590:
545:
ability of mast cells to degranulate and produce TNF-Ξ±. Proliferation and cytotoxic activity of NK cells is inhibited by PGE2 and IDO. MSCs also reduce the expression of NK cell receptors - NKG2D, NKp44 and NKp30. MSCs inhibit respiratory flare and apoptosis of neutrophils by production of cytokines IL-6 and IL-8. Differentiation and expression of dendritic cell surface markers is inhibited by IL-6 and PGE2 of MSCs. The immunosuppressive effects of MSC also depend on IL-10, but it is not certain whether they produce it alone, or only stimulate other cells to produce it.
266:
274:
42:
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in 1995 when a group of 15 patients were injected with cultured MSCs to test the safety of the treatment. The first regulatory approvals for MSCs were granted conditional approval in 2012 in Canada and New
Zealand for treating Graft vs. Host Disease (GvHD) and, subsequently, in Japan to treat Crohnβs
548:
MSC expresses the adhesion molecules VCAM-1 and ICAM-1, which allow T-lymphocytes to adhere to their surface. Then MSC can affect them by molecules which have a short half-life and their effect is in the immediate vicinity of the cell. These include nitric oxide, PGE2, HGF, and activation of receptor
544:
MSCs have an effect on macrophages, neutrophils, NK cells, mast cells and dendritic cells in innate immunity. MSCs are able to migrate to the site of injury, where they polarize through PGE2 macrophages in M2 phenotype which is characterized by an anti-inflammatory effect. Further, PGE2 inhibits the
496:
MSCs have been seen to even differentiate into neuron-like cells, but doubt remains about whether the MSC-derived neurons are functional. The degree to which the culture will differentiate varies among individuals and how differentiation is induced, e.g., chemical vs. mechanical; and it is not clear
442:
The developing tooth bud of the mandibular third molar is a rich source of MSCs. While they are described as multipotent, it is possible that they are pluripotent. They eventually form enamel, dentin, blood vessels, dental pulp, and nervous tissues. These stem cells are capable of differentiating
786:
The term "mesenchymal stem cells" and what constitutes the most scientifically correct meaning for the MSC initialism, has been debated for years. Most mesenchymal cell or "MSC" preps only contain a minority fraction of true multipotent stem cells, with most cells being stromal in nature. Caplan
492:
MSCs have a great capacity for self-renewal while maintaining their multipotency. Recent work suggests that Ξ²-catenin, via regulation of EZH2, is a central molecule in maintaining the "stemness" of MSC's. The standard test to confirm multipotency is differentiation of the cells into osteoblasts,
333:
The
International Society for Cellular Therapy (ISCT) has proposed a set of standards to define MSCs. A cell can be classified as an MSC if it shows plastic adherent properties under normal culture conditions and has a fibroblast-like morphology. In fact, some argue that MSCs and fibroblasts are
679:
plates or flasks. Mesenchymal stem cells, but not red blood cells or hematopoietic progenitors, are adherent to tissue culture plastic within 24 to 48 hours. However, at least one publication has identified a population of non-adherent MSCs that are not obtained by the direct-plating technique.
712:
New research titled
Transplantation of human ESC-derived mesenchymal stem cell spheroids ameliorates spontaneous osteoarthritis in rhesus macaques Various chemicals and methods including low level laser irradiation have been used to increase proliferation of stem cell.
224:
are connective tissue cells that form the supportive structure in which the functional cells of the tissue reside. While this is an accurate description for one function of MSCs, the term fails to convey the relatively recently discovered roles of MSCs in the repair of
549:
PD-1. MSCs reduce T cell proliferation between G0 and G1 cell cycle phases and decrease the expression of IFNΞ³ of Th1 cells while increasing the expression of IL-4 of Th2 cells. MSCs also inhibit the proliferation of B-lymphocytes between G0 and G1 cell cycle phases.
787:
proposed rephrasing MSCs to emphasize their role as "medicinal signaling cells." Within the stem cell field, the shorthand "MSC" has most commonly now come to refer to "mesenchymal stromal/stem cells" because of the heterogeneous nature of the cellular preparations.
2309:
Spaggiari GM, Capobianco A, Becchetti S, Mingari MC, Moretta L (February 2006). "Mesenchymal stem cell-natural killer cell interactions: evidence that activated NK cells are capable of killing MSCs, whereas MSCs can inhibit IL-2-induced NK-cell proliferation".
1414:
Dominici M, Le Blanc K, Mueller I, Slaper-Cortenbach I, Marini F, Krause D, et al. (1 January 2006). "Minimal criteria for defining multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells. The
International Society for Cellular Therapy position statement".
3782:
Lazarus HM, Haynesworth SE, Gerson SL, Rosenthal NS, Caplan AI (October 1995). "Ex vivo expansion and subsequent infusion of human bone marrow-derived stromal progenitor cells (mesenchymal progenitor cells): implications for therapeutic use".
3401:
Tondreau T, Lagneaux L, Dejeneffe M, Delforge A, Massy M, Mortier C, Bron D (1 January 2004). "Isolation of BM mesenchymal stem cells by plastic adhesion or negative selection: phenotype, proliferation kinetics and differentiation potential".
426:. The umbilical cord is available after a birth. It is normally discarded, and poses no risk for collection. These MSCs may prove to be a useful source of MSCs for clinical applications, due to their primitive properties and fast growth rate.
739:
assay for examining the clonogenic potential of multipotent marrow cells was later reported in the 1970s by
Friedenstein and colleagues. In this assay system, stromal cells were referred to as colony-forming unit-fibroblasts (CFU-f).
3727:
Friedenstein AJ, Deriglasova UF, Kulagina NN, Panasuk AF, Rudakowa SF, LuriΓ‘ EA, Ruadkow IA (1974). "Precursors for fibroblasts in different populations of hematopoietic cells as detected by the in vitro colony assay method".
607:
in reaction to injury and infection. As of May 2024, a search for "mesenchymal stem cells" or "mesenchymal stromal cells" at
ClinicalTrials.gov returns more than 1,760 studies featuring MSCs for more than 920 conditions.
3859:
Lazarus HM, Haynesworth SE, Gerson SL, Caplan AI (October 1997). "Human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal (stromal) progenitor cells (MPCs) cannot be recovered from peripheral blood progenitor cell collections".
729:
first revealed the clonal nature of marrow cells in the 1960s. In 1970, Arnold Caplan identified certain conditions by which mesodermal cells differentiate into cartilage or myogenic (muscle) tissue and bone.
790:
There is also growing concern about the marketing and application of unapproved MSCs and mesenchymal stem cells that lack rigorous data to back up these clinical uses into patients by for-profit clinics.
1453:
Strioga M, Viswanathan S, Darinskas A, Slaby O, Michalek J (September 2012). "Same or Not the Same? Comparison of
Adipose Tissue-Derived Versus Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem and Stromal Cells".
