966:
The tombs of the Byzantine emperors at the Church of the Holy Apostles in Constantinople
1507:
By mid-May, the army had reached the vicinity of the heavily fortified Persian capital,
11771:
11704:
11476:
11450:
11425:
11420:
11405:
11300:
11079:
11035:
10815:
10758:
10702:
10684:
10673:
10635:
10605:
10483:
10201:
10105:
9855:
9824:
9817:
9532:
9514:
9406:
9400:
9252:
9187:
9108:
8773:
8686:
8614:
Julian's gods: religion and philosophy in the thought and action of Julian the Apostate
8572:
8460:
8206:
8111:
7851:
7506:
7379:
7038:
5806:
5734:
5323:
4855:
4609:
4484:
4035:
3541:
3503:
3211:
2637:
2633:
2605:
2168:
2052:
His care in the institution of a pagan hierarchy in opposition to that of the Church's
1864:
1817:
1702:
1659:
1464:
1394:
1390:
1355:
1271:
1233:
1212:
1149:
1105:
1097:
661:
637:
633:
571:
496:
480:
423:, a senior officer in the imperial guard, who was obliged to cede territory, including
264:
11860:
8726:
Julian Philosopher and Emperor and the Last Struggle of Paganism Against Christianity,
7912:. Loeb Classical Library (Book 29). Cambridge: Harvard University Press. p. 295.
7369:
Harold Mattingly, “The Later Paganism,” The Harvard Theological Review 35 (1942): 171.
7360:
Harold Mattingly, “The Later Paganism,” The Harvard Theological Review 35 (1942): 178.
7061:
1967:. Majuma had a large Christian congregation while Gaza was still predominantly pagan.
1604:. The wound was not immediately deadly. Julian was treated by his personal physician,
440:
11870:
11835:
11556:
11541:
11430:
11375:
11214:
11144:
11139:
11016:
10780:
10726:
10567:
10465:
10440:
10289:
10151:
9887:
9872:
9750:
9718:
9333:
9290:
9112:
8988:
8970:
8898:
8881:
8857:
8847:
8833:
8814:
8795:
8781:
8748:
8737:
8729:
8714:
8696:
8676:
8648:
8631:
8617:
8578:
8552:
8515:
8500:
8482:
8443:
Bradbury, Scott (1995). "Julian's Pagan Revival and the Decline of Blood Sacrifice".
8429:
8405:
8387:
8360:
8325:
8318:
8198:
8076:
8056:
8018:
7993:
7968:
7913:
7888:
7837:
7812:
7629:
7467:
7428:
7222:
7100:
6881:
6816:
6712:
6265:
5720:
5708:
5676:
5332:
5319:
5252:
5245:
5230:
4322:
4096:
3813:
3193:
2565:
2006:
1632:
1596:
1532:
1337:
1332:
854:, an acclamation he rejected, rebuking them. He later rewarded them for their valor.
765:
691:
682:
678:
8910:
7176:
Gibbon, Edward. The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, Chapter 22.
2210:
Julian wrote several works in Greek, some of which have survived to the modern day.
1108:
to deal with the corruption of the previous administration under the supervision of
711:
11977:
11694:
11521:
11325:
11232:
11204:
11179:
11109:
10991:
10910:
10887:
10790:
10763:
10748:
10714:
10640:
10600:
10590:
10315:
10242:
10212:
10075:
10030:
9897:
9506:
9295:
9195:
9063:
8984:
8452:
8304:
7749:
Athanassiadi, p. 197, written for the Saturnalia festival, which began 21 December.
7030:
5874:
5798:
5460:
3729:
1937:
1671:
1410:
with about 65,000–83,000, or 80,000–90,000 men (the traditional number accepted by
1359:
1126:
made Julian more popular and allowed him to increase collections of current taxes.
1110:
984:
957:
945:
796:
787:
536:
420:
381:
238:
121:
96:
8822:
7418:
2406:
Another attack on Cynics who he thought didn't follow the principles of Cynicism.
1430:, giving the impression that his chosen route into Persian territory was down the
1200:, so there was wailing and moaning in the streets—not a good omen for an arrival.
1050:
The Church of the Holy Apostles, where Julian brought Constantius II to be buried.
12002:
11885:
11865:
11840:
11786:
11699:
11650:
11561:
11305:
11295:
11054:
10551:
10541:
10450:
10237:
10145:
10133:
10127:
9979:
9800:
9770:
9713:
9693:
8926:
8690:
8642:
8476:
8423:
8381:
8070:
7602:
7536:
by the ignition of gases which had long been pent up in the subterraneous vaults.
7395:
6997:
5449:
5311:
5154:
2643:
2506:
Attempt to counteract the aspects that he thought were positive in Christianity.
2107:
2046:
1985:
1974:
1920:
1727:
1644:
1088:
745:
550:
492:
400:
173:
8877:
8747:, Volume 13 (Averil Cameron & Peter Garnsey editors). CUP, Cambridge, 1998.
8709:
García Ruiz, María Pilar, "Julian's Self-Representation in Coins and Texts." In
8039:
7759:
1742:
says that at some "later" date his body was exhumed and reburied in or near the
1731:
Porphyry sarcophagus of emperor Julian, outside the Istanbul Archaeology Museum.
1220:, before the investigations proved that the fire was the result of an accident.
1173:
11912:
11907:
11880:
11744:
11722:
11660:
11635:
11021:
10445:
10409:
10354:
10247:
10170:
10068:
10062:
9994:
9974:
9728:
9688:
9498:
9450:
9280:
9143:
9099:
9046:
8957:
8419:
5260:
5216:
5149:
4922:
3549:
2172:
2031:
2027:
1844:
1701:
would become the Empire's state religion. The phrase introduces the 1866 poem "
1527:
1439:
1373:
1060:
1003:
912:
906:
736:
665:
558:
511:
472:
373:
331:
316:
308:
231:
149:
128:
111:
54:
7832:
Trapp, Michael (2012). Baker-Brian & Tougher, Nicholas & Shaun (ed.).
1582:
948:, then thought to have been the Imperial Palace), standing on a shield in the
11936:
11902:
11830:
11815:
11791:
11727:
11615:
11260:
10915:
10875:
10419:
10227:
10035:
8202:
7056:
6992:
6021:
D. Woods, "On the 'Standard-Bearers' at Strasbourg: Libanius, or. 18.58–66",
5369:
5298:(2002). Julian's tale was told by his closest companion, the Christian saint
5271:
4841:
4595:
3800:
3793:
3536:
3495:
2616:, who gives extracts from the three first books in his refutation of Julian,
2594:
2188:
2074:
1956:
1928:
1751:
1617:
1500:
1411:
1225:
873:
476:
463:. Julian also forbade Christians from teaching and learning classical texts.
343:
335:
184:
89:
11825:
6990:, Journal of Hellenic Studies 79 (1959) 27–51. On p. 34 he states that the
2132:
that it would mitigate the reliance of pagans on Christian charity, saying:
1674:
who reestablished Christianity's privileged position throughout the Empire.
965:
11781:
11481:
11400:
11340:
10660:
10455:
10387:
10382:
10372:
10195:
10057:
9698:
8600:
8247:
7403:
7255:
6870:
5328:
5306:
5209:
4029:
2647:
2368:
Attempt to set Cynics straight regarding their religious responsibilities.
2156:
1698:
1628:
1487:
1472:
1468:
1382:
835:
808:
625:
506:
452:
448:
347:
293:
153:
8562:
Phang, Sara E.; Spence, Iain; Kelly, Douglas; Londey, Peter, eds. (2016).
8044:
Gorgias Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Syriac Heritage: Electronic Edition
11917:
11855:
11820:
11640:
10524:
10399:
10349:
10274:
9848:
9795:
9738:
8533:, vol. XIII: the Late Empire AD 337–425, Cambridge: University Press
7312:
Jonathan Kirsch, God against the Gods (New York: Penguin Group, 2004), 9.
6262:
The Churches and Catacombs of Early Christian Rome: A Comprehensive Guide
5340:
4848:
4602:
4498:
3531:
2576:
The religious works contain involved philosophical speculations, and the
2135:
1989:
1758:, believed by Jean Ebersolt to be Julian's, stands in the grounds of the
1571:
1068:
877:
858:
838:
led a confederation of Alamanni forces against Julian and Severus at the
804:
412:
351:
339:
234:
221:
169:
8210:
8186:
7785:
Athanassiadi, p. 201, dates it "towards the end of his stay in Antioch".
7383:
7276:
Adrian Murdoch, The Last Pagan (UK: Sutton Publishing Limited, 2003), 4.
7267:
Adrian Murdoch, The Last Pagan (UK: Sutton Publishing Limited, 2003), 3.
7071:. Vol. 15 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 548.
6326:
5826:"Fel Temp Reparatio: image, audience and meaning in the mid-4th century"
1828:; Polymnia Athanassiadi has brought new attention to his relations with
1769:
4th-century cameo of an emperor, probably Julian, performing sacrifice (
1422:
to muster an army and await instructions. He crossed the Euphrates near
11749:
11370:
11134:
11094:
11074:
10580:
10495:
10460:
10425:
10337:
10252:
10012:
10005:
9952:
9932:
9877:
9842:
9835:
9780:
9745:
9608:
8464:
8226:"Focus on Israel: Jerusalem-Architecture in the British Mandate Period"
7613:
7042:
5364:
A student paper by the narrator fills out the center of the 2022 novel
5284:
5057: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
4645:
3578:
2577:
2339:
2002:
1903:
1890:
The diet of Julian is said to have been predominantly vegetable-based.
1884:
1837:
1821:
1467:(Khabur) and the Euphrates arriving at the beginning of April. Passing
1459:
After feigning a march further eastward, Julian's army turned south to
1406:
On 5 March 363, despite a series of omens against the campaign, Julian
1178:
1141:
1080:
1023:
971:
843:
777:
749:
670:
657:
601:
377:
48:
9594:
8713:, Ed. D.W.P. Burgersdijk and A.J. Ross. Leiden. Brill. 2018. 204–233.
8549:
The Last Pagan: Julian the Apostate and the Death of the Ancient World
8303:, Translated by C.W. King. George Bell and Sons, London, 1888. At the
8161:"Elizabeth Finch by Julian Barnes review – the problem with ambiguity"
5810:
5786:
2005:' theurgy seems to have convinced him that it was right to outlaw the
1095:
to Constantius, Julian described the ideal ruler as being essentially
11605:
11546:
11455:
11385:
11330:
11194:
11174:
11011:
10976:
10327:
10279:
10189:
10176:
9963:
9892:
9865:
9860:
9829:
9775:
9723:
9658:
9653:
9418:
9371:
7119:
Julian, "Letter to a Priest", 292. Transl. W.C. Wright, v. 2, p. 307.
6925:
6907:
6214:
In a private letter to his Uncle Julian, in W.C. Wright, v. 3, p. 27.
5548:
5421:
5347:
5180:'s sermons, and defend the lawfulness of resistance in extreme cases.
4670:
3486:
3271:
3004:
2585:
2459:
1960:
1941:
1829:
1806:
1605:
1601:
1567:
1508:
1492:
1476:
1460:
1449:
1419:
1415:
1366:
1250:
1242:
1092:
1076:
1064:
961:
881:
640:, whom Eusebius criticized for his more mystical form of Neoplatonic
609:
456:
408:
325:
228:
8993:
8456:
7034:
5825:
5032:
4066:
Emperors are shown with a rounded-corner border with their dates as
1655:
1434:. For this reason it seems he sent a force of 30,000 soldiers under
1130:
999:
11491:
11460:
11415:
11390:
11348:
11285:
11255:
11149:
10595:
10377:
10269:
10222:
10182:
10164:
10084:
10019:
9999:
9969:
9942:
9937:
9922:
9912:
9882:
9790:
9785:
9733:
9708:
9703:
9668:
9633:
9628:
9623:
9618:
9424:
9388:
8997:
8969:, R. Hercher (ed.), Parisiis, editore Ambrosio Firmin Didot, 1873,
8343:
6854:
6628:
5802:
5188:
5134:
4826:
4491:
4346:
3184:
2771:
2764:
2298:
2045:" Christian bishops who had been censured or excommunicated by the
1833:
1825:
1536:
1444:
1261:
1208:
1138:
1034:
1033:
However, in June, forces loyal to Constantius captured the city of
924:
Constantius attempted to maintain some modicum of control over his
889:
885:
828:
820:
800:
650:
629:
578:
567:
500:
488:
484:
471:
Julian, whose full name was Flavius Claudius Julianus, was born at
274:
8284:, Harvard University Press, Cambridge Mass., 1935/1985. 3 Volumes.
5892:
5844:
5577:, which is only preserved in citations in a polemic work by Cyril.
2487:
Polemic against Christians, which now only survives as fragments.
2057:
institution, such as the Church's hierarchy or Christian charity.
1635:. Fourteen years later, Libanius said that Julian was killed by a
11506:
11501:
11440:
11360:
11099:
10529:
10232:
10139:
10052:
9907:
9683:
9170:
9078:
5512:, which is well into the interior of Gaul. See John F. Drinkwater
5492:
5387:
4993:
4798:
4067:
4011:
3597:
2195:
1899:
1813:
1739:
1640:
1636:
1186:
1157:
1114:
1084:
1009:
769:
641:
424:
389:
249:
165:
60:
8932:
2593:
is a humorous tale of a contest between notable Roman emperors:
2151:
Subterranean fires defeat Julian's effort to rebuild the temple.
1697:"), supposedly expressing his recognition that, with his death,
722:
Male portrait head, possibly depicting Julian, exhibited at the
11531:
11320:
11209:
10301:
10158:
10040:
9812:
9678:
8135:"Mining the Genre Asteroid: THE DRAGON WAITING by John M. Ford"
7625:
5488:
5425:
5157:
romance of Julian's reign from a hostile Christian perspective.
4693:
3234:
2598:
2323:
An attempt to explain the actions leading up to his rebellion.
2042:
1801:
1794:
1663:
1563:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1197:
1193:
1161:
1027:
949:
812:
761:
645:
636:. It was from Eusebius that Julian learned of the teachings of
621:
613:
549:("happy renewal of times"), probably referencing Rome's 1100th
459:
were probably intended to harm Christianity rather than please
7811:. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. pp. xxvii–xxviii.
7214:
5448:. The designation "Julian I" is applied either to the emperor
1681:
Considered apocryphal is the report that his dying words were
975:, who had no desire to leave Gaul. According to the historian
585:, the semi-Arian Christian Bishop of Nicomedia, and taught by
103:
3 November 361 – 26 June 363 (proclaimed in February 360)
11250:
11006:
10945:
9902:
9673:
9663:
9643:
8916:
8792:
The Emperor Julian and His Generation, An Historical Picture,
8314:
Gratiarum actio Mamertini de consulato suo Iuliano Imperatori
7060:
6081:
2022:
1964:
1859:
1694:
1682:
1522:
989:
917:
866:
862:
816:
773:
674:
590:
385:
320:
8938:
8670:
8591:
Ridley, R.T., "Notes on Julian's Persian Expedition (363)",
8291:
Translated by C. D. Yonge. Full text at Internet Archive at
8015:
Julian. Letters. Epigrams. Against the Galilaeans. Fragments
7965:
Julian. Letters. Epigrams. Against the Galilaeans. Fragments
7880:
Julian. Letters. Epigrams. Against the Galilaeans. Fragments
7594:(Fordham University, The Jesuit University of New York) and
5343:. Characters in the novel refer to him as "Julian the Wise".
2138:, they attract them, as children are attracted, with cakes."
2009:
and demand the suppression of the Christian Holy Mysteries (
475:, probably in 331, into the family of the reigning emperor,
9648:
9638:
8672:
On Rome and the Gods: The Life and Works of Emperor Julian,
7581:, (The Modern Library), chapter XXIII., pp. 780–82, note 84
7332:
7330:
5509:
5495:
while the statue in the Louvre probably is a modern copy".
5305:
Julian's letters are an important part of the symbolism of
1981:
1978:
1917:
Julian the Apostate presiding at a conference of sectarians
1824:; his system bears some resemblance to the Neoplatonism of
1609:
1496:
1012:
in 361, during his war with Constantius. The reverse reads
824:
731:
483:, Constantine's younger half-brother, and his mother was a
460:
8497:
The Roman Eastern Frontier and the Persian Wars AD 226–363
5842:
Julian, "Letter to the senate and people of Athens", 270.
2525:
Both personal and public letters from much of his career.
2444:
Attempt to describe the Roman religion as seen by Julian.
2171:. Alypius set vigorously to work, and was seconded by the
9207:
8956:
why he was important, and his place in world history, by
8414:
http://www.classicalpressofwales.co.uk/emperor_author.htm
7992:. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. pp. 338–339.
7967:. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. pp. 453–454.
6453:
6028:
5962:
2244:
Written to reassure Constantius that he was on his side.
2179:
The failure to rebuild the Temple may be ascribed to the
2069:
Julian arresting a bishop and ordering sacrifices to the
1631:
reports that the supposed assassination was commanded by
1414:
is 95,000 effectives total), and headed north toward the
694:. In the same period, Julian was also initiated into the
8641:
Wiemer, Hans-Ulrich & Stefan Rebenich, eds. (2020).
8402:
Emperor and Author: The Writings of Julian the Apostate.
7342:
7327:
7315:
7308:
7306:
7279:
6612:
6610:
5993:
5991:
5989:
2304:
Grapples with the removal of his close advisor in Gaul.
1301:
8895:, some of which are by Julian relating to Christianity.
8017:. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. pp. 60–61.
6597:
6595:
6593:
2142:
928:, which explains his removal of Julian's close adviser
361:
in Christian tradition. He is sometimes referred to as
8889:. Two laws by Constantius II, while Julian was Caesar.
8794:
translated by G.V. Cox, John W. Parker, London, 1859.
8561:
7669:
7667:
6809:"Julian's Afterlife. The Reception of a Roman Emperor"
6362:
6360:
5767:
5765:
5222:
Julian's life and reign were the subject of the novel
4070:, names with a thicker border appear in both sections
1875:
was of the opinion that Julian believed himself to be
755:
8695:. Translated by M. Joseph Costelloe, S.J. TAN Books.
