526:
562:
538:
319:
690:
550:
387:
233:
506:
29:
502:, the most common type of bone repair, relies heavily on endochondral ossification. In this type of healing, endochondral ossification occurs within the fracture gap and external to the periosteum. In contrast, intramembranous ossification takes place directly beneath the periosteum, adjacent to the broken boneās ends.
561:
313:
Blood vessels arising from the periosteum invade these empty spaces and mesenchymal stem cells migrate guided by penetrating blood vessels. Following the invading blood vessels, mesenchymal stem cells reach these empty spaces and undergo differentiation into osteoprogenitor cells. These progenitors
463:
are either dying or dead, leaving cavities that will later become invaded by bone-forming cells. Chondrocytes here die when they can no longer receive nutrients or eliminate wastes via diffusion. This is because the calcified matrix is much less hydrated than hyaline cartilage.
82:, but their transformations into bone are different. In intramembranous ossification, mesenchymal tissue is directly converted into bone. On the other hand, endochondral ossification starts with mesenchymal tissue turning into an intermediate
350:) of long bones. In these secondary centers, cartilage is converted to bone similarly to that occurring in a primary ossification center. As the secondary ossification centers enlarge, residual cartilage persists in two distinct locations:
567:
Drawing of part of a longitudinal section of the developing femur of a rabbit. a. Flattened cartilage cells. b. Enlarged cartilage cells. c, d. Newly formed bone. e. Osteoblasts. f. Giant cells or osteoclasts. g, h. Shrunken cartilage
537:
264:. This newly formed bone can be called "periosteal bone" as it originates from the transformed periosteum. However, considering its developmental pathway, it could be classified as "intramembranous bone".
314:
further mature into osteoblasts, that deposit unmineralized bone matrix, termed osteoid. Mineralization subsequently follows leading to formation of bone trabeculae (Endochondral bone formation).
378:
At the end of an individualās growth period, the production of new cartilage in the epiphyseal plate stops. After this point, existing cartilage within the plate turns into mature bone tissue.
373:. Itās composed of highly active chondrocytes and responsible for longitudinal bone growth. Consequently, the bone elongates at this growth plate until closure occurs at skeletal maturity.
525:
157:, which actively synthesize cartilage matrix components. Thus, the initial hyaline cartilage template is formed, which has the same basic shape and outline as the future bone.
480:
306:
When chondrocytes die, matrix metalloproteinases result in catabolism of various components within the extracellular matrix and the physical boundaries between neighboring
543:
Section of fetal bone of cat. ir. Irruption of the subperiosteal tissue. p. Fibrous layer of the periosteum. o. Layer of osteoblasts. im. Subperiosteal bony deposit.
472:
Osteoprogenitor cells invade the area and differentiate into osteoblasts, which elaborate matrix that becomes calcified on the surface of calcified cartilage.
498:
process needs to culminate in the formation of lamellar bone at the fracture site to withstand the same forces and stresses it did before the fracture.
883:
300:, which causes calcification of the cartilage matrix. This calcification prevents passage of nutrients to chondrocytes leading to their death.
1094:
137:. In addition, endochondral ossification is not exclusively confined to embryonic development; it also plays a crucial role in the
612:
1467:
153:
in the area where the bone will eventually be formed. Subsequently, these mesenchymal progenitor cells differentiate into
256:. During this transformation, special cells within the perichondrium switch gears. Instead of becoming cartilage cells (
893:
799:
448:
310:(the spaces housing chondrocytes) weaken. This can lead to the merging of these lacunae, creating larger empty spaces.
291:
863:
1087:
549:
244:
In developing bones, ossification commences within the primary ossification center located in the center of the
626:
1200:
75:
1080:
267:
After the formation of the periosteum, chondrocytes in the primary center of ossification begin to grow (
285:
789:
1472:
853:
394:
During endochondral ossification, five distinct zones can be seen at the light-microscope level:
39:
1128:
499:
110:
1354:
334:
297:
279:
1017:
Bahney, Chelsea S.; Hu, Diane P.; Miclau, Theodore; Marcucio, Ralph S. (5 February 2015).