394:
Bone marrow was the original source of MSCs, and is still the most frequently utilized source. These bone marrow stem cells do not contribute to the formation of blood cells, and so do not express the
1779:
Franco
Lambert AP, Fraga Zandonai A, Bonatto D, Cantarelli Machado D, PΓͺgas Henriques JA (March 2009). "Differentiation of human adipose-derived adult stem cells into neuronal tissue: does it work?".
743:
Subsequent experimentation revealed the plasticity of marrow cells and how their fate is determined by environmental cues. Culturing marrow stromal cells in the presence of osteogenic stimuli such as
505:
is known to decrease with the age of the donor, as well as the time in culture. Likewise, whether this is due to a decrease in the number of MSCs or a change to the existing MSCs is not known.
334:
functionally identical. The study in
Science, "Multilineage Potential of Adult Mesenchymal Stem Cells," describe how MSCs can undergo osteogenic, adipogenic and chondrogenic differentiation
691:. STRO-1+ cells are generally more homogenous and have higher rates of adherence and higher rates of proliferation, but the exact differences between STRO-1+ cells and MSCs are not clear.
497:
whether this variation is due to a different amount of "true" progenitor cells in the culture or variable differentiation capacities of individuals' progenitors. The capacity of cells to
1744:
513:
MSCs have an effect on innate and specific immune cells, and research has shown an ability to suppress tumor growth. MSCs produce many immunomodulatory molecules including
269:
Human bone marrow derived
Mesenchymal stem cell showing fibroblast-like morphology seen under phase contrast microscope (carl zeiss axiovert 40 CFL) at 63 x magnification
3268:
Wan C, He Q, McCaigue M, Marsh D, Li G (January 2006). "Nonadherent cell population of human marrow culture is a complementary source of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs)".
671:
The majority of modern culture techniques still take a colony-forming unit-fibroblasts (CFU-F) approach, where raw unpurified bone marrow or ficoll-purified bone marrow
4053:
3184:
Heirani-Tabasi A, Hassanzadeh M, Hemmati-Sadeghi S, Shahriyari M, Raeesolmohaddeseen M (2015). "Mesenchymal Stem Cells; Defining the Future of Regenerative Medicine".
1965:"MSCs inhibit monocyte-derived DC maturation and function by selectively interfering with the generation of immature DCs: central role of MSC-derived prostaglandin E2"
3572:
Becker AJ, McCulloch EA, Till JE (February 1963). "Cytological demonstration of the clonal nature of spleen colonies derived from transplanted mouse marrow cells".
2017:"Inflammatory cytokine-induced intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 in mesenchymal stem cells are critical for immunosuppression"
709:
is common in MSC culture. Prior to the use of platelet lysates for MSC culture, the pathogen inactivation process is recommended to prevent pathogen transmission.
656:. Direct injection or placement of cells into a site in need of repair may be the preferred method of treatment, as vascular delivery suffers from a "pulmonary
589:
616:
Clinical studies investigating the efficacy of mesenchymal stem cells in treating diseases are in clinical development around the world, particularly treating
184:
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), a term first named (1991) by Arnold I. Caplan at Case Western Reserve University, are characterized morphologically by a small
835:
2828:"Antibacterial effect of mesenchymal stem cells against Escherichia coli is mediated by secretion of beta- defensin- 2 via toll- like receptor 4 signalling"
434:
Adipose-tissue-derived MSCs (AdMSCs), in addition to being easier and safer to isolate than bone-marrow-derived MSCs, can be obtained in larger quantities.
3537:
Borzabadi-Farahani A (September 2016). "Effect of low-level laser irradiation on proliferation of human dental mesenchymal stem cells; a systemic review".
2977:"Human but not murine multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells exhibit broad-spectrum antimicrobial effector function mediated by indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase"
3354:"Isolation and characterization of human clonogenic osteoblast progenitors immunoselected from fetal bone marrow stroma using STRO-1 monoclonal antibody"
3016:
1523:
Liau LL, Ruszymah BH, Ng MH, Law JX (January 2020). "Characteristics and Clinical Applications of Wharton's Jelly-Derived Mesenchymal Stromal Cells".
4297:
4078:
1488:
Gregory CA, Prockop DJ, Spees JL (June 2005). "Non-hematopoietic bone marrow stem cells: molecular control of expansion and differentiation".
1237:
Branch MJ, Hashmani K, Dhillon P, Jones DR, Dua HS, Hopkinson A (August 2012). "Mesenchymal stem cells in the human corneal limbal stroma".
3221:"Comprehensive Proteomic Analysis of Mesenchymal Stem Cell Exosomes Reveals Modulation of Angiogenesis via Nuclear Factor-KappaB Signaling"
3755:
Friedenstein AJ, Gorskaja JF, Kulagina NN (September 1976). "Fibroblast precursors in normal and irradiated mouse hematopoietic organs".
4302:
325:
fibrils. These distinctive morphological features of mesenchymal stem cells can be visualized label-free using live cell imaging.
598:
3490:"Transplantation of human ESC-derived mesenchymal stem cell spheroids ameliorates spontaneous osteoarthritis in rhesus macaques"
422:. However, MSCs are found in much higher concentration in the Wharton's jelly compared to cord blood, which is a rich source of
1328:
872:
4061:
2779:"Antibacterial effect of human mesenchymal stem cells is mediated in part from secretion of the antimicrobial peptide LL-37"
4123:
2599:"Bone marrow mesenchymal progenitor cells inhibit lymphocyte proliferation by activation of the programmed death 1 pathway"
2537:"Human bone marrow stromal cells suppress T-lymphocyte proliferation induced by cellular or nonspecific mitogenic stimuli"
2357:"Human mesenchymal stem cells inhibit neutrophil apoptosis: a model for neutrophil preservation in the bone marrow niche"
3633:
Siminovitch L, Mcculloch EA, Till JE (December 1963). "The distribution of colony-forming cells among spleen colonies".
663:
Further studies into the mechanisms of MSC action may provide avenues for increasing their capacity for tissue repair.
3979:
3945:
17:
338:. As of November 2023, this paper has been cited over 29,000 times. The cultured MSCs also express on their surface
1277:"Concise Reviews: Characteristics and Potential Applications of Human Dental Tissue-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells"
108:
46:
1344:
Brighton CT, Hunt RM (July 1991). "Early histological and ultrastructural changes in medullary fracture callus".
695:
2926:"Combination therapy of menstrual derived mesenchymal stem cells and antibiotics ameliorates survival in sepsis"
2115:"Mesenchymal Stromal Cell Secretion of Programmed Death-1 Ligands Regulates T Cell Mediated Immunosuppression"
4161:
2496:"Mesenchymal stem cell-mediated immunosuppression occurs via concerted action of chemokines and nitric oxide"
593:
Typical gross appearance of a tubular cartilaginous construct engineered from amniotic mesenchymal stem cells
297:
particles, giving the nucleus a clear appearance. The remainder of the cell body contains a small amount of
3137:"Pulmonary passage is a major obstacle for intravenous stem cell delivery: the pulmonary first-pass effect"
810:
633:
1865:"Donor age negatively impacts adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cell expansion and differentiation"
1680:
Jiang Y, Jahagirdar BN, Reinhardt RL, Schwartz RE, Keene CD, Ortiz-Gonzalez XR, et al. (July 2002).
