English Reformation

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religion and proclaiming that, for the time being, she would not compel religious conformity. This was in part Mary's attempt to avoid provoking Protestant opposition before she could consolidate her power. While Protestants were not a majority of the population, their numbers had grown through Edward's reign. Historian Eamon Duffy writes that "Protestantism was a force to be reckoned with in London and in towns like Bristol, Rye, and Colchester, and it was becoming so in some northern towns such as Hessle, Hull, and Halifax."

4700: 3280: 4088: 3357:, Archbishop of Canterbury, presented the revised wording to Convocation. The clergy were to acknowledge the King to be "singular protector, supreme lord and even, so far as the law of Christ allows, supreme head of the English Church and clergy". When Warham requested a discussion, there was silence. Warham then said, "He who is silent seems to consent", to which a bishop responded, "Then we are all silent." The Convocation granted consent to the King's five articles and the payment on 8 March 1531. Later, the 4202: 5280:. Historian O. T. Hargrave writes that the Marian persecution was not "excessive" by "contemporary continental standards"; however, "it was unprecedented in the English experience". Historian Christopher Haigh writes that it "failed to intimidate all Protestants", whose bravery at the stake inspired others; however, it "was not a disaster: if it did not help the Catholic cause, it did not do much to harm it." After her death, the Queen became known as "Bloody Mary" due to the influence of 66: 3424:—a Protestant who could be relied on to oppose the papacy—to replace him. The Pope reluctantly approved Cranmer's appointment, and he was consecrated on 30 March 1533. By this time, Henry was secretly married to a pregnant Anne. The impending birth of an heir gave new urgency to annulling his marriage to Catherine. Nevertheless, a decision continued to be delayed because Rome was the final authority in all ecclesiastical matters. To address this issue, Parliament passed the 5218: 4927: 2912: 6361: 5184: 6097: 4919: 17108: 6347: 1882: 5328: 3827:, and those that could sought work as parish priests. Former nuns received smaller pensions and, as they were still bound by vows of chastity, forbidden to marry. Henry personally devised a plan to form at least thirteen new dioceses so that most counties had one based on a former monastery (or more than one), though this scheme was only partly carried out. New dioceses were established at Bristol, Gloucester, Oxford, Peterborough, 6375: 6028:

to enter the country, as well as for anyone to aid or shelter him. As the older generation of recusant priests died out, Catholicism collapsed among the lower classes in the north, west and in Wales. Without priests, these social classes drifted into the Church of England and Catholicism was forgotten. By Elizabeth's death in 1603, Catholicism had become "the faith of a small sect", largely confined to gentry households.

4541: 6230:, Anglicanism inherited a belief in the "positive spiritual value in ceremonies and rituals, and for an unbroken line of succession from the medieval Church to the latter day Church of England". From the Arminians, it gained a theology of episcopacy and an appreciation for liturgy. From the Puritans and Calvinists, it "inherited a contradictory impulse to assert the supremacy of scripture and preaching". 6618:, pp. 461, 492) quotes Cranmer as explaining "And therefore in the book of the holy communion, we do not pray that the creatures of bread and wine may be the body and blood of Christ; but that they may be to us the body and blood of Christ" and also "I do as plainly speak as I can, that Christ's body and blood be given to us in deed, yet not corporally and carnally, but spiritually and effectually." 5160:. However, there were limits to what could be restored. Only seven religious houses were re-founded between 1555 and 1558, though there were plans to re-establish more. Of the 1,500 ex-religious still living, only about a hundred resumed monastic life, and only a small number of chantries were re-founded. Re-establishments were hindered by the changing nature of charitable giving. A plan to re-establish 3174: 5241:, which authorized capital punishment as a penalty for heresy. The persecution of heretics was uncoordinated—sometimes arrests were ordered by the Privy Council, others by bishops, and others by lay magistrates. Protestants brought attention to themselves usually due to some act of dissent, such as denouncing the Mass or refusing to receive the sacrament. A particularly violent act of protest was 3589: 6451:, p. 470), "The Reformation must not be confused with the changes introduced into the Church of England during the 'Reformation Parliament' of 1529–36, which were of a political rather than a religious nature, designed to unite the secular and religious sources of authority within a single sovereign power: the Anglican Church did not until later make any substantial change in doctrine." 6015:'s wage). By 1574, Catholic recusants had organised an underground Catholic Church, distinct from the Church of England. However, it had two major weaknesses: membership loss as church papists conformed fully to the Church of England and a shortage of priests. Between 1574 and 1603, 600 Catholic priests were sent to England. The influx of foreign trained Catholic priests, the unsuccessful 3680: 3095:, who was secretive and conservative, the young Henry appeared the epitome of chivalry and sociability. An observant Catholic, he heard up to five masses a day (except during the hunting season); of "powerful but unoriginal mind", he let himself be influenced by his advisors from whom he was never apart, by night or day. He was thus susceptible to whoever had his ear. 3236:(taking the authority of the papacy above the Crown) and Wolsey's subsequent death in November 1530 on his way to London to answer a charge of high treason left Henry open to both the influences of the supporters of the queen and the opposing influences of those who sanctioned the abandonment of the Roman allegiance, for whom an annulment was but an opportunity. 3851:. Not only were there divisions between traditionalists and reformers, but Protestants themselves were divided between establishment reformers who held Lutheran beliefs and radicals who held Anabaptist and Sacramentarian views. Reports of dissension from every part of England reached Cromwell daily—developments he tried to hide from the King. 4315:. This shift can be seen in the Communion order's teaching on the Eucharist. Laypeople were instructed that when receiving the sacrament they "spiritually eat the flesh of Christ", an attack on the belief in the real, bodily presence of Christ in the Eucharist. The Communion order was incorporated into the new prayer book largely unchanged. 4302:. The "Order of the Communion" was a series of English exhortations and prayers that reflected Protestant theology and were inserted into the Latin Mass. A significant departure from tradition was that individual confession to a priest—long a requirement before receiving the Eucharist—was made optional and replaced with a 3847:, Henry's religious reforms were based on the principles of "unity, obedience and the refurbishment of ancient truth". Yet, the outcome was disunity and disobedience. Impatient Protestants took it upon themselves to further reform. Priests said Mass in English rather than Latin and were marrying in violation of 6319:

away from elite sources, and instead rely on local parish records, diocesan files, guild records, data from boroughs, the courts, and especially telltale individual wills. The revisions picture pre-Reformation parish Catholicism as a "vibrant church that provided spiritual succour to the English people."

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neo-Marxist interpretation that stressed the economic decline of the old elites in the rise of the landed gentry and middle classes. All these approaches still have representatives, but the main thrust of scholarly historiography since the 1970s falls into four groupings or schools, according to Hazlett.

3301:, and sanctuary. In the matter of the annulment, no progress seemed possible. The Pope seemed more afraid of Emperor Charles V than of Henry. Anne, Cromwell and their allies wished simply to ignore the Pope, but in October 1530 a meeting of clergy and lawyers advised that Parliament could not empower the 5298:

declared war on Philip and recalled Pole to Rome to have him tried as a heretic. Mary refused to let him go. The support she might have expected from a grateful Pope was thus denied. From 1557, the Pope refused to confirm English bishops, leading to vacancies and hurting the Marian religious program.

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produced their bucolic profits". Great church feasts were restored and celebrated with plays, pageants and processions. However, Bishop Bonner's attempt to establish weekly processions in 1556 was a failure. Haigh writes that in years during which processions were banned people had discovered "better

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was composed during a time when it was necessary to grant compromises and concessions to traditionalists. This was taken advantage of by conservative priests who made the new liturgy as much like the old one as possible, including elevating the Eucharist. The conservative Bishop Gardiner endorsed the

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Cromwell's programme, assisted by Anne Boleyn's influence over episcopal appointments, was not merely against the clergy and the power of Rome. He persuaded Henry that safety from political alliances that Rome might attempt to bring together lay in negotiations with the German Lutheran princes of the

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of France. She was a woman of "charm, style and wit, with will and savagery which made her a match for Henry". Anne was a distinguished French conversationalist, singer, and dancer. She was cultured and is the disputed author of several songs and poems. By 1527, Henry wanted his marriage to Catherine

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and others have brought much more precision to the theological landscape, with Calvinist Puritans who were impatient with the Anglican caution sent compromises. Indeed, the Puritans were a distinct subgroup who did not comprise all of Calvinism. The Church of England thus emerged as a coalition of

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and numerous other scholars. Their main achievement was the discovery of an entirely new corpus of primary sources at the local level, leading them to the emphasis on Reformation as it played out on a daily and local basis, with much less emphasis on the control from the top. They emphasize turning

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There is debate among historians over how vibrant the restoration was on the local level. According to historian A. G. Dickens, "Parish religion was marked by religious and cultural sterility", though historian Christopher Haigh observed enthusiasm, marred only by poor harvests that produced poverty

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were condemned. Preaching was placed at the centre of the pastoral office, and all clergy were to provide sermons to the people (rectors and vicars who failed to were fined). The most important part of the plan was the order to establish a seminary in each diocese, which would replace the disorderly

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Cardinal Pole would eventually replace Cranmer as Archbishop of Canterbury in 1556, jurisdictional issues between England and Rome having prevented Cranmer's removal. Mary could have had Cranmer tried and executed for treason—he had supported the claims of Lady Jane Grey—but she resolved to have him

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the members of Parliament "with the whole realm and dominions thereof, from all heresy and schism". Afterwards, bishops absolved diocesan clergy, and they in turn absolved parishioners. On 26 December, the Privy Council introduced legislation repealing the religious legislation of Henry VIII's reign

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Following Mary's accession, the Duke of Norfolk along with the conservative bishops Bonner, Gardiner, Tunstall, Day and Heath were released from prison and restored to their former dioceses. By September 1553, Hooper and Cranmer were imprisoned. Northumberland himself was executed but not before his

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King Edward became seriously ill in February and died in July 1553. Before his death, Edward was concerned that Mary, his devoutly Catholic sister, would overturn his religious reforms. A new plan of succession was created in which both of Edward's sisters Mary and Elizabeth were bypassed on account

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On 28 June 1540 Cromwell, Henry's longtime advisor and loyal servant, was then executed. Different reasons were advanced: that Cromwell would not enforce the Act of Six Articles; that he had supported Robert Barnes, Hugh Latimer and other heretics; and that he was responsible for Henry's marriage to

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in 1537. These established a semi-Lutheran doctrine for the church. Justification by faith, qualified by an emphasis on good works following justification, was a core teaching. The traditional seven sacraments were reduced to three only—baptism, Eucharist and penance. Catholic teaching on praying to

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to the Pope, and transferred the power to grant dispensations and licences from the Pope to the Archbishop of Canterbury. This Act also reiterated that England had "no superior under God, but only your Grace" and that Henry's "imperial crown" had been diminished by "the unreasonable and uncharitable

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all contributed to a perception that Catholicism was treasonous. Executions of Catholic priests became more common—the first in 1577, four in 1581, eleven in 1582, two in 1583, six in 1584, fifty-three by 1590, and seventy more between 1601 and 1608. In 1585, it became treason for a Catholic priest

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The historian Eamon Duffy writes that the Marian religious "programme was not one of reaction but of creative reconstruction" absorbing whatever was considered positive in the reforms of Henry VIII and Edward VI. The result was "subtly but distinctively different from the Catholicism of the 1520s."

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to end England's schism with the Catholic Church. On 28 November, Pole addressed Parliament to ask it to end the schism, declaring "I come not to destroy, but to build. I come to reconcile, not to condemn. I come not to compel, but to call again." In response, Parliament submitted a petition to the

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in his London diocese. Other bishops throughout the country followed his example, but there was also resistance. In November 1550, the Privy Council ordered the removal of all altars in an effort to end all dispute. While the prayer book used the term "altar", Protestants preferred a table because

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From that point on, the Reformation proceeded apace. Since the 1530s, one of the obstacles to Protestant reform had been the bishops, bitterly divided between a traditionalist majority and a Protestant minority. This obstacle was removed in 1550–1551 when the episcopate was purged of conservatives.

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When a new Parliament met in November 1547, it began to dismantle the laws passed during Henry VIII's reign to protect traditional religion. The Act of Six Articles was repealed—decriminalizing denial of the real, physical presence of Christ in the Eucharist. The old heresy laws were also repealed,

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t is difficult to have a people entirely opposed to new errors which does not hold with the ancient authority of the Church and of the Holy See, or, on the other hand, hating the Pope, which does not share some opinions with the Germans. Yet the government will not have either the one or the other,

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of Christ in the Eucharist. At the same time, he shared in the drafting of a proclamation ordering Anabaptists and Sacramentaries to get out of the country or face death. Discussion of the real presence (except by those educated in the universities) was forbidden, and priests who married were to be

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throughout all of England. He re-installed images, vestment and plate in churches. Around 2,000 married clergy were separated from their wives, but the majority of these were allowed to continue their work as priests. Pole was aided by some of the leading Catholic intellectuals, Spanish members of

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provided his own complaints. Shifts in Eucharistic theology between 1548 and 1552 also made the prayer book unsatisfactory—during that time English Protestants achieved a consensus rejecting any real bodily presence of Christ in the Eucharist. Some influential Protestants such as Vermigli defended

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The Crown was also experiencing financial difficulties, and the wealth of the church, in contrast to its political weakness, made confiscation of church property both tempting and feasible. Seizure of monastic wealth was not unprecedented; it had happened before in 1295, 1337, and 1369. The church

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was not essential to the Church of England's identity. The King relied on Protestants, such as Thomas Cromwell and Thomas Cranmer, to carry out his religious programme and embraced the language of the continental Reformation, while maintaining a middle way between religious extremes. What followed

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The break with Rome gave Henry VIII power to administer the English Church, tax it, appoint its officials, and control its laws. It also gave him control over the church's doctrine and ritual. While Henry remained a traditional Catholic, his most important supporters in breaking with Rome were the

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This realm of England is an Empire, and so hath been accepted in the world, governed by one Supreme Head and King having the dignity and royal estate of the Imperial Crown of the same, unto whom a body politic compact of all sorts and degrees of people divided in terms and by names of Spirituality

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was the first English Bible to be mass produced; there were probably 16,000 copies in England by 1536. Tyndale's translation was highly influential, forming the basis of all subsequent English translations until the 20th century. An attack on traditional religion, Tyndale's translation included an

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as burdensome and spiritually oppressive. Not only did purgatory lack any biblical basis according to Protestants, but the clergy were also accused of leveraging the fear of purgatory to make money from prayers and masses. The Catholics countered that justification by faith alone was a "licence to

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By the end of 1554, Henry VIII's religious settlement had been re-instituted, but England was still not reunited with Rome. Before reunion could occur, church property disputes had to be settled—which, in practice, meant letting the nobility and gentry who had bought confiscated church lands keep

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The break with Rome and the religious reforms of Henry VIII and Edward VI were achieved through parliamentary legislation and could only be reversed through Parliament. When Parliament met in October, Bishop Gardiner, now Lord Chancellor, initially proposed the repeal of all religious legislation

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Throughout Edward's reign, inventories of parish valuables, ostensibly for preventing embezzlement, convinced many the government planned to seize parish property, just as was done to the chantries. These fears were confirmed in March 1551 when the Privy Council ordered the confiscation of church

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Christ instituted the sacrament at a table. The removal of altars was also an attempt to destroy the idea that the Eucharist was Christ's sacrifice. During Lent in 1550, John Hooper preached, "as long as the altars remain, both the ignorant people, and the ignorant and evil-persuaded priest, will

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to be placed in all churches; any failure to comply would result in a £2 fine. The Protestants could celebrate the growing access to vernacular scripture as most churches had Bibles by 1545. The iconoclastic policies of 1538 were continued in the autumn when the Archbishops of Canterbury and York

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and most feasts during harvest time (July through September). The rationale was partly economic as too many holidays led to a loss of productivity and were "the occasion of vice and idleness". In addition, Protestants considered feast days to be examples of superstition. Clergy were to discourage

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leads the first faction with an agenda rooted in political historiography. It concentrates on the top of the early modern church-state looking at it at the mechanics of policymaking and the organs of its implementation and enforcement. The key player for Elton was not Henry VIII, but rather his

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Gradually, England was transformed into a Protestant country as the Prayer Book shaped Elizabethan religious life. By the 1580s, conformist Protestants (those who conformed their religious practice to the religious settlement) were becoming a majority. Calvinism appealed to many conformists, and

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to the throne meant a restoration of traditional religion. Before any official sanction, Latin Masses began reappearing throughout England, despite the 1552 Book of Common Prayer remaining the only legal liturgy. Mary began her reign cautiously by emphasising the need for tolerance in matters of

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work of propaganda depicts the handing over of power from Henry VIII, who lies dying in bed, to Edward VI, seated beneath a cloth of state with a slumping pope at his feet. In the top right of the picture is an image of men pulling down and smashing idols. At Edward's side are his uncle the Lord

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The Royal Supremacy and the abolition of papal authority had not caused widespread unrest, but the attacks on monasteries and the abolition of saints' days and pilgrimages provoked violence. Mobs attacked those sent to break up monastic buildings. Suppression commissioners were attacked by local

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on 24 January 1531. It wanted the payment spread over five years, but Henry refused. The convocation responded by withdrawing their payment altogether and demanded Henry fulfil certain guarantees before they would give him the money. Henry refused these conditions, agreeing only to the five-year

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Secondly, A. G. Dickens and others were motivated by a primarily religious perspective. They prioritize the religious and subjective side of the movement. While recognizing the Reformation was imposed from the top, just as it was everywhere else in Europe, it also responded to aspirations from

3130:. (Successive English and British monarchs have retained this title to the present, even after the Anglican Church broke away from Catholicism, in part because the title was re-conferred by Parliament in 1544, after the split.) Wolsey's enemies at court included those who had been influenced by 2839:

practices and clerical corruption, while emphasising inward piety over religious ritual. Some of the early Protestant leaders went through a humanist phase before embracing the new movement. A notable early use of the English word "reformation" came in 1512, when the English bishops were called

5996:, a formal liturgy contained in the Prayer Book, traditional vestments and episcopal polity. According to historian Diarmaid MacCulloch, the conflicts over the Elizabethan Settlement stem from this "tension between Catholic structure and Protestant theology". During the reigns of Elizabeth and 4755:

was removed, and the minister no longer said "the body of Christ" when delivering communion. Rather, he said, "Take and eat this, in remembrance that Christ died for thee, and feed on him in thy heart by faith, with thanksgiving". Christ's presence in the Lord's Supper was a spiritual presence

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inherited a kingdom in which a majority of people, especially the political elite, were religiously conservative, and England's main ally was Catholic Spain. For these reasons, the proclamation announcing her accession forbade any "breach, alteration, or change of any order or usage presently

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In September 1538, Stephen Gardiner returned to England, and the official religious policy began to drift in a conservative direction. This was due in part to the eagerness of establishment Protestants to disassociate themselves from religious radicals. In September, two Lutheran princes, the

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The failure of the Pilgrimage of Grace only sped up the process of dissolution and may have convinced Henry VIII that all religious houses needed to be closed. In 1540, the last monasteries were dissolved, wiping out an important element of traditional religion. Former monks were given modest

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offered the rebels a pardon and a parliament to consider their grievances. Aske then sent the rebels home. The promises made to them, however, were ignored by the King, and Norfolk was instructed to put the rebellion down. Forty-seven of the Lincolnshire rebels were executed, and 132 from the

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contended that people had "ceased to believe in intercessory masses for souls in purgatory", but Eamon Duffy argued that the demolition of chantry chapels and the removal of images coincided with the activity of royal visitors. The evidence is often ambiguous. In some places, chantry priests

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interpretation, based on liberal secularized Protestantism, that depicted the Reformation in England, in the words of Ian Hazlett, as "the midwife delivering England from the Dark Ages to the threshold of modernity, and so a turning point of progress". Finally among the older schools was a

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resulted in the overthrow of Charles I, and a Puritan-dominated Parliament began to dismantle the Elizabethan Settlement. The Puritans, however, were divided among themselves and failed to agree on an alternative religious settlement. A variety of new religious movements appeared, including

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and instruct the people to give to the poor rather than make offerings to images. The clergy were also ordered to place Bibles in both English and Latin in every church for the people to read. This last requirement was largely ignored by the bishops for a year or more due to the lack of any

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before being released. Gardiner was sent to the Fleet Prison in September and remained there until January 1548. However, he continued to refuse to enforce the new religious policies and was arrested once again in June when he was sent to the Tower of London for the rest of Edward's reign.