694:
689:
8:
1376:
994:
969:
741:"Bone tissue and histological and molecular events during development of the long bones"
673:
646:
318:
149:
The initiation of endochondral ossification starts by proliferation and condensation of
1386:
1053:
1018:
940:
915:
307:
1161:
1156:
1058:
1040:
999:
945:
889:
859:
824:
795:
770:
762:
717:
678:
620:
412:
150:
83:
79:
64:
1401:
1391:
1304:
1048:
1030:
989:
981:
935:
927:
752:
668:
658:
362:
333:(top) become degenerating ones (bottom), characteristically displaying a calcified
326:
322:
1349:
1308:
931:
709:
89:
Endochondral ossification is responsible for development of most bones including
816:
757:
740:
346:
During the postnatal life, a secondary ossification center appears in each end (
1437:
1166:
985:
970:"The Origin and Fate of Chondrocytes: Cell Plasticity in Physiological Setting"
587:
98:
1461:
1442:
1123:
1044:
1035:
766:
491:
185:
154:
130:
122:
78:. Both endochondral and intramembranous processes initiate from a precursor
1273:
1247:
1195:
1187:
1141:
1062:
1003:
949:
828:
774:
721:
682:
495:
257:
179:
126:
1019:"The Multifaceted Role of the Vasculature in Endochondral Fracture Repair"
663:
386:
232:
1406:
1278:
1146:
513:
shows the location of both endochondral and intramembranous ossification.
460:
440:
424:
330:
268:
261:
60:
45:
1427:
1369:
1328:
1313:
1231:
1221:
1133:
855:
Histology: a text and atlas: with correlated cell and molecular biology
253:
118:
114:
94:
252:
The perichondrium surrounding the cartilage model transforms into the
1432:
1422:
1396:
1364:
1318:
1299:
1294:
1226:
1115:
1107:
1072:
370:
366:
347:
245:
237:
106:
90:
355:
Articular cartilage: This layer coats the bone ends, concerned with
1381:
444:
275:
199:
Chondroblasts differentiate into chondrocytes and lay down matrix.
134:
71:
1323:
1257:
531:
Masson
Goldner trichrome stain of growth plate in a rabbit tibia.
428:
505:
1344:
1252:
68:
356:
479:
1178:
1103:
615:. myEtymology. Archived from the original on July 14, 2011.
102:
693: This article incorporates text available under the
443:(become enlarged). Chondrocytes contain large amounts of
28:
716:, Treasure Island, Florida (FL): StatPearls Publishing,
33:
A schematic representation of endochondral ossification.
16:
Cartilaginous bone development that forms the long bones
823:, Treasure Island, Florida FL): StatPearls Publishing,
814:
1016:
278:
type X, which causes stiffness and compression of the
161:
This hyaline cartilage template expands through both:
647:"A Brief Review of Bone Cell Function and Importance"
294:(VEGF), which controls forthcoming vascular invasion.
645:Å romovĆ”, V; Sobola, D; Kaspar, P (5 November 2023).
914:Richard, Marsell; Thomas A, Einhorn (1 June 2012).
644:
341:
144:
248:(bone shaft), where the following changes occur:
227:
210:From the external surface of existing cartilage.
1459:
913:
59:is one of the two essential pathways by which
1088:
815:Hyland, S; Charlick, M; Varacallo, M (2023),
196:Chondrocytes proliferate and lay down matrix.
817:"Anatomy, Shoulder and Upper Limb, Clavicle"
613:"Etymology of the English word endochondral"
509:A schematic of endochondral fracture, where
885:Junqueira's Basic Histology: Text and Atlas
329:showing endochondral ossification: healthy
86:, which is eventually substituted by bone.
1095:
1081:
963:
961:
959:
909:
907:
905:
734:
732:
730:
707:
1052:
1034:
993:
967:
939:
756:
745:Annals of Anatomy - Anatomischer Anzeiger
672:
662:
365:: This transverse layer lies between the
888:(17th ed.). McGraw-Hill Education.
794:(15th ed.). Wolters Kluwer Health.
504:
494:boneās biomechanical functionality, the
385:
317:
231:
956:
902:
881:
851:
727:
640:
638:
636:
439:In this zone, the chondrocytes undergo
431:, forming distinctive looking columns.
1460:
1102:
787:
738:
182:present within the existing cartilage.
1076:
968:Chagin, AS; Chu, TL (December 2023).