8349:
Monody – Funeral Oration for Julian the Apostate
7303:
7291:
6889:
6682:
6680:
6607:
6282:
6235:
6233:
6172:
6160:
6098:
6096:
6045:
6043:
6003:
5986:
5950:
5881:
would be literal, but Julian is counting inclusively.
5855:
5752:
5750:
5689:
2580:
to Constantius are formulaic and elaborate in style.
1207:
He tried to resurrect the ancient oracular spring of
7809:
Letters. Epigrams. Against the Galilaeans. Fragments
6590:
6544:
5219:
read an English translation of Julian's work in 1891
1940:
was driven back into the lower classes by a revived
1241:
supposed to leap up and show his appreciation for a
815:). However, while Julian was in transit, a group of
518:
356. The obverse shows a beardless Julian inscribed
7664:
6565:, (The Modern Library, 1932), chapter XXIV., p. 807
6357:
6333:
5762:
419:, Julian was mortally wounded. He was succeeded by
8512:The Alamanni and Rome 213–496. Caracalla to Clovis
7836:. Swansea: Classical Press of Wales. p. 105.
7834:The Emperor's Shadow: Julian in his Correspondence
7533:. Little, Brown & Company. 1856. p. 744.
7099:. Edinburgh University Press. pp. 27ff, 58f.
6677:
6345:
6306:
6294:
6230:
6196:
6184:
6093:
6040:
5974:
5747:
5650:
2623:
1754:after the fall of Constantinople in 1453. Today a
888:, and over the Chamavi, who were expelled back to
403:. The campaign was initially successful, securing
11685:
8599:Roberts, Walter E. & DiMaio, Michael (2002),
7402:(select homilies and letters), Wendy Mayer &
7000:gives a list of tombs, ending with: "43. In this
6845:(New York: Barnes and Noble Books, 1997), p. 254.
956:In the fourth year of Julian's stay in Gaul, the
11934:
9546:Julian Comstock: A Story of 22nd-Century America
7883:. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. pp.
7016:"Imperial Porphyry Sarcophagi in Constantinople"
6964:23, 2.5 and 25, 5.1. References from G. Downey,
6766:
6764:
5830:Revue Belge de Numismatique et de Sigillographie
5356:Julian Comstock: A Story of 22nd-Century America
2060:
1908:Restoration of paganism from Julian until Valens
1893:
1670:Julian was succeeded by the short-lived Emperor
8901:, Saint Petersburg, The State Hermitage Museum.
8400:Baker-Brian, Nicholas; Tougher, Shaun. (2012).
7466:. University of Chicago Press. pp. 21–22.
7455:
7453:
7451:
6945:The Fathers of the Church: Selected Prose Works
6772:The Roman Eastern Frontier and the Persian Wars
6672:The Roman Eastern Frontier and the Persian Wars
6646:The Roman Eastern Frontier and the Persian Wars
5521:Ammianus says that there were 35,000 Alamanni,
1620:, though it was later moved to Constantinople.
1216:investigations than usual. He also shut up the
8280:, Libri XV-XXV (books 15–25). See J.C. Rolfe,
7546:
7544:
6541:, p. 210, using the higher estimate of 83,000.
5133:Modern statue of Flavius Claudius Julianus in
1438:and Sebastianus further eastward to devastate
904:and personally took charge of the province of
895:
884:in the Roman Empire, north of today's city of
834:With Barbatio safely out of the picture, King
632:, the philosopher, and then Aedesius' student
499:and head of government under the late emperor
11988:Converts to pagan religions from Christianity
10961:
9580:
9223:
8945:The Emperor Julian, Paganism and Christianity
7459:
7406:, eds., St. Vladimir's Seminary Press (2006).
6968:, Journal of Hellenic Studies 79 (1959) p. 46
6761:
5787:"Notes on the Coinage of Julian the Apostate"
5215:The late nineteenth century English novelist
5183:In 1847, the controversial German theologian
2700:
1287:
1168:
357:in its place, caused him to be remembered as
8893:Imperial Laws and Letters Involving Religion
8778:From Constantine to Julian: A Source History
8711:Imagining Emperors in the Later Roman Empire
8692:Julian the Apostate: Roman Emperor (361–363)
8495:Dodgeon, Michael H. & Samuel N.C. Lieu,
7950:"Oration 5: Second Invective Against Julian"
7727:Athanassiadi, p. 141, "at the same time" as
7448:
7195:
6264:, pp. 249–252, 2001, Sussex Academic Press,
5823:
5713:The New Roman Empire: A History of Byzantium
5644:Julien le philosophe : César des Gaules
2387:A defense of Hellenism and Roman tradition.
1791:. The chief surviving sources are his works
9459:Saint Mercurius slaying Julian the Apostate
8899:A 4th century chalcedony portrait of Julian
8757:
7935:"Oration 4: First Invective Against Julian"
7541:
5641:
2263:Expresses gratitude for Eusebia's support.
1688:
1063:on a Christian site just outside Rome as a
964:, invaded Mesopotamia and took the city of
803:was to come from Milan and amass forces at
740:of the West, marrying Constantius' sister,
527:
10968:
10954:
9587:
9573:
9230:
9216:
8640:
8509:
7141:", 143. Transl. W.C. Wright, v. 3, p. 357.
6711:. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2009,
6327:De nouveaux portraits de l'empereur Julien
6087:
5968:
5496:
4074:1: Constantine's parents and half-siblings
2715:CONSTANTINIAN DYNASTY detailed family tree
2707:
2693:
1988:killing Julian. According to a tradition,
1479:, slowing the progress of the Roman army.
1294:
1280:
47:
8685:
8598:
8593:Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte
7596:"Julian the Apostate and the Holy Temple"
7184:
7182:
6025:, Vol. 50, Fasc. 4 (August 1997), p. 479.
5850:Letter to the senate and people of Athens
5707:
5606:, Volume 5 (London: Spink, 2014), p. 267.
5233:poet, novelist and literary theoretician
5117:Learn how and when to remove this message
2319:Letter to the Senate and People of Athens
2101:
1531:the safety of Roman borders, not through
872:In 358, Julian gained victories over the
491:, daughter of a high-ranking bureaucrat,
30:For other people with the same name, see
10990:
8935:. A society of pagans who admire Julian.
8905:Julian's Spin Doctor: The Persian Mutiny
8595:, Vol. 22, No. 2, 1973, pp. 317–330
8442:
8379:
8068:
7584:
7579:The Decline And Fall Of The Roman Empire
7502:"Julian and the dream of a Third Temple"
7420:The Social Results of Early Christianity
7348:
7336:
7321:
7297:
7285:
7248:
7208:
7055:
7013:
6806:
6563:The Decline And Fall Of The Roman Empire
5903:
5784:
5401:An Italian movie treatment of his life,
5386:
5378:wrote 6 poems about Julian in 1923–1935.
5193:Der Romantiker auf dem Thron der Cäsaren
5128:
2564:
2146:
2064:
1973:
1911:
1836:under High Priests, and his fundamental
1771:National Archaeological Museum, Florence
1764:
1726:
1654:
1574:above a defeated Julian, lying prostrate
1560:relief of the investiture of Ardashir II
1486:
1372:
1172:
1156:. The other, more surprising choice was
1045:
998:
939:
717:
705:
505:
8844:Julian. Kaiser, Gott und Christenhasser
8766:Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. XV, Facs. 3
8404:The Classical Press of Wales. Swansea.
7416:
7215:Richard T. Wallis, Jay Bregman (1992).
7152:Race: The History of an Idea in America
7094:
7049:
6475:, 22.7.1, 25.4.17 (Commented by Veyne,
5259:in which the emperor is depicted as an
1883:, "in accordance with the teachings of
1401:
1196:, a festival which marked the death of
1181:bust of an emperor, most likely Julian.
698:, which he would later try to restore.
604:. Here Julian met the Christian bishop
14:
11935:
11469:
8570:
8132:
8012:
7987:
7962:
7947:
7932:
7907:
7876:
7806:
7647:"Internet History Sourcebooks Project"
7192:, W. W. Norton, New York, 1971, p. 93.
7179:
6895:
6616:
6459:
6178:
6131:Julian, Letter to the Athenians, 282C.
6034:
5997:
5956:
5913:Lives of the Philosophers and Sophists
5675:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 166.
5668:
1067:for his wife Helena and sister-in-law
748:that had settled on both sides of the
724:National Archaeological Museum, Athens
520:
338:from 361 to 363, as well as a notable
10949:
9568:
9211:
8813:George Bell and Sons, London, 1879.
8804:The Emperor Julian and his generation
8758:Kettenhofen, Erich (2009). "Julian".
8418:
8223:
8158:
8107:"Engaged in Life and in a Pagan Past"
8104:
7831:
7550:
7499:
6601:
6550:
6366:
6339:
5771:
5695:
5244:(1924) by the composer and conductor
5022:
5005:
4989:
4987:
4985:
4975:
4973:
4971:
4969:
4967:
4965:
4963:
4941:
4934:
4932:
4918:
4911:
4909:
4907:
4905:
4903:
4893:
4891:
4889:
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4879:
4877:
4875:
4873:
4871:
4869:
4867:
4854:
4847:
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4822:
4804:
4802:
4797:
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4755:
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4709:
4692:
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4669:
4644:
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4404:
4380:
4365:
4360:
4342:
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4333:
4330:
4321:
4319:
4305:
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4301:
4299:
4297:
4249:
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4243:
4241:
4201:
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4191:
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4166:
4150:
4143:
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4127:
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4119:
4117:
4115:
4092:
4090:
4088:
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4084:
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4028:
4021:
4019:
4010:
3997:
3995:
3993:
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3989:
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3983:
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3979:
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3935:
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3927:
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3923:
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3919:
3913:
3911:
3909:
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3905:
3903:
3901:
3899:
3897:
3895:
3893:
3891:
3889:
3887:
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3883:
3881:
3879:
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3873:
3871:
3869:
3867:
3865:
3817:
3812:
3799:
3792:
3790:
3788:
3782:
3780:
3778:
3738:
3736:
3727:
3697:
3691:
3689:
3687:
3685:
3683:
3681:
3679:
3677:
3675:
3673:
3671:
3665:
3663:
3661:
3627:
3625:
3623:
3617:
3615:
3613:
3611:
3609:
3596:
3594:
3589:
3587:
3576:
3574:
3563:
3561:
3547:
3545:
3530:
3528:
3521:
3509:
3507:
3501:
3499:
3494:
3492:
3485:
3403:
3397:
3395:
3393:
3343:
3341:
3339:
3323:
3321:
3319:
3303:
3270:
3250:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3221:
3219:
3210:
3201:
3199:
3192:
3190:
3176:
3120:
3114:
3112:
3110:
3108:
3106:
3104:
3102:
3096:
3094:
3092:
3044:
3003:
3001:
2994:
2972:
2947:
2945:
2943:
2941:
2939:
2937:
2935:
2933:
2931:
2929:
2927:
2925:
2923:
2921:
2919:
2917:
2915:
2875:
2835:
2833:
2831:
2829:
2827:
2825:
2823:
2817:
2815:
2813:
2811:
2809:
2807:
2805:
2803:
2801:
2799:
2797:
2795:
2793:
2791:
2789:
2787:
2785:
2770:
2763:
2756:
2754:
2752:
2750:
2748:
2746:
2744:
2742:
2740:
2738:
2736:
2734:
2732:
2730:
2728:
2726:
2724:
1275:
935:
628:in Asia Minor in 351, at first under
445:traditional Roman religious practices
8601:"Julian the Apostate (360–363 A.D.)"
8528:
8471:
8228:. Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs
8069:Johnston, Brian (8 September 1989).
7622:Fairleigh Dickinson University Press
7618:A Psychoanalytic History of the Jews
7423:(2 ed.). Wm. Isbister. p.
6686:
6351:
6312:
6300:
6288:
6239:
6217:
6202:
6190:
6166:
6049:
6009:
5980:
5861:
5756:
5656:
5055:adding citations to reliable sources
5026:
2198:caused Jews to call him "Julian the
2143:Attempt to rebuild the Jewish Temple
8981:The Encyclopedia of Ancient History
8574:The Roman Empire at Bay: AD 180–395
8514:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
8481:. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson.
8184:
8072:Text and Supertext in Ibsen's Drama
7460:Jacob Neusner (15 September 2008).
6807:Rebenich, Stefan (8 January 2020),
5277:Julian was the subject of a novel,
2544:Small number of short verse works.
1777:
1750:. The church was demolished by the
1267:
756:Campaigns against Germanic kingdoms
24:
8929:at the California Literary Review.
8663:
8644:A Companion to Julian the Apostate
8266:
8187:"The Julian Poems of C. P. Cavafy"
6813:A Companion to Julian the Apostate
6539:Warfare in Roman Europe AD 350–425
5335:, uses the reign of Julian as its
2570:Ioulianou autokratoros ta sozomena
2297:Consolation Upon the Departure of
2240:Panegyric in Honour of Constantius
2183:. In the contemporary Orations of
1627:or other contemporary historians.
1218:chief Christian church of the city
681:; he was cleared, in part because
75:
25:
12069:
12028:People of the Roman–Sasanian Wars
8871:
8728:G.P. Putnam's Son, London, 1895.
8383:Julian: An Intellectual Biography
8372:
8037:
5470:). He is even more rarely called
2604:One of the most important of his
2073:. Depiction from the 9th century
1843:According to one theory (that of
1236:said after nearly two millennia:
701:
541:
9001:
8989:10.1002/9781444338386.wbeah12217
8917:Excerpt from by Adrian Murdoch,
8846:. Klett-Cotta, Stuttgart, 2006.
8380:Athanassiadi, Polymnia (1992) .
8340:". Both transl. C.W. King, 1888.
8240:
8217:
8178:
8152:
8126:
8098:
8089:
8062:
8050:
8031:
8006:
7981:
7956:
7941:
7926:
7901:
7870:
7825:
7800:
7796:Wikisource:Against the Galileans
7788:
7779:
7770:
7752:
7743:
7734:
7721:
7712:
7703:
7694:
7685:
7676:
7639:
7607:
7592:"Julian and the Jews 361–363 CE"
7571:
7521:
7493:
7480:
7409:
7388:
7372:
7363:
7354:
7270:
7261:
7235:
7170:
7157:
7144:
7131:
7122:
7113:
7088:
7075:
7007:
5891:
5843:
5628:Kunsthistorisches Museum Wien, "
5563:
5554:
5534:Note that Ammianus Marcellinus (
5353:novel by Robert Charles Wilson,
5202:Julian's life inspired the play
5164:, an outspoken opponent of King
5031:
2668:letter to High-Priest Theodorus.
2664:Fragment of a letter to a Priest
2502:Fragment of a Letter to a Priest
1581:
1551:
570:, and their cousins, Julian and
544:
523:
334:of the West from 355 to 360 and
78:
71:
12038:Roman emperors killed in battle
11577:Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite
9454:(4th–6th-century prose account)
8911:Rowland Smith's "Julian's Gods"
8738:Julian, philosopher and emperor
8357:Die Inschriften Kaiser Julians.
8338:Second Invective Against Julian
7760:"Julian: Caesars – translation"
7128:As above. Wright, v. 2, p. 305.
6998:Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus
6980:
6971:
6950:
6937:
6919:
6901:
6864:
6848:
6835:
6800:
6790:
6777:
6748:
6735:
6722:
6701:
6692:
6664:
6651:
6638:
6622:
6581:
6568:
6556:
6531:
6518:
6505:
6496:
6482:
6465:
6440:
6427:
6414:
6401:
6385:
6372:
6318:
6254:
6245:
6208:
6147:
6134:
6125:
6105:
6068:
6055:
6015:
5933:
5884:
5867:
5836:
5817:
5777:
5672:A Companion to the Roman Empire
5619:", Num. vijesti, broj 63., 2010
5617:Antoniani of Julian of Pannonia
5541:
5528:
5515:
5502:
5477:
5465:
5454:
5411:
5331:, while set in the time of the
5197:Frederick William IV of Prussia
5042:needs additional citations for
2624:Problems regarding authenticity
2278:The Heroic Deeds of Constantius
2163:, wrote this about the effort:
1015:VIRTUS EXERC(ITUS) GALL(ICARUM)
68:
11998:Critics of the Catholic Church
10975:
8761:Julian – Encyclopaedia Iranica
8529:Hunt, David (1998), "Julian",
8334:First Invective Against Julian
8248:"THE GRAND HOTEL OF JERUSALEM"
8133:Weimer, Paul (10 April 2014).
7500:Kavon, Eli (4 December 2017).
6225:Byzantium: The Early Centuries
5701:
5662:
5635:
5622:
5609:
5596:
5508:Most sources give the town as
5438:
5172:, got his chaplain to write a
2672:
2383:Hymn to the Mother of the Gods
2259:Panegyric in Honour of Eusebia
1387:De Casibus Virorum Illustribus
714:formerly identified as Julian.
13:
1:
11710:Giovanni Pico della Mirandola
8832:. Routledge: New York, 2002.
8745:The Cambridge Ancient History
8675:, Invictus Publishing, 2023,
8531:The Cambridge Ancient History
8105:Fitts, Dudley (31 May 1964).
5739:: CS1 maint: date and year (
5584:
5141:
2061:Paganism's shift under Julian
1894:Restoration of state paganism
1809:, not theological treatises.
1362:offered such an opportunity.
982:The troops proclaimed Julian
930:Saturninius Secundus Salutius
515:
466:
330:; 331 – 26 June 363) was the
27:Roman emperor from 361 to 363
12053:Roman-era students in Athens
8913:, Review by Thomas Banchich.
8830:Historians of Late Antiquity
8510:Drinkwater, John F. (2007).
8159:Byers, Sam (14 April 2022).
5791:The Journal of Roman Studies
5604:Roman Coins and Their Values
5589:
5391:Guido Graziosi as Julian in
5270:(1950), by Christian author
1482:
624:. Julian began his study of
326:
7:
12058:Writers from Constantinople
12013:Julian's Persian expedition
9000:(public domain audiobooks)
8907:, Article by Adam J. Bravo.