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The confiscations caused tensions between Protestant church leaders and Warwick, now Duke of Northumberland. Cranmer, Ridley and other Protestant leaders did not fully trust Northumberland. Northumberland in turn sought to undermine these bishops by promoting their critics, such as

4842:. Many parishes sold their valuables rather than have them confiscated at a later date. The money funded parish projects that could not be challenged by royal authorities. In many parishes, items were concealed or given to local gentry who had, in fact, lent them to the church. 4523:

The insurrections were put down only after considerable loss of life. Somerset was blamed and was removed from power in October. It was wrongly believed by both conservatives and reformers that the Reformation would be overturned. Succeeding Somerset as de facto regent was

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Traditionalists, nevertheless, seemed to have the upper hand. By the spring of 1543, Protestant innovations had been reversed, and only the break with Rome and the dissolution of the monasteries remained unchanged. In May 1543, a new formulary was published to replace the

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said by the congregation as a whole. The effect on religious custom was profound as a majority of laypeople, not just Protestants, most likely ceased confessing their sins to their priests. By 1548, Cranmer and other leading Protestants had moved from the Lutheran to the

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continued to say prayers and landowners to pay them to do so. Some parishes took steps to conceal images and relics in order to rescue them from confiscation and destruction. Opposition to the removal of images was widespread—so much so that when during the Commonwealth,

4122:. The Protestant Somerset pursued reform hesitantly at first, partly because his powers were not unchallenged. The Six Articles remained the law of the land, and a proclamation was issued on 24 May reassuring the people against any "innovations and changes in religion". 4909:

of 1543 and was widely seen as an attempt by Northumberland to stay in power. Northumberland was unpopular due to the church confiscations, and support for Jane collapsed. On 19 July, the Privy Council proclaimed Mary queen to the acclamation of the crowds in London.

4174:, such as holy water. It was emphasized that they imparted neither blessing nor healing but were only reminders of Christ. Lighting votive candles before saints' images had been forbidden in 1538, and the 1547 injunctions went further by outlawing those placed on the 5124:. Pole believed that ignorance and lack of discipline among the clergy had led to England's religious turmoil, and the synod's reforms were designed to remedy both problems. Clerical absenteeism (the practice of clergy failing to reside in their diocese or parish), 4346:

with an English-language liturgy. Authored by Cranmer, this first prayer book was a temporary compromise with conservatives. It provided Protestants with a service free from what they considered superstition, while maintaining the traditional structure of the mass.

3991:, which restricted the Bible reading to men and women of noble birth. Henry expressed his fears to Parliament in 1545 that "the Word of God, is disputed, rhymed, sung and jangled in every ale house and tavern, contrary to the true meaning and doctrine of the same." 6606:, p. 481) reports that in Ludlow in Shropshire the parishioners complied with the orders to remove the rood and other images in 1547 but the same year spent money on making up the canopy to be carried over the Blessed Sacrament on the feast of Corpus Christi. 4436:

There were other departures from tradition. At least initially, there was no music because it would take time to replace the church's body of Latin music. Most of the liturgical year was simply "bulldozed away" with only the major feasts of Christmas, Easter and

3767:) against expected invasion, and all the land was given to the Crown or sold to the aristocracy. Thirty-four houses were saved by paying for exemptions. Monks and nuns affected by closures were transferred to larger houses, and monks had the option of becoming 4145:

by teaching "we be justified by faith only, freely, and without works". Despite objections from Gardiner, who questioned the legality of bypassing both Parliament and Convocation, justification by faith had been made a central teaching of the English Church.

6635:, a chalice, paten and processional cross were sold and the proceeds devoted to flood defences; in the wealthy Rayleigh parish, £10 worth of plate was sold to pay for the cost of the required reforms—the need to buy a parish chest, Bible and communion table. 4063:. After a dispute with the King, Bishop Gardiner, the leading conservative churchman, was disgraced and removed as a councilor. Later, the Duke of Norfolk, the most powerful conservative nobleman, was arrested. By the time Henry died in 1547, the Protestant 5228:

Protestants who refused to conform remained an obstacle to Catholic plans. Around 800 Protestants fled England to find safety in Protestant areas of Germany and Switzerland, establishing networks of independent congregations. Safe from persecution, these

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The injunctions set off a wave of iconoclasm in the autumn of 1547. While the injunctions only condemned images that were abused as objects of worship or devotion, the definition of abuse was broadened to justify the destruction of all images and relics.

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Despite these obstacles, the 5-year restoration was successful. There was support for traditional religion among the people, and Protestants remained a minority. Consequently, Protestants secretly ministering to underground congregations, such as

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to deal with the annulment and other grievances against the church. The Catholic Church was a powerful institution in England with a number of privileges. The King could not tax or sue clergy in civil courts. The church could also grant fugitives

3567:. There also seemed to be a possibility that Emperor Charles V might act to avenge his rejected aunt (Queen Catherine) and enforce the Pope's excommunication. The negotiations did not lead to an alliance but did bring Lutheran ideas to England. 4746:

This new prayer book removed many of the traditional elements in the 1549 prayer book, resulting in a more Protestant liturgy. The communion service was designed to remove any hint of consecration or change in the bread and wine. Instead of

4028:). While Henry's motives were largely financial (England was at war with France and desperately in need of funds), the passage of the Chantries Act was "an indication of how deeply the doctrine of purgatory had been eroded and discredited". 3657:, and other Marian images were burned at Chelsea on Cromwell's orders. In September, Cromwell issued a second set of royal injunctions ordering the destruction of images to which pilgrimage offerings were made, the prohibition of lighting 6259:

The historiography of the English Reformation has seen vigorous clashes among dedicated protagonists and scholars for five centuries. The main factual details at the national level have been clear since 1900, as laid out for example by

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carried on a propaganda campaign against Catholicism and the Queen's Spanish marriage, sometimes calling for rebellion. Those who remained in England were forced to practise their faith in secret and meet in underground congregations.

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In the new prayer book, the last vestiges of prayers for the dead were removed from the funeral service. Unlike the 1549 version, the 1552 prayer book removed many traditional sacramentals and observances that reflected belief in the

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In 1534, Parliament took further action to limit papal authority in England. A new Heresy Act ensured that no one could be punished for speaking against the Pope and also made it more difficult to convict someone of heresy; however,

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had been needed to allow the wedding in the first place. Henry argued the marriage was never valid because the biblical prohibition was part of unbreakable divine law, and even popes could not dispense with it. In 1527, Henry asked

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Calvinist clergy held the best bishoprics and deaneries during Elizabeth's reign. Other Calvinists were unsatisfied with elements of the Elizabethan Settlement and wanted further reforms to make the Church of England more like the

5973:, which was a revised version of the 1552 Prayer Book from Edward's reign. Some modifications were made to appeal to Catholics and Lutherans, including giving individuals greater latitude concerning belief in the real presence and 5307:, were planning for a long haul, a ministry of survival. Mary's death in November 1558, childless and without having made provision for a Catholic to succeed her, meant that her Protestant sister Elizabeth would be the next queen. 4111:. During the seven years of Edward's reign, a Protestant establishment would gradually implement religious changes that were "designed to destroy one Church and build another, in a religious revolution of ruthless thoroughness". 5172:

and want. Recruitment to the English clergy began to rise after almost a decade of declining ordinations. Repairs to long-neglected churches began. In the parishes, "restoration and repair continued, new bells were bought, and

3535:, Cromwell's authority was greater than that of bishops, even the Archbishop of Canterbury. Largely due to Anne Boleyn's influence, a number of Protestants were appointed bishops between 1534 and 1536. These included Latimer, 3106:. As long as Wolsey had his ear, Henry's Catholicism was secure: in 1521, he had defended the Catholic Church from Martin Luther's accusations of heresy in a book he wrote—probably with considerable help from the conservative 2871:

rather than by good works. In this view, God's unmerited favour is the only way for humans to be justified—it cannot be achieved or earned by righteous living. In other words, justification is a gift from God received through

2835:("back to the sources") of Christian faith—the scriptures as understood through textual, linguistic, classical and patristic scholarship—and wanted to make the Bible available in the vernacular. Humanists criticised so-called 4960:. By 20 December, the Mass was reinstated by law. There were disappointments for Mary: Parliament refused to penalise non-attendance at Mass, would not restore confiscated church property, and left open the question of 6330:

The more recent schools have decentred Henry VIII, and minimized hagiography. They have paid more attention to localities, Catholicism, radicals, and theological niceties. On Catholicism, the older schools focused on

6295:

principal Secretary of State Thomas Cromwell. Elton downplays the prophetic spirit of the religious reformers in the theology of keen conviction, dismissing them as the meddlesome intrusions from fanatics and bigots.

5025:

accounts suggest less emphasis on saints, images and prayer for the dead. There was a greater focus on the need for inward contrition in addition to external acts of penance. Cardinal Pole himself was a member of the

3695:, which was associated with the doctrine of purgatory. One of the primary functions of monasteries was to pray for the souls of their benefactors and for the souls of all Christians. While the King was not opposed to 4421:. The second was the congregation's sacrifice of praise and thanksgiving, and the third was the offering of "ourselves, our souls and bodies, to be a reasonable, holy and lively sacrifice" to God. While the medieval 6112:

Traditionally, historians have dated the end of the English Reformation to Elizabeth's religious settlement. There are scholars who advocate for a "Long Reformation" that continued into the 17th and 18th centuries.

3445:. Cranmer was now able to grant an annulment of the marriage to Catherine as Henry required, pronouncing on 23 May the judgment that Henry's marriage with Catherine was against the law of God. The Pope responded by 6299:

below. Dickens has been criticized for underestimating the strength of residual and revived Catholicism, but has been praised for his demonstration of the close ties to European influences. In the Dickens school,

3253:, and many areas of the law―such as family law―were controlled by the church. For centuries, kings had attempted to reduce the church's power, and the English Reformation was a continuation of this power struggle. 3722:

ostensibly to examine their character, but in fact, to value their assets with a view to expropriation. The visiting commissioners claimed to have uncovered sexual immorality and financial impropriety amongst the

4425:"explicitly identified the priest's action at the altar with the sacrifice of Christ", the Prayer Book broke this connection by stating the church's offering of thanksgiving in the Eucharist was not the same as 4050:

The conservative persecution of Queen Katherine, however, backfired. By November 1546, there were already signs that religious policy was once again tilting towards Protestantism. The King's will provided for a

3799:, an end to the suppression of monasteries, and that heresy be purged and heretics punished. Henry refused to negotiate, and the revolt collapsed as the nervous gentry convinced the common people to disperse. 3473:

refused the King's nomination for bishop, they would be liable to punishment by praemunire. The Act of First Fruits and Tenths transferred the taxes on ecclesiastical income from the Pope to the Crown. The

5245:'s stabbing of a priest during Mass on Easter Sunday, 14 April 1555. Individuals accused of heresy were examined by a church official and, if heresy was found, given the choice between death and signing a 3397:.) The next day, More resigned as lord chancellor. This left Cromwell as Henry's chief minister. (Cromwell never became chancellor. His power came—and was lost—through his informal relations with Henry.) 3559:. During the same period, the most influential conservative bishop, Stephen Gardiner, was sent to France on a diplomatic mission and thus removed from an active role in English politics for three years. 3231:

The combination of Henry's "scruple of conscience" and his captivation by Anne Boleyn made his desire to rid himself of his queen compelling. The indictment of his chancellor Cardinal Wolsey in 1529 for

2973:

The Protestant ideas were popular among some parts of the English population, especially among academics and merchants with connections to continental Europe. Protestant thought was better received at

6553:

were reformed in outlook, especially in their reduced emphasis on the invocation of saints. They were successful, he writes, in "taking an old-fashioned form and subverting its traditional purposes".

3498:, which made it high treason punishable by death to deny royal supremacy. The following year, Thomas More and John Fisher were executed under this legislation. Finally, in 1536, Parliament passed the 10323:

McGinnis, Scott (October 2011). "Review: Duffy, Eamon. Fires of Faith: Catholic England under Mary Tudor . New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2009. xiv+249 pp. $ 28.50 (cloth); $ 18.00 (paper)".

5044:

of his Protestantism would have been a major coup. Unhappily for her, he unexpectedly withdrew his recantations at the last minute as he was to be burned at the stake, thus ruining her government's

3389:

On 10 May, the King demanded of Convocation that the church renounce all authority to make laws. On 15 May, Convocation renounced its authority to make canon law without royal assent—the so called

14568: 6496:, p. 164), "Henry wanted an annulment—a formal and legal declaration of the marriage's invalidity. Yet the word contemporaries used, divorce, captures better the legal and emotional turmoil." 5133:

manner in which priests had been trained previously. The Council of Trent would later impose the seminary system upon the rest of the Catholic Church. It was also the first to introduce the altar

4249:

of Scotland. Chantry priests had served parishes as auxiliary clergy and schoolmasters, and some communities were destroyed by the loss of the charitable and pastoral services of their chantries.

3715:

and nobility to Royal Supremacy by selling to them the huge amount of church lands, and that any reversion to pre-Royal Supremacy would entail upsetting many of the powerful people in the realm.

13036: 4956:

since 1529. The House of Commons refused to pass this bill, and after heated debate, Parliament repealed all Edwardian religious laws, including clerical marriage and the prayer book, in the

3994:

By the spring of 1544, the conservatives appeared to be losing influence once again. In March, Parliament made it more difficult to prosecute people for violating the Six Articles. Cranmer's

4796:. These ceremonies were altered to emphasise the importance of faith, rather than trusting in rituals or objects. Clerical vestments were simplified—ministers were only allowed to wear the 3260:

sat from 1529 to 1536 and brought together those who wanted reform but who disagreed what form it should take. There were common lawyers who resented the privileges of the clergy to summon

6335:(1470–1535), to the neglect of other bishops and factors inside Catholicism. The older schools tended to concentrate on the capital of London, the newer ones look to the English villages. 5177:

uses for their time" as well as "better uses for their money than offering candles to images". The focus was on "the crucified Christ, in the mass, the rood, and Corpus Christi devotion".

4718:

was criticized by Protestants both in England and abroad for being too susceptible to Catholic re-interpretation. Martin Bucer identified 60 problems with the prayer book, and the Italian

3756:

Leading reformers, led by Anne Boleyn, wanted to convert monasteries into "places of study and good letters, and to the continual relief of the poor", but this was not done. In 1536, the

2928:

epilogue explaining Luther's theology of justification by faith, and many translation choices were designed to undermine traditional Catholic teachings. Tyndale translated the Greek word

2409:. Final authority in doctrinal disputes now rested with the monarch. Though a religious traditionalist himself, Henry relied on Protestants to support and implement his religious agenda. 4810:] presently of a mass of money". No action was taken until 1552–1553 when commissioners were appointed. They were instructed to leave only the "bare essentials" required by the 1552 4047:, was suspected of heresy but saved herself by appealing to the King's mercy. With the Protestants on the defensive, traditionalists pressed their advantage by banning Protestant books. 3008:

Nevertheless, English Catholicism was strong and popular in the early 1500s, and those who held Protestant sympathies remained a religious minority until political events intervened. As

4279:

The second year of Edward's reign was a turning point for the English Reformation; many people identified the year 1548, rather than the 1530s, as the beginning of the English Church's

2436:

reintroduced the Protestant religion but in a more moderate manner. Nevertheless, disputes over the structure, theology, and worship of the Church of England continued for generations.