877:
875:
847:
845:
843:
841:
839:
837:
555:Process of endochondral ossification.
420:Zone of proliferation / cell columns
188:that develop from the perichondrium.
138:
739:Blumer, Michael J. F. (1 May 2021).
633:
517:
781:
485:
411:This zone contains normal, resting
390:Zones of endochondral ossification.
13:
872:
834:
449:vascular endothelial growth factor
292:Vascular endothelial growth factor
260:), they mature into bone-building
14:
1484:
916:"The biology of fracture healing"
436:Zone of maturation / hypertrophy
221:Increase in width and thickness.
133:bones) and the medial end of the
858:(9th ed.). Wolters Kluwer.
688:
560:
548:
536:
524:
478:
342:Secondary center of ossification
145:Formation of the cartilage model
27:
1010:
451:to initiate vascular invasion.
808:
701:
605:
580:
228:Primary center of ossification
1:
573:
1468:Animal developmental biology
974:Current Osteoporosis Reports
932:10.1016/j.injury.2011.03.031
882:Mescher, Anthony L. (2023).
791:Langman's medical embryology
708:Cowan, PT; Kahai, P (2023),
381:
76:intramembranous ossification
7:
758:10.1016/j.aanat.2021.151704
490:For complete recovery of a
10:
1489:
1023:Frontiers in Endocrinology
986:10.1007/s11914-023-00827-1
852:Pawlina, Wojciech (2024).
408:Zone of resting cartilage
240:endochondral ossification.
74:, the other pathway being
1415:
1337:
1287:
1266:
1240:
1214:
1186:
1177:
1114:
625:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
591:
500:Indirect fracture healing
286:Matrix metalloproteinases
121:limbs), the bones of the
57:Endochondral ossification
38:
26:
22:Endochondral ossification
21:
1036:10.3389/fendo.2015.00004
598:, "within", and ĻĻĪ½Ī“ĻĪæĻ/
271:). They begin secreting:
97:bones, the bones of the
363:Epiphyseal growth plate
514:
456:Zone of calcification
391:
338:
250:
241:
40:Anatomical terminology
1129:fibrocartilage callus
788:Sadler, T.W. (2023).
664:10.3390/cells12212576
508:
469:Zone of ossification
447:and begin to secrete
389:
321:
235:
176:Cellular protagonists
335:extracellular matrix
298:Alkaline phosphatase
280:extracellular matrix
171:Appositional growth
139:healing of fractures
218:Increase in length.
168:Interstitial growth
162:
63:is produced during
515:
392:
339:
242:
160:
80:mesenchymal tissue
1455:
1454:
1451:
1450:
1360:connective tissue
1355:Volkmann's canals
518:Additional images
476:
475:
413:hyaline cartilage
325:of undecalcified
225:
224:
204:Site of expansion
151:mesenchymal cells
65:fetal development
54:
53:
49:
1480:
1402:medullary cavity
1377:Sharpey's fibres
1350:Haversian canals
1305:epiphyseal plate
1295:subchondral bone
1184:
1183:
1097:
1090:
1083:
1074:
1073:
1067:
1066:
1056:
1038:
1014:
1008:
1007:
997:
965:
954:
953:
943:
911:
900:
899:
879:
870:
869:
849:
832:
831:
812:
806:
805:
785:
779:
778:
760:
736:
725:
724:
710:"Anatomy, Bones"
705:
699:
692:
686:
676:
666:
642:
631:
630:
624:
616:
609:
603:
593:
584:
564:
552:
540:
528:
486:Fracture healing
482:
397:
396:
327:epiphyseal plate
323:Light micrograph
236:A schematic for
163:
159:
46:edit on Wikidata
43:
31:
19:
18:
1488:
1487:
1483:
1482:
1481:
1479:
1478:
1477:
1473:Skeletal system
1458:
1457:
1456:
1447:
1411:
1333:
1309:epiphyseal line
1283:
1262:
1236:
1210:
1201:intramembranous
1173:
1110:
1101:
1071:
1070:
1015:
1011:
966:
957:
912:
903:
896:
880:
873:
866:
850:
835:
813:
809:
802:
786:
782:
737:
728:
706:
702:
643:
634:
618:
617:
611:
610:
606:
586:Etymology from
585:
581:
576:
569:
565:
556:
553:
544:
541:
532:
529:
520:
488:
384:
376:
344:
303:
230:
147:
125:(including the
113:skeleton (e.g.