8780:Routledge: New York, 1996.
8499:, Routledge, London, 1991.
8185:Lee, Lawrence Lynn (1967).
7218:Neoplatonism and Gnosticism
7190:The World of Late Antiquity
6815:, Brill, pp. 398–420,
6502:Libanius, Oration 12, 76–77
6118:, 3.9, commented by Veyne,
5898:Letters of Julian/Letter 47
5824:Vaneerdewegh, Nick (2017).
5785:Gilliard, Frank D. (1964).
5174:Life of Julian the Apostate
4060:Family of Julian (emperor)
2632:edition of 1913, edited by
1760:Istanbul Archaeology Museum
1748:Constantine Porphyrogenitus
1744:Church of the Holy Apostles
1612:, and a procedure known as
1588:Detail of the fallen Julian
1385:(which is a translation of
1305:Julian's Persian expedition
896:Taxation and administration
441:top-heavy state bureaucracy
395:In 363, Julian embarked on
189:Church of the Holy Apostles
10:
12074:
12048:Ancient Roman philhellenes
11963:4th-century Roman emperors
10860:Constantine XI Palaiologos
10811:Andronikos III Palaiologos
10698:Nikephoros III Botaneiates
9237:
8743:Hunt, David. "Julian". In
8359:Franz Steiner. Stuttgart.
8352:. Transl. C.W. King, 1888.
7221:. SUNY Press. p. 22.
6392:Socrates of Constantinople
5642:De Leseleuc, Anne (2013).
2676:
2122:
1897:
1782:
1707:Algernon Charles Swinburne
1683:
1169:Clash with the Antiochenes
539:alongside the inscription
443:, and attempted to revive
321:
29:
12033:Persecution of Christians
12008:4th-century Greek writers
11958:4th-century Roman consuls
11893:
11807:
11800:
11736:
11676:
11669:
11593:
11339:
11231:
11185:Metrodorus of Stratonicea
11167:
11127:
11118:
10999:
10983:
10936:
10868:
10833:Andronikos IV Palaiologos
10801:Andronikos II Palaiologos
10626:Constantine IX Monomachos
10314:
10211:
10094:
9921:
9759:
9607:
9539:Julian: A Christmas Story
9525:
9443:Coronation of Ardashir II
9434:
9381:
9356:
9309:
9273:
9266:
9245:
9192:
9175:
9163:
9149:
9131:
9119:
9105:
9087:
9075:
9070:
9060:
9051:
9043:
9038:
9011:
8571:Potter, David S. (2004).
8295:. Gutenberg etext# 28587.
8139:The Skiffy and Fanty Show
7417:Schmidt, Charles (1889).
6943:Kathleen McVey (Editor),
6743:Rome in the ancient world
5669:Potter, David S. (2009).
5012:
5003:
4979:
4977:
4959:
4939:
4916:
4897:
4895:
4887:
4885:
4863:
4861:
4852:
4845:
4838:
4836:
4820:
4818:
4787:
4785:
4783:
4781:
4779:
4773:
4767:
4761:
4753:
4749:
4747:
4745:
4743:
4741:
4739:
4737:
4735:
4733:
4731:
4729:
4725:
4717:
4715:
4690:
4674:
4663:2: Constantine's children
4655:
4653:
4651:
4627:
4606:
4599:
4588:
4586:
4562:
4560:
4552:
4550:
4534:
4532:
4509:
4488:
4481:
4466:
4464:
4456:
4454:
4452:
4450:
4448:
4446:
4444:
4436:
4434:
4426:
4424:
4408:
4406:
4402:
4398:
4396:
4394:
4392:
4390:
4388:
4386:
4376:
4363:
4358:
4356:
4340:
4328:
4326:
4291:
4285:
4283:
4281:
4279:
4277:
4271:
4269:
4267:
4261:
4255:
4239:
4235:
4233:
4231:
4229:
4227:
4225:
4223:
4221:
4219:
4217:
4215:
4213:
4211:
4209:
4207:
4203:
4195:
4193:
4168:Flavia Maximiana Theodora
4164:
4148:
4131:
4129:
4047:
4045:
4043:
4041:
4026:
4008:
4006:
4004:
3941:
3939:
3931:
3929:
3917:
3915:
3851:
3849:
3847:
3845:
3843:
3841:
3839:
3837:
3835:
3833:
3831:
3829:
3827:
3825:
3823:
3821:
3810:
3797:
3786:
3784:
3776:
3772:
3770:
3768:
3766:
3764:
3762:
3760:
3758:
3756:
3754:
3752:
3750:
3748:
3746:
3744:
3721:
3719:
3717:
3715:
3713:
3711:
3709:
3707:
3705:
3703:
3701:
3695:
3693:
3669:
3667:
3659:
3657:
3655:
3651:
3649:
3647:
3645:
3643:
3641:
3639:
3637:
3635:
3633:
3621:
3619:
3605:
3519:
3479:
3477:
3475:
3469:
3467:
3465:
3459:
3457:
3455:
3449:
3447:
3445:
3439:
3437:
3435:
3427:
3425:
3423:
3415:
3413:
3411:
3401:
3399:
3391:
3387:
3385:
3383:
3381:
3379:
3377:
3375:
3369:
3367:
3365:
3363:
3361:
3359:
3357:
3355:
3353:
3351:
3349:
3337:
3333:
3331:
3329:
3317:
3313:
3311:
3309:
3299:
3297:
3295:
3293:
3291:
3289:
3287:
3281:
3279:
3277:
3268:
3266:
3264:
3262:
3260:
3248:
3246:
3244:
3242:
3240:
3208:
3170:
3168:
3166:
3160:
3158:
3156:
3150:
3148:
3146:
3144:
3142:
3140:
3138:
3132:
3130:
3128:
3118:
3116:
3100:
3098:
3090:
3086:
3084:
3082:
3080:
3078:
3076:
3074:
3072:
3070:
3068:
3066:
3064:
3062:
3060:
3058:
3056:
3054:
3052:
3050:
3040:
3038:
3032:
3030:
3028:
3026:
3024:
3022:
3020:
3014:
3012:
2992:
2990:
2988:
2986:
2984:
2970:
2968:
2966:
2964:
2962:
2960:
2958:
2956:
2954:
2952:
2909:
2907:
2905:
2903:
2901:
2899:
2897:
2895:
2893:
2891:
2889:
2887:
2885:
2883:
2881:
2873:
2869:
2867:
2865:
2863:
2861:
2859:
2857:
2855:
2853:
2851:
2849:
2847:
2845:
2843:
2841:
2837:
2821:
2819:
2781:
2779:
2768:
2761:
2181:Galilee earthquake of 363
1998:persecution of Christians
1650:
1513:gained a tactical victory
1463:at the confluence of the
1313:
451:. His efforts to build a
313:Flavius Claudius Julianus
280:
270:
260:
248:
227:
220:
216:Flavius Claudius Julianus
215:
210:
206:
195:
179:
159:
143:
139:
135:6 November 355 – 360
127:
117:
107:
95:
88:
46:
41:
11381:Eustathius of Cappadocia
10796:Michael VIII Palaiologos
9274:Roman–Alamannic conflict
8772:Lieu, Samuel N.C. &
8606:De Imperatoribus Romanis
8539:World Journal of Surgery
8059:, "Iron Kingdom", p. 446
7794:Athanassiadi, p. 161. –
7682:Athanassiadi, pp. 62–63.
7014:Vasiliev, A. A. (1948).
6023:Mnemosyne, Fourth Series
5921:. 1921. pp. 343–565
5431:
5235:Dmitrii S. Merezhkovskii
2402:To the Uneducated Cynics
2205:
2173:governor of the province
2127:The fact that Christian
2114:Juventinus and Maximinus
1871:The Christian historian
1805:, which were written as
1789:a philosophical divinity
1542:
1041:
952:manner, in February 360.
577:Initially growing up in
163:26 June 363 (aged 31–32)
11993:Critics of Christianity
11446:Gaius Marius Victorinus
11041:Demetrius of Amphipolis
10651:Eudokia Makrembolitissa
10285:Tiberius II Constantine
9258:Restoration of paganism
8809:Rendall, Gerald Henry,
8577:. New York: Routledge.
8355:Conti, Stefano (2004).
8013:Wright, Wilmer (1923).
7988:Wright, Wilmer (1913).
7963:Wright, Wilmer (1923).
7908:Wright, Wilmer (1913).
7877:Wright, Wilmer (1923).
7807:Wright, Wilmer (1923).
7729:To The Cynic Heracleios
7651:sourcebooks.fordham.edu
7601:20 October 2005 at the
7163:Socrates Scholasticus,
7095:Tougher, Shaun (2007).
7068:Encyclopædia Britannica
5945:The Classical Quarterly
5717:Oxford University Press
5407:, was released in 1919.
5382:
5185:David Friedrich Strauss
4337:Flavia Julia Constantia
1881:transmigration of souls
1756:sarcophagus of porphyry
1722:
1499:, from the 9th century
531:. The reverse depicts
350:, and his promotion of
11065:Lastheneia of Mantinea
11060:Hestiaeus of Perinthus
10806:Michael IX Palaiologos
8630:. Seuil, Paris, 2005.
8287:Ammianus Marcellinus,
8250:. Eretz Magazine. 2007
7948:Pearse, Roger (2003).
7933:Pearse, Roger (2003).
7486:Ammianus Marcellinus,
7400:The Cult of the Saints
7241:Ammianus Marcellinus,
7139:Against the Galilaeans
7085:, 22.13.6–8 and 25.2.5
6931:Historia ecclesiastica
6913:Historia ecclesiastica
6783:Ammianus Marcellinus,
6754:Ammianus Marcellinus,
6728:Ammianus Marcellinus,
6657:Ammianus Marcellinus,
6587:Ridley, Notes, p. 318.
6574:Ammianus Marcellinus,
6511:Ammianus Marcellinus,
6471:Ammianus Marcellinus,
6446:Ammianus Marcellinus,
6433:Ammianus Marcellinus,
6396:Historia ecclesiastica
6378:Ammianus Marcellinus,
6324:Pierre Lévêque (1963)
6153:Ammianus Marcellinus.
6065:, 16.12.27ff, 38ff, 55
5915:(English translation)"
5575:Against the Galilaeans
5397:
5138:
2758:Afranius Hannibalianus
2630:Loeb Classical Library
2573:
2177:
2152:
2102:Juventinus and Maximus
2078:
1993:
1924:
1879:"in another body" via
1774:
1732:
1689:
1684:νενίκηκάς με, Γαλιλαῖε
1667:
1504:
1426:and moved eastward to
1398:
1354:to woo it through the
1247:
1182:
1057:Church of the Apostles
1051:
1019:
953:
840:Battle of Argentoratum
727:
715:
554:
363:Julian the Philosopher
312:
11983:Constantinian dynasty
11973:Late-Roman-era pagans
11876:Nicholas Wolterstorff
11646:Theodoric of Freiberg
11316:Clement of Alexandria
11246:Eudorus of Alexandria
11200:Aeschines of Neapolis
10900:Thessalonian emperors
10894:Trapezuntine emperors
10855:John VIII Palaiologos
10850:Manuel II Palaiologos
10821:John VI Kantakouzenos
10737:Andronikos I Komnenos
10574:Constantine Lekapenos
9602:and empresses regnant
9475:The Death of the Gods
9365:Against the Galileans
9018:Constantinian dynasty
8967:Epistolographi graeci
8628:L'Empire Gréco-Romain
8428:. London: Duckworth.
8386:. London: Routledge.
7740:Athanassiadi, p. 137.
7718:Athanassiadi, p. 131.
7023:Dumbarton Oaks Papers
6477:L"Empire Gréco-Romain
6140:Ammianus Marcellinus
6120:L'Empire Gréco-Romain
6074:Ammianus Marcellinus
6061:Ammianus Marcellinus
5497:Wiemer & Rebenich
5459:), or to the usurper
5390:
5255:authored the tragedy
5227:(Julian the Apostate)
5225:The Death of the Gods
5208:published in 1873 by
5166:Charles II of England
5132:
5066:"Julian" emperor
3807:VALENTINIANIC DYNASTY
2679:Constantinian dynasty
2610:Against the Galileans
2568:
2482:Against the Galileans
2185:St. Gregory Nazianzen
2165:
2150:
2068:
1977:
1915:
1873:Socrates Scholasticus
1768:
1730:
1658:
1490:
1408:departed from Antioch
1376:
1238:
1176:
1049:
1002:
943:
721:
709:
509:
397:an ambitious campaign
370:Constantine the Great
11656:Berthold of Moosburg
11601:John Scotus Eriugena
11572:David the Invincible
11281:Alexander Peloplaton
10838:John VII Palaiologos
10786:Theodore II Laskaris
10646:Constantine X Doukas
10586:Nikephoros II Phokas
9467:Emperor and Galilean
8949:Gerald Henry Rendall
8925:26 June 2008 at the
8282:Ammianus Marcellinus
8274:Ammianus Marcellinus
8224:Eylon, Lily (1999).
8075:. Penn State Press.
7709:Athanassiadi, p. 90.
7700:Athanassiadi, p. 85.
7673:Athanassiadi, p. 61.
7551:Nazianzen, Gregory.
6962:Ammianus Marcellinus
6770:Dodgeon & Lieu,
6670:Dodgeon & Lieu,
6644:Dodgeon & Lieu,
6411:, 18.195 & 16.21
6251:Athanassiadi, p. 89.
6102:Athanassiadi, p. 69.
5205:Emperor and Galilean
5051:improve this article
2660:Gregory of Nazianzus
2194:Julian's support of
2161:Ammianus Marcellinus
2157:rebuild their temple
1738:However, chronicler
1625:Ammianus Marcellinus
1402:Into enemy territory
1008:of Julian issued at
696:Eleusinian Mysteries
688:Gregory of Nazianzus
606:George of Cappadocia
495:, who had served as
288:Hellenistic religion
11968:4th-century writers
11777:Ralph Waldo Emerson
11251:Philo of Alexandria
11090:Menedemus of Pyrrha
11085:Heraclides Ponticus
11070:Timolaus of Cyzicus
11046:Euaeon of Lampsacus
10769:Theodore I Laskaris
10754:Alexios III Angelos
10732:Alexios II Komnenos
10656:Romanos IV Diogenes
10611:Romanos III Argyros
10557:Romanos I Lekapenos
9553:Worship of the Gods
9483:Giuliano l'Apostata
9462:(15th-century icon)
9167:Claudius Mamertinus
9083:Lollianus Mavortius
8954:Julian the Apostate
8828:Rohrbacher, David.
8768:. pp. 242–247.
8687:Ricciotti, Giuseppe
8425:Julian the Apostate
8310:Claudius Mamertinus
7150:Thomas F. Gossett,
7097:Julian the Apostate
6843:The Roman Emperors.
6707:Adrian Goldsworth,
6424:, 1.126 & 15.20
6382:, 22.12.8 – 22.13.3
5551:in the 5th century.
5404:Giuliano l'Apostata
5394:Giuliano l'Apostata
5351:speculative fiction
5337:point of divergence
5296:Michael Curtis Ford
5290:Julian appeared in
5257:Julian the Apostate
4155:Constantius Chlorus
4105:fabricated ancestry
3566:Constantine II
3550:Constantius II
2614:Cyril of Alexandria
2440:Hymn to King Helios
1877:Alexander the Great
1715:written in 1833 by
1712:The Undivine Comedy
1535:, but northward to
1379:The Fall of Princes
1160:, Julian's trusted
1146:Claudius Mamertinus
1079:system begun under
880:, settling them in
359:Julian the Apostate
346:. His rejection of
12043:Ancient occultists
12023:Pagan restorations
11772:Emanuel Swedenborg
11705:Cristoforo Landino
11687:Florentine Academy
11477:Plutarch of Athens
11426:Eusebius of Myndus
11421:Maximus of Ephesus
11406:Theodorus of Asine
11301:Numenius of Apamea
11080:Axiothea of Phlius
11036:Erastus of Scepsis
10888:Britannic emperors
10882:Palmyrene emperors
10816:John V Palaiologos
10759:Alexios IV Angelos
10708:Constantine Doukas
10703:Alexios I Komnenos
10691:Constantine Doukas
10674:Michael VII Doukas
10636:Michael VI Bringas
10202:Romulus Augustulus
9825:Trebonianus Gallus
9818:Herennius Etruscus
9600:Byzantine emperors
9533:Column of Julianus
9515:The Dragon Waiting
9407:Constantius Gallus
9401:Julius Constantius
9311:Persian expedition
9267:Military campaigns
9253:Chalcedon tribunal
9188:Flavius Sallustius
9109:Censorius Datianus
9071:Political offices
8933:The Julian Society
8823:The Emperor Julian
8821:. Downloadable at
8802:. Downloadable at
8774:Dominic Montserrat
8736:. Downloadable at
8669:Edward Alexander,
8478:The Emperor Julian
8112:The New York Times
7507:The Jerusalem Post
7415:Quoted in :
7256:Roberts and DiMaio
6993:Book of Ceremonies
6986:Glanville Downey,
6462:, p. 515–516.
6090:, p. 240–241.
6037:, p. 501–502.