648:
Many of the early clinical successes using intravenous transplantation came in systemic diseases such as
578:
522:
302:
3312:
2406:"Human mesenchymal stem cells inhibit differentiation and function of monocyte-derived dendritic cells"
2355:
Raffaghello L, Bianchi G, Bertolotto M, Montecucco F, Busca A, Dallegri F, et al. (January 2008).
760:
2877:"Mesenchymal stem cells enhance survival and bacterial clearance in murine Escherichia coli pneumonia"
1916:"Understanding the association of stem cells in fetal development and carcinogenesis during pregnancy"
101:
855:
Tonk CH, Witzler M, Schulze M, Tobiasch E (2020). "Mesenchymal Stem Cells". In Brand-Saberi B (ed.).
649:
621:
3219:
Anderson JD, Johansson HJ, Graham CS, Vesterlund M, Pham MT, Bramlett CS, et al. (March 2016).
2736:
Corcione A, Benvenuto F, Ferretti E, Giunti D, Cappiello V, Cazzanti F, et al. (January 2006).
4272:
4116:
3329:
2535:
Di Nicola M, Carlo-Stella C, Magni M, Milanesi M, Longoni PD, Matteucci P, et al. (May 2002).
2066:"Mesenchymal-stem-cell-induced immunoregulation involves FAS-ligand-/FAS-mediated T cell apoptosis"
1631:"Ξ²-Catenin Preserves the Stem State of Murine Bone Marrow Stromal Cells Through Activation of EZH2"
502:
148:
96:
84:
4086:
3088:"Mesenchymal stem or stromal cells: a review of clinical applications and manufacturing practices"
4232:
3135:
Fischer UM, Harting MT, Jimenez F, Monzon-Posadas WO, Xue H, Savitz SI, et al. (June 2009).
2164:"Mesenchymal stem cell-educated macrophages: a novel type of alternatively activated macrophages"
1379:
Hematti P (May 2012). "Mesenchymal stromal cells and fibroblasts: a case of mistaken identity?".
423:
395:
3437:
Iudicone P, Fioravanti D, Bonanno G, Miceli M, Lavorino C, Totta P, et al. (January 2014).
558:
2875:
Gupta N, Krasnodembskaya A, Kapetanaki M, Mouded M, Tan X, Serikov V, Matthay MA (June 2012).
859:. Learning Materials in Biosciences. Cham: Springer International Publishing. pp. 21β39.
778:
Since then, more than 1,000 clinical trials have been conducted to treat numerous conditions.
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4211:
830:
168:
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Meisel R, Brockers S, Heseler K, Degistirici O, BΓΌlle H, Woite C, et al. (April 2011).
687:-based methods allow the sorting of bone marrow cells for specific surface markers, such as
4004:"Mesenchymal stem cells: environmentally responsive therapeutics for regenerative medicine"
3908:
3581:
2924:
Alcayaga-Miranda F, Cuenca J, Martin A, Contreras L, Figueroa FE, Khoury M (October 2015).
2777:
Krasnodembskaya A, Song Y, Fang X, Gupta N, Serikov V, Lee JW, Matthay MA (December 2010).
1693:
1140:
314:
3439:"Pathogen-free, plasma-poor platelet lysate and expansion of human mesenchymal stem cells"
8:
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4321:
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4109:
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Augello A, Tasso R, Negrini SM, Amateis A, Indiveri F, Cancedda R, Pennesi G (May 2005).
771:
196:
have been used interchangeably for many years, neither term is sufficiently descriptive:
49:
3912:
3585:
2262:"Prostaglandin E2 activates EP2 receptors to inhibit human lung mast cell degranulation"
1697:
1144:
414:
The youngest and most primitive MSCs may be obtained from umbilical cord tissue, namely
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2648:"Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells induce division arrest anergy of activated T cells"
2628:
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2213:"Bone marrow stromal cells inhibit mast cell function via a COX2-dependent mechanism"
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3313:"The STRO-1+ fraction of adult human bone marrow contains the osteogenic precursors"
3297:
3205:
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2681:
2632:
2390:
1849:
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1129:"Eccentric exercise facilitates mesenchymal stem cell appearance in skeletal muscle"
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1629:
Sen B, Paradise CR, Xie Z, Sankaran J, Uzer G, Styner M, et al. (June 2020).
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and connective tissue, whereas MSCs do not differentiate into hematopoietic cells.
4223:
4151:
2179:
2015:
Ren G, Zhao X, Zhang L, Zhang J, L'Huillier A, Ling W, et al. (March 2010).
1981:
1964:
1932:
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Liu J, Yu F, Sun Y, Jiang B, Zhang W, Yang J, Xu G, Liang A, Liu S (March 2015).
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256:(baby) teeth. The cells do not have the capacity to reconstitute an entire organ.
253:
89:
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Ren G, Zhang L, Zhao X, Xu G, Zhang Y, Roberts AI, et al. (February 2008).
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53:
3812:"Mesenchymal Stromal Cells: Clinical Challenges and Therapeutic Opportunities"
3415:
2942:
2553:
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1428:
581:(IDO), are responsible for the broad-spectrum antibacterial activity of MSCs.
4337:
3957:
3946:"Lawmaker Promoted Stem Cell Therapy for Covid-19 in Fraud Scheme, U.S. Says"
3873:
3083:
2032:
1941:
752:
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566:
526:
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448:
313:. The cells, which are long and thin, are widely dispersed, and the adjacent
310:
221:
3455:
3043:"Mesenchymal stem cell treatment for autoimmune diseases: a critical review"
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947:"Stem Cells Applications in Regenerative Medicine and Disease Therapeutics"
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144:
27:
Multipotent, non-hematopoietic adult stem cells present in multiple tissues
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3741:
3338:
3152:
2615:
2598:
2211:
Brown JM, Nemeth K, Kushnir-Sukhov NM, Metcalfe DD, Mezey E (April 2011).
1750:. If this is an intentional citation to a retracted paper, please replace
1466:
1365:
3768:
3695:
2993:
2976:
2462:
2064:
Akiyama K, Chen C, Wang D, Xu X, Qu C, Yamaza T, et al. (May 2012).
1250:
1013:
825:
800:
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444:
229:
156:
141:
41:
4019:
2697:"Human mesenchymal stem cells modulate allogeneic immune cell responses"
2563:
2332:
1705:
1413:
114:
3505:
3017:"Search of: Mesenchymal stem cells - List Results - ClinicalTrials.gov"
1863:
Choudhery MS, Badowski M, Muise A, Pierce J, Harris DT (January 2014).
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456:
452:
419:
200:
152:
3726:
3281:
3236:
3103:
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2130:
1647:
1568:"Adipose-derived stem cells: isolation, expansion and differentiation"
1293:
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1321:
Musculoskeletal system: anatomy, physiology, and metabolic disorders
3134:
2404:
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2308:
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322:
233:
211:
2826:
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2534:
1682:"Pluripotency of mesenchymal stem cells derived from adult marrow"
1047:"Mesenchymal stem cells: revisiting history, concepts, and assays"
188:
with a few cell processes that are long and thin. While the terms
3781:
3400:
3218:
2210:
1566:
Bunnell BA, Flaat M, Gagliardi C, Patel B, Ripoll C (June 2008).