12127:

Ecclesiastical Memorials, Relating Chiefly to Religion, and the Reformation of It, and the Emergencies of the Church of England, Under King Henry VIII, King Edward VI, and Queen Mary I

4409:

was a "radical" departure from traditional worship in that it "eliminated almost everything that had till then been central to lay Eucharistic piety". Communion took place without any

4402:

and marriage services followed the Sarum rite. There were also remnants of prayer for the dead and the Requiem Mass, such as the provision for celebrating holy communion at a funeral.

5939:

established within this our realm". This was only temporary. The new Queen was Protestant, though a conservative one. She also filled her new government with Protestants. The Queen's

4967:

If Mary was to secure England for Catholicism, she needed an heir and her Protestant half-sister Elizabeth had to be prevented from inheriting the Crown. On the advice of her cousin

11213: 6525:, p. 107), Henry was no innocent: he sought influence in European affairs and, in pursuance of it, his relationship with the French was ambivalent and essentially treacherous. 4433:, the assembled offered their praises and thanksgivings. The Eucharist was now to be understood as merely a means of partaking in and receiving the benefits of Christ's sacrifice. 2772:. It was believed that most people would end their lives with these penalties unsatisfied and would have to spend "time" in purgatory. Time in purgatory could be lessened through 6570:, pp. 356–357), Cranmer believed Henry would have pursued a radical iconoclastic policy and a transformation of the mass into a Protestant communion service if he had lived. 6007:" were Catholics who outwardly conformed to the established church while maintaining their Catholic faith in secret. Catholic authorities disapproved of such outward conformity. 2443:(1558–1603), but scholars also speak of a "Long Reformation" stretching into the 17th and 18th centuries. This time period includes the violent disputes over religion during the 14276: 11888: 6163:, however, was unpopular with both Puritans and Prayer Book conformists, who viewed the high church innovations as undermining forms of worship they had grown attached to. The 6233:

The religious forces unleashed by the Reformation ultimately destroyed the possibility of religious uniformity. Protestant dissenters were allowed freedom of worship with the

6144:

orientation was more controversial. James I tried to balance the Puritan forces within his church with followers of Andrewes, promoting many of them at the end of his reign.

4512:

was not only in reaction to the prayer book; the rebels demanded a full restoration of pre-Reformation Catholicism. They were also motivated by economic concerns, such as

2639: 4677:. Hooper was excused from invoking the saints in his oath, but he would ultimately be convinced to wear the offensive consecration garb. This was the first battle in the 2321: 3814:'s leadership restored 16 of the 26 northern monasteries that had been dissolved. Due to the size of the rebellion, the King was persuaded to negotiate. In December, 14921: 14070: 5195: 848: 3374:, which was a list of grievances against the bishops, including abuses of power and Convocation's independent legislative authority. After passing the Commons, the 12685: 12680: 12675: 12670: 12665: 12653: 12648: 12643: 3699:

on theological grounds, there was concern over the loyalty of the monastic orders, which were international in character and resistant to the Royal Supremacy. The

11654: 3353:

In Parliament, Bishop Fisher championed Catherine and the clergy, inserting into the first article the phrase "as far as the word of God allows". On 11 February,

5144:

revenue, but with these new funds came the responsibility of paying the pensions of ex-religious. She restored six religious houses with her own money, notably

3795:

occurred in October 1536 and culminated in a force of 40,000 rebels assembling at Lincoln. They demanded an end to taxation during peacetime, the repeal of the

15134: 4616:

The newly enlarged and emboldened Protestant episcopate turned its attention to ending efforts by conservative clergy to "counterfeit the popish mass" through

5252:

Around 284 Protestants were burnt at the stake for heresy. Several leading reformers were executed, including Thomas Cranmer, Hugh Latimer, Nicholas Ridley,

5212: 3875:

It was becoming clear that the King's views on religion differed from those of Cromwell and Cranmer. Henry made his traditional preferences known during the

2046: 15860: 10468:

Byford, Mark (1998). "The Birth of a Protestant Town: The Process of Reformation in Tudor Colchester, 1530–80". In Collinson, Patrick; Craig, John (eds.).

6241:

that excluded Catholics from everyday life began to be repealed in the 1770s. Catholics were allowed to vote and sit as members of Parliament in 1829 (see

1983: 5988:

The Elizabethan Settlement established a church that was Reformed in doctrine but that preserved certain characteristics of medieval Catholicism, such as

4129:

was published, from which all clergy were to preach from on Sundays. The homilies were explicitly Protestant in their content, condemning relics, images,

13207: 13202: 13197: 13192: 13187: 13182: 13177: 13172: 13167: 13162: 13157: 13152: 13147: 13142: 13137: 13132: 13127: 13122: 13117: 13112: 13107: 13102: 13097: 13092: 13087: 13082: 13077: 13072: 13067: 13062: 13057: 13052: 13047: 13042: 13030: 13025: 13020: 13015: 13010: 13005: 13000: 12995: 12990: 12985: 12980: 12975: 12970: 12965: 12960: 12955: 12950: 12945: 12940: 12935: 12930: 12925: 12920: 12915: 12910: 12905: 12900: 12895: 12890: 12885: 12880: 12875: 12870: 12865: 12860: 12855: 12850: 12845: 12840: 12835: 12830: 12825: 12820: 12815: 12810: 12805: 12800: 12795: 12790: 12785: 12780: 12775: 12770: 12765: 12760: 12755: 12750: 12745: 12740: 12735: 12730: 12725: 12720: 12715: 12710: 12705: 12700: 12695: 12690: 5322: 5291:

provided accounts of the executions, and in 1571 the Convocation of Canterbury ordered that Foxe's book should be placed in every cathedral in the land.

2981:. A group of reform-minded Cambridge students (known by moniker "Little Germany") met at the White Horse tavern from the mid-1520s. Its members included 4657:. While Bucer had provided for only one service for all three orders of clergy, the English ordinal was more conservative and had separate services for 4245:, the 1547 act was intentionally designed to eliminate the last remaining institutions dedicated to praying for the dead. Confiscated wealth funded the 3166:

over rival claims to the English crown. Henry wanted to avoid a similar uncertainty over the succession. Catherine of Aragon's only surviving child was

3863:, sent warnings of Anabaptist activity in England. A commission was swiftly created to seek out Anabaptists. Henry personally presided at the trial of 1716: 6159:'Beauty of Holiness' counter-revolution, wishing to restore what they saw as lost majesty in worship and lost dignity for the sacerdotal priesthood". 541: 13540: 12160:

Annals of the Reformation and Establishment of Religion, and Other Various Occurrences in the Church of England, During Queen Elizabeth's Happy Reign

6203:

of the monarchy in 1660 allowed for the restoration of the Elizabethan Settlement as well, but the Church of England was fundamentally changed. The "

6011:

were Catholics who refused to attend Church of England services as required by law. Recusancy was punishable by fines of £20 a month (fifty times an

3475: 2844:, notionally to discuss the extirpation of the rump Lollard heresy. John Colet (then working with Erasmus on the establishment of his school) gave a 5681: 5140:

Mary did what she could to restore church finances and land taken in the reigns of her father and brother. In 1555, she returned to the church the

2632: 3731:, which became the ostensible justification for their suppression. There were also reports of the possession and display of false relics, such as 866: 11889:"Thomas Cranmer: The Yes-Man Who Said No: Richard Wilkinson Elucidates the Paradoxical Career of One of the Key Figures of English Protestantism" 5521: 3953: 1378: 4298:

On 8 March, a royal proclamation announced a more significant change—the first major reform of the Mass and of the Church of England's official

4099:, inherited the throne. Because Edward was given a Protestant humanist education, Protestants held high expectations and hoped he would be like 3987:

rejected justification by faith alone and defended traditional ceremonies and the use of images. This was followed days later by passage of the

14286: 14033: 5120:

or the Reformation of England. The actions taken by the synod anticipated many of the reforms enacted throughout the Catholic Church after the

2314: 517: 4992:

Queen the next day asking that "this realm and dominions might be again united to the Church of Rome by the means of the Lord Cardinal Pole".

4872:

reflected the Reformed theology and practice taking shape during Edward's reign, which historian Christopher Haigh describes as a "restrained

2478:

until these were removed many years later. A substantial but dwindling minority of people from the late 16th to early 19th centuries remained

13845: 4532:. Warwick saw further implementation of the reforming policy as a means of gaining Protestant support and defeating his conservative rivals. 3719: 2900: 1836: 16922: 6512:) seemingly qualified the Levitical prohibition, commanding a man to take to wife his deceased brother's widow, if there had been no child." 4979:); even though it was provided that Philip would never inherit the kingdom if there was no heir, received no estates and had no coronation. 3044:

was posthumously convicted of heresy for denying purgatory and affirming justification by faith, and his corpse was disinterred and burned.

14553: 12236: 5531: 4760:

interprets the prayer book to teach that "the only point where the bread and wine signify the body and blood is at reception". Rather than

3494:

and disregarded any "usage, custom, foreign laws, foreign authority prescription". In case this should be resisted, Parliament passed the

2717: 2199: 1193: 6647:, p. 490) writes that at Long Melford a church patron named Sir John Clopton bought up many of the images, probably to preserve them. 3791:

people in several places. In Northern England, there were a series of uprisings against the dissolutions in late 1536 and early 1537. The

15017: 5752: 4056: 3368:

By 1532, Cromwell was responsible for managing government business in the House of Commons. He authored and presented to the Commons the

2625: 990: 17163: 16788: 15393: 15217: 14590: 13694: 5686: 5526: 3828: 3661:

before images of saints, and the preaching of sermons against the veneration of images and relics. Afterwards, the shrine and bones of

2141: 5706: 966: 17168: 13896: 6463:, p. 103) writes, "He ... believed he that he could keep his own secrets ... but he was often deceived and he deceived himself." 6408: 5959: 2307: 2096: 1927: 4035:

set off a persecution of Protestants that the traditionalists used to effectively target their rivals. It was during this time that

15908: 15062: 15012: 14319: 13932: 5541: 5116:

From December 1555 to February 1556, Cardinal Pole presided over a national legatine synod that produced a set of decrees entitled

3988: 3757: 1816: 507: 6080:). Many Puritans believed the Church of England should follow the example of Reformed churches in other parts of Europe and adopt 4413:. The elevation had been the central moment of the old liturgy, attached as it was to the idea of real presence. In addition, the 4382:. Many of the services were little changed. Baptism kept a strongly sacramental character, including the blessing of water in the 4055:

council to rule after his death, which would have been dominated by traditionalists, such as the Duke of Norfolk, Lord Chancellor

2614: 14324: 13259: 10855:

Hazlett, W. Ian P. (1995). "Settlements: The British Isles". In Brady, Thomas A. Jr.; Oberman, Heiko A.; Tracy, James D. (eds.).

806: 5355: 4114:

Initially, however, Edward was of little account politically. Real power was in the hands of the regency council, which elected

3604:

In August 1536, the same month the Ten Articles were published, Cromwell issued a set of Royal Injunctions to the clergy. Minor

2810:. Though persecuted and much reduced in numbers and influence by the 15th century, Lollards were receptive to Protestant ideas. 2768:. While genuine penance removed the guilt attached to sin, Catholicism taught that a penalty could still remain, in the case of 2606: 2602: 15169: 15037: 14281: 14189: 13920: 13840: 13788: 13586: 5885: 5817: 3582: 3184:

Henry claimed that this lack of a male heir was because his marriage was "blighted in the eyes of God". Catherine had been his

2515: 1095: 16762: 4170:—one of the most dramatic and public aspects of the traditional liturgy—were banned. The injunctions also attacked the use of 1188: 13798: 13533: 12310: 11921: 11722: 11674: 11568: 11454: 11310: 11222: 11136: 10959: 10795: 10771: 10661: 10562: 10541: 5451: 5253: 4881: 4728: 4308: 3548: 3502:, which removed the last part of papal authority still legal. This was Rome's power in England to decide disputes concerning 3491: 2406: 2287: 1910: 1509: 1137: 898: 502: 5032:, a Catholic reform movement that shared with Protestants an emphasis on man's total dependence on God's grace by faith and 3969:

were ordered to destroy all the remaining shrines in England. Furthermore, Cranmer survived formal charges of heresy in the

3268:, and there were those who had been influenced by Lutheranism and were hostile to the theology of Rome. Henry's chancellor, 2970:. The former word indicated an internal turning to God, while the latter translation supported the sacrament of confession. 1053: 17148: 16680: 14575: 13254: 6254: 6137: 5421: 4864:, failed in Parliament due to Northumberland's opposition. Despite such tensions, a new doctrinal statement to replace the 4553: 4162:

issued to guide the commissioners were borrowed from Cromwell's 1538 injunctions but revised to be more radical. Historian

4115: 4064: 3609: 3466: 2511: 2479: 2184: 999: 5947:, a moderate Protestant. Her Privy Council was filled with former Edwardian politicians, and only Protestants preached at 4031:

In 1546, the conservatives were once again in the ascendant. A series of controversial sermons preached by the Protestant

3524:

was a period of doctrinal confusion as both conservatives and reformers attempted to shape the church's future direction.

14770: 6211:. Now outside the established church, the different strands of the Puritan movement evolved into separate denominations: 4625:

prayer book while in prison, and historian Eamon Duffy notes that many lay people treated the prayer book "as an English

4462: 3856: 3665:, considered by many to have been martyred in defence of the church's liberties, were destroyed at Canterbury Cathedral. 3499: 3370: 3358: 3325: 2896: 2381:

were the best source of Christian faith and criticized religious practices which they considered superstitious. By 1520,

2136: 1978: 1824: 1416: 1086: 657: 6155:, Archbishop of Canterbury (1633–1645). Laud and his followers believed the Reformation had gone too far and launched a 3944:

but insists on their keeping what is commanded, which is so often altered that it is difficult to understand what it is.

3189: 1008: 913: 17153: 17067: 15477: 14368: 14271: 13485: 12060: 11859: 11639: 11590: 11430: 11352: 11331: 11291: 11267: 11243: 11094: 10747: 10726: 10627: 10583: 5922: 4500:

was the catalyst for a series of uprisings through the summer of 1549. There were smaller upheavals elsewhere from the

3815: 3810:

revolt began in October at Yorkshire and spread to the other northern counties. Around 50,000 strong, the rebels under

3283: 2713: 1870: 1813: 985: 492: 463: 11811: 4597:, "where he did virtually nothing during his episcopate". Traditionalist bishops were replaced by Protestants such as 4484:, something already practised by some Protestants (including Cranmer) but considered an abomination by conservatives. 2923:'s English New Testament in 1526 helped to spread Protestant ideas. Printed abroad and smuggled into the country, the 927: 17143: 16655: 16353: 16113: 15855: 15345: 15007: 13225: 12606: 11760: 11611: 11547: 11497: 11476: 11197: 11115: 11073: 11018: 10997: 10936: 10909: 10866: 10479: 10458: 10434: 10381: 7010: 5536: 4860: 3394: 3069: 2733: 2292: 2219: 1805: 1626: 1577: 1473: 889: 16838: 5017:

Catholicism" of its leading clerics, who were all educated in the 1520s and 1530s. Marian church literature, church

3576: 17003: 16564: 15865: 15682: 14785: 14684: 14143: 13676: 13671: 13666: 13661: 13656: 13651: 13646: 13641: 13636: 13631: 13626: 13621: 13526: 13505: 12229: 6398: 6120:, the Church of England's dominant theology was still Calvinism, but a group of theologians associated with Bishop 5691: 5646: 5316: 4525: 3864: 3703:

houses were closed in August 1534 after that order refused to repudiate papal authority. Between 1535 and 1537, 18

3405: 2725: 2582: 2507: 2433: 2065: 1935: 1832: 733: 652: 16074: 11914:

A Brief History of the English Reformation: Religion, Politics and Fear: How England was Transformed by the Tudors

5089: 4071:, Henry's third wife (and therefore uncle to the future Edward VI), managed—by a number of alliances such as with 3983: 16968: 15700: 15429: 15410: 14870: 14600: 14339: 14296: 14179: 14169: 13979: 13942: 13616: 13611: 13606: 13601: 13596: 13591: 13581: 12564: 12305: 5561: 3425: 3116: 2709: 1690: 1319: 49: 16218: 16069: 15573: 4681:, which was essentially a conflict over whether the church could require people to observe ceremonies that were 2393:

under the law. The English Reformation began as more of a political affair than a theological dispute. In 1527,

17158: 15657: 15367: 15304: 15294: 15210: 15184: 15152: 14979: 14898: 14329: 14099: 14015: 13906: 12611: 12266: 10890: 4785: 4581:

of Chichester and Stephen Gardiner of Winchester were either deprived of their bishoprics or forced to resign.

4091:

King Edward VI of England, in whose reign the reform of the English Church moved in a more Protestant direction

3811: 3674: 3571: 3257: 3197: 2570: 2483: 2402: 2010: 2005: 1736: 1301: 1142: 15736: 15355: 11714:

The Birthpangs of Protestant England: Religious and Cultural Change in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries

5958:, which re-established the Church of England's independence from Rome and conferred on Elizabeth the title of 3964:

Despite some setbacks, Protestants managed to win some victories. In May 1541, the King ordered copies of the

3819:

Pilgrimage of Grace. In Southern England, smaller disturbances took place in Cornwall and Walsingham in 1537.

3760:

closed smaller houses valued at less than £200 a year. Henry used the revenue to help build coastal defences (

3272:, successor to Wolsey, also wanted reform: he wanted new laws against heresy. Lawyer and member of Parliament 976: 971: 700: 536: 16848: 16574: 15174: 15164: 14928: 14585: 14383: 14353: 14194: 14045: 13998: 13736: 13420: 6280: 5777: 5436: 5013:

According to historian Christopher Haigh, the Catholicism taking shape in Mary's reign "reflected the mature

4968: 4529: 4442: 3221: 3154:. She had not produced a male heir who survived longer than two months, and Henry wanted a son to secure the 2845: 2790:

was a sometimes rebellious movement that anticipated some Protestant teachings. Derived from the writings of

2471: 1828: 1611: 1468: 947: 728: 634: 512: 6132:

rather than the Reformers and preferred using the more traditional 1549 Prayer Book. Due to their belief in

4238: 3324:

to pay £100,000 for their pardon; this was a sum equal to the Crown's annual income. This was agreed by the

3276:

saw how Parliament could be used to advance royal supremacy over the church and further Protestant beliefs.