5941:The Emperor Julian
5919:www.tertullian.org
5726:978-0-19--754932-2
5709:Kaldellis, Anthony
5547:First recorded by
5398:
5324:The Dragon Waiting
5153:is a late antique
5139:
5023:In popular culture
4856:Constantius Gallus
4610:Constantius Gallus
4485:Julius Constantius
4036:THEODOSIAN DYNASTY
3801:Valentinian I
3542:Constantius Gallus
3504:Constantius Gallus
3253:Constantine I
3212:Julius Constantius
2975:Constantius I
2638:Laurentianus 58.16
2634:Wilmer Cave Wright
2574:
2169:Alypius of Antioch
2153:
2079:
1994:
1949:13th century China
1927:After gaining the
1925:
1818:Maximus of Ephesus
1802:Mother of the Gods
1775:
1733:
1703:Hymn to Proserpine
1668:
1660:Column of Julianus
1505:
1399:
1391:Giovanni Boccaccio
1377:Illustration from
1356:Chalcedon tribunal
1234:David Stone Potter
1183:
1150:Praetorian prefect
1106:Chalcedon tribunal
1098:primus inter pares
1052:
1020:
954:
936:Rebellion in Paris
728:
716:
638:Maximus of Ephesus
634:Eusebius of Myndus
572:Constantius Gallus
555:
497:praetorian prefect
481:Julius Constantius
477:Constantine I
447:at the expense of
265:Julius Constantius
237:Claudius Julianus
202:(m. 355, died 360)
11930:
11929:
11926:
11925:
11871:Peter van Inwagen
11836:Roderick Chisholm
11762:
11761:
11718:
11717:
11589:
11588:
11585:
11584:
11431:Priscus of Epirus
11233:Middle Platonists
11227:
11226:
11223:
11222:
11215:Dio of Alexandria
11140:Diocles of Cnidus
10943:
10942:
10781:John III Vatatzes
10727:Manuel I Komnenos
10466:Michael I Rangabe
10310:
10309:
10152:Petronius Maximus
9751:Severus Alexander
9719:Septimius Severus
9562:
9561:
9352:
9351:
9206:
9205:
9193:Succeeded by
9150:Succeeded by
9113:Neratius Cerealis
9106:Succeeded by
9061:Succeeded by
9013:Julian (emperor)
8939:HellenicFaith.com
8882:Project Gutenberg
8790:Neander, August,
8734:978-0-404-58262-3
8719:978-90-04-37089-0
8654:978-90-04-41456-3
8547:Murdoch, Adrian.
8521:978-0-19-929568-5
8410:978-1-905125-50-0
8326:Gregory Nazianzen
8319:Panegyrici Latini
8082:978-0-271-04064-6
8057:Christopher Clark
7473:978-0-226-57647-3
6882:Patrologia Graeca
6822:978-90-04-41631-4
6741:David S. Potter,
6717:978-0-300-13719-4
6274:978-1-902210-58-2
5896:The full text of
5848:The full text of
5698:, pp. 21–22.
5682:978-1-4051-9918-6
5333:Wars of the Roses
5320:alternate history
5268:Imperial Renegade
5253:Nikos Kazantzakis
5246:Felix Weingartner
5231:Russian Symbolist
5127:
5126:
5119:
5101:
5020:
5019:
5016:
5015:
4659:
4658:
4512:Virius Nepotianus
4323:Flavius Dalmatius
4097:Claudius Gothicus
4055:
4054:
4051:
4050:
4030:Theodosius I
3194:Flavius Dalmatius
2551:
2550:
2007:Christian liturgy
1963:, was a separate
1717:Zygmunt Krasiński
1690:Vicisti, Galilaee
1633:Basil of Caesarea
1600:of his liver and
1597:Battle of Samarra
1452:with his brother
1360:Sassanid Persians
1349:Julian's rise to
1346:
1345:
1148:, previously the
766:Colonia Agrippina
764:hands, including
679:Claudius Silvanus
417:Battle of Samarra
384:raids across the
302:
301:
244:
243:
16:(Redirected from
12065:
11943:Julian (emperor)
11805:
11804:
11683:
11682:
11674:
11673:
11522:Ammonius Hermiae
11467:
11466:
11326:Origen the Pagan
11205:Philo of Larissa
11180:Hagnon of Tarsus
11125:
11124:
11110:Crates of Athens
10997:
10996:
10988:
10987:
10970:
10963:
10956:
10947:
10946:
10791:John IV Laskaris
10764:Alexios V Doukas
10749:Isaac II Angelos
10715:John II Komnenos
10641:Isaac I Komnenos
10601:Constantine VIII
10591:John I Tzimiskes
10318:Byzantine Empire
10092:
10091:
9589:
9582:
9575:
9566:
9565:
9446:(379–383 relief)
9271:
9270:
9232:
9225:
9218:
9209:
9208:
9164:Preceded by
9120:Preceded by
9076:Preceded by
9044:Preceded by
9034:
9027:
9009:
9008:
9005:
9004:
8769:
8724:Gardner, Alice,
8706:
8658:
8616:, London, 1995.
8612:Smith, Rowland.
8609:
8588:
8567:
8551:, Stroud, 2005,
8534:
8525:
8492:
8473:Browning, Robert
8468:
8439:
8397:
8305:Internet Archive
8260:
8259:
8257:
8255:
8244:
8238:
8237:
8235:
8233:
8221:
8215:
8214:
8182:
8176:
8175:
8173:
8171:
8156:
8150:
8149:
8147:
8145:
8130:
8124:
8123:
8121:
8119:
8102:
8096:
8093:
8087:
8086:
8066:
8060:
8054:
8048:
8047:
8040:"Julian Romance"
8038:Butts, Aaron M.
8035:
8029:
8028:
8010:
8004:
8003:
7985:
7979:
7978:
7960:
7954:
7953:
7945:
7939:
7938:
7930:
7924:
7923:
7905:
7899:
7898:
7874:
7868:
7867:
7861:
7857:
7855:
7847:
7829:
7823:
7822:
7804:
7798:
7792:
7786:
7783:
7777:
7774:
7768:
7767:
7756:
7750:
7747:
7741:
7738:
7732:
7725:
7719:
7716:
7710:
7707:
7701:
7698:
7692:
7689:
7683:
7680:
7674:
7671:
7662:
7661:
7659:
7657:
7643:
7637:
7611:
7605:
7588:
7582:
7575:
7569:
7568:
7566:
7564:
7548:
7539:
7538:
7525:
7519:
7518:
7516:
7514:
7497:
7491:
7484:
7478:
7477:
7457:
7446:
7445:
7443:
7441:
7413:
7407:
7392:
7386:
7376:
7370:
7367:
7361:
7358:
7352:
7346:
7340:
7334:
7325:
7319:
7313:
7310:
7301:
7295:
7289:
7283:
7277:
7274:
7268:
7265:
7259:
7252:
7246:
7239:
7233:
7232:
7212:
7206:
7199:
7193:
7186:
7177:
7174:
7168:
7161:
7155:
7148:
7142:
7135:
7129:
7126:
7120:
7117:
7111:
7110:
7092:
7086:
7079:
7073:
7072:
7064:
7053:
7047:
7046:
7020:
7011:
7005:
6984:
6978:
6975:
6969:
6954:
6948:
6941:
6935:
6923:
6917:
6905:
6899:
6893:
6887:
6868:
6862:
6852:
6846:
6841:Grant, Michael.
6839:
6833:
6832:
6831:
6829:
6804:
6798:
6794:
6788:
6781:
6775:
6768:
6759:
6752:
6746:
6739:
6733:
6726:
6720:
6705:
6699:
6696:
6690:
6684:
6675:
6668:
6662:
6655:
6649:
6642:
6636:
6626:
6620:
6614:
6605:
6599:
6588:
6585:
6579:
6572:
6566:
6560:
6554:
6548:
6542:
6535:
6529:
6522:
6516:
6509:
6503:
6500:
6494:
6486:
6480:
6469:
6463:
6457:
6451:
6444:
6438:
6431:
6425:
6418:
6412:
6405:
6399:
6389:
6383:
6376:
6370:
6364:
6355:
6349:
6343:
6337:
6331:
6322:
6316:
6310:
6304:
6298:
6292:
6291:, p. 63–64.
6286:
6280:
6258:
6252:
6249:
6243:
6237:
6228:
6221:
6215:
6212:
6206:
6200:
6194:
6188:
6182:
6176:
6170:
6169:, p. 56–57.
6164:
6158:
6151:
6145:
6138:
6132:
6129:
6123:
6109:
6103:
6100:
6091:
6085:
6079:
6072:
6066:
6059:
6053:
6047:
6038:
6032:
6026:
6019:
6013:
6012:, p. 50–51.
6007:
6001:
5995:
5984:
5978:
5972:
5966:
5960:
5954:
5948:
5937:
5931:
5930:
5928:
5926:
5907:
5901:
5895:
5888:
5882:
5875:Ezekiel Spanheim
5871:
5865:
5864:, p. 44–45.
5859:
5853:
5847:
5840:
5834:
5833:
5821:
5815:
5814:
5781:
5775:
5769:
5760:
5754:
5745:
5744:
5738:
5730:
5705:
5699:
5693:
5687:
5686:
5666:
5660:
5654:
5648:
5647:
5639:
5633:
5626:
5620:
5613:
5607:
5600:
5578:
5567:
5561:
5558:
5552:
5545:
5539:
5532:
5526:
5519:
5513:
5506:
5500:
5481:
5475:
5469:
5467:
5461:Sabinus Julianus
5458:
5456:
5442:
5292:Gods and Legions
5248:is about Julian.
5170:The Duke of York
5168:and his brother
5122:
5115:
5111:
5108:
5102:
5100:
5059:
5035:
5027:
4667:
4666:
4078:
4077:
4057:
4056:
2722:
2721:
2709:
2702:
2695:
2686:
2685:
2462:, or Beard-Hater
2363:Cynic Heracleios
2213:
2212:
1938:Chinese Buddhism
1778:Religious issues
1693:("You have won,
1692:
1686:
1685:
1585:
1555:
1528:burning any food
1308:
1306:
1296:
1289:
1282:
1273:
1272:
1268:Persian campaign
1123:aurum coronarium
1111:magister militum
1017:
1016:
958:Sassanid emperor
946:Thermes de Cluny
797:magister peditum
788:magister equitum
548:
546:
543:
537:Constantinopolis
530:
529:
525:
522:
517:
329:
324:
323:
208:
207:
83:
81:
80:
77:
73:
70:
51:
39:
38:
21:
12073:
12072:
12068:
12067:
12066:
12064:
12063:
12062:
11933:
11932:
11931:
11922:
11889:
11886:Edward N. Zalta
11866:Alvin Plantinga
11861:Jan Łukasiewicz
11841:Michael Dummett
11796:
11787:Bernard Bolzano
11758:
11732:
11714:
11700:Marsilio Ficino
11665:
11651:Meister Eckhart
11581:
11562:John Philoponus
11465:
11335:
11306:Ammonius Saccas
11296:Maximus of Tyre
11219:
11163:
11114:
11055:Python of Aenus
10979:
10974:
10944:
10939:
10932:
10876:Gallic emperors
10864:
10552:Constantine VII
10333:Constantine III
10320:
10317:
10306:
10215:
10207:
10146:Valentinian III
10134:Constantius III
10128:Priscus Attalus
10112:Constantine III
10098:
10090:
9980:Valerius Valens
9925:
9917:
9763:
9755:
9714:Didius Julianus
9694:Marcus Aurelius
9611:
9603:
9593:
9563:
9558:
9521:
9491:Second Thoughts
9430:
9377:
9348:
9305:
9262:
9241:
9236:
9202:
9198:
9184:
9182:
9173:
9169:
9159:
9155:
9140:
9138:
9129:
9125:
9115:
9111:
9096:
9094:
9085:
9081:
9066:
9057:
9049:
9028:
9022:
9021:
9014:
9002:
8994:Works by Julian
8927:Wayback Machine
8878:Works by Julian
8874:
8703:
8666:
8664:Further reading
8661:
8655:
8585:
8522:
8489:
8457:10.2307/1088885
8436:
8420:Bowersock, G.W.
8394:
8375:
8370:
8269:
8267:Ancient sources
8264:
8263:
8253:
8251:
8246:
8245:
8241:
8231:
8229:
8222:
8218:
8183:
8179:
8169:
8167:
8157:
8153:
8143:
8141:
8131:
8127:
8117:
8115:
8103:
8099:
8094:
8090:
8083:
8067:
8063:
8055:
8051:
8036:
8032:
8025:
8011:
8007:
8000:
7986:
7982:
7975:
7961:
7957:
7946:
7942:
7931:
7927:
7920:
7906:
7902:
7895:
7875:
7871:
7859:
7858:
7849:
7848:
7844:
7830:
7826:
7819:
7805:
7801:
7793:
7789:
7784:
7780:
7775:
7771:
7764:www.attalus.org
7758:
7757:
7753:
7748:
7744:
7739:
7735:
7726:
7722:
7717:
7713:
7708:
7704:
7699:
7695:
7690:
7686:
7681:
7677:
7672:
7665:
7655:
7653:
7645:
7644:
7640:
7612:
7608:
7603:Wayback Machine
7589:
7585:
7577:Edward Gibbon,
7576:
7572:
7562:
7560:
7559:. Public Domain
7549:
7542:
7527:
7526:
7522:
7512:
7510:
7498:
7494:
7485:
7481:
7474:
7458:
7449:
7439:
7437:
7435:
7414:
7410:
7396:John Chrysostom
7393:
7389:
7377:
7373:
7368:
7364:
7359:
7355:
7347:
7343:
7335:
7328:
7320:
7316:
7311:
7304:
7296:
7292:
7284:
7280:
7275:
7271:
7266:
7262:
7253:
7249:
7240:
7236:
7229:
7213:
7209:
7200:
7196:
7187:
7180:
7175:
7171:
7162:
7158:
7149:
7145:
7136:
7132:
7127:
7123:
7118:
7114:
7107:
7093:
7089:
7080:
7076:
7054:
7050:
7035:10.2307/1291047
7018:
7012:
7008:
6985:
6981:
6976:
6972:
6955:
6951:
6942:
6938:
6924:
6920:
6906:
6902:
6894:
6890:
6879:, pp. 333–334.
6869:
6865:
6853:
6849:
6840:
6836:
6827:
6825:
6823:
6805:
6801:
6795:
6791:
6782:
6778:
6769:
6762:
6753:
6749:
6740:
6736:
6727:
6723:
6706:
6702:
6697:
6693:
6685:
6678:
6669:
6665:
6656:
6652:
6643:
6639:
6627:
6623:
6615:
6608:
6600:
6591:
6586:
6582:
6573:
6569:
6561:
6557:
6549:
6545:
6536:
6532:
6523:
6519:
6510:
6506:
6501:
6497:
6487:
6483:
6470:
6466:
6458:
6454:
6445:
6441:
6432:
6428:
6419:
6415:
6406:
6402:
6390:
6386:
6377:
6373:
6365:
6358:
6350:
6346:
6338:
6334:
6323:
6319:
6311:
6307:
6299:
6295:
6287:
6283:
6260:Webb, Matilda.