735:
660:" where intravenous injected cells are sequestered in the lungs.
160:
3488:
Jiang B, Fu X, Yan L, Li S, Zhao D, Wang X, et al. (2019).
2974:
1963:
Spaggiari GM, Abdelrazik H, Becchetti F, Moretta L (June 2009).
1679:
1452:
4194:
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2735:
898:"Mesenchymal stem cells: immune evasive, not immune privileged"
688:
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375:
245:
204:
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228:
The term encompasses multipotent cells derived from other non-
4189:
4101:
2646:
Glennie S, Soeiro I, Dyson PJ, Lam EW, Dazzi F (April 2005).
1913:
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72:
3754:
2776:
1862:
3311:
Gronthos S, Graves SE, Ohta S, Simmons PJ (December 1994).
2112:
1816:"Matrix elasticity directs stem cell lineage specification"
1323:. Summit, New Jersey: Ciba-Geigy Corporation. p. 134.
530:
399:
367:
363:
359:
355:
343:
339:
3977:
2596:
2445:
Ma S, Xie N, Li W, Yuan B, Shi Y, Wang Y (February 2014).
1565:
1236:
854:
3310:
3081:
2113:
Davies LC, Heldring N, Kadri N, Le Blanc K (March 2017).
1127:
Valero MC, Huntsman HD, Liu J, Zou K, Boppart MD (2012).
277:
An example of human mesenchymal stem cells imaged with a
3632:
2738:"Human mesenchymal stem cells modulate B-cell functions"
1814:
Engler AJ, Sen S, Sweeney HL, Discher DE (August 2006).
3041:
Figueroa FE, CarriΓ³n F, Villanueva S, Khoury M (2012).
1813:
698:
have also been used in the negative selection of MSCs.
3539:
Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology. B, Biology
1628:
1346:
The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume
4001:
3351:
2645:
1914:
Banerjee K, Chattopadhyay A, Banerjee S (July 2022).
836:
List of human cell types derived from the germ layers
3897:"Medicinal signalling cells: they work, so use them"
3352:
Oyajobi BO, Lomri A, Hott M, Marie PJ (March 1999).
2592:
2590:
1126:
770:
The first clinical trials of MSCs were completed by
694:
Methods of immunodepletion using such techniques as
4002:Murphy MB, Moncivais K, Caplan AI (November 2013).
3571:
1487:
3680:"Mesenchymal Stem Cells: Time to Change the Name!"
3536:
3267:
2403:
1492:. Molecular Control of Stem Cell Differentiation.
1044:
998:"Mesenchymal Stem Cells: Time to Change the Name!"
2694:
2587:
2063:
2014:
1781:Differentiation; Research in Biological Diversity
1522:
1188:"Clinical applications of mesenchymal stem cells"
1179:
493:adipocytes and chondrocytes as well as myocytes.
4335:
2825:
2010:
2008:
1239:Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science
3978:Office of the Commissioner (9 September 2020).
3809:
3430:
1448:
1446:
1270:
1268:
1100:Revista Brasileira de Hematologia e Hemoterapia
857:Essential Current Concepts in Stem Cell Biology
4298:Stem cell laws and policy in the United States
3635:Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology
3330:10.1182/blood.V84.12.4164.bloodjournal84124164
2493:
2259:
52:of a mesenchymal stem cell displaying typical
4117:
2005:
1274:
1045:Bianco P, Robey PG, Simmons PJ (April 2008).
895:
475:. As many as 1 in 100 cells collected during
321:fibrils, but is devoid of the other types of
3487:
3075:
3034:
2106:
1516:
1443:
1343:
1265:
603:Mesenchymal stem cells can be activated and
3775:
2444:
1230:
1120:
938:
889:
577:. These peptides, together with the enzyme
552:
508:
487:
4124:
4110:
2695:Aggarwal S, Pittenger MF (February 2005).
2260:Kay LJ, Yeo WW, Peachell PT (April 2006).
2161:
1764:|...|intentional=yes}}
1525:Current Research in Translational Medicine
1185:
1093:
529:(IL-6), and other surface markers such as
386:MSCs are found throughout the human body.
293:, which is surrounded by finely dispersed
40:
4027:
3920:
3835:
3703:
3654:
3601:
3513:
3464:
3454:
3369:
3328:
3244:
3160:
3111:
3058:
2992:
2951:
2941:
2900:
2851:
2802:
2753:
2712:
2663:
2614:
2562:
2552:
2511:
2470:
2447:"Immunobiology of mesenchymal stem cells"
2421:
2372:
2331:
2285:
2236:
2187:
2138:
2089:
2040:
1980:
1931:
1890:
1880:
1831:
1656:
1646:
1591:
1292:
1213:
1203:
1162:
1152:
1111:
1070:
1021:
972:
962:
921:
896:Ankrum JA, Ong JF, Karp JM (March 2014).
755:could promote their differentiation into
4303:Epigenetics in stem cell differentiation
4074:scientist-reviewed and not too technical
1337:
701:The supplementation of basal media with
588:
584:
479:are pluripotent mesenchymal stem cells.
272:
264:
151:into a variety of cell types, including
1920:Advances in Cancer Biology - Metastasis
1378:
599:Clinical uses of mesenchymal stem cells
381:
14:
4336:
3943:
3894:
3677:
1315:
1309:
995:
285:The cell body contains a large, round
4105:
4008:Experimental & Molecular Medicine
3980:"FDA Warns About Stem Cell Therapies"
1618:. CordAdvantage.com. 30 October 2018.
951:International Journal of Cell Biology
944:
611:
3358:Journal of Bone and Mineral Research
1635:Journal of Bone and Mineral Research
1192:Journal of Hematology & Oncology
1186:Wang S, Qu X, Zhao RC (April 2012).
402:. They are sometimes referred to as
4054:"Mesenchymal stem cells fact sheet"
3810:Galipeau J, SensΓ©bΓ© L (June 2018).
78:cellula mesenchymatica praecursoria
24:
3994:
2162:Kim J, Hematti P (December 2009).
350:, while lacking the expression of
25:
4355:
4046:
3984:U.S. Food and Drug Administration
3684:Stem Cells Translational Medicine
3443:Journal of Translational Medicine
2217:Clinical and Experimental Allergy
1869:Journal of Translational Medicine
1574:. Methods in stem cell research.