84:cartilage stage
72:skeletal system
50:
34:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1486:
1476:
1475:
1470:
1453:
1452:
1449:
1448:
1446:
1445:
1440:
1435:
1430:
1425:
1419:
1417:
1413:
1412:
1410:
1409:
1404:
1399:
1394:
1389:
1384:
1379:
1374:
1373:
1372:
1367:
1357:
1352:
1347:
1341:
1339:
1335:
1334:
1332:
1331:
1326:
1321:
1316:
1311:
1302:
1297:
1291:
1289:
1285:
1284:
1282:
1281:
1276:
1270:
1268:
1264:
1263:
1261:
1260:
1255:
1250:
1244:
1242:
1238:
1237:
1235:
1234:
1229:
1224:
1218:
1216:
1212:
1211:
1209:
1208:
1203:
1198:
1192:
1190:
1181:
1175:
1174:
1172:
1171:
1170:
1169:
1164:
1159:
1151:
1150:
1149:
1144:
1136:
1131:
1126:
1120:
1118:
1112:
1111:
1100:
1099:
1092:
1085:
1077:
1069:
1068:
1009:
980:(6): 815ā824.
955:
926:(6): 551ā555.
901:
895:978-1264930395
894:
871:
864:
833:
807:
801:978-1975179960
800:
780:
726:
700:
632:
604:
578:
577:
575:
572:
571:
570:
566:
559:
557:
554:
547:
545:
542:
535:
533:
530:
523:
519:
516:
487:
484:
474:
473:
470:
466:
465:
459:In this zone,
457:
453:
452:
437:
433:
432:
427:undergo rapid
423:In this zone,
421:
417:
416:
409:
405:
404:
401:
383:
380:
375:
374:
360:
352:
343:
340:
316:
315:
311:
304:
302:
301:
295:
289:
283:
272:
265:
229:
226:
223:
222:
219:
216:
212:
211:
208:
205:
201:
200:
197:
194:
190:
189:
183:
177:
173:
172:
169:
166:
146:
143:
52:
51:
42:
36:
35:
32:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1485:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1465:
1463:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1434:
1431:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1420:
1418:
1414:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1362:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1343:
1342:
1340:
1336:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1292:
1290:
1286:
1280:
1277:
1275:
1272:
1271:
1269:
1265:
1259:
1256:
1254:
1251:
1249:
1246:
1245:
1243:
1239:
1233:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1223:
1220:
1219:
1217:
1213:
1207:
1204:
1202:
1199:
1197:
1194:
1193:
1191:
1189:
1185:
1182:
1180:
1176:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1154:
1152:
1148:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1139:
1137:
1135:
1132:
1130:
1127:
1125:
1124:perichondrium
1122:
1121:
1119:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1098:
1093:
1091:
1086:
1084:
1079:
1078:
1075:
1064:
1060:
1055:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1037:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1013:
1005:
1001:
996:
991:
987:
983:
979:
975:
971:
964:
962:
960:
951:
947:
942:
937:
933:
929:
925:
921:
917:
910:
908:
906:
897:
891:
887:
886:
878:
876:
867:
865:9781975181574
861:
857:
856:
848:
846:
844:
842:
840:
838:
830:
826:
822:
818:
811:
803:
797:
793:
792:
784:
776:
772:
768:
764:
759:
754:
750:
746:
742:
735:
733:
731:
723:
719:
715:
711:
704:
698:
696:
691:
684:
680:
675:
670:
665:
660:
656:
652:
648:
641:
639:
637:
628:
622:
614:
608:
602:, "cartilage"
601:
597:
589:
583:
579:
563:
558:
551:
546:
539:
534:
527:
522:
521:
512:
507:
503:
501:
497:
493:
483:
481:
471:
468:
467:
462:
458:
455:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
435:
434:
430:
426:
422:
419:
418:
414:
410:
407:
406:
402:
399:
398:
395:
388:
379:
372:
368:
364:
361:
358:
354:
353:
351:
349:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
312:
309:
305:
299:
296:
293:
290:
287:
284:
281:
277:
274:
273:
270:
266:
263:
259:
255:
251:
249:
247:
239:
234:
220:
217:
214:
213:
209:
206:
203:
202:
198:
195:
192:
191:
187:
186:Chondroblasts
184:
181:
178:
175:
174:
170:
167:
165:
164:
158:
156:
155:chondroblasts
152:
142:
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
87:
85:
81:
77:
73:
70:
66:
62:
58:
47:
41:
37:
30:
25:
20:
1359:
1248:bone mineral
1206:endochondral
1205:
1196:primary bone
1188:Ossification
1142:chondroblast
1026:
1022:
1012:
977:
973:
923:
919:
884:
854:
820:
810:
790:
783:
748:
744:
713:
703:
687:
657:(21): 2576.