908: 17133: 16642: 16180: 16153: 16103: 15558: 15388: 14363: 13279: 12596: 12413: 11486:

Shagan, Ethan H. (2017). "The Emergence of the Church of England, c. 1520–1553". In Milton, Anthony (ed.).

6366: 6016: 5967: 5940: 4694: 4633: 4590: 4274: 3860: 3711:

owned between one-fifth and one-third of the land in all England; Cromwell realised that he could bind the

2852:

saying that the first to reform must be the bishops themselves, then the clergy, and only then the laity.

2653: 2554: 2234: 2156: 2073: 2033: 2020: 1973: 1854: 639: 443: 308: 16828: 15350: 4636:. Bishop Ridley launched the campaign in May 1550 when he commanded all altars to be replaced with wooden 903: 196: 16579: 15523: 14727: 14373: 14358: 14344: 14251: 14241: 13731: 13475: 13435: 13400: 13322: 12552: 12435: 12261: 12222: 6125: 6033: 5183: 4902: 4877: 3210: 2729: 1035: 839: 629: 16793: 16635: 14378: 14246: 14050: 13480: 13299: 13284: 12658: 12591: 11557:

Spinks, Bryan (2006). "From Elizabeth I to Charles II". In Hefling, Charles; Shattuck, Cynthia (eds.).

11126: 10834:

Hargrave, O. T. (March 1982). "Bloody Mary's Victims: The Iconography of John Foxe's Book of Martyrs".

9083: 5838: 5370: 5238: 4231: 3844: 3597: 3329:

period of payment. On 7 February, Convocation was asked to agree to five articles that specified that:

3057: 1022: 961: 769: 714: 532: 468: 4727:'s symbolic view of the Eucharist. Less radical Protestants such as Bucer and Cranmer advocated for a 4020:

replaced him as Archbishop of York. In December 1545, the King was empowered to seize the property of

3774: 16917: 16430: 16196: 15850: 15400: 15203: 15157: 14640: 14104: 13994: 13289: 12547: 11877: 6827: 6632: 5859: 5845: 5666: 5471: 5446: 5285: 4355: 3441:

called this act an "essential ingredient" of the "Tudor revolution" in that it expounded a theory of

3002: 2962: 2864: 2753: 2681: 2669: 2111: 1903: 1784: 1502: 1123: 825: 747: 303: 38: 16010: 4706:(1489–1556), Henry VIII's Archbishop of Canterbury and editor and co-author of the first and second 4217:

and Gardiner protested the visitation, and both were arrested. Bonner spent nearly two weeks in the

3911:, his fourth wife. Many other arrests under the Act followed. On the 30 July, the reformers Barnes, 3333:

The clergy recognise Henry as the "sole protector and supreme head of the English Church and clergy"

942: 17046: 16550: 15716: 15455: 15179: 15147: 15042: 14722: 14535: 14028: 13964: 13410: 13395: 13294: 12586: 12569: 12468: 6283:

historians using their own religious perspectives. In addition there has been a highly influential

5802: 5671: 5596: 5001: 4781: 4598: 4076: 3935:

while the Protestants burned. European observers were very shocked and bewildered. French diplomat

3390: 3302: 2550: 2282: 2151: 1968: 1809: 1651: 1589: 168: 34: 14563: 6659:, pp. 262f: "...England judicially murdered more Catholics than any other country in Europe." 1326: 691: 476: 16898: 16717: 15785: 15721: 15472: 15299: 15238: 14450: 14390: 14266: 14148: 13947: 13549: 13470: 13458: 13387: 13314: 12374: 10551:

Craig, John (2008), "The Growth of English Puritanism", in Coffey, John; Lim, Paul C. H. (eds.),

6216: 5441: 5242: 5141: 4957: 4757: 4253: 3515:

Protestants. Yet, not all of his supporters were Protestants. Some were traditionalists, such as

3446: 3185: 3084: 1708: 1267: 834: 774: 759: 472: 313: 218: 11492:. Vol. 1: Reformation and Identity, c. 1520–1662. Oxford University Press. pp. 28–44. 4283:

from the Catholic Church. On 18 January 1548, the Privy Council abolished the use of candles on

4234:, the wine as well as the bread. This was opposed by conservatives but welcomed by Protestants. 4154:

In August 1547, thirty commissioners—nearly all Protestants—were appointed to carry out a royal

3948: 16803: 16628: 16594: 16569: 16506: 16213: 15943: 15753: 15361: 15340: 15110: 14997: 14615: 14236: 14157: 14133: 13565: 13332: 12616: 12498: 6418: 6088:. However, all attempts to enact further reforms through Parliament were blocked by the Queen. 6085: 5963: 5935: 5915: 5762: 5636: 5481: 5431: 5366: 5052: 4736: 4501: 4474: 4331: 3996: 3928: 3824: 3650: 3487: 3450: 3321: 3151: 2982: 2757: 2534: 2116: 1431: 1017: 932: 922: 879: 561: 15328: 11978: 5073: 4125:

Nevertheless, Seymour and Cranmer did plan to further the reformation of religion. In July, a

2748:. The church taught that, in the name of the congregation, the priest offered to God the same 17092: 17008: 16978: 16877: 16752: 16675: 16166: 16147: 15827: 15533: 15434: 15251: 15105: 15047: 14938: 14933: 14811: 14805: 14605: 14153: 14118: 14023: 13937: 13719: 13447: 13425: 13415: 12601: 12542: 12369: 10761: 9084:"Queen Mary's responsibility for parish church goods seized by King Edward's commissioners", 6242: 6212: 6200: 6133: 6077: 5955: 5880: 5723: 5631: 5606: 4793: 4765: 4719: 4707: 4678: 4586: 4509: 4167: 3970: 3892: 3832: 3750: 3741: 3700: 3633:

argues that after 1537, "England's Reformation was characterized by its hatred of images, as

3317: 3245: 3033: 2873: 2814: 2693: 2610: 2267: 2101: 2091: 1866: 1862: 1675: 1655: 1642: 1620: 1607: 1569: 1337: 1283: 604: 579: 556: 527: 522: 383: 21: 12458: 11940:

Haigh, Christopher (December 1982). "The Recent Historiography of the English Reformation".

5077: 1412: 17138: 16993: 16932: 16732: 16692: 16687: 16034: 15731: 15275: 15095: 15052: 15002: 14790: 14742: 14737: 14712: 14548: 14502: 14405: 14395: 14231: 14224: 14075: 13989: 13761: 13751: 13714: 13271: 12473: 12428: 12288: 11744: 11578: 11209:"The Prayer Book and the Parish Church: From the Elizabethan Settlement to the Restoration" 10237: 10234:

The History of England from the Accession of Edward VI to the Death of Elizabeth, 1547–1603

6587: 6508:, pp. 166–167) points out that "nconveniently for Henry, another Old Testament verse ( 6428: 6261: 6148: 5978: 5591: 5360: 5257: 5165: 4976: 4906: 4662: 4606: 4426: 4418: 4417:

was changed to reflect Protestant theology. Three sacrifices were mentioned; the first was

4299: 4155: 4096: 3932: 3924: 3920: 3442: 3416:

the leader of political resistance against the break with Rome. Both were executed in 1535.

3265: 3214: 3159: 3092: 3012:

in the eyes of church and state, early Protestants were persecuted. Between 1530 and 1533,

2978: 2974: 2884: 2863:. By the early 1520s, Luther's views were known and disputed in England. The main plank of 2777: 2769: 2749: 2721: 2685: 2421: 2374: 2339: 2224: 2081: 1896: 1858: 1764: 1720: 1565: 1542: 1526: 1495: 1389: 1353: 1221: 820: 811: 764: 754: 551: 497: 487: 326: 256: 251: 139: 16138: 6303:

has stressed the theological importance of the Reformation for Anglo-British development.

4520:

in Norwich blended Protestant piety with demands for economic reforms and social justice.

4303: 3570:

In 1536, Convocation adopted the first doctrinal statement for the Church of England, the

2538: 8: 17112: 17057: 17025: 16963: 16833: 16411: 15807: 15726: 15637: 15553: 15119: 15100: 14840: 14835: 14480: 14455: 14334: 14314: 14261: 14162: 14060: 13957: 13925: 13869: 13352: 13304: 13230: 13217: 12559: 12511: 12401: 12347: 12337: 12134: 11786: 11388:"Recasting Recantation in 1540s England: Thomas Becon, Robert Wisdom, and Robert Crowley" 11057: 10928: 10757: 6423: 6352: 6238: 6234: 6081: 6020: 5249:. In some cases, Protestants were burnt at the stake after renouncing their recantation. 5060: 4578: 4517: 4410: 4013: 3936: 3884: 3803: 3792: 3654: 3626: 3622:

finished in 1535 and based on Tyndale's earlier work. It lacked royal approval, however.

3564: 3225: 3107: 3080: 3079:

acceded to the English throne in 1509 at the age of 17. He made a dynastic marriage with

3061: 2990: 2956: 2781: 2677: 2574: 2530: 2463: 2272: 2086: 1886: 1704: 1585: 1421: 1253: 1216: 223: 121: 87: 15938: 15333: 12154: 12146: 12142: 12138: 12121: 12118: 12114: 12110: 12106: 12102: 5201:

Westminster Abbey was one of seven monasteries re-founded during the Marian Restoration.

2895:

at worst. Early Protestants portrayed Catholic practices such as confession to priests,

1160: 952: 17030: 16958: 16953: 16893: 16722: 16536: 16406: 16238: 16186: 16089: 15773: 15748: 15711: 15595: 15528: 15501: 15405: 15067: 14817: 14747: 14664: 14652: 14629: 14425: 14199: 14040: 13984: 13974: 13776: 13560: 13405: 13344: 12581: 12478: 12423: 12406: 12386: 12278: 12253: 12245: 12187: 12183: 12179: 12175: 12171: 12150: 12001: 11965: 11957: 11780:

The shaping of a community: The rise and reformation of the English Parish c. 1400–1560

11601: 11524: 11409: 11253: 11171: 11163: 11062: 11045: 10986: 10843: 10822: 10700: 10692: 10518: 10510: 10411: 10407: 6403: 6208: 5676: 5621: 5616: 5571: 5496: 5426: 5161: 5094: 4996: 4972: 4869: 4814:—a surplice, tablecloths, communion cup and a bell. Items to be seized included copes, 4761: 4756:"limited to the subjective experience of the communicant". Anglican bishop and scholar 4650: 4594: 4470: 4414: 4363: 4227: 3888: 3646: 3605: 3433:

and Temporality, be bounden and owe to bear next to God a natural and humble obedience.

3320:, which forbade obedience to the Pope or any foreign ruler. Henry wanted the clergy of 3298: 3218: 3041: 2745: 2475: 2459: 2405:(1529–1536) passed laws abolishing papal authority in England and declared Henry to be 2164: 2146: 2041: 2028: 1943: 1820: 1800: 1615: 1557: 1289: 1230: 1128: 937: 884: 709: 614: 609: 599: 413: 378: 338: 271: 261: 203: 71: 16079: 15465: 14138: 11896: 10858:

Handbook of European History 1400–1600: Late Middle Ages, Renaissance, and Reformation

10490: 5272:. Lesser known figures were also among the victims, including around 51 women such as 4166:

calls them a "significant shift in the direction of full-blown Protestantism". Church

4138: 3739:, upon investigation announced to be "honey clarified and coloured with saffron". The 3316:, the King decided in 1530 to proceed against the whole clergy for violating the 1392 3250: 2439:

The English Reformation is generally considered to have concluded during the reign of

393: 16983: 16737: 16670: 16617: 16589: 16128: 16094: 15880: 15790: 15632: 15612: 15607: 15460: 14992: 14911: 14906: 14860: 14800: 14669: 14465: 13850: 13771: 13709: 13357: 12463: 12362: 12315: 12196: 12191: 12167: 12075: 12056: 11969: 11917: 11866: 11756: 11718: 11712: 11670: 11626: 11607: 11586: 11564: 11543: 11493: 11472: 11450: 11426: 11374: 11348: 11327: 11306: 11287: 11263: 11239: 11218: 11193: 11175: 11132: 11111: 11105: 11090: 11069: 11028:

Loades, David (Winter 1989). "The Reign of Mary Tudor: Historiography and Research".

11014: 10993: 10981: 10955: 10932: 10905: 10886: 10862: 10791: 10781: 10767: 10743: 10722: 10704: 10696: 10657: 10623: 10603: 10579: 10558: 10537: 10522: 10475: 10454: 10430: 10391: 10377: 7006: 6323: 6307: 6193: 6164: 6121: 6064:

music in church. They especially resented the requirement that clergy wear the white

6049: 5944: 5908: 5893: 5701: 5626: 5611: 5566: 5339: 5145: 5134: 5102: 4944: 4666: 4665:, John Hooper objected to the mention of "all saints and the holy Evangelist" in the 4574: 4481: 4458: 4422: 4391: 4311:. Significant to Cranmer's change of mind was the influence of Strasbourg theologian 4060: 4012:

in May 1545. Both texts had a reformed emphasis. After the death of the conservative

3848: 3495: 3340: 3167: 3163: 2891:

do not mediate divine favour. To believe otherwise would be superstition at best and

2850:

Be ye not conformed to this world, but be ye reformed in the newness of your minds...

2598: 2448: 2429: 2417: 2343: 1780: 1740: 1603: 1561: 1552: 1100: 363: 173: 154: 149: 130: 26: 14855: 11367: 10946:

Jones, Cheslyn; Wainwright, Geoffrey; Yarnold, Edward; Bradshaw, Paul, eds. (1992).

10213: 5093:

of 1543, Bonner's work was a survey of basic Catholic teaching organized around the

4905:

and daughter in law of the Duke of Northumberland. This new succession violated the

4492:

Enforcement of the new liturgy did not always take place without a struggle. In the

3180:, Henry VIII's second wife, by an unknown artist. National Portrait Gallery, London. 2760:

of humanity. The Mass was also an offering of prayer by which the living could help

2420:

of the Church of England became markedly Protestant during the reign of Henry's son

408: 17062: 17052: 17035: 16913: 16871: 16813: 16783: 16612: 16318: 16233: 16098: 15870: 15817: 15652: 15617: 15590: 15585: 15311: 14752: 14692: 14080: 14065: 13766: 13746: 13741: 13724: 13704: 13453: 13367: 12537: 12396: 12379: 12026: 11993: 11949: 11516: 11399: 11155: 11037: 10924: 10814: 10684: 10502: 10403: 10332: 6388: 6311: 5982: 5974: 5734: 5294:

Mary's efforts at restoring Catholicism were also frustrated by the church itself.

5121: 5106: 5098: 5056: 4748: 4699: 4450: 4446: 4295:. On 21 February, the council explicitly ordered the removal of all church images. 4242: 4126: 4087: 3544: 3516: 3479: 3362: 3206: 3021: 2880: 2795: 2398: 2247: 2229: 2189: 1772: 1686: 1682: 1581: 1573: 1444: 1343: 1109: 784: 682: 433: 343: 266: 15264: 12205: 10229: 8701: 6124:

disagreed with many aspects of the Reformed tradition, especially its teaching on

4318: 3098:

This contributed to a state of hostility between his young contemporaries and the

1040: 17040: 16973: 16908: 16865: 16650: 16607: 16559: 16476: 16348: 16159: 15973: 15875: 15845: 15417: 15125: 15027: 14965: 14707: 14658: 14204: 13859: 13463: 13443: 13362: 12493: 12453: 12330: 12283: 12050: 11749: 11558: 11537: 11487: 11444: 11342: 11321: 11281: 11257: 11233: 11208: 11187: 11084: 11008: 10880: 10856: 10785: 10737: 10716: 10638: 10617: 10552: 10531: 10469: 10448: 10424: 10371: 7000: 6272: 5792: 5782: 5767: 5757: 5065: 4961: 4835: 4637: 4610: 4548: 4343: 4258: 4040: 3956:

in Wakefield, West Yorkshire. Chantries were endowments that paid priests to say

3807: 3796: 3736: 3696: 3684: 3619: 3593: 3536: 3520: 3437:

This declared England an independent country in every respect. English historian

3382:

mandated the clergy pay no more than five percent of their first year's revenue (

3378:

was presented to the King as a petition for reform on 18 March. On 26 March, the

3273: 3099: 3025: 2920: 2799: 2741: 2657: 2455: 2351: 2277: 1789: 1463: 1449: 1371: 1360: 1244: 677: 624: 619: 589: 373: 358: 285: 163: 30: 15568: 10557:, Cambridge Companions to Religion, Cambridge University Press, pp. 34–47, 6483:: the falcon was her badge, the pomegranate, that of Granada, Catherine's badge. 17082: 17020: 16881: 16861: 16823: 16777: 16742: 16697: 16546: 16519: 16452: 16447: 16373: 16308: 16243: 16173: 16108: 16020: 15969: 15835: 15758: 15743: 15129: 15115: 15090: 15085: 14876: 14850: 14780: 14595: 14497: 14492: 14475: 14415: 14309: 14256: 14085: 14005: 13854: 13327: 13242: 12574: 12488: 12352: 12300: 12098: 10712: 10367: 10210:

History of England from the Fall of Wolsey to the Defeat of the Spanish Armada,

6393: 6380: 6291: 6265: 6227: 6129: 6069: 5997: 5807: 5641: 5304: 5265: 5033: 4839: 4703: 4582: 4566: 4454: 4430: 4383: 4201: 4119: 4044: 4017: 3916: 3912: 3908: 3900: 3876: 3768: 3634: 3458: 3438: 3421: 3354: 3339:

The privileges of the church were upheld only if they did not detract from the

3297:

Initially, Parliament passed minor legislation to control ecclesiastical fees,

3201: 3142: 3122: 3065: 3037: 2904: 2737: 2578: 2467: 2425: 2367: 2363: 2242: 2106: 2015: 1840: 1776: 1760: 1756: 1752: 1732: 1678: 1207: 1202: 1151: 779: 594: 438: 428: 423: 403: 275: 246: 241: 178: 16084: 15602: 12031: 12014: 11953: 11159: 11146:—— (December 2005). "Putting the English Reformation on the Map". 10506: 2346:

was forced by its monarchs and elites to break away from the authority of the

17127: 17015: 16988: 16798: 16707: 16488: 16480: 16442: 16392: 16381: 16368: 16029: 15840: 15688: 15677: 15316: 15289: 15032: 14969: 14958: 14845: 14732: 14635: 14623: 14487: 14460: 14400: 13879: 13699: 13377: 12483: 12342: 12079: 11464: 11362: 11183: 10876: 10571: 10444: 6207:

consensus" was shattered. Many Puritans were unwilling to conform and became

6189: 6117: 6101: 6061: 5852: 5812: 5787: 5772: 5742: 5601: 5501: 5491: 5486: 5476: 5391: 5269: 5261: 5237:

In 1555, the initial reconciling tone of the regime began to harden with the

5230: 5125: 5069: 4984: 4931: 4831: 4288: 4214: 4206: 4187: 4104: 3868: 3779: 3712: 3662: 3658: 3642: 3618:

authorised English translation. The only complete vernacular version was the

3532: 3428:, which outlawed appeals to Rome on ecclesiastical matters and declared that 3279: 3155: 3103: 3029: 3013: 2994: 2924: 2860: 2836: 2791: 2444: 2382: 2051: 1630: 1485: 1114: 1048: 388: 368: 333: 208: 103: 76: 15662: 11630: 11583:

Tudor Constitutional Documents A.D. 1485–1603: With an Historical Commentary

11404: 11387: 10351:

Conflict in early Stuart England: studies in religion and politics 1603–1642

5113:. Bonner also produced a children's catechism and a collection of homilies. 4804:

plate and vestments "for as much as the King's Majestie had neede [

65: 16927: 16856: 16808: 16702: 16622: 16400: 16025: 15983: 15948: 15901: 15795: 15763: 15538: 15439: 15057: 14987: 14865: 14674: 14645: 14512: 14209: 13952: 13911: 13500: 13372: 13237: 12623: 12418: 12357: 12320: 11845:

Access to History: Henry VIII to Mary I: Government and Religion, 1509–1558

11277: 10969: 6591: 6475:, p. 111) notes that Anne's music book contained an illustration of a 6300: 6284: 6204: 6152: 6057: 6024: 5993: 5696: 5386: 5295: 5157: 5149: 5022: 4988: 4894: 4732: 4653:

was published that was based on Martin Bucer's own treatise on the form of

4562: 4493: 4466: 4399: 4335: 4312: 4246: 4241:

abolished the remaining chantries and confiscated their assets. Unlike the

4218: 4130: 4068: 4032: 3763: 3732: 3592:

St Paul's Cross (in the lower left corner of the painting) was a prominent

3217:

previously dispensed. Clement also feared the wrath of Catherine's nephew,

3146: 2986: 2705: 2359: 1768: 1670: 1659: 1646: 1257: 1174: 1169: 1063: 853: 418: 353: 213: 158: 13518: 11378: 10688: 5217: 4784:

of people and objects. In the baptism service, infants no longer received

4141:, and other "papistical superstitions". It also directly contradicted the 3786:, a Cistercian monastery closed in 1539 and converted into a country house 3641:

has repeatedly and eloquently demonstrated." In February 1538, the famous

17072: 16948: 16902: 16771: 16712: 16541: 16484: 16471: 16457: 16293: 16268: 16253: 16054: 16015: 15988: 15978: 15511: 15383: 14697: 14558: 14529: 14470: 14445: 14440: 14304: 14219: 14113: 14094: 13803: 12532: 12516: 12391: 12293: 12163: 12130: 11737:

Reformation Divided: Catholics, Protestants and the Conversion of England

11732: 10613: 10373:

The King's Bedpost: Reformation and Iconography in a Tudor Group Portrait

6480: 6332: 6315: 6276: 6223: 6141: 6084:, under which government by bishops would be replaced with government by 6073: 5948: 5797: 5747: 5416: 5411: 5396: 5277: 5246: 5041: 5018: 4926: 4819: 4642: 4351: 4339: 4292: 4171: 4163: 4072: 4009: 3965: 3896: 3880: 3783: 3692: 3638: 3556: 3552: 3540: 3413: 3409: 3269: 3177: 3135: 3110: 2998: 2911: 2856: 2826: 2807: 2440: 2355: 1748: 1634: 1534: 1240: 1058: 584: 348: 98: 94: 57: 16:

16th-century separation of the Church of England from the Catholic Church

16123: 12005: 11507:

Slavin, Arthur J. (1990). "G. R. Elton: On Reformation and Revolution".

11413: 10861:. Vol. 2: Visions, Programs and Outcomes. Brill. pp. 455–490. 10847: 10514: 10415: 6271:

Reformation historiography has seen many schools of interpretation with

4334:. It replaced the several regional Latin rites then in use, such as the 3691:

For Cromwell and Cranmer, a step in the Protestant agenda was attacking

3305:

to act against the Pope's prohibition. Henry thus resolved to bully the

3145:

to Queen Catherine, having spent some years in France being educated by

17077: 16818: 16727: 16602: 16500: 16191: 16064: 15998: 15993: 15672: 15667: 15622: 15422: 15077: 14827: 14775: 14580: 14410: 14055: 13884: 13828: 13823: 13490: 13249: 11961: 11449:. Religion, Politics and Society in Britain (2nd ed.). Routledge. 11440: 11167: 11049: 10885:. The Oxford History of the Christian Church. Oxford University Press. 10826: 10619:

The Voices of Morebath: Reformation and Rebellion in an English Village

6583: 6160: 5985:

was issued outlining the church's reformed theology in greater detail.

5273: 5173: 5153: 5045: 5028: 4827: 4654: 4602: 4570: 4516:. In East Anglia, however, the rebellions lacked a Catholic character. 4387: 4134: 4036: 4001: 3746: 3704: 3614: 3528: 3462: 3313: 3233: 3127: 3076: 2879:

If Luther was correct, then the Mass, the sacraments, charitable acts,

2841: 2822: 2773: 2594: 2394: 2386: 2194: 1724: 1638: 134: 11528: 10787:

English Reformations: Religion, Politics, and Society Under the Tudors

10672: 4975:, in 1554. There was opposition, and even a rebellion in Kent (led by 3939:

wrote that Henry's religious policy was a "climax of evils" and that:

16511: 16465: 16416: 16387: 16338: 15768: 15372: 15072: 15022: 14948: 14943: 14717: 14702: 14430: 14420: 14123: 14109: 13833: 12271: 12214: 6096: 6008: 5989: 5406: 5331:

Queen Elizabeth I of England reached a moderate religious settlement.

5281: 5110: 4898: 4873: 4855: 4851: 4847: 4789: 4752: 4682: 4632:

To attack the mass, Protestants began demanding the removal of stone

4513: 4505: 4371: 4284: 4195: 4175: 4021: 3503: 3470: 3193: 3088: 2868: 2831: 2765: 2697: 2689: 1952: 1744: 1156: 546: 398: 144: 11041: 10818: 5083:

In 1556, Pole ordered clergy to read one chapter of Bishop Bonner's

5000:

and implementing the reunion with Rome. This bill was passed as the

4918: 3346:

The King pardoned the clergy for violating the Statute of Praemunire

16887: 16424: 16323: 16283: 16273: 16258: 16044: 15918: 15778: 15506: 15496: 15445: 15378: 15323: 15256: 15195: 14916: 14795: 14435: 14214: 14128: 13874: 13864: 13818: 13813: 13808: 12628: 11997: 11520: 10336: 6360: 6169: 6065: 6037: 5347: 5014: 4797: 4792:

was no longer included in the services for baptism, ordination and

4777: 4617: 4379: 4370:

and scripture readings appropriate for the day. Priests still wore

4359: 3527:

The reformers were aided by Cromwell, who in January 1535 was made

3365:. That same year, Parliament passed the Pardon to Clergy Act 1531. 3131: 3009: 2940:

to de-emphasize the role of grace-giving sacraments. His choice of

2892: 2803: 2787: 2673: 2452: 2413: 2358:, a religious and political movement that affected the practice of 125: 116: 107: 11623:

English Catholic Historians and the English Reformation: 1585–1954

6541:

were largely traditional devotions and that the popularity of the

5327: 3919:

were burned at the stake. In a display of religious impartiality,

3608:

were changed into normal work days, including those celebrating a

3588: 17107: 16747: 16665: 16288: 16263: 16248: 16203: 16039: 15896: 15812: 15800: 15694: 15563: 15543: 15518: 14953: 14883: 14543: 14507: 12445: 11560:

The Oxford Guide to The Book of Common Prayer: A Worldwide Survey

11214:

The Oxford Guide to the Book of Common Prayer: A Worldwide Survey

6346: 6185: 6181: 6177: 6173: 6053: 6012: 4815: 4724: 4670: 4438: 4367: 4262: 4052: 4025: 3957: 3383: 2818: 2701: 2390: 1881: 1427: 1308: 280: 183: 112: 11036:(4). The North American Conference on British Studies: 547–558. 10536:. Cambridge Companions to Religion. Cambridge University Press. 4943:

Both Protestants and Catholics understood that the accession of

4922:

Queen Mary I of England restored the English allegiance to Rome.

3831:

and Chester, but not, for instance, at Shrewsbury, Leicester or

3312:

Having first charged eight bishops and seven other clerics with

16492: 16362: 16328: 16313: 16298: 16059: 15953: 15933: 15923: 15642: 15627: 15580: 15243: 13969: 13889: 13756: 12055:. Library of Ecclesiastical History. James Clarke and Company. 11446:

The Age of Reformation: The Tudor and Stewart Realms, 1485–1603

8647: 8645: 6582:, pp. 291, 304) lists among Edward's tutors the reformers 6549:, pp. 291, 293), however, argues that both the Litany and 6509: 6476: 6413: 6041: 6004: 5981:

were adopted as a confessional statement for the church, and a

5164:

in London was prevented because its buildings were occupied by

5129: 4769: 4674: 4658: 4626: 4395: 4280: 4179: 4100: 3306: 3017: 2915:

The Tyndale Bible was the basis for later English translations.

11423:

The Age of Reformation: The Tudor and Stewart Realms 1485–1603

11189:

Prayer Book and People in Elizabethan and Early Stuart England

10945: 10640:

The Stripping of the Altars: Traditional Religion in England,

9797: 8924: 8707: 5137:

used to reserve Eucharistic bread for devotion and adoration.

4540: 4226:

allowing free debate on religious questions. In December, the

3393:. (Parliament subsequently gave this statutory force with the 3173: 3120:, for which he was awarded the title "Defender of the Faith" ( 2373:

Ideologically, the groundwork for the Reformation was laid by

16660: 16333: 16303: 16049: 15928: 15913: 15548: 14517: 12527: 9677: 9437: 9435: 9433: 9420: 9418: 9416: 9289: 9287: 9224: 8849: 8847: 6920: 6045: 4823: 3687:, a Benedictine monastery near Durham that was closed in 1535 3261: 2950: 2888: 2378: 11235:

Heretics and Believers: A History of the English Reformation

10902:

Dynasties: Painting in Tudor and Jacobean England, 1530–1630

10190: 9992: 9956: 9833: 9653: 9539: 9459: 9200: 9140: 9128: 8936: 8761: 8713: 8679: 8677: 8642: 8552: 8345: 8210: 8006: 7946: 7847: 7388: 5051:

As the papal legate, Pole possessed authority over both his

4688: 4429:. Instead of the priest offering the sacrifice of Christ to 17087: 16436: 16278: 16003: 12633: 11110:. British History in Perspective (2nd ed.). Palgrave. 10951: 9517: 9515: 9304: 9302: 9042: 9040: 8979: 8977: 8975: 8890: 8888: 8886: 8664: 8662: 8660: 8605: 8603: 8506: 8504: 8465: 8150: 7586: 7535: 7499: 7405: 7403: 6151:, the Arminians were ascendant and closely associated with 6000:, several factions developed within the Church of England. 4934:

presided over the English Church's reconciliation with Rome

4683:

neither necessary for salvation nor prohibited by scripture

4375: 4191: 4108: 3724: 2761: 2665: 2661: 2347: 1712: 11030:

Albion: A Quarterly Journal Concerned with British Studies

10450:

New Worlds, Lost Worlds: The Rule of the Tudors, 1485–1603

10267: 9968: 9430: 9413: 9389: 9377: 9284: 8989: 8859: 8844: 8615: 8588: 8576: 8564: 8516: 8357: 8333: 8321: 8237: 8186: 8138: 8114: 8090: 7994: 7910: 7898: 7886: 7874: 7864: 7862: 4768:), any leftover bread or wine was to be taken home by the 3679: 3209:

to annul the marriage, but the Pope refused. According to

2732:, the central act of Catholic worship. In this service, a 16228: 16118: 13495: 10576:

Lollards and Protestants in the Diocese of York 1509–1558

10178: 10004: 9905: 9893: 9845: 9821: 9809: 9785: 9605: 8912: 8820: 8674: 8429: 8381: 8297: 8162: 8126: 8078: 7823: 7799: 7622: 7511: 7378: 7376: 7291: 7289: 7151: 6896: 6829:

The Oxford Reformers. John Colet, Erasmus and Thomas More

6792: 6545:"suggest a continued vitality in conventional religion". 4995:

On 30 November, Pole spoke to both houses of Parliament,

4806: 4354:

continued to be observed, and there were texts for daily

3728: 15280:(also called Mass, Holy Communion, or the Lord's Supper) 11640:"The House of Commons and the Marian Reaction 1553–1558" 10166: 10118: 10096: 10094: 10081: 10079: 9934: 9932: 9881: 9737: 9713: 9689: 9665: 9629: 9595: 9593: 9580: 9578: 9551: 9512: 9502: 9500: 9498: 9483: 9401: 9355: 9353: 9299: 9248: 9188: 9176: 9164: 9104: 9092: 9037: 8972: 8883: 8832: 8790: 8788: 8773: 8725: 8657: 8632: 8630: 8600: 8501: 8369: 8309: 8273: 8227: 8225: 8198: 8174: 8066: 8054: 7970: 7958: 7835: 7787: 7775: 7763: 7751: 7598: 7427: 7400: 7274: 7175: 6836: 6768: 6756: 6732: 6720: 6672: 4149: 3213:, the Pope could not annul a marriage on the basis of a 2954:

de-emphasized good works. When rendering the Greek verb

2424:(1547–1553) largely along lines laid down by Archbishop 12095:

The History of the Reformation of the Church of England

11772:

The Reformation in Britain and Ireland: An Introduction

10842:(1). Historical Society of the Episcopal Church: 7–21. 10040: 10028: 9857: 8749: 8405: 8042: 7934: 7859: 7811: 7739: 7727: 7715: 7705: 7703: 7690: 7688: 7661: 7639: 7637: 7576: 7574: 7559: 7487: 7475: 7451: 7361: 7264: 7262: 7163: 6968: 6956: 6908: 6884: 6872: 6708: 3887:

reaffirming the Catholic beliefs and practices such as

2482:– their church organization remained illegal until the 15135:

Political influence of Evangelicalism in Latin America

12074:. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press. 11262:. Oxford History of England. Oxford University Press. 11086:

The Boy King: Edward VI and the Protestant Reformation

10836:

Historical Magazine of the Protestant Episcopal Church

10154: 10130: 9773: 9761: 9725: 9641: 8689: 7463: 7373: 7286: 7235: 7139: 7103: 7091: 7055: 7031: 7019: 6944: 6809: 6807: 6696: 4731:

in the sacrament. Cranmer himself had already adopted

4545:

Edward VI and the Pope: An Allegory of the Reformation

3745:

compiled by the visitors documented ten pieces of the

3469:

outlawed all annates to Rome and also ordered that if

3449:

Henry on 11 July 1533. Anne gave birth to a daughter,

3336:

The King was responsible for the souls of his subjects

11828:

Worship and the parish church in early modern Britain

10297:

A.G. Dickens, John Tonkin, and Kenneth Powell, eds.,

10142: 10106: 10091: 10076: 9980: 9944: 9929: 9917: 9869: 9749: 9617: 9590: 9575: 9563: 9527: 9495: 9471: 9447: 9365: 9350: 9326: 9314: 9260: 9212: 9152: 9116: 9064: 9052: 9025: 9013: 9001: 8960: 8948: 8900: 8871: 8785: 8737: 8627: 8540: 8528: 8489: 8477: 8453: 8441: 8417: 8393: 8285: 8261: 8249: 8222: 8102: 8030: 8018: 7982: 7922: 7187: 7079: 6860: 6848: 6744: 5213:

List of Protestant martyrs of the English Reformation

4198:

and covered with biblical texts condemning idolatry.