1096:"Regenerative medicine: a review"
1002:Stem Cells Translational Medicine
643:
466:
429:
328:
4316:
4315:
4079:"Mesenchymal Stem Cell Research"
3551:10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2016.07.022
2930:Stem Cell Research & Therapy
2229:10.1111/j.1365-2222.2010.03685.x
1358:10.2106/00004623-199173060-00006
781:
109:Anatomical terms of microanatomy
3971:
3937:
3888:
3852:
3803:
3748:
3720:
3671:
3626:
3565:
3530:
3481:
3394:
3345:
3304:
3270:Journal of Orthopaedic Research
3261:
3212:
3177:
3128:
3060:10.4067/S0716-97602012000300008
3009:
2968:
2917:
2868:
2819:
2770:
2729:
2688:
2639:
2528:
2487:
2438:
2397:
2348:
2302:
2266:British Journal of Pharmacology
2253:
2204:
2155:
2057:
1956:
1907:
1856:
1807:
1772:
1673:
1622:
1608:
1559:
1481:
1407:
1372:
1113:10.1590/S1516-84842009000800017
761:transforming growth factor-beta
759:. In contrast, the addition of
4162:Induced pluripotent stem cells
4131:
2603:European Journal of Immunology
2451:Cell Death and Differentiation
1087:
1038:
989:
848:
437:
404:bone marrow stromal stem cells
389:
167:(fat cells which give rise to
13:
1:
2893:10.1136/thoraxjnl-2011-201176
841:
409:
260:
214:and that differentiates into
179:
3944:Vigdor N (4 February 2021).
2180:10.1016/j.exphem.2009.09.004
1982:10.1182/blood-2009-02-203943
1933:10.1016/j.adcanc.2022.100042
1537:10.1016/j.retram.2019.09.001
1393:10.3109/14653249.2012.677822
1154:10.1371/journal.pone.0029760
811:Intramembranous ossification
634:systemic lupus erythematosus
174:
7:
4060:. June 2012. Archived from
3895:Caplan AI (February 2019).
3785:Bone Marrow Transplantation
2374:10.1634/stemcells.2007-0416
1584:10.1016/j.ymeth.2008.03.006
1502:10.1016/j.yexcr.2005.03.018
865:10.1007/978-3-030-33923-4_2
831:Marrow Adipose Tissue (MAT)
794:
666:
579:indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase
523:indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase
482:
303:rough endoplasmic reticulum
10:
4360:
3922:10.1038/d41586-019-00490-6
3828:10.1016/j.stem.2018.05.004
3371:10.1359/jbmr.1999.14.3.351
3186:Journal of Genes and Cells
3141:Stem Cells and Development
2755:10.1182/blood-2005-07-2657
2714:10.1182/blood-2004-04-1559
2665:10.1182/blood-2004-09-3696
2513:10.1016/j.stem.2007.11.014
2423:10.1182/blood-2004-02-0586
2324:10.1182/blood-2005-07-2775
2082:10.1016/j.stem.2012.03.007
1833:10.1016/j.cell.2006.06.044
1793:10.1016/j.diff.2008.10.016
1733:10.1038/s41586-024-07653-0
1490:Experimental Cell Research
1455:Stem Cells and Development
1063:10.1016/j.stem.2008.03.002
716:
596:
471:Stem cells are present in
4311:
4265:
4170:
4139:
3416:10.1080/14653240410004943
2943:10.1186/s13287-015-0192-0
2554:10.1182/blood.v99.10.3838
1429:10.1080/14653240600855905
775:Disease-related fistula.
675:are plated directly into
650:graft versus host disease
622:graft versus host disease
210:that is derived from the
138:medicinal signaling cells
134:mesenchymal stromal cells
107:
95:
83:
71:
66:
61:
39:
34:
4273:Cellular differentiation
4083:Johns Hopkins University
3874:10.1089/scd.1.1997.6.447
3862:Journal of Hematotherapy
3086:, McKenna D (May 2014).
2033:10.4049/jimmunol.0902023
553:Antimicrobial properties
509:Immunomodulatory effects
488:Differentiation capacity
424:hematopoietic stem cells
252:, or the dental pulp of
4233:Hematopoietic stem cell
3757:Experimental Hematology
3730:Experimental Hematology
3678:Caplan AI (June 2017).
3456:10.1186/1479-5876-12-28
2168:Experimental Hematology
996:Caplan AI (June 2017).
561:(AMPs) including human
396:hematopoietic stem cell
3647:10.1002/jcp.1030620313
3082:Sharma RR, Pollock K,
2278:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706664
1882:10.1186/1479-5876-12-8
1616:"What is Cord Tissue?"
1205:10.1186/1756-8722-5-19
594:
559:antimicrobial peptides
317:is populated by a few
282:
270:
126:Mesenchymal stem cells
4283:Stem cell controversy
4238:Mesenchymal stem cell
4228:Endothelial stem cell
3153:10.1089/scd.2008.0253
2832:Cellular Microbiology
2616:10.1002/eji.200425405
2021:Journal of Immunology
1756:|...}}
1727:(Retracted, see
1467:10.1089/scd.2011.0722
1094:Porcellini A (2009).
763:(TGF-b) could induce
592:
585:Clinical significance
557:MSCs produce several
276:
268:
190:mesenchymal stem cell
169:marrow adipose tissue
35:Mesenchymal stem cell
4147:Embryonic stem cells
3696:10.1002/sctm.17-0051
2994:10.1038/leu.2010.310
2463:10.1038/cdd.2013.158
1251:10.1167/iovs.11-8673
1014:10.1002/sctm.17-0051
964:10.1155/2016/6940283
902:Nature Biotechnology
382:Location in the body
315:extracellular matrix
4207:Embryonic stem cell
4064:on 27 November 2016
4020:10.1038/emm.2013.94
3913:2019Natur.566R..39C
3586:1963Natur.197..452B
3047:Biological Research
1706:10.1038/nature00870
1698:2002Natur.418...41J
1145:2012PLoSO...729760V
772:Osiris Therapeutics
749:inorganic phosphate
723:Ernest A. McCulloch
618:autoimmune diseases
194:marrow stromal cell
163:(muscle cells) and
159:(cartilage cells),
50:electron micrograph
4089:on 15 October 2017
3950:The New York Times
3506:10.7150/thno.35391
3021:clinicaltrials.gov
703:fetal bovine serum
638:systemic sclerosis
630:multiple sclerosis
612:Autoimmune disease
595:
563:cathelicidin LL-37
418:and the umbilical
283:
271:
102:H2.00.01.0.00008
4331:
4330:
4278:Stem cell therapy
4157:Cancer stem cells
3500:(22): 6587β6600.
3282:10.1002/jor.20023
3237:10.1002/stem.2298
3104:10.1111/trf.12421
2844:10.1111/cmi.12522
2131:10.1002/stem.2509
1975:(26): 6576β6583.
1648:10.1002/jbmr.3975
1330:978-0-914168-88-1
1294:10.1002/stem.1909
945:Mahla RS (2016).
874:978-3-030-33923-4
673:mononuclear cells
658:first pass effect
378:surface markers.