6259:
6255:
6250:
6246:
6238:
6231:
6222:
6218:
6213:
6209:
6201:
6197:
6189:
6185:
6177:
6173:
6165:
6161:
6152:
6148:
6139:
6135:
6130:
6126:
6114:: cf. Zosimus,
6110:
6106:
6101:
6094:
6088:Drinkwater 2007
6086:
6082:
6073:
6069:
6060:
6056:
6048:
6041:
6033:
6029:
6020:
6016:
6008:
6004:
5996:
5987:
5979:
5975:
5969:Drinkwater 2007
5967:
5963:
5955:
5951:
5938:
5934:
5924:
5922:
5909:
5908:
5904:
5889:
5885:
5872:
5868:
5860:
5856:
5841:
5837:
5822:
5818:
5782:
5778:
5770:
5763:
5755:
5748:
5732:
5731:
5727:
5706:
5702:
5694:
5690:
5683:
5667:
5663:
5655:
5651:
5640:
5636:
5627:
5623:
5614:
5610:
5601:
5597:
5592:
5587:
5582:
5581:
5568:
5564:
5559:
5555:
5546:
5542:
5533:
5529:
5520:
5516:
5507:
5503:
5482:
5478:
5464:
5453:
5450:Didius Julianus
5443:
5439:
5434:
5418:British Mandate
5414:
5385:
5366:Elizabeth Finch
5312:La Modification
5144:
5123:
5112:
5106:
5103:
5060:
5058:
5048:
5036:
5025:
5001:
4951:
4930:
4834:
4816:
4688:
4661:
4625:
4354:
4317:
4162:
4109:
4034:
4033:Eastern emperor
4032:
4016:
4015:Western emperor
4014:
4001:
3805:
3804:Western emperor
3803:
3733:
3600:
3591:
3584:
3583:Western emperor
3582:
3571:
3570:Western emperor
3569:
3555:
3553:
3539:
3534:
3525:
3516:
3489:
3257:
3237:
3216:
3214:
3206:
3196:
3188:250-308-324-325
3187:
3182:
3180:
3008:Western emperor
3007:
2998:
2981:
2980:Western emperor
2979:
2775:Western emperor
2774:
2716:
2713:
2683:
2681:
2675:
2648:François Cumont
2626:
2618:Contra Julianum
2342:the Philosopher
2208:
2145:
2125:
2108:John Chrysostom
2104:
2063:
2039:Tolerance Edict
1986:Saint Mercurius
1921:Edward Armitage
1910:
1896:
1820:, a student of
1785:
1780:
1725:
1653:
1645:Saint Mercurius
1593:
1592:
1591:
1590:
1589:
1586:
1577:
1576:
1575:
1556:
1545:
1485:
1404:
1347:
1342:
1309:
1304:
1302:
1300:
1270:
1171:
1091:. In his first
1089:Marcus Aurelius
1044:
1014:
1013:
938:
907:Belgica Secunda
898:
758:
746:Germanic tribes
704:
692:Basil the Great
683:Empress Eusebia
600:of Macellum in
598:imperial estate
540:
519:
469:
401:Sasanian Empire
298:
191:
174:Sassanid Empire
164:
148:
84:
67:
65:
64:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
12071:
12061:
12060:
12055:
12050:
12045:
12040:
12035:
12030:
12025:
12020:
12015:
12010:
12005:
12000:
11995:
11990:
11985:
11980:
11975:
11970:
11965:
11960:
11955:
11950:
11945:
11928:
11927:
11924:
11923:
11921:
11920:
11915:
11913:Roman Ingarden
11910:
11908:Edmund Husserl
11905:
11899:
11897:
11891:
11890:
11888:
11883:
11881:Crispin Wright
11878:
11873:
11868:
11863:
11858:
11853:
11848:
11846:W. V. O. Quine
11843:
11838:
11833:
11828:
11823:
11818:
11813:
11811:
11802:
11798:
11797:
11795:
11794:
11789:
11784:
11779:
11774:
11769:
11763:
11760:
11759:
11757:
11752:
11747:
11745:Ralph Cudworth
11742:
11740:
11734:
11733:
11731:
11730:
11725:
11723:Giordano Bruno
11719:
11716:
11715:
11713:
11712:
11707:
11702:
11697:
11691:
11689:
11680:
11671:
11667:
11666:
11664:
11663:
11661:Paul of Venice
11658:
11653:
11648:
11643:
11638:
11636:Henry of Ghent
11633:
11628:
11623:
11618:
11613:
11608:
11603:
11597:
11595:
11591:
11590:
11587:
11586:
11583:
11582:
11580:
11579:
11574:
11569:
11564:
11559:
11554:
11549:
11544:
11539:
11534:
11529:
11524:
11519:
11514:
11509:
11504:
11499:
11494:
11489:
11484:
11479:
11473:
11471:
11464:
11463:
11458:
11453:
11448:
11443:
11438:
11433:
11428:
11423:
11418:
11413:
11408:
11403:
11398:
11393:
11388:
11383:
11378:
11373:
11368:
11363:
11358:
11357:
11356:
11345:
11343:
11337:
11336:
11334:
11333:
11328:
11323:
11318:
11313:
11308:
11303:
11298:
11293:
11288:
11283:
11278:
11273:
11268:
11263:
11258:
11253:
11248:
11243:
11237:
11235:
11229:
11228:
11225:
11224:
11221:
11220:
11218:
11217:
11212:
11207:
11202:
11197:
11192:
11187:
11182:
11177:
11171:
11169:
11165:
11164:
11162:
11161:
11156:
11147:
11142:
11137:
11131:
11129:
11122:
11116:
11115:
11113:
11112:
11107:
11102:
11097:
11092:
11087:
11082:
11077:
11072:
11067:
11062:
11057:
11048:
11043:
11038:
11029:
11024:
11022:Philip of Opus
11019:
11014:
11009:
11003:
11001:
10994:
10985:
10981:
10980:
10973:
10972:
10965:
10958:
10950:
10941:
10940:
10937:
10934:
10933:
10931:
10930:
10929:
10928:
10923:
10913:
10908:
10903:
10897:
10891:
10885:
10879:
10872:
10870:
10866:
10865:
10863:
10862:
10857:
10852:
10847:
10835:
10830:
10818:
10813:
10808:
10803:
10798:
10793:
10788:
10783:
10778:
10766:
10761:
10756:
10751:
10746:
10734:
10729:
10724:
10712:
10700:
10695:
10671:
10653:
10648:
10643:
10638:
10633:
10631:Theodora (III)
10628:
10623:
10618:
10613:
10608:
10603:
10598:
10593:
10588:
10583:
10578:
10554:
10549:
10544:
10539:
10527:
10522:
10510:
10498:
10493:
10481:
10463:
10458:
10453:
10448:
10446:Constantine VI
10443:
10438:
10422:
10417:
10412:
10410:Theodosius III
10407:
10402:
10397:
10385:
10380:
10375:
10370:
10355:Constantine IV
10352:
10347:
10335:
10330:
10324:
10322:
10312:
10311:
10308:
10307:
10305:
10304:
10299:
10287:
10282:
10277:
10272:
10267:
10262:
10250:
10245:
10240:
10235:
10230:
10225:
10219:
10217:
10213:Eastern Empire
10209:
10208:
10206:
10205:
10198:
10193:
10186:
10179:
10174:
10167:
10162:
10155:
10148:
10143:
10136:
10131:
10124:
10108:
10102:
10100:
10096:Western Empire
10089:
10088:
10081:
10069:Magnus Maximus
10065:
10063:Valentinian II
10060:
10055:
10050:
10043:
10038:
10033:
10028:
10023:
10016:
10009:
10002:
9997:
9995:Constantius II
9992:
9990:Constantine II
9987:
9982:
9977:
9972:
9967:
9960:
9955:
9950:
9945:
9940:
9935:
9929:
9927:
9919:
9918:
9916:
9915:
9910:
9905:
9900:
9895:
9890:
9885:
9880:
9875:
9870:
9858:
9853:
9845:
9840:
9822:
9810:
9798:
9793:
9788:
9783:
9778:
9773:
9767:
9765:
9757:
9756:
9754:
9753:
9748:
9743:
9731:
9726:
9721:
9716:
9711:
9706:
9701:
9696:
9691:
9689:Antoninus Pius
9686:
9681:
9676:
9671:
9666:
9661:
9656:
9651:
9646:
9641:
9636:
9631:
9626:
9621:
9615:
9613:
9612:27 BC – AD 235
9605:
9604:
9592:
9591:
9584:
9577:
9569:
9560:
9559:
9557:
9556:
9549:
9542:
9535:
9529:
9527:
9523:
9522:
9520:
9519:
9511:
9503:
9495:
9487:
9479:
9471:
9463:
9455:
9451:Julian Romance
9447:
9438:
9436:
9432:
9431:
9429:
9428:
9422:
9416:
9410:
9404:
9398:
9392:
9385:
9383:
9379:
9378:
9376:
9375:
9368:
9360:
9358:
9354:
9353:
9350:
9349:
9347:
9346:
9341:
9336:
9331:
9326:
9321:
9315:
9313:
9307:
9306:
9304:
9303:
9298:
9293:
9288:
9283:
9277:
9275:
9268:
9264:
9263:
9261:
9260:
9255:
9249:
9247:
9243:
9242:
9235:
9234:
9227:
9220:
9212:
9204:
9203:
9194:
9191:
9174:
9165:
9161:
9160:
9151:
9148:
9130:
9121:
9117:
9116:
9107:
9104:
9086:
9077:
9073:
9072:
9068:
9067:
9062:
9059:
9050:
9047:Constantius II
9045:
9041:
9040:
9039:Regnal titles
9036:
9035:
9015:
9012:
9007:
9006:
8991:
8974:
8960:
8958:Andrew Selkirk
8951:
8942:
8936:
8930:
8919:The Last Pagan
8914:
8908:
8902:
8896:
8890:
8887:Laws of Julian
8884:
8873:
8872:External links
8870:
8869:
8868:
8854:
8842:Rosen, Klaus.
8840:
8826:
8819:978-1152519299
8807:
8800:978-0217347655
8788:
8770:
8755:
8741:
8722:
8707:
8701:
8683:
8681:979-8360467885
8665:
8662:
8660:
8659:
8653:
8638:
8624:
8610:
8596:
8589:
8583:
8568:
8559:
8545:
8535:
8526:
8520:
8507:
8493:
8487:
8469:
8451:(4): 331–356.
8440:
8434:
8416:
8398:
8392:
8376:
8374:
8373:Modern sources
8371:
8369:
8368:
8353:
8341:
8323:
8307:
8296:
8285:
8270:
8268:
8265:
8262:
8261:
8239:
8216:
8197:(3): 239–251.
8177:
8151:
8125:
8097:
8088:
8081:
8061:
8049:
8030:
8023:
8005:
7999:978-0674990326
7998:
7980:
7973:
7955:
7940:
7925:
7919:978-0674990326
7918:
7900:
7894:978-0674991736
7893:
7869:
7843:978-1905125500
7842:
7824:
7817:
7799:
7787:
7778:
7769:
7751:
7742:
7733:
7720:
7711:
7702:
7693:
7684:
7675:
7663:
7638:
7606:
7583:
7570:
7557:tertullian.org
7540:
7520:
7492:
7479:
7472:
7447:
7433:
7408:
7387:
7371:
7362:
7353:
7351:, p. 354.
7341:
7339:, p. 352.
7326:
7324:, p. 333.
7314:
7302:
7290:
7288:, p. 331.
7278:
7269:
7260:
7247:
7234:
7227:
7207:
7194:
7188:Brown, Peter,
7178:
7169:
7165:Church History
7156:
7143:
7130:
7121:
7112:
7105:
7087:
7074:
7062:"Julian"
7059:, ed. (1911).
7057:Chisholm, Hugh
7048:
7006:
6979:
6970:
6949:
6936:
6918:
6900:
6898:, p. 518.
6888:
6863:
6847:
6834:
6821:
6799:
6789:
6776:
6760:
6747:
6745:, pp. 287–290.
6734:
6721:
6700:
6691:
6676:
6663:
6650:
6637:
6621:
6619:, p. 517.
6606:
6604:, p. 110.
6589:
6580:
6567:
6555:
6553:, p. 108.
6543:
6530:
6517:
6504:
6495:
6481:
6464:
6452:
6439:
6426:
6413:
6400:
6384:
6371:
6356:
6344:
6332:
6317:
6305:
6293:
6281:
6253:
6244:
6229:
6216:
6207:
6195:
6183:
6181:, p. 506.
6171:
6159:
6146:
6133:
6124:
6104:
6092:
6080:
6067:
6054:
6039:
6027:
6014:
6002:
6000:, p. 501.
5985:
5973:
5971:, p. 220.
5961:
5959:, p. 499.
5949:
5932:
5902:
5883:
5866:
5854:
5835:
5816:
5803:10.2307/298659
5776:
5761:
5746:
5725:
5719:. p. 89.
5700:
5688:
5681:
5661:
5659:, p. 212.
5649:
5634:
5621:
5615:D. Margetić, "
5608:
5594:
5593:
5591:
5588:
5586:
5583:
5580:
5579:
5562:
5553:
5540:
5527:
5514:
5501:
5476:
5468: 283–285
5436:
5435:
5433:
5430:
5413:
5410:
5409:
5408:
5384:
5381:
5380:
5379:
5373:
5362:
5344:
5316:
5303:
5288:
5275:
5264:
5261:existentialist
5249:
5238:
5220:
5217:George Gissing
5213:
5200:
5181:
5158:
5150:Julian Romance
5143:
5140:
5125:
5124:
5039:
5037:
5030:
5024:
5021:
5018:
5017:
5014:
5013:
5010:
5009:
5004:
5002:
5000:
4999:
4996:
4990:
4988:
4986:
4983:
4981:
4980:
4978:
4976:
4974:
4972:
4970:
4968:
4966:
4964:
4961:
4960:
4958:
4956:
4953:
4952:
4950:
4949:
4946:
4942:
4940:
4938:
4933:
4931:
4929:
4928:
4925:
4923:Constantius II
4919:
4917:
4915:
4910:
4908:
4906:
4904:
4901:
4899:
4898:
4896:
4894:
4892:
4890:
4888:
4886:
4884:
4882:
4880:
4878:
4876:
4874:
4872:
4870:
4868:
4865:
4864:
4862:
4859:
4858:
4853:
4851:
4846:
4844:
4839:
4837:
4835:
4833:
4832:
4829:
4823:
4821:
4819:
4817:
4815:
4814:
4811:
4809:Constantine II
4805:
4803:
4801:
4796:
4794:
4791:
4790:
4788:
4786:
4784:
4782:
4780:
4778:
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4714:
4712:
4710:
4707:
4706:
4704:
4702:
4700:
4697:
4696:
4691:
4689:
4687:
4686:
4683:
4677:
4675:
4673:
4657:
4656:
4654:
4652:
4649:
4648:
4643:
4641:
4639:
4637:
4635:
4633:
4628:
4626:
4624:
4623:
4620:
4616:
4614:
4612:
4607:
4605:
4600:
4598:
4592:
4590:
4589:
4587:
4585:
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4579:
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4569:
4567:
4565:
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4555:
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4533:
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4528:
4527:
4525:
4523:
4521:
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4517:
4514:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4503:
4501:
4496:
4494:
4489:
4487:
4482:
4480:
4475:
4473:
4471:
4469:
4467:
4465:
4463:
4460:
4459:
4457:
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4409:
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4401:
4399:
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4389:
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4385:
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4378:
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4375:
4373:
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4364:
4362:
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4334:
4332:
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4325:
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4312:
4306:
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4300:
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4286:
4284:
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4280:
4278:
4276:
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4270:
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4266:
4264:
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4260:
4258:
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4142:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4134:
4132:
4130:
4128:
4126:
4124:
4122:
4120:
4118:
4116:
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4111:
4110:
4108:
4107:
4102:
4099:
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4027:
4025:
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4018:
4009:
4007:
4005:
4003:
3996:
3994:
3992:
3990:
3988:
3986:
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3900:
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3868:
3866:
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3862:
3860:
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3811:
3809:
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3791:
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3781:
3779:
3777:
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3759:
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3626:
3624:
3622:
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3616:
3614:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3606:
3603:
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3595:
3593:
3588:
3586:
3575:
3573:
3562:
3560:
3546:
3544:
3529:
3527:
3520:
3518:
3508:
3506:
3500:
3498:
3493:
3491:
3483:
3482:
3480:
3478:
3476:
3474:
3472:
3470:
3468:
3466:
3464:
3462:
3460:
3458:
3456:
3454:
3452:
3450:
3448:
3446:
3444:
3442:
3440:
3438:
3436:
3434:
3432:
3430:
3428:
3426:
3424:
3422:
3420:
3418:
3416:
3414:
3412:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3404:
3402:
3400:
3398:
3396:
3394:
3392:
3390:
3388:
3386:
3384:
3382:
3380:
3378:
3376:
3374:
3372:
3370:
3368:
3366:
3364:
3362:
3360:
3358:
3356:
3354:
3352:
3350:
3348:
3346:
3344:
3342:
3340:
3338:
3336:
3334:
3332:
3330:
3328:
3326:
3324:
3322:
3320:
3318:
3316:
3314:
3312:
3310:
3308:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3300:
3298:
3296:
3294:
3292:
3290:
3288:
3286:
3284:
3282:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3274:
3269:
3267:
3265:
3263:
3261:
3259:
3249:
3247:
3245:
3243:
3241:
3239:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3220:
3218:
3209:
3207:
3200:
3198:
3191:
3189:
3174:
3173:
3171:
3169:
3167:
3165:
3163:
3161:
3159:
3157:
3155:
3153:
3151:
3149:
3147:
3145:
3143:
3141:
3139:
3137:
3135:
3133:
3131:
3129:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3121:
3119:
3117:
3115:
3113:
3111:
3109:
3107:
3105:
3103:
3101:
3099:
3097:
3095:
3093:
3091:
3089:
3087:
3085:
3083:
3081:
3079:
3077:
3075:
3073:
3071:
3069:
3067:
3065:
3063:
3061:
3059:
3057:
3055:
3053:
3051:
3049:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3041:
3039:
3037:
3035:
3033:
3031:
3029:
3027:
3025:
3023:
3021:
3019:
3017:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3009:
3002:
3000:
2993:
2991:
2989:
2987:
2985:
2983:
2971:
2969:
2967:
2965:
2963:
2961:
2959:
2957:
2955:
2953:
2951:
2946:
2944:
2942:
2940:
2938:
2936:
2934:
2932:
2930:
2928:
2926:
2924:
2922:
2920:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2912:
2910:
2908:
2906:
2904:
2902:
2900:
2898:
2896:
2894:
2892:
2890:
2888:
2886:
2884:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2876:
2874:
2872:
2870:
2868:
2866:
2864:
2862:
2860:
2858:
2856:
2854:
2852:
2850:
2848:
2846:
2844:
2842:
2840:
2838:
2836:
2834:
2832:
2830:
2828:
2826:
2824:
2822:
2820:
2818:
2816:
2814:
2812:
2810:
2808:
2806:
2804:
2802:
2800:
2798:
2796:
2794:
2792:
2790:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2776:
2769:
2767:
2762:
2760:
2755:
2753:
2751:
2749:
2747:
2745:
2743:
2741:
2739:
2737:
2735:
2733:
2731:
2729:
2727:
2725:
2718:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2711:
2704:
2697:
2689:
2674:
2671:
2625:
2622:
2563:
2562:
2559:
2549:
2548:
2545:
2542:
2537:
2534:
2530:
2529:
2526:
2523:
2518:
2515:
2511:
2510:
2507:
2504:
2499:
2496:
2492:
2491:
2488:
2485:
2478:
2475:
2471:
2470:
2467:
2464:
2456:
2453:
2449:
2448:
2445:
2442:
2437:
2434:
2430:
2429:
2426:
2423:
2418:
2415:
2411:
2410:
2407:
2404:
2399:
2396:
2392:
2391:
2388:
2385:
2380:
2377:
2373:
2372:
2369:
2366:
2358:
2355:
2351:
2350:
2347:
2344:
2335:
2332:
2328:
2327:
2324:
2321:
2316:
2313:
2309:
2308:
2305:
2302:
2294:
2291:
2287:
2286:
2283:
2280:
2275:
2272:
2268:
2267:
2264:
2261:
2256:
2253:
2249:
2248:
2245:
2242:
2237:
2234:
2230:
2229:
2226:
2223:
2220:
2217:
2207:
2204:
2144:
2141:
2124:
2121:
2103:
2100:
2062:
2059:
1959:, the port of
1895:
1892:
1845:Glen Bowersock
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1724:
1721:
1652:
1649:
1587:
1580:
1579:
1578:
1557:
1550:
1549:
1548:
1547:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1495:in modern-day
1491:Julian before
1484:
1481:
1403:
1400:
1344:
1343:
1341:
1340:
1335:
1330:
1325:
1320:
1314:
1311:
1310:
1299:
1298:
1291:
1284:
1276:
1269:
1266:
1170:
1167:
1061:Santa Costanza
1043:
1040:
937:
934:
897:
894:
757:
754:
712:Musée de Cluny
710:Statue at the
703:
702:Caesar in Gaul
700:
612:. He became a
564:Constantine II
559:Constantius II
473:Constantinople
468:
465:
374:Constantius II
342:and author in
300:
299:
297:
296:
290:
284:
282:
278:
277:
272:
268:
267:
262:
258:
257:
252:
246:
245:
242:
241:
225:
224:
218:
217:
213:
212:
204:
203:
197:
193:
192:
183:
181:
177:
176:
161:
157:
156:
150:Constantinople
145:
141:
140:
137:
136:
133:
125:
124:
119:
115:
114:
112:Constantius II
109:
105:
104:
101:
93:
92:
86:
85:
52:
44:
43:
26:
18:Emperor Julian
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
12070:
12059:
12056:
12054:
12051:
12049:
12046:
12044:
12041:
12039:
12036:
12034:
12031:
12029:
12026:
12024:
12021:
12019:
12018:Neoplatonists
12016:
12014:
12011:
12009:
12006:
12004:
12001:
11999:
11996:
11994:
11991:
11989:
11986:
11984:
11981:
11979:
11976:
11974:
11971:
11969:
11966:
11964:
11961:
11959:
11956:
11954:
11951:
11949:
11946:
11944:
11941:
11940:
11938:
11919:
11916:
11914:
11911:
11909:
11906:
11904:
11903:Henri Bergson
11901:
11900:
11898:
11896:
11892:
11887:
11884:
11882:
11879:
11877:
11874:
11872:
11869:
11867:
11864:
11862:
11859:
11857:
11854:
11852:
11849:
11847:
11844:
11842:
11839:
11837:
11834:
11832:
11831:Alonzo Church
11829:
11827:
11824:
11822:
11819:
11817:
11816:Gottlob Frege
11814:
11812:
11810:
11806:
11803:
11799:
11793:
11792:Aleksei Losev
11790:
11788:
11785:
11783:
11780:
11778:
11775:
11773:
11770:
11768:
11767:Thomas Taylor
11765:
11764:
11756:
11753:
11751:
11748:
11746:
11743:
11741:
11739:
11735:
11729:
11728:Blaise Pascal
11726:
11724:
11721:
11720:
11711:
11708:
11706:
11703:
11701:
11698:
11696:
11693:
11692:
11690:
11688:
11684:
11681:
11679:
11675:
11672:
11668:
11662:
11659:
11657:
11654:
11652:
11649:
11647:
11644:
11642:
11639:
11637:
11634:
11632:
11629:
11627:
11624:
11622:
11619:
11617:
11616:Peter Abelard
11614:
11612:
11609:
11607:
11604:
11602:
11599:
11598:
11596:
11592:
11578:
11575:
11573:
11570:
11568:
11565:
11563:
11560:
11558:
11555:
11553:
11550:
11548:
11545:
11543:
11540:
11538:
11535:
11533:
11530:
11528:
11527:Asclepiodotus
11525:
11523:
11520:
11518:
11515:
11513:
11510:
11508:
11505:
11503:
11500:
11498:
11495:
11493:
11490:
11488:
11485:
11483:
11480:
11478:
11475:
11474:
11472:
11468:
11462:
11459:
11457:
11454:
11452:
11449:
11447:
11444:
11442:
11439:
11437:
11434:
11432:
11429:
11427:
11424:
11422:
11419:
11417:
11414:
11412:
11409:
11407:
11404:
11402:
11399:
11397:
11394:
11392:
11389:
11387:
11384:
11382:
11379:
11377:
11374:
11372:
11369:
11367:
11364:
11362:
11359:
11355:
11352:
11351:
11350:
11347:
11346:
11344:
11342:
11341:Neoplatonists
11338:
11332:
11329:
11327:
11324:
11322:
11319:
11317:
11314:
11312:
11309:
11307:
11304:
11302:
11299:
11297:
11294:
11292:
11289:
11287:
11284:
11282:
11279:
11277:
11274:
11272:
11269:
11267:
11264:
11262:
11261:Justin Martyr
11259:
11257:
11254:
11252:
11249:
11247:
11244:
11242:
11239:
11238:
11236:
11234:
11230:
11216:
11213:
11211:
11208:
11206:
11203:
11201:
11198:
11196:
11193:
11191:
11188:
11186:
11183:
11181:
11178:
11176:
11173:
11172:
11170:
11166:
11160:
11157:
11155:
11151:
11148:
11146:
11143:
11141:
11138:
11136:
11133:
11132:
11130:
11126:
11123:
11121:
11117:
11111:
11108:
11106:
11103:
11101:
11098:
11096:
11093:
11091:
11088:
11086:
11083:
11081:
11078:
11076:
11073:
11071:
11068:
11066:
11063:
11061:
11058:
11056:
11052:
11049:
11047:
11044:
11042:
11039:
11037:
11033:
11030:
11028:
11025:
11023:
11020:
11018:
11015:
11013:
11010:
11008:
11005:
11004:
11002:
10998:
10995:
10993:
10989:
10986:
10982:
10978:
10971:
10966:
10964:
10959:
10957:
10952:
10951:
10948:
10935:
10927:
10924:
10922:
10919:
10918:
10917:
10914:
10912:
10909:
10907:
10904:
10901:
10898:
10895:
10892:
10889:
10886:
10883:
10880:
10877:
10874:
10873:
10871:
10867:
10861:
10858:
10856:
10853:
10851:
10848:
10845:
10844:
10839:
10836:
10834:
10831:
10828:
10827:
10822:
10819:
10817:
10814:
10812:
10809:
10807:
10804:
10802:
10799:
10797:
10794:
10792:
10789:
10787:
10784:
10782:
10779:
10776:
10775:
10770:
10767:
10765:
10762:
10760:
10757:
10755:
10752:
10750:
10747:
10744:
10743:
10738:
10735:
10733:
10730:
10728:
10725:
10722:
10721:
10716:
10713:
10710:
10709:
10704:
10701:
10699:
10696:
10693:
10692:
10687:
10686:
10681:
10680:
10675:
10672:
10669:
10668:
10663:
10662:
10657:
10654:
10652:
10649:
10647:
10644:
10642:
10639:
10637:
10634:
10632:
10629:
10627:
10624:
10622:
10619:
10617:
10614:
10612:
10609:
10607:
10604:
10602:
10599:
10597:
10594:
10592:
10589:
10587:
10584:
10582:
10579:
10576:
10575:
10570:
10569:
10564:
10563:
10558:
10555:
10553:
10550:
10548:
10545:
10543:
10540:
10537:
10536:
10531:
10528:
10526:
10523:
10520:
10519:
10514:
10513:Theodora (II)
10511:
10508:
10507:
10502:
10499:
10497:
10494:
10491:
10490:
10485:
10482:
10479:
10478:
10473:
10472:
10467:
10464:
10462:
10459:
10457:
10454:
10452:
10449:
10447:
10444:
10442:
10439:
10436:
10435:
10434:
10428:
10427:
10423:
10421:
10420:Constantine V
10418:
10416:
10413:
10411:
10408:
10406:
10405:Anastasius II
10403:
10401:
10398:
10395:
10394:
10389:
10386:
10384:
10381:
10379:
10376:
10374:
10371:
10368:
10367:
10362:
10361:
10356:
10353:
10351:
10348:
10345:
10344:
10339:
10336:
10334:
10331:
10329:
10326:
10325:
10323:
10319:
10313:
10303:
10300:
10297:
10296:
10291:
10288:
10286:
10283:
10281:
10278:
10276:
10273:
10271:
10268:
10266:
10263:
10260:
10259:
10254:
10251:
10249:
10246:
10244:
10241:
10239:
10236:
10234:
10231:
10229:
10228:Theodosius II
10226:
10224:
10221:
10220:
10218:
10214:
10210:
10204:
10203:
10199:
10197:
10194:
10192:
10191:
10187:
10185:
10184:
10180:
10178:
10175:
10173:
10172:
10168:
10166:
10163:
10161:
10160:
10156:
10154:
10153:
10149:
10147:
10144:
10142:
10141:
10137:
10135:
10132:
10130:
10129:
10125:
10122:
10121:
10120:
10114:
10113:
10109:
10107:
10104:
10103:
10101:
10097:
10093:
10087:
10086:
10082:
10079:
10078:
10077:
10071:
10070:
10066:
10064:
10061:
10059:
10056:
10054:
10051:
10049:
10048:
10044:
10042:
10039:
10037:
10036:Valentinian I
10034:
10032:
10029:
10027:
10024:
10022:
10021:
10017:
10015:
10014:
10010:
10008:
10007:
10003:
10001:
9998:
9996:
9993:
9991:
9988:
9986:
9983:
9981:
9978:
9976:
9973:
9971:
9968:
9966:
9965:
9961:
9959:
9958:Constantine I
9956:
9954:
9951:
9949:
9948:Constantius I
9946:
9944:
9941:
9939:
9936:
9934:
9931:
9930:
9928:
9924:
9920:
9914:
9911:
9909:
9906:
9904:
9901:
9899:
9896:
9894:
9891:
9889:
9886:
9884:
9881:
9879:
9876:
9874:
9871:
9868:
9867:
9862:
9859:
9857:
9854:
9851:
9850:
9846:
9844:
9841:
9838:
9837:
9832:
9831:
9826:
9823:
9820:
9819:
9814:
9811:
9808:
9807:
9802:
9799:
9797:
9794:
9792:
9789:
9787:
9784:
9782:
9779:
9777:
9774:
9772:
9769:
9768:
9766:
9762:
9758:
9752:
9749:
9747:
9744:
9741:
9740:
9735:
9732:
9730:
9727:
9725:
9722:
9720:
9717:
9715:
9712:
9710:
9707:
9705:
9702:
9700:
9697:
9695:
9692:
9690:
9687:
9685:
9682:
9680:
9677:
9675:
9672:
9670:
9667:
9665:
9662:
9660:
9657:
9655:
9652:
9650:
9647:
9645:
9642:
9640:
9637:
9635:
9632:
9630:
9627:
9625:
9622:
9620:
9617:
9616:
9614:
9610:
9606:
9601:
9597:
9590:
9585:
9583:
9578:
9576:
9571:
9570:
9567:
9555:
9554:
9550:
9548:
9547:
9543:
9541:
9540:
9536:
9534:
9531:
9530:
9528:
9526:Miscellaneous
9524:
9517:
9516:
9512:
9509:
9508:
9504:
9501:
9500:
9496:
9493:
9492:
9488:
9485:
9484:
9480:
9477:
9476:
9472:
9469:
9468:
9464:
9461:
9460:
9456:
9453:
9452:
9448:
9445:
9444:
9440:
9439:
9437:
9433:
9426:
9423:
9420:
9417:
9414:
9411:
9408:
9405:
9402:
9399:
9396:
9393:
9390:
9387:
9386:
9384:
9380:
9374:
9373:
9369:
9367:
9366:
9362:
9361:
9359:
9355:
9345:
9342:
9340:
9337:
9335:
9332:
9330:
9327:
9325:
9322:
9320:
9317:
9316:
9314:
9312:
9308:
9302:
9299:
9297:
9294:
9292:
9289:
9287:
9284:
9282:
9279:
9278:
9276:
9272:
9269:
9265:
9259:
9256:
9254:
9251:
9250:
9248:
9244:
9240:
9233:
9228:
9226:
9221:
9219:
9214:
9213:
9210:
9201:
9197:
9190:
9189:
9181:
9179:
9172:
9168:
9162:
9158:
9154:
9147:
9145:
9137:
9135:
9128:
9124:
9118:
9114:
9110:
9103:
9101:
9093:
9091:
9084:
9080:
9074:
9069:
9065:
9056:
9055:
9054:Roman emperor
9048:
9042:
9037:
9032:
9025:
9020:
9019:
9010:
8999:
8995:
8992:
8990:
8986:
8982:
8978:
8975:
8972:
8968:
8964:
8961:
8959:
8955:
8952:
8950:
8946:
8943:
8940:
8937:
8934:
8931:
8928:
8924:
8921:
8920:
8915:
8912:
8909:
8906:
8903:
8900:
8897:
8894:
8891:
8888:
8885:
8883:
8879:
8876:
8875:
8867:
8863:
8859:
8855:
8853:
8852:3-608-94296-3
8849:
8845:
8841:
8839:
8838:0-415-20459-3
8835:
8831:
8827:
8824:
8820:
8816:
8812:
8808:
8805:
8801:
8797:
8793:
8789:
8787:
8786:0-203-42205-8
8783:
8779:
8775:
8771:
8767:
8763:
8762:
8756:
8754:
8753:0-521-30200-5
8750:
8746:
8742:
8739:
8735:
8731:
8727:
8723:
8720:
8716:
8712:
8708:
8704:
8698:
8694:
8693:
8688:
8684:
8682:
8678:
8674:
8673:
8668:
8667:
8656:
8650:
8646:
8645:
8639:
8637:
8636:2-02-057798-4
8633:
8629:
8626:Veyne, Paul.
8625:
8623:
8622:0-415-03487-6
8619:
8615:
8611:
8608:
8607:
8602:
8597:
8594:
8590:
8586:
8584:0-415-10057-7
8580:
8576:
8575:
8569:
8565:
8560:
8558:
8557:0-7509-4048-4
8554:
8550:
8546:
8543:
8540:
8536:
8532:
8527:
8523:
8517:
8513:
8508:
8506:
8505:0-203-42534-0
8502:
8498:
8494:
8490:
8488:0-297-77029-2
8484:
8480:
8479:
8474:
8470:
8466:
8462:
8458:
8454:
8450:
8446:
8441:
8437:
8435:0-7156-1262-X
8431:
8427:
8426:
8421:
8417:
8415:
8411:
8407:
8403:
8399:
8395:
8393:0-415-07763-X
8389:
8385:
8384:
8378:
8377:
8366:
8365:3-515-08443-6
8362:
8358:
8354:
8351:
8350:
8345:
8342:
8339:
8335:
8331:
8327:
8324:
8321:
8320:
8315:
8311:
8308:
8306:
8302:
8301:
8297:
8294:
8290:
8286:
8283:
8279:
8275:
8272:
8271:
8249:
8243:
8227:
8220:
8212:
8208:
8204:
8200:
8196:
8192:
8188:
8181:
8166:
8162:
8155:
8140:
8136:
8129:
8114:
8113:
8108:
8101:
8092:
8084:
8078:
8074:
8073:
8065:
8058:
8053:
8045:
8041:
8034:
8026:
8024:9781258198077
8020:
8016:
8009:
8001:
7995:
7991:
7984:
7976:
7974:9781258198077
7970:
7966:
7959:
7951:
7944:
7936:
7929:
7921:
7915:
7911:
7904:
7896:
7890:
7886:
7882:
7881:
7873:
7865:
7853:
7845:
7839:
7835:
7828:
7820:
7818:9781258198077
7814:
7810:
7803:
7797:
7791:
7782:
7773:
7765:
7761:
7755:
7746:
7737:
7730:
7724:
7715:
7706:
7697:
7688:
7679:
7670:
7668:
7652:
7648:
7642:
7635:
7634:0-8386-3660-8
7631:
7627:
7623:
7619:
7615:
7610:
7604:
7600:
7597:
7593:
7587:
7580:
7574:
7558:
7554:
7547:
7545:
7537:
7532:
7531:
7524:
7509:
7508:
7503:
7496:
7489:
7483:
7475:
7469:
7465:
7464:
7456:
7454:
7452:
7436:
7434:9780790531052
7430:
7426:
7422:
7421:
7412:
7405:
7401:
7397:
7391:
7385:
7381:
7375:
7366:
7357:
7350:
7349:Bradbury 1995
7345:
7338:
7337:Bradbury 1995
7333:
7331:
7323:
7322:Bradbury 1995
7318:
7309:
7307:
7299:
7298:Bradbury 1995
7294:
7287:
7286:Bradbury 1995
7282:
7273:
7264:
7257:
7251:
7244:
7238:
7230:
7228:9780791413371
7224:
7220:
7219:
7211:
7205:, 52.436A ff.
7204:
7198:
7191:
7185:
7183:
7173:
7166:
7160:
7153:
7147:
7140:
7134:
7125:
7116:
7108:
7106:9780748618873
7102:
7098:
7091:
7084:
7078:
7070:
7069:
7063:
7058:
7052:
7044:
7040:
7036:
7032:
7028:
7024:
7017:
7010:
7003:
6999:
6995:
6994:
6989:
6983:
6974:
6967:
6963:
6959:
6953:
6946:
6940:
6933:
6932:
6927:
6922:
6915:
6914:
6909:
6904:
6897:
6892:
6885:
6883:
6878:
6877:
6876:Chronographia
6872:
6867:
6860:
6856:
6851:
6844:
6838:
6824:
6818:
6814:
6810:
6803:
6793:
6786:
6780:
6773:
6767:
6765:
6757:
6751:
6744:
6738:
6731:
6725:
6718:
6714:
6710:
6709:How Rome fell
6704:
6695:
6689:, p. 75.
6688:
6683:
6681:
6673:
6667:
6661:, 24.3.10–11.
6660:
6654:
6647:
6641:
6634:
6630:
6625:
6618:
6613:
6611:
6603:
6598:
6596:
6594:
6584:
6577:
6571:
6564:
6559:
6552:
6547:
6540:
6537:Elton, Hugh,
6534:
6527:
6526:Historia Nova
6521:
6514:
6508:
6499:
6491:
6485:
6478:
6474:
6468:
6461:
6456:
6449:
6443:
6436:
6430:
6423:
6417:
6410:
6404:
6397:
6393:
6388:
6381:
6375:
6369:, p. 96.
6368:
6363:
6361:
6354:, p. 69.
6353:
6348:
6342:, p. 95.
6341:
6336:
6329:
6328:
6321:
6315:, p. 65.
6314:
6309:
6303:, p. 61.
6302:
6297:
6290:
6285:
6279:
6275:
6271:
6270:1-902210-58-1
6267:
6263:
6257:
6248:
6242:, p. 60.
6241:
6236:
6234:
6226:
6220:
6211:
6205:, p. 59.
6204:
6199:
6193:, p. 58.
6192:
6187:
6180:
6175:
6168:
6163:
6156:
6150:
6143:
6137:
6128:
6121:
6117:
6116:Historia Nova
6113:
6108:
6099:
6097:
6089:
6084:
6078:, 16.12.64–65
6077:
6071:
6064:
6058:
6052:, p. 51.
6051:
6046:
6044:
6036:
6031:
6024:
6018:
6011:
6006:
5999:
5994:
5992:
5990:
5983:, p. 49.