3645:

was condemned as a mechanical fraud and destroyed at

11695:

England's Iconoclasts: Volume I: Laws Against Images

10394:(June 1990). "The Church of England c.1529–c.1642". 10255: 10052: 10016: 9701: 9338: 9272: 9236: 7700: 7685: 7673: 7634: 7610: 7571: 7547: 7523: 7439: 7415: 7349: 7337: 7325: 7313: 7301: 7259: 7223: 7211: 7199: 7115: 6980: 6684: 6342: 5087:

to their parishioners every Sunday. Modelled on the

4394:

on the child's forehead, and wrapping it in a white

3420:

Archbishop Warham died in August 1532. Henry wanted

3040:, John Frith and Andrew Hewet were burned to death. 2474:

churches now existed whose members suffered various

11068:(revised ed.). London: Yale University Press. 10923:. Guides to Sacred Texts. Oxford University Press. 10243: 10064: 7649: 7127: 7067: 7043: 6932: 6804: 6780: 5323:

List of Catholic martyrs of the English Reformation

2806:over the Eucharist, holding the latter to be but a 2432:(1553–1558), Catholicism was briefly restored. The 11748: 11366: 11061: 10985: 10304: 7247: 6237:. It took Catholics longer to achieve toleration. 4987:, the Queen's cousin, arrived in November 1554 as 4661:, priests and bishops. During his consecration as 4261:was commissioned to the task of image breaking in 3806:was a more serious matter. The pro-Catholic, anti- 3134:ideas, among whom was the attractive, charismatic 11211:. In Hefling, Charles; Shattuck, Cynthia (eds.). 10608:(2nd ed.). London: New York, Schocken Books. 6036:. These nonconformist Calvinists became known as 4735:views on the Lord's Supper. In April 1552, a new 3668: 3162:) ascended the throne, England had been beset by 2794:, a 14th-century theologian and, it was thought, 2385:new ideas were known and debated in England, but 17125: 11667:Women of the English Renaissance and Reformation 11013:. Yale English Monarchs. Yale University Press. 10718:The Tudor Constitution: Documents and Commentary 5977:of traditional priestly vestments. In 1571, the 4095:When Henry died in 1547, his nine-year-old son, 4043:and burnt at the stake. Even Henry's last wife, 3293:–1540), Henry VIII's chief minister (1532–1540). 25:King Henry VIII initiated the separation of the 12072:Voices of the English Reformation: A Sourcebook 12052:Documents of the English Reformation, 1526–1701 5284:, one of the Marian exiles. Published in 1563, 4868:was issued on royal authority in May 1553. The 4252:Historians dispute how well this was received. 4024:(trust funds endowed to pay for priests to say 2354:. These events were part of the wider European 1270:(retained by Lutherans, mostly banned by Trent) 12015:"History, Memory, and the English Reformation" 10595:Reformation and Society in 16th-Century Europe 6327:factions, all of them Protestant inspiration. 3476:Act Concerning Peter's Pence and Dispensations 3361:agreed to the same on behalf of the clergy of 3087:, in June 1509, just before his coronation on 15211: 13534: 12230: 6998: 6306:Revisionists comprise a third school, led by 6226:took shape as a recognisable tradition. From 5916: 4194:were defaced or destroyed. Church walls were 4004:service, was published in June 1544, and the 3478:outlawed the annual payment by landowners of 2633: 2315: 1904: 1503: 11879:The Reformation of the English Parish Church 11799:Religious identities in Henry VIII's England 11585:(2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. 11344:Untying the Knot: A Short History of Divorce 11148:Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 10807:Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 10756: 10721:(2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. 10530:Coffey, John; Lim, Paul C. H., eds. (2008). 8471: 4669:and to the requirement that he wear a black 4322:Title page of the 1549 Book of Common Prayer 4265:, his task, as he records it, was enormous. 3509: 2489: 2397:requested an annulment of his marriage, but 2200:History of the Puritans under King Charles I 13548: 12207:Hanover College Historical Texts Collection 12198:Hanover College Historical Texts Collection 11563:. Oxford University Press. pp. 44–54. 11323:Europe and England in the Sixteenth Century 11217:. Oxford University Press. pp. 79–92. 11107:The Later Reformation in England, 1547–1603 10673:"The English Reformation After Revisionism" 10471:The Reformation in English Towns, 1500–1640 4854:. Cranmer's plan for a revision of English 4751:wafers, ordinary bread was to be used. The 4411:elevation of the consecrated bread and wine 4362:(Evening Prayer). In addition, there was a 3631:The Later Reformation in England, 1547–1603 3465:continued to be vigorously persecuted. The 16789:Communion and the developmentally disabled 15218: 15204: 13541: 13527: 12237: 12223: 11868:Local responses to the English Reformation 11145: 11124: 11103: 11082: 11056: 10501:(4). Cambridge University Press: 879–907. 10184: 9974: 9911: 9851: 9827: 9803: 9441: 9424: 9395: 9293: 8995: 8930: 8865: 8853: 8621: 8594: 8582: 8570: 8522: 8363: 8339: 8327: 8243: 8192: 8156: 8144: 8120: 8096: 8000: 7916: 7904: 7892: 7880: 7805: 7628: 7604: 7517: 7157: 6926: 6902: 6842: 6774: 6726: 6678: 6615: 6567: 6537:, p. 162) argues that the Litany and 5923: 5909: 5354: 2728:. The Eucharist was celebrated during the 2640: 2626: 2322: 2308: 2142:History of the Puritans under King James I 1942: 1911: 1897: 1510: 1496: 12030: 11819:Henry VIII and the Reformation in England 11403: 10529: 10491:"Heresy and Forfeiture in Marian England" 10010: 9899: 6557:, pp. 446–447) agrees with Marshall. 6409:Putting away of Books and Images Act 1549 5960:Supreme Governor of the Church of England 5310: 4689:1552 prayer book and parish confiscations 4589:, managed to stay a bishop only by being 3883:. Later that year, Parliament passed the 3758:Dissolution of the Lesser Monasteries Act 3239: 3064:, Henry VIII's first wife. Attributed to 2736:consecrated bread and wine to become the 2097:History of the Puritans under Elizabeth I 11664: 11653:(3). Andrews University Press: 227–241. 11599: 11340: 11231: 10980: 10833: 10322: 10196: 10172: 10124: 9998: 9962: 9887: 9839: 9791: 9767: 9743: 9719: 9695: 9683: 9671: 9659: 9647: 9635: 9545: 9521: 9489: 9465: 9407: 9308: 9254: 9230: 9206: 9194: 9182: 9170: 9146: 9134: 9110: 9098: 9046: 8983: 8942: 8894: 8838: 8779: 8767: 8731: 8719: 8668: 8651: 8609: 8558: 8510: 8375: 8351: 8315: 8279: 8216: 8204: 8180: 8072: 8060: 8012: 7976: 7964: 7952: 7853: 7841: 7817: 7745: 7733: 7721: 7667: 7592: 7565: 7541: 7505: 7493: 7481: 7421: 7394: 7061: 7037: 6974: 6962: 6914: 6890: 6878: 6798: 6738: 6702: 6690: 6579: 6546: 6505: 6493: 6095: 5326: 5216: 4938: 4925: 4917: 4698: 4539: 4441:along with a few biblical saints' days ( 4317: 4200: 4086: 4082: 3989:Act for the Advancement of True Religion 3947: 3879:of 1539, where he crept to the cross on 3773: 3678: 3587: 3483:usurpations and exactions" of the Pope. 3404: 3278: 3172: 3056: 3052: 3047: 2910: 2672:in the late medieval church taught that 20: 14959:Fostering of early experimental science 11704:Broken Idols of the English Reformation 11660:from the original on 28 September 2015. 11463: 11300: 11276: 10918: 10854: 10656:(2nd ed.). Yale University Press. 10601: 10592: 10570: 10443: 10390: 10261: 9863: 9557: 8755: 8695: 8411: 8048: 7940: 7868: 7469: 7382: 7295: 7241: 7145: 7097: 7025: 6866: 6854: 6832:(3rd ed.). Longmans, Green and Co. 6825: 6819: 6786: 6750: 6714: 6522: 6472: 6460: 6448: 4107:who destroyed the altars and images of 3519:, opposed to the new theology but felt 3400: 3380:Act in Conditional Restraint of Annates 2696:was ordinarily given through the seven 17126: 15063:Fundamentalist – Modernist controversy 12244: 11979:"(Re)defining the English Reformation" 11843:Turvey, Roger; Randell, Keith (2008). 11620: 11577: 11556: 11506: 11485: 11361: 11319: 11286:(3rd ed.). Morehouse Publishing. 11252: 11206: 11182: 11027: 10488: 10422: 10273: 10249: 10160: 10148: 10136: 10112: 10100: 10085: 9779: 9731: 7829: 7457: 7367: 7331: 7319: 7253: 7205: 7193: 7121: 7085: 6072:. Puritan clergymen preferred to wear 4887: 4209:was vandalized during the Reformation. 3753:'s milk and numerous saints' girdles. 3531:in spirituals. Effectively the King's 701:Censorship of the Bible § 16th century 15199: 13522: 12218: 11854:England's Long Reformation: 1500–1800 11791:Thomas Cromwell: A Revolutionary Life 11535: 11439: 11420: 11385: 11154:. Cambridge University Press: 75–95. 11006: 10988:The Reformation Parliament, 1529–1536 10968: 10899: 10804: 10780: 10735: 10711: 10670: 10636: 10554:The Cambridge Companion to Puritanism 10550: 10533:The Cambridge Companion to Puritanism 10426:Puritanism: A Very Short Introduction 10366: 10310: 10299:The Reformation in historical thought 10288:, pp. 281–299) deals with Elton. 10285: 10058: 10046: 10034: 10022: 9986: 9950: 9938: 9923: 9875: 9815: 9755: 9707: 9623: 9611: 9599: 9584: 9569: 9533: 9506: 9477: 9453: 9383: 9371: 9359: 9332: 9320: 9266: 9218: 9158: 9122: 9070: 9058: 9031: 9019: 9007: 8966: 8954: 8918: 8906: 8877: 8826: 8814: 8810: 8806: 8794: 8743: 8683: 8636: 8546: 8534: 8495: 8483: 8459: 8447: 8435: 8423: 8399: 8387: 8303: 8291: 8267: 8255: 8231: 8168: 8132: 8108: 8084: 8036: 8024: 7988: 7928: 7793: 7781: 7769: 7757: 7709: 7694: 7679: 7655: 7643: 7616: 7580: 7553: 7529: 7445: 7433: 7409: 7355: 7343: 7307: 7280: 7268: 7229: 7217: 7181: 7169: 7133: 7109: 7073: 7049: 6986: 6950: 6938: 6813: 6762: 6656: 6644: 6628: 6603: 6554: 6534: 5452:17th-century denominations in England 4913: 4901:, the granddaughter of Edward's aunt 4882:Supreme Head of the Church of England 4743:to be used in worship by November 1. 4150:Iconoclasm and abolition of chantries 3492:Supreme Head of the Church of England 3228:and briefly taken the Pope prisoner. 3224:, whose troops earlier that year had 2466:, the Church of England remained the 15225: 12048: 12013:Walsham, Alexandra (December 2012). 11887:Wilkinson, Richard (December 2010). 11637: 10875: 10070: 9344: 9278: 9242: 6999:O'Donovan, Louis (5 November 2019). 6255:Historiography of the United Kingdom 5422:Arminianism in the Church of England 5007: 4116:Edward Seymour, 1st Duke of Somerset 3954:Chantry Chapel of St Mary the Virgin 3467:Act in Absolute Restraint of Annates 2512:Catholic Church in England and Wales 2185:Arminianism in the Church of England 11932: 11647:Andrews University Seminary Studies 11625:. Brighton: Sussex Academic Press. 10805:—— (1997). "Religion". 10578:. London: Oxford University Press. 10349:Richard Cust and Ann Hughes, eds., 7002:The Defence of the Seven Sacraments 6136:, this new faction is known as the 5239:revival of the medieval heresy laws 5085:A Profitable and Necessary Doctrine 5059:, which allowed him to oversee the 4834:fabrics were collected and sent to 4530:Lord President of the Privy Council 4480:In 1549, Parliament also legalized 4268: 4008:became the only authorised English 3838: 3371:Supplication against the Ordinaries 2821:(who lived in England for a time), 1979:Convocations of Canterbury and York 13: 17068:Ritualism in the Church of England 12041: 11685: 11283:A History of the Church in England 11089:. University of California Press. 10929:10.1093/oso/9780190689681.001.0001 10921:The Book of Common Prayer: A Guide 10882:Reformation in Britain and Ireland 10766:. University of California Press. 10408:10.1111/j.1468-229X.1990.tb01514.x 5168:, a school for orphaned children. 4800:and bishops had to wear a rochet. 4326:That prayer book and liturgy, the 4309:Reformed position on the Eucharist 4205:This statue in the Lady Chapel of 4016:in September 1544, the Protestant 3960:to lessen their time in purgatory. 3816:Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of Norfolk 3284:Thomas Cromwell, 1st Earl of Essex 2846:notoriously confrontational sermon 2780:, which were made possible by the 1871:North American Anglican Conference 14: 17180: 17164:History of Catholicism in England 16656:Antiochian Western Rite Vicariate 15856:List of Anglican church composers 15346:Coronation of the British monarch 12101:(Oxford University Press, 1829): 12088: 11836:The English Reformation 1530–1570 11489:The Oxford History of Anglicanism 11469:A Dictionary of Political Thought 7005:. Dalcassian Publishing Company. 6248: 5189:Conservative Bishop Edmund Bonner 4880:and that the King of England was 4861:Reformatio legum ecclesiasticarum 4556:and members of the Privy Council. 4535: 4374:—the prayer book recommended the 3867:in November 1538 for denying the 3581:saints, purgatory and the use of 3141:Anne arrived at court in 1522 as 3070:National Portrait Gallery, London 2859:was initiated by the German monk 2293:History of the Anglican Communion 2220:History of the Puritans from 1649 1009:16th century Renaissance humanism 748:Political and religious conflicts 17169:History of the Church of England 17106: 17004:Elizabethan Religious Settlement 11303:The Anglican Spiritual Tradition 10974:The Life and Times of Henry VIII 10343: 10316: 10291: 10279: 10218: 10202: 9076: 8800: 6650: 6638: 6627:Among many examples provided by 6621: 6609: 6597: 6573: 6560: 6528: 6399:History of the Church of England 6373: 6359: 6345: 5647:Elizabethan Religious Settlement 5317:Elizabethan Religious Settlement 5194: 5182: 4526:John Dudley, 1st Earl of Warwick 3707:were killed for doing the same. 3500:Act against the Pope's Authority 2750:sacrifice of Christ on the cross 2583:Elizabethan Religious Settlement 2434:Elizabethan Religious Settlement 1936:History of the Church of England 1880: 1541: 991:Dutch Renaissance and Golden Age 867:Influence on church architecture 64: 16969:Bible translations into English 15701:To Thee before the close of day 15430:Seven Last Words from the Cross 12306:England in the late Middle Ages 11603:Liturgies of the Western Church 11536:Smith, Herbert Maynard (1938). 10489:Cavill, P. R. (December 2013). 10359: 6992: 6515: 6499: 6486: 6466: 6454: 6091: 5954:In 1558, Parliament passed the 5562:Westminster Confession of Faith 5522:History under Queen Elizabeth I 4477:and other festivals were gone. 4427:Christ's sacrifice on the cross 4419:Christ's sacrifice on the cross 3192:for Henry to have married her ( 3117:Defence of the Seven Sacraments 1717:Medieval cathedral architecture 1691:First seven ecumenical councils 15658:Benedictus (Song of Zechariah) 14922:Separation of church and state 14591:Formal and material principles 14576:Separation of church and state 11852:Tyacke, Nicholas, ed. (1997). 11542:. London: Palgrave Macmillan. 11347:. Cambridge University Press. 11192:. Cambridge University Press. 10992:. Cambridge University Press. 10376:. Cambridge University Press. 6441: 4350:The cycles and seasons of the 3718:In 1534, Cromwell initiated a 3675:Dissolution of the Monasteries 3669:Dissolution of the monasteries 3188:'s wife, and it was therefore 2676:persons should cooperate with 2607:19th-century Church of England 2603:18th-century Church of England 2571:Dissolution of the Monasteries 2484:Roman Catholic Relief Act 1829 2451:which resulted in the rule of 2389:were a religious minority and 2066:Elizabethan Church (1558–1603) 2011:Dissolution of the Monasteries 1737:Dissolution of the monasteries 692:Counter-Reformation § Politics 1: 14586:Hymnody of continental Europe 13737:Apostles in the New Testament 12209:: The Protestant Reformation 11977:Marshall, Peter (July 2009). 