289:with a prominent
279:live cell imaging
232:tissues, such as
208:connective tissue
123:
122:
118:
18:Mesenchymal cells
16:(Redirected from
4351:
4319:
4318:
4266:Related articles
4243:Neural stem cell
4152:Adult stem cells
4126:
4119:
4112:
4103:
4102:
4098:
4096:
4094:
4085:. Archived from
4073:
4071:
4069:
4041:
4031:
3988:
3987:
3975:
3969:
3968:
3966:
3964:
3941:
3935:
3934:
3924:
3892:
3886:
3885:
3856:
3850:
3849:
3839:
3807:
3801:
3800:
3779:
3773:
3772:
3752:
3746:
3745:
3724:
3718:
3717:
3707:
3690:(6): 1445β1451.
3675:
3669:
3668:
3658:
3630:
3624:
3623:
3605:
3594:10.1038/197452a0
3569:
3563:
3562:
3534:
3528:
3527:
3517:
3485:
3479:
3478:
3468:
3458:
3434:
3428:
3427:
3398:
3392:
3391:
3373:
3349:
3343:
3342:
3332:
3308:
3302:
3301:
3265:
3259:
3258:
3248:
3216:
3210:
3209:
3181:
3175:
3174:
3164:
3132:
3126:
3125:
3115:
3079:
3073:
3072:
3062:
3038:
3032:
3031:
3029:
3027:
3013:
3007:
3006:
2996:
2972:
2966:
2965:
2955:
2945:
2921:
2915:
2914:
2904:
2872:
2866:
2865:
2855:
2823:
2817:
2816:
2806:
2795:10.1002/stem.544
2774:
2768:
2767:
2757:
2733:
2727:
2726:
2716:
2692:
2686:
2685:
2667:
2643:
2637:
2636:
2618:
2594:
2585:
2584:
2566:
2556:
2532:
2526:
2525:
2515:
2491:
2485:
2484:
2474:
2442:
2436:
2435:
2425:
2401:
2395:
2394:
2376:
2352:
2346:
2345:
2335:
2306:
2300:
2299:
2289:
2257:
2251:
2250:
2240:
2208:
2202:
2201:
2191:
2159:
2153:
2152:
2142:
2110:
2104:
2103:
2093:
2061:
2055:
2054:
2044:
2027:(5): 2321β2328.
2012:
2003:
2002:
1984:
1960:
1954:
1953:
1935:
1911:
1905:
1904:
1894:
1884:
1860:
1854:
1853:
1835:
1811:
1805:
1804:
1776:
1770:
1769:
1767:
1765:
1757:
1746:Retraction Watch
1725:
1677:
1671:
1670:
1660:
1650:
1641:(6): 1149β1162.
1626:
1620:
1619:
1612:
1606:
1605:
1595:
1563:
1557:
1556:
1520:
1514:
1513:
1485:
1479:
1478:
1450:
1441:
1440:
1411:
1405:
1404:
1376:
1370:
1369:
1341:
1335:
1334:
1313:
1307:
1306:
1296:
1272:
1263:
1262:
1234:
1228:
1227:
1217:
1207:
1183:
1177:
1176:
1166:
1156:
1124:
1118:
1117:
1115:
1091:
1085:
1084:
1074:
1042:
1036:
1035:
1025:
1008:(6): 1445β1451.
993:
987:
986:
976:
966:
942:
936:
935:
925:
914:10.1038/nbt.2816
893:
887:
886:
852:
515:prostaglandin E2
132:) also known as
115:edit on Wikidata
112:
56:characteristics.
44:
32:
31:
21:
4359:
4358:
4354:
4353:
4352:
4350:
4349:
4348:
4334:
4333:
4332:
4327:
4307:
4261:
4224:Progenitor cell
4166:
4135:
4130:
4092:
4090:
4077:
4067:
4065:
4052:
4049:
4044:
3997:
3995:Further reading
3992:
3991:
3976:
3972:
3962:
3960:
3942:
3938:
3893:
3889:
3857:
3853:
3808:
3804:
3780:
3776:
3753:
3749:
3725:
3721:
3676:
3672:
3631:
3627:
3580:(4866): 452β4.
3570:
3566:
3535:
3531:
3486:
3482:
3435:
3431:
3399:
3395:
3350:
3346:
3323:(12): 4164β73.
3309:
3305:
3266:
3262:
3217:
3213:
3198:10.15562/gnc.15
3182:
3178:
3133:
3129:
3080:
3076:
3039:
3035:
3025:
3023:
3015:
3014:
3010:
2973:
2969:
2922:
2918:
2873:
2869:
2824:
2820:
2789:(12): 2229β38.
2775:
2771:
2734:
2730:
2693:
2689:
2644:
2640:
2595:
2588:
2547:(10): 3838β43.
2533:
2529:
2492:
2488:
2443:
2439:
2402:
2398:
2353:
2349:
2307:
2303:
2258:
2254:
2209:
2205:
2174:(12): 1445β53.
2160:
2156:
2111:
2107:
2062:
2058:
2013:
2006:
1961:
1957:
1912:
1908:
1861:
1857:
1812:
1808:
1777:
1773:
1759:
1751:
1749:
1726:
1678:
1674:
1627:
1623:
1614:
1613:
1609:
1564:
1560:
1521:
1517:
1486:
1482:
1461:(14): 2724β52.
1451:
1444:
1412:
1408:
1377:
1373:
1342:
1338:
1331:
1314:
1310:
1273:
1266:
1235:
1231:
1184:
1180:
1125:
1121:
1092:
1088:
1043:
1039:
994:
990:
943:
939:
894:
890:
875:
853:
849:
844:
797:
784:
719:
707:platelet lysate
669:
646:
626:Crohn's disease
614:
601:
587:
555:
511:
490:
485:
469:
440:
432:
416:Wharton's jelly
412:
392:
384:
331:
299:Golgi apparatus
263:
182:
177:
119:
57:
54:ultrastructural
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4357:
4347:
4346:
4329:
4328:
4326:
4325:
4312:
4309:
4308:
4306:
4305:
4300:
4295:
4293:Stem cell laws
4290:
4288:Stem cell line
4285:
4280:
4275:
4269:
4267:
4263:
4262:
4260:
4259:
4258:
4257:
4255:Precursor cell
4247:
4246:
4245:
4240:
4235:
4230:
4216:
4215:
4214:
4209:
4199:
4198:
4197:
4192:
4187:
4176:
4174:
4168:
4167:
4165:
4164:
4159:
4154:
4149:
4143:
4141:
4137:
4136:
4129:
4128:
4121:
4114:
4106:
4100:
4099:
4075:
4058:Euro Stem Cell
4048:
4047:External links
4045:
4043:
4042:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3990:
3989:
3970:
3936:
3887:
3868:(5): 447β455.
3851:
3822:(6): 824β833.
3816:Cell Stem Cell
3802:
3791:(4): 557β564.
3774:
3747:
3719:
3670:
3625:
3564:
3529:
3480:
3429:
3393:
3344:
3303:
3260:
3211:
3176:
3127:
3098:(5): 1418β37.
3074:
3033:
3008:
2967:
2916:
2867:
2818:
2769:
2728:
2707:(4): 1815β22.
2687:
2638:
2609:(5): 1482β90.
2586:
2527:
2500:Cell Stem Cell
2486:
2437:
2416:(10): 4120β6.
2396:
2347:
2318:(4): 1484β90.