5982:
5977:
5970:
5965:
5958:
5953:
5946:
5942:
5939:R. Browning,
5936:
5920:
5916:
5914:
5906:
5900:at Wikisource
5899:
5894:
5887:
5880:
5876:
5870:
5863:
5858:
5852:at Wikisource
5851:
5846:
5839:
5831:
5827:
5820:
5812:
5808:
5804:
5800:
5796:
5792:
5788:
5780:
5774:, p. 22.
5773:
5768:
5766:
5759:, p. 32.
5758:
5753:
5751:
5742:
5736:
5728:
5722:
5718:
5714:
5710:
5704:
5697:
5692:
5684:
5678:
5674:
5673:
5665:
5658:
5653:
5646:. Sagittaire.
5645:
5638:
5631:
5630:Evil Emperors
5625:
5618:
5612:
5605:
5599:
5595:
5576:
5572:
5566:
5557:
5550:
5544:
5537:
5531:
5524:
5518:
5511:
5505:
5498:
5494:
5490:
5486:
5480:
5473:
5462:
5451:
5447:
5441:
5437:
5429:
5427:
5423:
5419:
5406:
5405:
5400:
5399:
5396:
5395:
5389:
5377:
5374:
5371:
5370:Julian Barnes
5367:
5363:
5359:
5357:
5352:
5349:
5345:
5342:
5338:
5334:
5330:
5326:
5325:
5321:
5317:
5314:
5313:
5308:
5304:
5301:
5297:
5293:
5289:
5286:
5282:
5281:
5276:
5273:
5272:Louis de Wohl
5269:
5265:
5262:
5258:
5254:
5250:
5247:
5243:
5239:
5236:
5232:
5228:
5226:
5221:
5218:
5214:
5211:
5207:
5206:
5201:
5198:
5194:
5191:the pamphlet
5190:
5187:published in
5186:
5182:
5179:
5175:
5171:
5167:
5163:
5159:
5156:
5152:
5151:
5146:
5145:
5136:
5131:
5121:
5118:
5110:
5099:
5096:
5092:
5089:
5085:
5082:
5078:
5075:
5071:
5068: –
5067:
5063:
5062:Find sources:
5056:
5052:
5046:
5045:
5040:This section
5038:
5034:
5029:
5028:
5011:
5008:
4997:
4995:
4992:
4991:
4984:
4982:
4962:
4957:
4955:
4954:
4947:
4944:
4943:
4937:
4926:
4924:
4921:
4920:
4914:
4902:
4900:
4866:
4860:
4857:
4850:
4843:
4842:Hannibalianus
4830:
4828:
4825:
4824:
4812:
4810:
4807:
4806:
4800:
4792:
4789:
4777:
4775:
4771:
4769:
4765:
4763:
4759:
4758:
4751:
4727:
4708:
4705:
4703:
4701:
4699:
4698:
4695:
4684:
4682:
4681:Constantine I
4679:
4678:
4672:
4668:
4665:
4664:
4650:
4647:
4632:
4621:
4618:
4617:
4611:
4604:
4597:
4596:Hannibalianus
4593:
4591:
4529:
4526:
4524:
4522:
4520:
4518:
4516:
4515:
4507:
4500:
4493:
4486:
4479:
4461:
4458:
4442:
4440:
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4400:
4384:
4382:
4379:
4374:
4372:
4371:
4368:
4350:
4348:
4345:
4344:
4338:
4331:Hannibalianus
4324:
4313:
4311:
4310:Constantine I
4308:
4307:
4296:
4293:
4289:
4287:
4275:
4273:
4265:
4263:
4259:
4257:
4253:
4252:
4237:
4205:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4175:
4173:
4172:
4169:
4158:
4156:
4153:
4152:
4146:
4138:
4136:
4114:
4112:
4106:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4094:
4079:
4076:
4075:
4071:
4069:
4064:
4063:
4059:
4058:
4040:
4037:
4031:
4024:
4013:
4000:
3948:
3946:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3857:
3855:
3853:
3820:
3815:
3808:
3802:
3795:
3794:Marina Severa
3774:
3742:
3740:
3732:
3731:
3726:
3723:
3700:
3653:
3631:
3629:
3608:
3604:
3599:
3581:
3580:
3568:
3567:
3559:
3552:
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3543:
3538:
3537:Hannibalianus
3533:
3524:
3515:
3514:
3505:
3497:
3496:Hannibalianus
3488:
3484:
3481:
3473:
3471:
3463:
3461:
3453:
3451:
3443:
3441:
3433:
3431:
3429:
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3419:
3417:
3409:
3407:
3406:
3389:
3373:
3371:
3347:
3345:
3335:
3327:
3325:
3315:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3285:
3283:
3276:
3273:
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3254:
3236:
3224:
3213:
3205:
3195:
3186:
3179:
3175:
3172:
3164:
3162:
3154:
3152:
3136:
3134:
3126:
3124:
3123:
3088:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3036:
3034:
3018:
3016:
3011:
3006:
2997:
2978:
2976:
2950:
2914:
2911:
2879:
2878:
2871:
2839:
2784:
2778:
2773:
2766:
2759:
2723:
2720:
2719:
2710:
2705:
2703:
2698:
2696:
2691:
2690:
2688:
2687:
2684:
2680:
2670:
2669:
2665:
2661:
2656:
2652:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2621:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2602:
2600:
2596:
2595:Julius Caesar
2592:
2588:
2587:
2581:
2579:
2571:
2567:
2560:
2557:
2553:
2552:
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2463:
2461:
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2454:
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2450:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2436:December 362
2435:
2432:
2431:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2417:December 362
2416:
2413:
2412:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2397:
2394:
2393:
2389:
2386:
2384:
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2378:
2375:
2374:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2364:
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2348:
2345:
2343:
2341:
2336:
2333:
2330:
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2325:
2322:
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2303:
2301:
2300:
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2288:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2273:
2270:
2269:
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2260:
2257:
2254:
2251:
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2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2235:
2232:
2231:
2227:
2224:
2221:
2218:
2215:
2214:
2211:
2203:
2201:
2197:
2192:
2190:
2189:Edward Gibbon
2186:
2182:
2176:
2174:
2170:
2164:
2162:
2158:
2149:
2140:
2139:
2137:
2130:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2109:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2076:
2075:Paris Gregory
2072:
2067:
2058:
2055:
2050:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2035:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2012:
2008:
2004:
1999:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1952:
1950:
1946:
1943:
1939:
1934:
1930:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1869:
1867:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1841:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1810:
1808:
1804:
1803:
1797:
1796:
1790:
1772:
1767:
1763:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1736:
1729:
1720:
1718:
1714:
1713:
1708:
1705:", which was
1704:
1700:
1696:
1691:
1679:
1675:
1673:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1648:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1621:
1619:
1615:
1614:gastrorrhaphy
1611:
1607:
1603:
1598:
1584:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1554:
1540:
1538:
1534:
1529:
1524:
1519:
1514:
1510:
1502:
1501:Paris Gregory
1498:
1494:
1489:
1480:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1457:
1455:
1451:
1446:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1375:
1371:
1368:
1363:
1361:
1357:
1352:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1315:
1312:
1307:
1297:
1292:
1290:
1285:
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1265:
1263:
1258:
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1252:
1246:
1244:
1237:
1235:
1229:
1227:
1226:price gouging
1221:
1219:
1214:
1210:
1205:
1201:
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1190:
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1180:
1175:
1166:
1163:
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1140:
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1132:
1127:
1124:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1112:
1107:
1102:
1100:
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1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1072:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1048:
1039:
1036:
1031:
1029:
1025:
1011:
1007:
1006:
1001:
997:
995:
991:
987:
986:
980:
978:
974:
973:
967:
963:
959:
951:
947:
942:
933:
931:
927:
922:
919:
915:
914:
909:
908:
903:
893:
891:
887:
883:
879:
875:
874:Salian Franks
870:
868:
864:
860:
855:
853:
849:
845:
841:
837:
832:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
806:
802:
799:
798:
792:
790:
789:
784:
779:
775:
771:
767:
763:
753:
751:
747:
743:
739:
738:
733:
725:
720:
713:
708:
699:
697:
693:
689:
684:
680:
676:
672:
667:
663:
659:
654:
652:
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
617:
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
592:
588:
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580:
575:
573:
569:
565:
560:
552:
538:
534:
513:
508:
504:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
474:
464:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
436:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
393:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
366:
364:
360:
356:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
336:Roman emperor
333:
328:
318:
314:
310:
306:
295:
291:
289:
286:
285:
283:
279:
276:
273:
269:
266:
263:
259:
256:
255:Constantinian
253:
251:
247:
240:
236:
233:
230:
226:
223:
219:
214:
209:
205:
201:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
175:
171:
167:
162:
158:
155:
151:
146:
142:
138:
134:
132:
131:
126:
123:
120:
116:
113:
110:
106:
102:
100:
99:
94:
91:
90:Roman emperor
87:
62:
58:
57:
50:
45:
40:
37:
33:
19:
11851:David Kaplan
11801:Contemporary
11782:Josiah Royce
11567:Olympiodorus
11482:Asclepigenia
11410:
11401:Chrysanthius
10843:Andronikos V
10841:
10824:
10772:
10740:
10718:
10706:
10689:
10683:
10677:
10665:
10659:
10572:
10566:
10560:
10533:
10516:
10504:
10487:
10475:
10469:
10456:Nikephoros I
10431:
10430:
10424:
10391:
10388:Justinian II
10383:Tiberius III
10373:Justinian II
10364:
10358:
10341:
10293:
10265:Anastasius I
10256:
10200:
10196:Julius Nepos
10188:
10181:
10169:
10157:
10150:
10138:
10126:
10117:
10116:
10110:
10083:
10074:
10073:
10067:
10058:Theodosius I
10045:
10025:
10018:
10011:
10004:
9975:Maximinus II
9962:
9864:
9847:
9834:
9828:
9816:
9804:
9737:
9699:Lucius Verus
9551:
9544:
9537:
9518:(1983 novel)
9513:
9510:(1981 novel)
9505:
9502:(1964 novel)
9497:
9494:(1957 novel)
9489:
9481:
9478:(1895 novel)
9473:
9465:
9457:
9449:
9441:
9370:
9363:
9344:Peace treaty
9324:Maiozamalcha
9286:Durocortorum
9246:Major events
9238:
9185:
9178:Roman consul
9176:
9141:
9134:Roman consul
9132:
9097:
9090:Roman consul
9088:
9052:
9030:
9023:
9016:
8980:
8966:
8962:
8918:
8843:
8829:
8810:
8791:
8777:
8765:
8760:
8744:
8725:
8710:
8691:
8671:
8643:
8627:
8613:
8604:
8592:
8573:
8563:
8548:
8541:
8538:
8530:
8511:
8496:
8477:
8448:
8444:
8424:
8401:
8382:
8356:
8348:
8329:
8317:
8313:
8299:
8288:
8281:
8277:
8252:. Retrieved
8242:
8230:. Retrieved
8219:
8194:
8190:
8180:
8168:. Retrieved
8165:The Guardian
8164:
8154:
8142:. Retrieved
8138:
8128:
8116:. Retrieved
8110:
8100:
8091:
8071:
8064:
8052:
8043:
8033:
8014:
8008:
7989:
7983:
7964:
7958:
7943:
7928:
7909:
7903:
7879:
7872:
7833:
7827:
7808:
7802:
7790:
7781:
7772:
7763:
7754:
7745:
7736:
7728:
7723:
7714:
7705:
7696:
7687:
7678:
7654:. Retrieved
7650:
7641:
7617:
7609:
7586:
7578:
7573:
7561:. Retrieved
7556:
7553:"Orations 5"
7534:
7529:
7523:
7511:. Retrieved
7505:
7495:
7487:
7482:
7462:
7438:. Retrieved
7419:
7411:
7404:Bronwen Neil
7399:
7390:
7374:
7365:
7356:
7344:
7317:
7293:
7281:
7272:
7263:
7250:
7242:
7237:
7217:
7210:
7202:
7197:
7189:
7172:
7164:
7159:
7151:
7146:
7133:
7124:
7115:
7096:
7090:
7082:
7077:
7066:
7051:
7026:
7022:
7009:
7001:
6991:
6987:
6982:
6973:
6965:
6957:
6952:
6947:(1994) p. 31
6944:
6939:
6929:
6921:
6911:
6903:
6891:
6880:
6874:
6871:John Malalas
6866:
6858:
6850:
6842:
6837:
6826:, retrieved
6812:
6802:
6792:
6784:
6779:
6771:
6755:
6750:
6742:
6737:
6729:
6724:
6708:
6703:
6694:
6671:
6666:
6658:
6653:
6645:
6640:
6632:
6624:
6583:
6575:
6570:
6562:
6558:
6546:
6538:
6533:
6525:
6520:
6512:
6507:
6498:
6484:
6476:
6472:
6467:
6455:
6447:
6442:
6434:
6429:
6421:
6416:
6408:
6403:
6395:
6387:
6379:
6374:
6347:
6335:
6325:
6320:
6308:
6296:
6284:
6278:google books
6261:
6256:
6247:
6224:
6223:J. Norwich,
6219:
6210:
6198:
6186:
6174:
6162:
6154:
6149:
6141:
6136:
6127:
6119:
6115:
6111:
6107:
6083:
6075:
6070:
6062:
6057:
6030:
6022:
6017:
6005:
5976:
5964:
5952:
5944:
5940:
5935:
5923:. Retrieved
5918:
5912:
5905:
5886:
5878:
5869:
5857:
5838:
5829:
5819:
5794:
5790:
5779:
5712:
5703:
5691:
5671:
5664:
5652:
5643:
5637:
5624:
5611:
5603:
5602:David Sear,
5598:
5574:
5570:
5565:
5556:
5543:
5535:
5530:
5522:
5517:
5504:
5499:, p. 35
5485:one acquired
5479:
5471:
5445:
5440:
5415:
5412:Street named
5402:
5392:
5365:
5354:
5329:John M. Ford
5322:
5318:The fantasy
5310:
5307:Michel Butor
5291:
5278:
5267:
5256:
5241:
5223:
5210:Henrik Ibsen
5203:
5192:
5173:
5162:Lord Russell
5148:
5113:
5104:
5094:
5087:
5080:
5073:
5061:
5049:Please help
5044:verification
5041:
4680:
4662:
4660:
4309:
4104:
4073:
4072:
4065:
3728:
3577:
3564:
3548:
3511:
3251:
3217:∞ 2.Basilina
2973:
2682:
2667:
2663:
2657:
2653:
2644:Joseph Bidez
2642:
2627:
2617:
2609:
2603:
2597:, Augustus,
2590:
2584:
2582:
2575:
2569:
2555:
2539:
2520:
2501:
2480:
2458:
2439:
2420:
2401:
2382:
2360:
2337:
2318:
2296:
2277:
2258:
2239:
2209:
2193:
2178:
2166:
2154:
2133:
2126:
2111:
2105:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2051:
2038:
2036:
2021:
2018:School Edict
2017:
2015:
1995:
1969:
1953:
1926:
1916:
1889:
1887:and Plato".
1870:
1863:
1857:
1853:Neoplatonism
1852:
1848:
1842:
1811:
1799:
1792:
1786:
1737:
1734:
1710:
1699:Christianity
1680:
1676:
1669:
1629:John Malalas
1622:
1613:
1594:
1506:
1458:
1405:
1386:
1383:John Lydgate
1378:
1364:
1350:
1348:
1323:Maiozamalcha
1259:
1255:
1248:
1239:
1230:
1222:
1206:
1202:
1191:
1184:
1136:
1128:
1122:
1119:
1109:
1103:
1096:
1073:
1053:
1032:
1021:
1004:
993:
983:
981:
970:
955:
925:
923:
911:
905:
899:
871:
856:
836:Chnodomarius
833:
809:Durocortorum
795:
793:
791:by Severus.
786:
759:
735:
729:
655:
626:Neoplatonism
618:
576:
556:
487:noble named
470:
453:Third Temple
449:Christianity
437:
399:against the
394:
368:A nephew of
367:
362:
358:
348:Christianity
304:
303:
294:Christianity
154:Roman Empire
129:
97:
55:
53:Julian in a
36:
11918:Leo Strauss
11895:Continental
11856:Saul Kripke
11821:G. E. Moore
11755:Anne Conway
11678:Renaissance
11641:Bonaventure
11190:Clitomachus
11027:Aristonymus
10902:(1224–1242)
10896:(1204–1461)
10685:Konstantios
10562:Christopher
10535:Constantine
10525:Michael III
10506:Constantine
10489:Constantine
10471:Theophylact
10400:Philippicus
10350:Constans II
10275:Justinian I
10171:Severus III
10119:Constans II
9873:Claudius II
9849:Silbannacus
9796:Gordian III
9771:Maximinus I
9739:Diadumenian
9486:(1919 film)
9470:(1873 play)
9421:(physician)
9200:Varronianus
9144:Constantius
9100:Constantius
9033:26 June 363
8971:pp. 337–391
8776:: editors,
8566:. ABC-CLIO.
8191:CLA Journal
8170:5 September
7860:|work=
7656:15 November
7614:Falk, Avner
7490:, 23.1.2–3.
6896:Potter 2004
6886:, col. 496.
6828:15 November
6758:, 24.8.1–5.
6617:Potter 2004
6515:, 22.12.1–2
6460:Potter 2004
6330:. pp. 74-84
6179:Potter 2004
6157:, 20.10.1–2
6035:Potter 2004
5998:Potter 2004
5957:Potter 2004
5797:: 135–141.