11807:Reformation England 1480–1642 11706:. Cambridge University Press. 11425:. Harlow: Pearson Education. 11259:The Earlier Tudors, 1485–1558 10648: 10641: 10474:. Macmillan. pp. 23–47. 6666: 6034:Continental Reformed churches 4969:Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor 4620:in the 1549 prayer book. The 4230:allowed the laity to receive 4059:, Bishop Gardiner and Bishop 3720:visitation of the monasteries 3349:The laity were also pardoned. 3287: 2539:Christianity in Roman Britain 2407:head of the Church of England 1829:Anglican Consultative Council 1578:Chicago–Lambeth Quadrilateral 1404:Conclusion and commemorations 1087:Hymnody of continental Europe 1000:Folklore of the Low Countries 635:Frederick V, Elector Palatine 298:Theologies of seminal figures 16839:Thanksgiving after Communion 16643:Divine Worship: Daily Office 16181:Directory for Public Worship 16154:Book of Alternative Services 15683:O God, make speed to save us 11638:Ward, Cedric (Autumn 1981). 11305:. Darton, Longman and Todd. 6367:Reformed Christianity portal 6021:excommunication of Elizabeth 6017:Revolt of the Northern Earls 5532:History under King Charles I 5221:Frontispiece of John Foxe's 5206: 4897:in favour of the Protestant 4788:and the white chrisom robe. 4695:Book of Common Prayer (1552) 4646:dream always of sacrifice". 4487: 4275:Book of Common Prayer (1549) 3395:Submission of the Clergy Act 3016:(England's first Protestant 2869:justification by faith alone 2555:Religion in Medieval England 2137:James I and religious issues 1974:Religion in Medieval England 1855:Continuing Anglican movement 1851:Other Anglican Denominations 1814:Anglican Communion Primates' 309:Theology of Huldrych Zwingli 7: 17149:Anti-Catholicism in England 15754:Glory to God in the highest 14034:Eastern Orthodox opposition 12211:– links to primary sources. 12202:– links to primary sources. 12070:King, John N., ed. (2004). 11834:Sheils, William J. (2013). 11755:. Oxford University Press. 11711:Collinson, Patrick (1988). 11392:Renaissance and Reformation 11386:Roddy, Kate (Winter 2016). 11373:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 11341:Phillips, Roderick (1991). 10790:. Oxford University Press. 10742:(3rd ed.). Routledge. 10429:. Oxford University Press. 10423:Bremer, Francis J. (2009). 6338: 6040:. Some Puritans refused to 6023:, and the discovery of the 4952:conversion to Catholicism. 4358:(Morning Prayer), Mass and 4158:of England's churches. The 3843:According to the historian 3585:in worship was undermined. 3574:. This was followed by the 3426:Act in Restraint of Appeals 3244:In 1529, the King summoned 2960:into English, Tyndale used 2535:Legend of Christ in Britain 2178:Caroline period (1625–1649) 2130:Jacobean period (1603–1625) 1036:English Renaissance theatre 518:Denmark–Norway and Holstein 10: 17185: 16794:Communion under both kinds 16636:Divine Worship: The Missal 14051:Art patronage of Julius II 12311:Economy in the Middle Ages 12200:: The English Reformation 12049:Bray, Gerald, ed. (1994). 11986:Journal of British Studies 11128:The Reformation: A History 6826:Seebohm, Frederic (1869). 6252: 5682:Immigration to New England 5527:History under King James I 5371:Springfield, Massachusetts 5320: 5314: 5210: 4772:for ordinary consumption. 4692: 4496:, the introduction of the 4272: 4232:communion under both kinds 4075:—to gain control over the 3672: 3649:. In July, the statues of 3637:'s work on iconoclasm and 3190:against biblical teachings 2615:Church of England (recent) 2401:refused. In response, the 1806:Anglican Communion history 1231:Lutheran and Anglican Mass 1096:Music of the British Isles 1023:16th century in literature 17154:Anti-Catholicism in Wales 17101: 16941: 16847: 16761: 16588: 16431:Feast of the Annunciation 16347: 16212: 16197:Revised Common Lectionary 16137: 15962: 15889: 15851:Great Four Anglican Hymns 15826: 15486: 15401:Mass of the Presanctified 15389:Mass of the Lord's Supper 15231: 15143: 14978: 14897: 14826: 14761: 14683: 14614: 14554:Calvinist–Arminian debate 14528: 14295: 14178: 14014: 13905: 13787: 13685: 13574: 13556: 13434: 13386: 13343: 13313: 13270: 13216: 12507: 12444: 12252: 12133:(Clarendon Press, 1822): 12032:10.1017/S0018246X12000362 11954:10.1017/S0018246X00021385 11238:. Yale University Press. 11160:10.1017/S0080440105000319 10919:Hefling, Charles (2021). 10622:. Yale University Press. 10507:10.1017/S0018246X13000277 6633:Haddenham, Cambridgeshire 5964:Act of Uniformity of 1559 5667:Providence Island Company 5537:Cromwellian era and after 5472:Definitions of Puritanism 5447:Ecclesiastical separatism 4561:Edmund Bonner of London, 4160:Royal Injunctions of 1547 3510:Moderate religious reform 3343:and the laws of the realm 3326:Convocation of Canterbury 3158:. Before Henry's father ( 2490:Competing religious ideas 1457:Calendrical commemoration 770:War of the Three Kingdoms 304:Theology of Martin Luther 39:Thyssen-Bornemisza Museum 17144:Protestantism in England 16551:Feast of Christ the King 15861:List of Anglican hymnals 15043:Christian existentialism 11876:Whiting, Robert (2010). 11865:Whiting, Robert (1998). 11805:Marshall, Peter (2012). 11774:. Bloomsbury Publishing. 11702:Aston, Margaret (2016). 11693:Aston, Margaret (1988). 11665:Warnicke, Retha (1983). 11232:Marshall, Peter (2017). 11007:Loach, Jennifer (1999). 10763:A History of British Art 10739:England Under the Tudors 9088:, 14 (1882), pp. 314–315 6631:, pp. 484–485): in 6434: 5672:Massachusetts Bay Colony 5597:Trial of Archbishop Laud 5542:History in North America 5002:Second Statute of Repeal 4405:Nevertheless, the first 4330:, was authorized by the 4190:, shrines, statues, and 3749:, seven portions of the 3391:Submission of the Clergy 3303:Archbishop of Canterbury 2887:, and the veneration of 2883:, prayers for the dead, 2798:, Lollardy stressed the 2551:Anglo-Saxon Christianity 2283:Disestablishmentarianism 2152:Hampton Court Conference 1969:Anglo-Saxon Christianity 1810:Archbishop of Canterbury 169:Johann Ruchrat von Wesel 35:Hans Holbein the Younger 17113:Christianity portal 16899:Origin of the Eucharist 16718:Liturgy of Saint Tikhon 15786:Prayer of Humble Access 15473:Nine Lessons and Carols 13550:History of Christianity 12375:Commonwealth of England 11858:12 essays by scholars; 11817:Randell, Keith (2001). 11600:Thompson, Bard (1961). 11539:Pre-Reformation England 11405:10.33137/rr.v39i1.26543 11301:—— (1983). 11207:—— (2006). 11125:—— (2003). 11104:—— (2001). 11083:—— (1999). 10976:. Book Club Associates. 10736:—— (1991). 10671:—— (2006). 10637:—— (2005). 10605:The English Reformation 10602:—— (1989). 10593:—— (1966). 10402:(244). Wiley: 183–206. 10325:The Journal of Religion 6222:After the Restoration, 5881:Congregational churches 5839:The Godly Man's Picture 5707:American exceptionalism 5442:English Presbyterianism 5142:First Fruits and Tenths 4971:, she married his son, 4958:First Statute of Repeal 4830:and candlesticks. Rich 4762:reserving the sacrament 3598:Old St Paul's Cathedral 3453:, on 7 September 1533. 3083:, widow of his brother 2680:'s grace towards their 2668:. The dominant view of 2656:was part of the larger 2654:medieval English church 2495:History of Christianity 1998:Reformation (1509–1559) 1984:Development of dioceses 1887:Christianity portal 1709:Augustine of Canterbury 1302:First Wittenberg hymnal 760:French Wars of Religion 574:Major political leaders 314:Theology of John Calvin 16763:Eucharistic discipline 16629:Book of Divine Worship 16595:Western Rite Orthodoxy 15362:Exhortation and Litany 15356:Dedication of a church 15111:Fourth Great Awakening 14998:Second Great Awakening 14237:Fall of Constantinople 14029:Development of primacy 11912:Wilson, Derek (2012). 11717:. St. Martin's Press. 11320:Morris, T. A. (1998). 11064:Thomas Cranmer: A Life 10495:The Historical Journal 6419:Reformation in Ireland 6109: 5860:Foxe's Book of Martyrs 5846:The Pilgrim's Progress 5687:Culture in New England 5637:Act of Uniformity 1662 5482:Puritan Sabbatarianism 5367:Augustus Saint-Gaudens 5332: 5311:Elizabethan Settlement 5225: 5053:Province of Canterbury 5040:tried for heresy. His 4935: 4923: 4794:visitation of the sick 4711: 4708:Books of Common Prayer 4557: 4415:prayer of consecration 4332:Act of Uniformity 1549 4323: 4210: 4092: 3997:Exhortation and Litany 3961: 3946: 3825:Court of Augmentations 3787: 3688: 3651:Our Lady of Walsingham 3601: 3488:First Act of Supremacy 3435: 3417: 3294: 3258:Reformation Parliament 3240:Actions against clergy 3181: 3073: 2916: 2899:, and requirements to 2857:Protestant Reformation 2829:, called for a return 2403:Reformation Parliament 2377:who believed that the 2117:Marprelate Controversy 2112:Foxe's Book of Martyrs 2006:Reformation Parliament 1962:Middle Ages (597–1500) 1701:Background and history 1018:16th century in poetry 821:German Renaissance Art 801:Painting and sculpture 42: 17159:Religion and politics 17093:Vestments controversy 17047:The Parson's Handbook 17009:Prayer Book Rebellion 16979:Choral Evensong (BBC) 16753:Stations of the Cross 16167:The Books of Homilies 16148:Book of Common Prayer 15534:General Intercessions 15295:Anointing of the sick 15259:(Vespers or Evensong) 15252:Prayer During the Day 15106:Reformed epistemology 15048:Third Great Awakening 15018:Seventh-day Adventist 14939:First Great Awakening 14812:Book of Common Prayer 14606:Protestant work ethic 14149:Independent Catholics 14100:Monastery dissolution 11770:Hazlett, Ian (2003). 11621:Vidmar, John (2005). 10900:Hearn, Karen (1995). 10697:10.1353/ren.2008.0366 10689:10.1353/ren.2008.0366 10677:Renaissance Quarterly 10011:Coffey & Lim 2008 9900:Coffey & Lim 2008 9086:Archaeologia Cantiana 6253:Further information: 6243:Catholic emancipation 6128:. They looked to the 6099: 6078:Vestments controversy 6074:black academic attire 5970:Book of Common Prayer 5724:Troubles at Frankfurt 5692:Christmas prohibition 5607:Vestments controversy 5365:, an 1887 statue by 5330: 5321:Further information: 5220: 5211:Further information: 4939:Reconciling with Rome 4929: 4921: 4812:Book of Common Prayer 4766:Eucharistic adoration 4741:Book of Common Prayer 4739:authorized a revised 4720:Peter Martyr Vermigli 4716:Book of Common Prayer 4702: 4679:vestments controversy 4649:In March 1550, a new 4622:Book of Common Prayer 4587:Bishop of Westminster 4543: 4510:Prayer Book Rebellion 4498:Book of Common Prayer 4407:Book of Common Prayer 4328:Book of Common Prayer 4321: 4213:Conservative bishops 4204: 4090: 4083:Edwardian Reformation 4000:, the first official 3951: 3941: 3891:, clerical celibacy, 3777: 3742:Compendium Competorum 3682: 3610:church's patron saint 3591: 3430: 3408: 3318:Statute of Praemunire 3282: 3266:ecclesiastical courts 3176: 3060: 3053:Annulment controversy 3048:Henrician Reformation 2914: 2815:Renaissance humanists 2718:Anointing of the Sick 2611:Catholic emancipation 2375:Renaissance humanists 2268:Bangorian Controversy 2236:Book of Common Prayer 2158:Book of Common Prayer 2102:Vestments controversy 2092:The Books of Homilies 2075:Book of Common Prayer 2035:Book of Common Prayer 2022:Book of Common Prayer 1867:Congress of St. Louis 1863:Bartonville Agreement 1621:Book of Common Prayer 1426:Simultaneous rise of 1338:Book of Common Prayer 1138:Scottish church music 1124:Anglican church music 605:Gaspard II de Coligny 580:Henry VIII of England 384:Peter Martyr Vermigli 24: 16994:Convergence Movement 16933:Thirty-nine Articles 16733:Personal ordinariate 16693:Ecclesiastical Latin 15737:Words of Institution 15732:Memorial Acclamation 15586:The Lord be with you 14929:Edicts of toleration 14738:Three Forms of Unity 14503:Bohemian Reformation 14076:Catholic Reformation 13933:Roman state religion 13752:Council of Jerusalem 13226:Anglo-Saxon military 12414:Overseas possessions 11895:(68). Archived from 11787:MacCulloch, Diarmaid 11421:Ryrie, Alec (2009). 11058:MacCulloch, Diarmaid 10950:(revised ed.). 10948:The Study of Liturgy 10758:Graham-Dixon, Andrew 10597:. Thames and Hudson. 10214:"Wolsey" online free 9686:, pp. 394, 396. 9386:, pp. 215, 217. 9233:, pp. 360, 363. 7397:, pp. 208, 221. 6765:, pp. xxi–xxii. 6429:Scottish Reformation 6262:James Anthony Froude 6147:During the reign of 5979:Thirty-Nine Articles 5874:Continuing movements 5592:Scrooby Congregation 5036:views on salvation. 4907:Third Succession Act 4764:(which often led to 4753:prayer of invocation 4663:bishop of Gloucester 4300:eucharistic theology 4182:was also condemned. 4039:was tortured in the 3933:hanged and quartered 3931:—all Catholics—were 3925:Richard Featherstone 3701:Franciscan Observant 3443:national sovereignty 3401:Separation from Rome 3215:canonical impediment 2975:Cambridge University 2800:primacy of scripture 2778:prayers for the dead 2770:imperfect contrition 2480:Catholics in England 2447:, most famously the 2340:16th-century England 2225:Westminster Assembly 2082:Thirty-nine Articles 1859:Anglican realignment 1721:Apostolic succession 1600:Ministry and worship 1566:Thirty-nine Articles 1417:Protestant orthodoxy 1390:Whole Book of Psalms 1354:Book of Common Order 1222:Ecclesiastical Latin 775:German Peasants' War 327:Protestant Reformers 257:Northern Renaissance 252:Bohemian Reformation 236:Contributing factors 140:Gottschalk of Orbais 17134:English Reformation 17058:Prayer for the dead 17026:Liturgical Movement 16999:English Reformation 16964:Anglican sacraments 16834:Spiritual Communion 16524:(some churches use 16412:Baptism of the Lord 15796:Lift up your hearts 15638:Trinitarian formula 15101:Liberation theology 15008:Jehovah's Witnesses 14841:Radical Reformation 14569:Resistance theories 14456:Christian mysticism 14451:Early Scholasticism 14163:Ecclesial community 14061:Counter-Reformation 13926:Constantinian shift 12640:Acts of Parliament: 12407:Union with Scotland 12402:Glorious Revolution 12348:Union of the Crowns 12338:English Renaissance 12326:English Reformation 12267:Anglo-Saxon England 12122:Volume III, Part II 11509:The History Teacher 11278:Moorman, John R. H. 10904:. Tate Publishing. 10276:, pp. 405–431. 10212:(12 volumes, 1893) 10199:, pp. 576–577. 10001:, pp. 542–543. 9965:, pp. 487–495. 9842:, pp. 419–420. 9818:, pp. 235–236. 9806:, pp. 284–285. 9662:, pp. 390–391. 9614:, pp. 214–215. 9548:, pp. 402–403. 9468:, pp. 398–399. 9209:, pp. 362–363. 9149:, pp. 356–358. 9137:, pp. 353–354. 8945:, pp. 340–341. 8933:, pp. 460–461. 8921:, pp. 176–177. 8770:, pp. 332–333. 8722:, pp. 234–236. 8710:, pp. 101–105. 8686:, pp. 464–466. 8654:, pp. 324–325. 8561:, pp. 322–323. 8438:, pp. 171–172. 8390:, pp. 454–456. 8354:, pp. 311–312. 8306:, pp. 450–454. 8219:, pp. 309–310. 8171:, pp. 168–169. 8135:, pp. 166–167. 8087:, pp. 165–166. 8015:, pp. 286–287. 7955:, pp. 280–281. 7856:, pp. 269–270. 7832:, pp. 399–400. 7796:, pp. 147–149. 7784:, pp. 145–146. 7772:, pp. 143–144. 7760:, pp. 144–145. 7595:, pp. 241–242. 7544:, pp. 254–256. 7508:, pp. 216–217. 7436:, pp. 119–120. 7412:, pp. 364–365. 7283:, pp. 111–112. 7184:, pp. 105–106. 6929:, pp. 202–203. 