2301:
2252:
2203:
2154:
2125:(3): 766β776.
2105:
2076:(5): 544β555.
2070:Cell Stem Cell
2056:
2004:
1955:
1906:
1855:
1806:
1771:
1692:(6893): 41β9.
1672:
1621:
1607:
1558:
1515:
1480:
1442:
1406:
1371:
1352:(6): 832β847.
1336:
1329:
1308:
1264:
1245:(9): 5109β16.
1229:
1178:
1119:
1086:
1057:(4): 313β319.
1051:Cell Stem Cell
1037:
988:
937:
888:
873:
846:
845:
843:
840:
839:
838:
833:
828:
823:
818:
813:
808:
803:
796:
793:
783:
780:
718:
715:
685:flow cytometry
668:
665:
645:
644:Other diseases
642:
613:
610:
586:
583:
554:
551:
510:
507:
489:
486:
484:
481:
473:amniotic fluid
468:
467:Amniotic fluid
465:
449:cardiomyocytes
439:
436:
431:
430:Adipose tissue
428:
411:
408:
391:
388:
383:
380:
330:
329:Classification
327:
262:
259:
258:
257:
250:corneal stroma
242:adipose tissue
238:umbilical cord
226:
219:
181:
178:
176:
173:
155:(bone cells),
121:
120:
111:
105:
104:
99:
93:
92:
87:
81:
80:
75:
69:
68:
64:
63:
59:
58:
45:
37:
36:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4356:
4345:
4342:
4341:
4339:
4324:
4323:
4314:
4313:
4310:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4270:
4268:
4264:
4256:
4253:
4252:
4251:
4248:
4244:
4241:
4239:
4236:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4225:
4222:
4221:
4220:
4217:
4213:
4210:
4208:
4205:
4204:
4203:
4200:
4196:
4193:
4191:
4188:
4186:
4183:
4182:
4181:
4178:
4177:
4175:
4173:
4169:
4163:
4160:
4158:
4155:
4153:
4150:
4148:
4145:
4144:
4142:
4140:Sources/types
4138:
4134:
4127:
4122:
4120:
4115:
4113:
4108:
4107:
4104:
4088:
4084:
4080:
4076:
4063:
4059:
4055:
4051:
4050:
4039:
4035:
4030:
4025:
4021:
4017:
4013:
4009:
4005:
4000:
3999:
3985:
3981:
3974:
3959:
3955:
3951:
3947:
3940:
3932:
3928:
3923:
3918:
3914:
3910:
3906:
3902:
3898:
3891:
3883:
3879:
3875:
3871:
3867:
3863:
3855:
3847:
3843:
3838:
3833:
3829:
3825:
3821:
3817:
3813:
3806:
3798:
3794:
3790:
3786:
3778:
3770:
3766:
3763:(5): 267β74.
3762:
3758:
3751:
3743:
3739:
3735:
3731:
3723:
3715:
3711:
3706:
3701:
3697:
3693:
3689:
3685:
3681:
3674:
3666:
3662:
3657:
3652:
3648:
3644:
3641:(3): 327β36.
3640:
3636:
3629:
3621:
3617:
3613:
3609:
3604:
3599:
3595:
3591:
3587:
3583:
3579:
3575:
3568:
3560:
3556:
3552:
3548:
3544:
3540:
3533:
3525:
3521:
3516:
3511:
3507:
3503:
3499:
3495:
3491:
3484:
3476:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3448:
3444:
3440:
3433:
3425:
3421:
3417:
3413:
3409:
3405:
3397:
3389:
3385:
3381:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3364:(3): 351β61.
3363:
3359:
3355:
3348:
3340:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3322:
3318:
3314:
3307:
3299:
3295:
3291:
3287:
3283:
3279:
3275:
3271:
3264:
3256:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3238:
3234:
3231:(3): 601β13.
3230:
3226:
3222:
3215:
3207:
3203:
3199:
3195:
3191:
3187:
3180:
3172:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3154:
3150:
3147:(5): 683β92.
3146:
3142:
3138:
3131:
3123:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3105:
3101:
3097:
3093:
3089:
3085:
3078:
3070:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3053:(3): 269β77.
3052:
3048:
3044:
3037:
3022:
3018:
3012:
3004:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2987:(4): 648β54.
2986:
2982:
2978:
2971:
2963:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2935:
2931:
2927:
2920:
2912:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2894:
2890:
2886:
2882:
2878:
2871:
2863:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2845:
2841:
2838:(3): 424β36.
2837:
2833:
2829:
2822:
2814:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2796:
2792:
2788:
2784:
2780:
2773:
2765:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2748:(1): 367β72.
2747:
2743:
2739:
2732:
2724:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2691:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2658:(7): 2821β7.
2657:
2653:
2649:
2642:
2634:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2593:
2591:
2582:
2578:
2574:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2546:
2542:
2538:
2531:
2523:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2506:(2): 141β50.
2505:
2501:
2497:
2490:
2482:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2464:
2460:
2457:(2): 216β25.
2456:
2452:
2448:
2441:
2433:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2400:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2375:
2370:
2367:(1): 151β62.
2366:
2362:
2358:
2351:
2343:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2305:
2297:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2272:(7): 707β13.
2271:
2267:
2263:
2256:
2248:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2223:(4): 526β34.
2222:
2218:
2214:
2207:
2199:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2158:
2150:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2109:
2101:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2060:
2052:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2011:
2009:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1959:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1910:
1902:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1859:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1826:(4): 677β89.
1825:
1821:
1817:
1810:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1775:
1763:
1755:
1748:
1747:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1676:
1668:
1664:
1659:
1654:
1649:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1625:
1617:
1611:
1603:
1599:
1594:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1578:(2): 115β20.
1577:
1573:
1569:
1562:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1519:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1484:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1449:
1447:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1410:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1387:(5): 516β21.
1386:
1382:
1375:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1340:
1332:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1312:
1304:
1300:
1295:
1290:
1287:(3): 627β38.
1286:
1282:
1278:
1271:
1269:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1233:
1225:
1221:
1216:
1211:
1206:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1182:
1174:
1170:
1165:
1160:
1155:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1139:(1): e29760.
1138:
1134:
1130:
1123:
1114:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1090:
1082:
1078:
1073:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1041:
1033:
1029:
1024:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
992:
984:
980:
975:
970:
965:
960:
956:
952:
948:
941:
933:
929:
924:
919:
915:
911:
908:(3): 252β60.