5416:During the
5376:C.P. Cavafy
5341:Renaissance
5283:(1964), by
5242:Der Apostat
4849:Constantina
4603:Constantina
4499:Licinius II
4017:359-367-383
3734:331-363-364
3585:320-337-350
3572:316-337-340
3554:317-337-361
3532:Constantina
3517:331-360-363
3258:272-306-337
2982:250-305-306
2673:Family tree
2591:The Caesars
2421:The Caesars
2379:~March 362
2110:, entitled
1990:Saint Basil
1945:mandarinate
1933:Hellenistic
1572:Ahura Mazda
1533:Mesopotamia
1139:rhetorician
1069:Constantina
878:Lower Rhine
859:Moguntiacum
551:anniversary
413:Mesopotamia
352:Neoplatonic
340:philosopher
292:Previously
222:Regnal name
170:Mesopotamia
108:Predecessor
11953:363 deaths
11948:331 births
11937:Categories
11826:Kurt Gödel
11750:Henry More
11552:Simplicius
11371:Iamblichus
11135:Arcesilaus
11095:Xenocrates
11075:Speusippus
11051:Heraclides
10977:Platonists
10679:Andronikos
10667:Nikephoros
10616:Michael IV
10581:Romanos II
10501:Theophilos
10496:Michael II
10477:Staurakios
10461:Staurakios
10433:Nikephoros
10426:Artabasdos
10338:Heraclonas
10295:Theodosius
10253:Basiliscus
10013:Nepotianus
10006:Magnentius
10000:Constans I
9953:Severus II
9933:Diocletian
9878:Quintillus
9843:Aemilianus
9836:Volusianus
9781:Gordian II
9746:Elagabalus
9609:Principate
9435:Depictions
9319:Pirisabora
9301:Strasbourg
9157:Florentius
8702:1505104548
8278:Res Gestae
7563:18 October
7513:7 February
7488:Res Gestae
7440:9 February
7243:Res Gestae
7167:, iii, 21.
7083:Res Gestae
7029:: 1+3–26.
6956:Libanius,
6785:Res Gestae
6756:Res Gestae
6730:Res Gestae
6659:Res Gestae
6578:, 23.2.1–2
6576:Res Gestae
6513:Res Gestae
6490:Letter 622
6473:Res Gestae
6448:Res Gestae
6435:Res Gestae
6420:Libanius,
6407:Libanius,
6380:Res Gestae
6155:Res Gestae
6144:, 20.4.1–2
6142:Res Gestae
6112:grammation
6076:Res Gestae
6063:Res Gestae
5832:: 143–166.
5585:References
5536:Res Gestae
5523:Res Gestae
5472:Julian III
5457: 193
5420:period in
5285:Gore Vidal
5266:The novel
5240:The opera
5142:Literature
5077:newspapers
5007:Constantia
4646:Nepotianus
3999:Constantia
3590:(daughter)
3579:Constans I
3178:Constantia
2677:See also:
2606:lost works
2578:panegyrics
2455:early 363
2357:March 362
2340:Themistius
2338:Letter to
2334:early 362
2255:~June 357
2112:On Saints
2071:Roman gods
2011:Sacraments
2003:Iamblichus
1996:Since the
1904:Henotheism
1898:See also:
1885:Pythagoras
1838:monotheism
1822:Iamblichus
1807:panegyrics
1602:intestines
1558:Sassanian
1473:Pirisabora
1424:Hierapolis
1318:Pirisabora
1257:persons".
1179:chalcedony
1142:Themistius
1081:Diocletian
1077:tetrarchal
1024:Vadomarius
972:Petulantes
902:Florentius
844:Mediolanum
671:Mediolanum
658:Magnentius
602:Cappadocia
568:Constans I
467:Early life
59:minted at
11738:Cambridge
11606:Al-Farabi
11547:Damascius
11537:Zenodotus
11487:Hierocles
11456:Macrobius
11451:Augustine
11436:Antoninus
11386:Sosipatra
11331:Calcidius
11241:Antiochus
11195:Charmadas
11175:Carneades
11159:Hegesinus
11012:Aristotle
10992:Academics
10921:Classical
10906:Empresses
10890:(286–296)
10884:(267–273)
10878:(260–274)
10621:Michael V
10547:Alexander
10360:Heraclius
10328:Heraclius
10280:Justin II
10190:Glycerius
10177:Anthemius
10047:Procopius
9985:Martinian
9964:Maxentius
9893:Florianus
9866:Saloninus
9861:Gallienus
9830:Hostilian
9806:Philip II
9776:Gordian I
9724:Caracalla
9659:Vespasian
9654:Vitellius
9427:(adviser)
9419:Oribasius
9413:Mardonius
9409:(brother)
9372:Misopogon
9329:Ctesiphon
8862:2219-8857
8647:. Brill.
8544:: 615–619
8203:0007-8549
8144:20 August
8118:20 August
7862:ignored (
7852:cite book
7245:, 22.5.4.
7203:Epistulae
7137:Julian, "
6960:18, 306;
6926:Theodoret
6908:Sozomenus
6774:, p. 205.
6732:, 24.7.1.
6687:Hunt 1998
6674:, p. 204.
6648:, p. 203.
6633:Epistulae
6602:Bowersock
6551:Bowersock
6524:Zosimus,
6450:, 22.14.3
6437:, 22.14.1
6367:Bowersock
6352:Hunt 1998
6340:Bowersock
6313:Hunt 1998
6301:Hunt 1998
6289:Hunt 1998
6240:Hunt 1998
6203:Hunt 1998
6191:Hunt 1998
6167:Hunt 1998
6050:Hunt 1998
6010:Hunt 1998
5981:Hunt 1998
5911:"Maximus
5862:Hunt 1998
5772:Bowersock
5735:cite book
5696:Bowersock
5590:Citations
5569:Julian's
5549:Theodoret
5446:Julian II
5422:Jerusalem
5348:dystopian
5309:'s novel
5300:Caesarius
5251:In 1945,
5178:Dr Hickes
5137:, Belgium
5107:June 2019
4671:Minervina
4367:Bassianus
4361:Anastasia
3487:Dalmatius
3272:Minervina
3255:the Great
3223:Anastasia
3005:Maxentius
2586:Misopogon
2460:Misopogon
2398:~May 362
2129:charities
2054:hierarchy
2043:heretical
1942:Confucian
1851:and also
1830:Mithraism
1606:Oribasius
1568:Shapur II
1509:Ctesiphon
1493:Ctesiphon
1483:Ctesiphon
1477:marshland
1461:Circesium
1454:Hormisdas
1450:Shapur II
1436:Procopius
1416:Euphrates
1367:Ctesiphon
1328:Ctesiphon
1251:Misopogon
1243:panegyric
1154:Illyricum
1093:panegyric
1065:mausoleum
994:Augustus,
962:Shapur II
882:Toxandria
819:attacked
783:Marcellus
610:Nicomedia
587:Mardonius
547:reparatio
526:iulianus
485:Bithynian
457:Jerusalem
409:Ctesiphon
405:a victory
355:Hellenism
327:Ioulianos
322:Ἰουλιανός
229:Imperator
118:Successor
74:Iulianus
11809:Analytic
11594:Medieval
11557:Priscian
11492:Syrianus
11461:Boethius
11416:Salutius
11396:Dexippus
11391:Aedesius
11366:Porphyry
11354:Students
11349:Plotinus
11311:Longinus
11286:Apuleius
11276:Alcinous
11256:Plutarch
11150:Telecles
11120:Skeptics
11032:Coriscus
10916:Usurpers
10911:Augustae
10869:See also
10774:Nicholas
10596:Basil II
10393:Tiberius
10378:Leontius
10366:Tiberius
10343:Tiberius
10321:610–1453
10316:Eastern/
10270:Justin I
10223:Arcadius
10183:Olybrius
10165:Majorian
10106:Honorius
10085:Eugenius
10020:Vetranio
9970:Licinius
9943:Galerius
9938:Maximian
9923:Dominate
9913:Numerian
9883:Aurelian
9856:Valerian
9801:Philip I
9791:Balbinus
9786:Pupienus
9734:Macrinus
9709:Pertinax
9704:Commodus
9669:Domitian
9634:Claudius
9629:Caligula
9624:Tiberius
9619:Augustus
9507:Fireball
9425:Salutius
9403:(father)
9391:(mother)
9389:Basilina
9127:Hypatius
9123:Eusebius
9058:361–363
8998:LibriVox
8923:Archived
8689:(1999).
8475:(1975).
8422:(1978).
8344:Libanius
8330:Orations
8254:19 March
8232:19 March
8211:44328196
7620:(1996),
7599:Archived
7384:27831060
7201:Julian,
6861:, 18.274
6859:Orations
6855:Libanius
6787:, 25.3.3
6719:, p. 232
6635:, 1402.2
6629:Libanius
6479:, p. 77)
6422:Orations
6409:Orations
5925:19 March
5757:Browning
5711:(2024).
5657:Browning
5487:for the
5361:country.
5189:Mannheim
5160:In 1681
5135:Tongeren
4913:Faustina
4827:Constans
4506:Eutropia
4492:Basilina
4347:Licinius
3592:∞ Justus
3558:Faustina
3229:Eutropia
3185:Licinius
2949:Theodora
2772:Maximian
2765:Eutropia
2666:and the
2540:Epigrams
2517:359–363
2299:Salutius
2225:Comment
2001:view of
1984:showing
1834:paganism
1826:Plotinus
1793:To King
1752:Ottomans
1695:Galilean
1562:showing
1537:Corduene
1521:mount a
1445:Samosata
1395:Valerian
1351:Augustus
1262:Libanius
1224:them of
1209:Castalia
1177:A small
1162:Frankish
1035:Aquileia
985:Augustus
950:Frankish
890:Hamaland
886:Tongeren
852:Augustus
848:Ammianus
829:Alamanni
821:Lugdunum
801:Barbatio
762:Frankish
651:Eunapius
630:Aedesius
583:Eusebius
579:Bithynia
501:Licinius
493:Julianus
489:Basilina
407:outside
382:Germanic
281:Religion
275:Basilina
239:Augustus
98:Augustus
66:Legend:
11978:Claudii
11695:Plethon
11631:Thierry
11626:Gilbert
11621:Bernard
11542:Agapius
11517:Isidore
11512:Marinus
11507:Proclus
11502:Aedesia
11497:Hermias
11470:Academy
11441:Hypatia
11376:Sopater
11361:Amelius
11291:Atticus
11271:Albinus
11154:Evander
11145:Lacydes
11105:Polemon
11100:Crantor
11017:Eudoxus
10984:Ancient
10926:Eastern
10826:Matthew
10720:Alexios
10568:Stephen
10530:Basil I
10415:Leo III
10290:Maurice
10233:Marcian
10216:395–610
10140:Joannes
10099:395–480
10053:Gratian
9926:284–610
9908:Carinus
9888:Tacitus
9764:235–285
9684:Hadrian
9415:(tutor)
9339:Samarra
9334:Maranga
9296:Senonae
9291:Brumath
9171:Nevitta
9102:VIII–IX
9095:356–357
9079:Arbitio
8963:Letters
8465:1088885
8445:Phoenix
7885:208-209
7043:1291047
6958:Oration
6122:, p. 45
5632:", 2019
5493:Sarapis
5444:Rarely
5091:scholar
4998:367–383
4994:Gratian
4948:360–363
4927:337–361
4831:337–350
4813:337–340
4799:Crispus
4685:306–337
4622:360–363
4351:308–324
4314:306–337
4159:305–306
4101:268–270
4068:Augusti
4012:Gratian
4002:361–383
3814:Justina
3598:Crispus
3238:289–326
3181:293–330
2999:250–330
2977:Chlorus
2608:is his
2521:Letters
2361:To the
2228:Wright
2200:Hellene
2123:Charity
2037:In his
2016:In his
1900:Henosis
1865:Timaeus
1849:theurgy
1814:theurgy
1800:To the
1783:Beliefs
1740:Zonaras
1641:Lakhmid
1637:Saracen
1428:Carrhae
1420:Arsaces
1338:Samarra
1333:Maranga
1213:Babylas
1187:Antioch
1158:Nevitta
1131:corvées
1115:Arbitio
1085:Hadrian
1010:Ravenna
1005:Solidus
977:Zosimus
969:of the
876:on the
770:Cologne
642:theurgy
553:in 348.
514:minted
512:solidus
435:court.
433:Eastern
429:Western
425:Nisibis
390:Lutetia
250:Dynasty
235:Flavius
187:, then
166:Samarra
61:Antioch
56:solidus
12003:Flavii
11670:Modern
11611:Anselm
11532:Hegias
11411:Julian
11321:Origen
11210:Cicero
11128:Middle
10688:&
10664:&
10571:&
10542:Leo VI
10518:Thekla
10474:&
10441:Leo IV
10363:&
10302:Phocas
10258:Marcus
10243:Leo II
10159:Avitus
10076:Victor
10041:Valens
10031:Jovian
10026:Julian
9898:Probus
9833:&
9813:Decius
9761:Crisis
9679:Trajan
9499:Julian
9397:(wife)
9395:Helena
9382:People
9239:Julian
9196:Jovian
9153:Taurus
9064:Jovian
9029:
8860:
8850:
8836:
8817:
8798:
8784:
8751:
8732:
8717:
8699:
8679:
8651:
8634:
8620:
8581:
8555:
8518:
8503:
8485:
8463:
8432:
8408:
8390:
8363:
8209:
8201:
8079:
8021:
7996:
7971:
7916:
7891:
7840:
7815:
7632:
7626:London
7470:
7431:
7382:
7225:
7103:
7041:
6934:, 3.25
6819:
6715:
6398:, 3.18
6268:
5879:Twelve
5877:434D.
5811:298659
5809:
5723:
5679:
5489:Louvre
5426:Israel
5280:Julian
5155:Syriac
5093:
5086:
5079:
5072:
5064:
4945:Julian
4936:Helena
4694:Fausta
4631:Helena
4619:Julian
4145:Helena
3730:Jovian
3601:d. 326
3526:d. 360
3523:Helena
3513:Julian
3490:caesar
3235:Fausta
3215:d. 337
3197:censor
2996:Helena
2599:Trajan
2572:(1696)
2477:362/3
2274:357/8
2236:356/7
2136:agapae
2047:Church
1979:Coptic
1957:Majuma
1929:purple
1923:, 1875
1906:, and
1795:Helios
1672:Jovian
1664:Ankara
1651:Legacy
1618:Tarsus
1564:Mithra
1518:Victor
1432:Tigris
1412:Gibbon
1198:Adonis
1194:Adonia
1028:Raetia
926:Caesar
913:Caesar
813:Rheims
778:Verdun
742:Helena
737:Caesar
666:caesar
662:Gallus
646:Hecate
622:Helios
614:lector
594:eunuch
591:Gothic
421:Jovian
332:Caesar
305:Julian
271:Mother
261:Father
232:Caesar
200:Helena
196:Spouse
185:Tarsus
180:Burial
130:Caesar
122:Jovian
42:Julian
32:Julian
11266:Gaius
11007:Plato
10484:Leo V
10451:Irene
10238:Leo I
9903:Carus
9674:Nerva
9664:Titus
9644:Galba
9596:Roman
9357:Works
9281:Autun
9186:with
9142:with
9098:with
9092:I–II
9031:Died:
9024:Born:
8977:Entry
8947:, by
8461:JSTOR
8207:JSTOR
7380:JSTOR
7039:JSTOR
7019:(PDF)
6916:, 6.2
5807:JSTOR
5571:Opera
5432:Notes
5294:, by
5098:JSTOR
5084:books
4478:Galla
4023:Galla
3204:Galla
2556:Opera
2376:VIII
2307:VIII
2222:Work
2219:Date
2216:Budé
2206:Works
2023:Iliad
1919:, by
1860:Plato
1816:from
1687:, or
1543:Death
1523:siege
1465:Abora
1440:Media
1042:Reign
990:Paris
966:Amida
918:Rhine
867:Meuse
863:Mainz
817:Laeti
805:Augst
776:near
774:Senon
750:Rhine
675:Milan
510:Rome
386:Rhine
344:Greek
317:Greek
309:Latin
211:Names
11152:and
11053:and
11034:and
10840:(w.
10823:(w.
10771:(w.
10742:John
10739:(w.
10717:(w.
10705:(w.
10676:(w.
10658:(w.
10559:(w.
10532:(w.
10515:(w.
10503:(w.
10486:(w.
10468:(w.
10429:(w.
10390:(w.
10357:(w.
10340:(w.
10292:(w.
10255:(w.
10248:Zeno
10115:(w.
10072:(w.
9863:(w.
9827:(w.
9815:(w.
9803:(w.
9736:(w.
9729:Geta
9649:Otho
9639:Nero
9598:and
9136:III
8858:ISSN
8848:ISBN
8834:ISBN
8815:ISBN
8796:ISBN
8782:ISBN
8749:ISBN
8730:ISBN
8715:ISBN
8697:ISBN
8677:ISBN
8649:ISBN
8632:ISBN
8618:ISBN
8579:ISBN
8553:ISBN
8516:ISBN
8501:ISBN
8483:ISBN
8430:ISBN
8406:ISBN
8388:ISBN
8361:ISBN
8336:", "
8256:2019
8234:2019
8199:ISSN
8172:2022
8146:2022
8120:2022
8077:ISBN
8019:ISBN
7994:ISBN
7969:ISBN
7914:ISBN
7889:ISBN
7864:help
7838:ISBN
7813:ISBN
7658:2023
7630:ISBN
7590:See
7565:2023
7515:2018
7468:ISBN
7442:2013
7429:ISBN
7394:St.
7254:See
7223:ISBN
7101:ISBN
7002:stoa
6884:XCII
6830:2023
6817:ISBN
6797:618.
6713:ISBN
6488:See
6266:ISBN
6227:, 89
5927:2019
5741:link
5721:ISBN
5677:ISBN
5510:Sens
5383:Film
5346:The
5147:The
5070:news
3535:∞ 1.
3510:(2)
3502:(1)
2646:and
2583:The
2498:362
2452:XII
2371:VII
2354:VII
2315:361
2293:359
2271:III
2266:III
2196:Jews
2032:Mark
2030:and
2028:Luke
1982:icon
1965:city
1961:Gaza
1798:and
1723:Tomb
1610:wine
1570:and
1497:Iraq
1469:Dura
1087:and
825:Lyon
732:Gaul
690:and
589:, a
566:and
545:tem·
542:fel·
535:and
533:Roma
461:Jews
431:and
378:Gaul
160:Died
144:Born
11168:New
11000:Old
10661:Leo
10606:Zoe
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