654:
650:
607:
599:
595:
582:
510:
496:bone healing
489:
477:
461:chondrocytes
425:chondrocytes
393:
377:
345:
331:chondrocytes
258:chondrocytes
243:
207:From within.
180:Chondrocytes
148:
111:appendicular
88:
56:
55:
1407:bone marrow
1147:chondrocyte
441:hypertrophy
403:Definition
269:hypertrophy
262:osteoblasts
61:bone tissue
1462:Categories
1397:trabeculae
1392:canaliculi
1370:periosteum
1329:epicondyle
1314:metaphysis
1274:cancellous
1232:osteoclast
1222:osteoblast
1134:metaphysis
821:StatPearls
751:: 151704.
714:StatPearls
574:References
254:periosteum
123:skull base
109:) and the
1438:irregular
1365:endosteum
1338:Structure
1319:diaphysis
1300:epiphysis
1227:osteocyte
1116:Cartilage
1108:cartilage
1045:1664-2392
767:0940-9602
695:CC BY 4.0
492:fractured
382:Histology
371:diaphysis
367:epiphysis
359:movement.
348:epiphysis
246:diaphysis
238:long bone
193:Mechanism
107:vertebrae
69:mammalian
1443:sesamoid
1382:enthesis
1279:cortical
1063:25699016
1004:37837512
995:10724094
950:21489527
829:30252246
775:33600952
722:30725884
697:license.
683:37947654
674:10648520
621:cite web
600:chondros
445:glycogen
276:Collagen
135:clavicle
131:sphenoid
1387:lacunae
1324:condyle
1288:Regions
1258:osteoid
1167:fibrous
1162:elastic
1157:hyaline
1054:4318416
941:3105171
429:mitosis
308:lacunae
215:Outcome
127:ethmoid
67:of the
1416:Shapes
1345:osteon
1253:ossein
1241:Matrix
1153:Types
1138:Cells
1061:
1051:
1043:
1002:
992:
948:
938:
920:Injury
892:
862:
827:
798:
773:
765:
720:
681:
671:
568:cells.
1428:short
1267:Types
1215:Cells
1029:: 4.
651:Cells
596:endon
592:į¼Ī½Ī“ĪæĪ½
588:Greek
400:Name
357:joint
119:lower
115:upper
99:axial
95:short
44:[
1433:flat
1423:long
1179:Bone
1106:and
1104:Bone
1059:PMID
1041:ISSN
1000:PMID
946:PMID
890:ISBN
860:ISBN
825:PMID
796:ISBN
771:PMID
763:ISSN
718:PMID
679:PMID
627:link
369:and
129:and
117:and
105:and
103:ribs
93:and
91:long
1049:PMC
1031:doi
990:PMC
982:doi
936:PMC
928:doi
753:doi
749:235
669:PMC
659:doi
1464::
1057:.
1047:.
1039:.
1025:.
1021:.
998:.
988:.
978:21
976:.
972:.
958:^
944:.
934:.
924:42
922:.
918:.
904:^
874:^
836:^
819:,
769:.
761:.
747:.
743:.
729:^
712:,
677:.
667:.
655:12
653:.
649:.
635:^
623:}}
619:{{
590::
415:.
141:.
1307:/
1096:e
1089:t
1082:v
1065:.
1033::
1027:6
1006:.
984::
952:.
930::
898:.
868:.
804:.
777:.
755::
685:.
661::
629:)
594:/
511:B
337:.
288:.
282:.
101:(
48:]
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