907:
903:
899:
892:
884:
880:
876:
870:
866:
862:
858:
851:
847:
837:
834:
832:
829:
827:
824:
822:
819:
817:
814:
812:
809:
807:
804:
802:
799:
798:
792:
788:
782:Controversies
779:
776:
773:
768:
766:
762:
758:
754:
753:dexamethasone
750:
746:
745:ascorbic acid
741:
738:
737:
731:
728:
727:James E. Till
724:
714:
710:
708:
704:
699:
697:
692:
690:
686:
681:
678:
674:
664:
661:
659:
655:
651:
641:
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
609:
606:
600:
591:
582:
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
550:
546:
542:
540:
536:
532:
528:
527:interleukin 6
524:
520:
516:
506:
504:
503:differentiate
500:
494:
480:
478:
477:amniocentesis
474:
464:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
435:
427:
425:
421:
417:
407:
405:
401:
397:
387:
379:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
326:
324:
320:
316:
312:
311:polyribosomes
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
280:
275:
267:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
222:Stromal cells
220:
217:
216:hematopoietic
213:
209:
206:
202:
199:
198:
197:
195:
191:
187:
172:
170:
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
149:differentiate
146:
145:stromal cells
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
116:
110:
106:
103:
100:
98:
94:
91:
88:
86:
82:
79:
76:
74:
70:
65:
60:
55:
51:
48:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
4320:
4249:
4237:
4218:
4201:
4179:
4172:Cell potency
4091:. Retrieved
4087:the original
4082:
4066:. Retrieved
4062:the original
4057:
4011:
4007:
3983:
3973:
3961:. Retrieved
3949:
3939:
3907:(7742): 39.
3904:
3900:
3890:
3865:
3861:
3854:
3819:
3815:
3805:
3788:
3784:
3777:
3760:
3756:
3750:
3736:(2): 83β92.
3733:
3729:
3722:
3687:
3683:
3673:
3638:
3634:
3628:
3577:
3573:
3567:
3542:
3538:
3532:
3497:
3494:Theranostics
3493:
3483:
3446:
3442:
3432:
3410:(4): 372β9.
3407:
3403:
3396:
3361:
3357:
3347:
3320:
3316:
3306:
3273:
3269:
3263:
3228:
3224:
3214:
3192:(2): 34β39.
3189:
3185:
3179:
3144:
3140:
3130:
3095:
3091:
3077:
3050:
3046:
3036:
3024:. Retrieved
3020:
3011:
2984:
2980:
2970:
2933:
2929:
2919:
2887:(6): 533β9.
2884:
2880:
2870:
2835:
2831:
2821:
2786:
2782:
2772:
2745:
2741:
2731:
2704:
2700:
2690:
2655:
2651:
2641:
2606:
2602:
2564:11379/598065
2544:
2540:
2530:
2503:
2499:
2489:
2454:
2450:
2440:
2413:
2409:
2399:
2364:
2360:
2350:
2333:11567/267587
2315:
2311:
2304:
2269:
2265:
2255:
2220:
2216:
2206:
2171:
2167:
2157:
2122:
2118:
2108:
2073:
2069:
2059:
2024:
2020:
1972:
1968:
1958:
1923:
1919:
1909:
1872:
1868:
1858:
1823:
1819:
1809:
1787:(3): 221β8.
1784:
1780:
1774:
1760:{{
1752:{{
1745:
1743:,
1689:
1685:
1675:
1638:
1634:
1624:
1610:
1575:
1571:
1561:
1528:
1524:
1518:
1496:(2): 330β5.
1493:
1489:
1483:
1458:
1454:
1423:(4): 315β7.
1420:
1416:
1409:
1384:
1380:
1374:
1349:
1345:
1339:
1320:
1311:
1284:
1280:
1242:
1238:
1232:
1195:
1191:
1181:
1136:
1132:
1122:
1106:(Suppl. 2).
1103:
1099:
1089:
1054:
1050:
1040:
1005:
1001:
991:
954:
950:
940:
905:
901:
891:
856:
850:
821:Multipotency
789:
785:
777:
769:
765:chondrogenic
742:
734:
732:
720:
711:
700:
693:
682:
677:cell culture
670:
662:
647:
615:
602:
556:
547:
543:
519:nitric oxide
512:
495:
491:
470:
460:
459:βlike cells
445:chondrocytes
441:
433:
413:
403:
393:
385:
335:
332:
307:mitochondria
284:
193:
189:
183:
157:chondrocytes
137:
133:
129:
125:
124:
77:
47:Transmission
29:
4219:Multipotent
4202:Pluripotent
4014:(11): e54.
3545:: 577β582.
3404:Cytotherapy
3276:(1): 21β8.
3092:Transfusion
1531:(1): 5β16.
1417:Cytotherapy
1381:Cytotherapy
957:: 6940283.
826:Cord lining
801:Bone marrow
757:osteoblasts
721:Scientists
571:lipocalin 2
567:Ξ²-defensins
499:proliferate
453:melanocytes
438:Molar cells
390:Bone marrow
153:osteoblasts
142:multipotent
67:Identifiers
4344:Stem cells
4180:Totipotent
4133:Stem cells
3963:8 February
3225:Stem Cells
2783:Stem Cells
2361:Stem Cells
2119:Stem Cells
1926:: 100042.
1281:Stem Cells
842:References
816:Mesenchyme
806:Fibroblast
597:See also:
457:hepatocyte
420:cord blood
410:Cord cells
281:microscope
261:Morphology
201:Mesenchyme
192:(MSC) and
180:Definition
165:adipocytes
4250:Unipotent
3958:0362-4331
3656:1807/2778
3603:1807/2779
1999:206878089
1950:248485831
1942:2667-3940
1762:retracted
1754:retracted
1553:202731274
1317:Netter FH
883:214523766
767:markers.
705:or human
605:mobilized
319:reticular
295:chromatin
291:nucleolus
254:deciduous
205:embryonic
186:cell body
175:Structure
147:that can
4338:Category
4322:Category
4038:24232253
3931:30723355
3846:29859173
3714:28452204
3665:14086156
3620:11106827
3612:13970094
3559:27475781
3524:31588237
3475:24467837
3424:16146890
3388:23683884
3380:10027900
3298:28963721
3290:16419965
3255:26782178
3206:87157970
3171:19099374
3122:24898458
3069:23283436
3003:21242993
2981:Leukemia
2962:26474552
2911:22250097
2862:26350435
2813:20945332
2764:16141348
2723:15494428
2682:33590543
2674:15591115
2633:24088675
2625:15827960
2573:11986244
2522:18371435
2481:24185619
2432:15692068
2391:32230553
2383:17932421
2342:16239427
2296:16432506
2247:21255158
2198:19772890
2149:27671847
2100:22542159
2051:20130212
1991:19398717
1901:24397850
1875:(1): 8.
1850:16109483
1842:16923388
1801:19272520
1741:38886620
1722:47162269
1714:12077603
1667:32022326
1602:18593609
1545:31543433
1510:15925588
1475:22468918
1437:16923606
1401:22458957
1319:(1987).
1303:25447379
1259:22736610
1224:22546280
1173:22253772
1133:PLOS ONE
1081:18397751
1032:28452204
983:27516776
932:24561556
795:See also
667:Research
575:hepcidin
517:(PGE2),
483:Function
461:in vitro
323:collagen
244:, adult
234:placenta
212:mesoderm
161:myocytes
4093:26 June
4068:25 June
4029:3849579
3909:Bibcode
3882:9368181
3837:6434696
3797:8528172
3742:4455512
3705:5689741
3582:Bibcode
3515:6771254
3466:3918216
3339:7994030
3246:5785927
3162:3190292
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