6424:Religion in England 6353:Christianity portal 6235:Toleration Act 1688 6082:presbyterian polity 5975:authorising the use 5941:principal secretary 5735:Notable individuals 5632:English Restoration 5402:English Reformation 5074:Juan de Villagarcía 5061:Counter-Reformation 4888:Edward's succession 4386:, promises made by 4026:masses for the dead 3958:masses for the dead 3937:Charles de Marillac 3804:Pilgrimage of Grace 3793:Lincolnshire Rising 3655:Our Lady of Ipswich 3627:Diarmaid MacCulloch 3565:Schmalkaldic League 3359:Convocation of York 3322:Canterbury province 3108:Bishop of Rochester 3081:Catherine of Aragon 3062:Catherine of Aragon 2919:The publication of 2782:communion of saints 2575:Marian persecutions 2567:English Reformation 2531:Joseph of Arimathea 2518:(Church of England) 2498: 2464:Glorious Revolution 2336:English Reformation 2273:Evangelical Revival 2087:Convocation of 1563 1837:Ordination of women 1729:English Reformation 1705:Celtic Christianity 1422:Peace of Westphalia 1413:Confessionalization 1217:Liturgical Struggle 1143:Normative principle 722:Holy Roman Emperors 671:Counter-Reformation 122:Girolamo Savonarola 17031:Millenary Petition 16959:Anglican devotions 16954:Anglican Communion 16894:Liturgical colours 16829:Reserved sacrament 16565:Principal Holy Day 16239:Baptismal clothing 16187:Edwardine Ordinals 16090:Processional cross 15963:Liturgical objects 15749:Collect for Purity 15559:Laying on of hands 15529:Episcopal blessing 15435:Three Hours' Agony 15406:Good Friday Prayer 15351:Churching of women 15175:Oriental Orthodoxy 14818:King James Version 14630:Ninety-five Theses 14426:Apostolic Brethren 14200:Church of the East 14195:Oriental Orthodoxy 14041:Crusading movement 13561:Early Christianity 12597:Secretary of State 12279:Kingdom of England 12246:Kingdom of England 12115:Volume II, Part II 12019:Historical Journal 11942:Historical Journal 11830:(Routledge, 2016). 11801:(Routledge, 2016). 11782:(Routledge, 2016). 11606:. Meridian Books. 10982:Lehmberg, Stanford 10782:Haigh, Christopher 10353:(Routledge, 2014). 8829:, p. 177–178. 7172:, pp. 89, 98. 6404:History of England 6213:Congregationalists 6110: 6106:Catalogue of Sects 5677:Salem witch trials 5622:Grand Remonstrance 5617:Millenary Petition 5572:Cambridge Platform 5497:Puritan work ethic 5427:English Dissenters 5333: 5226: 5118:Reformatio Angliae 5105:, sacraments, the 5078:Bartolomé Carranza 4973:Philip II of Spain 4936: 4924: 4914:Marian Restoration 4870:Forty-two Articles 4729:spiritual presence 4712: 4595:Diocese of Norwich 4558: 4528:, newly appointed 4364:calendar of saints 4324: 4304:general confession 4239:Chantries Act 1547 4211: 4093: 3971:Prebendaries' Plot 3962: 3899:, and withholding 3889:transubstantiation 3861:Landgrave of Hesse 3823:pensions from the 3788: 3689: 3602: 3596:on the grounds of 3451:Princess Elizabeth 3418: 3299:clerical pluralism 3295: 3219:Holy Roman Emperor 3196:20:21); a special 3182: 3074: 3020:), Thomas Bilney, 2917: 2746:transubstantiation 2516:Calendar of saints 2494: 2476:civil disabilities 2470:, but a number of 2468:established church 2460:Stuart Restoration 2288:Prayer Book Crisis 2165:King James Version 2147:Millenary Petition 2042:Forty-two Articles 2029:Edwardine Ordinals 1821:Lambeth Conference 1801:Anglican Communion 1616:King James Version 1558:Christian theology 1327:Thomissøn's hymnal 1129:Exclusive psalmody 885:Metaphysical poets 807:Northern Mannerism 797:Art and literature 710:Anti-Protestantism 646:Electors of Saxony 610:Henry IV of France 600:William the Silent 523:Sweden and Finland 414:Balthasar Hubmaier 379:Heinrich Bullinger 339:Philip Melanchthon 272:Johannes Gutenberg 262:Christian humanism 204:Ninety-five Theses 72:Ninety-five Theses 43: 17121: 17120: 16984:Christian liturgy 16671:Blessed Sacrament 16618:Anglican Breviary 16590:Anglo-Catholicism 16533: 16222: 16095:Sacramental bread 15881:Voluntary (music) 15633:Sign of the cross 15613:Processional hymn 15608:Priestly Blessing 15461:Banns of marriage 15281: 15268: 15260: 15247: 15193: 15192: 15170:Eastern Orthodoxy 15038:Finnish Awakening 14993:Holiness movement 14934:Congregationalism 14893: 14892: 14753:Metrical psalters 14190:Eastern Orthodoxy 14134:Neo-Scholasticism 13841:Canon development 13742:Jewish Christians 13516: 13515: 13358:Church of England 12316:Wars of the Roses 12107:Volume I, Part II 11923:978-1-84529-646-9 11797:Marshall, Peter. 11724:978-0-312-02366-9 11676:978-0-313-23611-2 11570:978-0-19-529756-0 11456:978-1-315-27214-6 11312:978-0-87243-125-6 11224:978-0-19-529756-0 11138:978-0-14-303538-1 11131:. Penguin Books. 10961:978-0-19-520922-8 10797:978-0-19-822162-3 10773:978-0-520-22376-9 10663:978-0-300-10828-6 10564:978-0-521-67800-1 10543:978-0-521-67800-1 10049:, pp. 39–40. 10037:, pp. 43–44. 9082:Scott Robertson, 8708:Jones et al. 1992 8472:Graham-Dixon 1996 7460:, pp. 33–34. 7370:, pp. 59–63. 7112:, pp. 93–94. 6801:, pp. 29–32. 6741:, pp. 16–17. 6324:Patrick Collinson 6308:Christopher Haigh 6194:Fifth Monarchists 6165:English Civil War 6122:Lancelot Andrewes 6116:During the early 6050:sign of the cross 5945:Sir William Cecil 5933: 5932: 5894:Reformed churches 5888: 5702:Half-Way Covenant 5627:English Civil War 5612:Martin Marprelate 5567:Savoy Declaration 5166:Christ's Hospital 5146:Westminster Abbey 5103:seven deadly sins 5008:Catholic recovery 4737:Act of Uniformity 4667:Oath of Supremacy 4575:Cuthbert Tunstall 4482:clerical marriage 4459:Marian feast days 4423:Canon of the Mass 4392:sign of the cross 3952:The 14th-century 3857:Elector of Saxony 3849:clerical celibacy 3496:Treasons Act 1534 3341:royal prerogative 2897:clerical celibacy 2881:prayers to saints 2865:Luther's theology 2840:together by King 2650: 2649: 2599:English Civil War 2508:Church of England 2449:English Civil War 2344:Church of England 2332: 2331: 1949:Westminster Abbey 1921: 1920: 1781:Anglo-Catholicism 1741:Church of England 1570:Books of Homilies 1562:Anglican doctrine 1520: 1519: 1344:Metrical psalters 765:Eighty Years' War 755:Thirty Years' War 640:Philip I of Hesse 364:Andreas Karlstadt 174:Johannes von Goch 155:Berengar of Tours 150:Claudius of Turin 131:Arnold of Brescia 27:Church of England 17176: 17111: 17110: 17063:Reformed worship 17053:Paschal greeting 17036:Ornaments Rubric 16914:Passion of Jesus 16872:Ex opere operato 16814:Host desecration 16784:Church etiquette 16526:Pentecost Season 16523: 16216: 16139:Liturgical books 15871:Metrical psalter 15818:Ten Commandments 15801:Holy, Holy, Holy 15653:Athanasian Creed 15618:Recessional hymn 15312:Christian burial 15279: 15266: 15258: 15245: 15226:Anglican liturgy 15220: 15213: 15206: 15197: 15196: 14612: 14611: 13999:Non-Chalcedonian 13980:Constantinople I 13772:General epistles 13767:Pauline epistles 13747:Paul the Apostle 13725:Great Commission 13543: 13536: 13529: 13520: 13519: 13476:Royal supporters 13323:English language 12570:Council of State 12560:King's Secretary 12553:House of Commons 12538:Magnum Concilium 12436:Maritime history 12397:Exclusion Crisis 12380:The Protectorate 12239: 12232: 12225: 12216: 12215: 12188:Vol. III, Pt. II 12180:Vol. II., Pt. II 12155:Vol. III, Pt. II 12083: 12066: 12036: 12034: 12009: 11983: 11973: 11933:Historiograpical 11927: 11908: 11906: 11904: 11883: 11872: 11857: 11848: 11839: 11822: 11810: 11794: 11775: 11766: 11754: 11740: 11728: 11707: 11698: 11680: 11661: 11659: 11644: 11634: 11617: 11596: 11574: 11553: 11532: 11503: 11482: 11460: 11436: 11417: 11407: 11382: 11372: 11358: 11337: 11316: 11297: 11273: 11249: 11228: 11203: 11179: 11142: 11121: 11100: 11079: 11067: 11053: 11024: 11003: 10991: 10977: 10965: 10942: 10915: 10896: 10872: 10851: 10830: 10801: 10777: 10753: 10732: 10708: 10667: 10653: 10650: 10646: 10643: 10633: 10609: 10598: 10589: 10567: 10547: 10526: 10485: 10464: 10440: 10419: 10387: 10354: 10347: 10341: 10340: 10320: 10314: 10308: 10302: 10295: 10289: 10283: 10277: 10271: 10265: 10259: 10253: 10247: 10241: 10224:R.A.F. 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9258: 9252: 9246: 9240: 9234: 9228: 9222: 9216: 9210: 9204: 9198: 9192: 9186: 9180: 9174: 9168: 9162: 9156: 9150: 9144: 9138: 9132: 9126: 9120: 9114: 9108: 9102: 9096: 9090: 9080: 9074: 9068: 9062: 9056: 9050: 9044: 9035: 9029: 9023: 9017: 9011: 9005: 8999: 8993: 8987: 8981: 8970: 8964: 8958: 8952: 8946: 8940: 8934: 8928: 8922: 8916: 8910: 8904: 8898: 8892: 8881: 8875: 8869: 8863: 8857: 8851: 8842: 8836: 8830: 8824: 8818: 8817:, pp. 75–76 8804: 8798: 8792: 8783: 8777: 8771: 8765: 8759: 8753: 8747: 8741: 8735: 8729: 8723: 8717: 8711: 8705: 8699: 8693: 8687: 8681: 8672: 8666: 8655: 8649: 8640: 8634: 8625: 8619: 8613: 8607: 8598: 8592: 8586: 8580: 8574: 8568: 8562: 8556: 8550: 8544: 8538: 8532: 8526: 8520: 8514: 8508: 8499: 8493: 8487: 8481: 8475: 8469: 8463: 8457: 8451: 8445: 8439: 8433: 8427: 8421: 8415: 8409: 8403: 8397: 8391: 8385: 8379: 8373: 8367: 8361: 8355: 8349: 8343: 8337: 8331: 8325: 8319: 8313: 8307: 8301: 8295: 8289: 8283: 8277: 8271: 8265: 8259: 8253: 8247: 8241: 8235: 8229: 8220: 8214: 8208: 8202: 8196: 8190: 8184: 8178: 8172: 8166: 8160: 8159:, pp. 35ff. 8154: 8148: 8142: 8136: 8130: 8124: 8118: 8112: 8106: 8100: 8094: 8088: 8082: 8076: 8070: 8064: 8058: 8052: 8046: 8040: 8034: 8028: 8022: 8016: 8010: 8004: 7998: 7992: 7986: 7980: 7974: 7968: 7962: 7956: 7950: 7944: 7938: 7932: 7926: 7920: 7914: 7908: 7902: 7896: 7890: 7884: 7878: 7872: 7866: 7857: 7851: 7845: 7839: 7833: 7827: 7821: 7815: 7809: 7803: 7797: 7791: 7785: 7779: 7773: 7767: 7761: 7755: 7749: 7743: 7737: 7731: 7725: 7719: 7713: 7707: 7698: 7692: 7683: 7677: 7671: 7665: 7659: 7653: 7647: 7641: 7632: 7626: 7620: 7614: 7608: 7602: 7596: 7590: 7584: 7578: 7569: 7563: 7557: 7551: 7545: 7539: 7533: 7527: 7521: 7515: 7509: 7503: 7497: 7491: 7485: 7479: 7473: 7467: 7461: 7455: 7449: 7443: 7437: 7431: 7425: 7419: 7413: 7407: 7398: 7392: 7386: 7380: 7371: 7365: 7359: 7353: 7347: 7341: 7335: 7329: 7323: 7317: 7311: 7305: 7299: 7293: 7284: 7278: 7272: 7266: 7257: 7251: 7245: 7239: 7233: 7227: 7221: 7215: 7209: 7203: 7197: 7191: 7185: 7179: 7173: 7167: 7161: 7155: 7149: 7143: 7137: 7131: 7125: 7119: 7113: 7107: 7101: 7095: 7089: 7083: 7077: 7071: 7065: 7059: 7053: 7047: 7041: 7035: 7029: 7023: 7017: 7016: 6996: 6990: 6984: 6978: 6972: 6966: 6960: 6954: 6953:, p. 20,28. 6948: 6942: 6936: 6930: 6924: 6918: 6912: 6906: 6900: 6894: 6888: 6882: 6876: 6870: 6864: 6858: 6852: 6846: 6840: 6834: 6833: 6823: 6817: 6811: 6802: 6796: 6790: 6784: 6778: 6772: 6766: 6760: 6754: 6748: 6742: 6736: 6730: 6724: 6718: 6717:, p. 97–98. 6712: 6706: 6700: 6694: 6688: 6682: 6676: 6660: 6654: 6648: 6642: 6636: 6625: 6619: 6616:MacCulloch (1996 6613: 6607: 6601: 6595: 6577: 6571: 6568:MacCulloch (1996 6564: 6558: 6532: 6526: 6519: 6513: 6503: 6497: 6490: 6484: 6470: 6464: 6458: 6452: 6445: 6389:Anti-Catholicism 6383: 6378: 6377: 6376: 6369: 6364: 6363: 6355: 6350: 6349: 6312:Jack Scarisbrick 6219:, and Baptists. 6158: 5983:Book of Homilies 5956:Act of Supremacy 5925: 5918: 5911: 5884: 5778:Jonathan Edwards 5753:William Bradford 5358: 5335: 5334: 5198: 5186: 5122:Council of Trent 5099:Ten Commandments 5057:Province of York 4977:Sir Thomas Wyatt 4638:communion tables 4518:Kett's Rebellion 4451:John the Baptist 4378:rather than the 4269:1549 prayer book 4243:Chantry Act 1545 4127:Book of Homilies 3903:from the laity. 3839:Reforms reversed 3697:religious houses 3629:in his study of 3545:Nicholas Shaxton 3517:Stephen Gardiner 3292: 3289: 3207:Pope Clement VII 3022:Richard Bayfield 2796:Bible translator 2642: 2635: 2628: 2589:Post-Reformation 2499: 2493: 2399:Pope Clement VII 2324: 2317: 2310: 2248:Nonjuring schism 2230:Savoy Conference 2190:Caroline Divines 1946: 1923: 1922: 1913: 1906: 1899: 1885: 1884: 1773:Nonjuring schism 1687:Christian Church 1582:Episcopal polity 1574:Caroline Divines 1545: 1522: 1521: 1512: 1505: 1498: 1450:Luther Monuments 1445:Reformation Wall 1415:with subsequent 1379:Scottish Psalter 1293:Lutheran hymnals 1194:Calvin's liturgy 1189:Reformed worship 1110:Lutheran chorale 953:Bohorič alphabet 785:Schmalkaldic War 683:Council of Trent 658:John Frederick I 557:Poland-Lithuania 434:Jacobus Arminius 344:Huldrych Zwingli 267:German mysticism 68: 45: 44: 17184: 17183: 17179: 17178: 17177: 17175: 17174: 17173: 17124: 17123: 17122: 17117: 17105: 17097: 17041:Oxford Movement 16974:Canonical hours 16937: 16918:salvific nature 16909:Paschal mystery 16866:Blood of Christ 16843: 16757: 16651:Anglican Missal 16608:Altar of repose 16592: 16584: 16575:Lesser Festival 16560:Principal Feast 16537:All Saints' Day 16477:Paschal Triduum 16351: 16349:Liturgical year 16343: 16208: 16160:Sunday Services 16133: 15974:communion table 15958: 15885: 15876:Service (music) 15846:Fraction anthem 15822: 15502:Apostles' Creed 15482: 15418:Solemn Collects 15257:Evening Prayer 15244:Morning Prayer 15227: 15224: 15194: 15189: 15139: 15126:Christian right 15028:Oxford Movement 15003:Restorationists 14974: 14889: 14822: 14757: 14708:Presbyterianism 14679: 14659:Book of Concord 14610: 14534: 14532: 14524: 14291: 14181: 14174: 14010: 13909: 13901: 13860:Clement of Rome 13790: 13783: 13687: 13681: 13570: 13552: 13547: 13517: 13512: 13506:St George's Day 13481:Royal standards 13464:College of Arms 13430: 13382: 13339: 13309: 13266: 13212: 12521: 12503: 12440: 12387:The Restoration 12331:Elizabethan era 12284:Norman Conquest 12248: 12243: 12184:Vol. III, Pt. I 12151:Vol. III, Pt. I 12147:Vol. II, Pt. II 12091: 12086: 12069: 12063: 12044: 12042:Primary sources 12039: 12012: 11981: 11976: 11948:(4): 995–1007. 11939: 11935: 11930: 11924: 11911: 11902: 11900: 11886: 11875: 11864: 11851: 11842: 11833: 11816: 11804: 11785: 11778:Kümin, Beat A. 11769: 11763: 11743: 11731: 11725: 11710: 11701: 11692: 11688: 11686:Further reading 11683: 11677: 11657: 11642: 11614: 11593: 11571: 11550: 11500: 11479: 11457: 11433: 11355: 11334: 11313: 11294: 11270: 11246: 11225: 11200: 11139: 11118: 11097: 11076: 11042:10.2307/4049536 11021: 11000: 10962: 10939: 10912: 10893: 10869: 10819:10.2307/3679281 10798: 10774: 10750: 10729: 10664: 10651: 10644: 10630: 10612: 10586: 10565: 10544: 10482: 10467: 10461: 10437: 10384: 10368:Aston, Margaret 10362: 10357: 10348: 10344: 10321: 10317: 10309: 10305: 10296: 10292: 10284: 10280: 10272: 10268: 10260: 10256: 10248: 10244: 10223: 10219: 10207: 10203: 10195: 10191: 10185:MacCulloch 2001 10183: 10179: 10171: 10167: 10159: 10155: 10147: 10143: 10135: 10131: 10123: 10119: 10111: 10107: 10099: 10092: 10084: 10077: 10069: 10065: 10057: 10053: 10045: 10041: 10033: 10029: 10021: 10017: 10013:, pp. 3–5. 10009: 10005: 9997: 9993: 9985: 9981: 9975:MacCulloch 2003 9973: 9969: 9961: 9957: 9949: 9945: 9937: 9930: 9922: 9918: 9912:MacCulloch 2001 9910: 9906: 9902:, pp. 3–4. 9898: 9894: 9886: 9882: 9874: 9870: 9862: 9858: 9852:MacCulloch 2005 9850: 9846: 9838: 9834: 9828:MacCulloch 2001 9826: 9822: 9814: 9810: 9804:MacCulloch 2003 9802: 9798: 9790: 9786: 9778: 9774: 9766: 9762: 9754: 9750: 9746:, pp. 7–8. 9742: 9738: 9730: 9726: 9718: 9714: 9706: 9702: 9694: 9690: 9682: 9678: 9670: 9666: 9658: 9654: 9646: 9642: 9634: 9630: 9622: 9618: 9610: 9606: 9598: 9591: 9583: 9576: 9568: 9564: 9556: 9552: 9544: 9540: 9532: 9528: 9520: 9513: 9505: 9496: 9488: 9484: 9476: 9472: 9464: 9460: 9452: 9448: 9442:MacCulloch 2003 9440: 9431: 9425:MacCulloch 2003 9423: 9414: 9406: 9402: 9396:MacCulloch 2003 9394: 9390: 9382: 9378: 9370: 9366: 9358: 9351: 9343: 9339: 9331: 9327: 9319: 9315: 9307: 9300: 9294:MacCulloch 2003 9292: 9285: 9277: 9273: 9265: 9261: 9253: 9249: 9241: 9237: 9229: 9225: 9217: 9213: 9205: 9201: 9193: 9189: 9181: 9177: 9169: 9165: 9157: 9153: 9145: 9141: 9133: 9129: 9121: 9117: 9109: 9105: 9097: 9093: 9081: 9077: 9069: 9065: 9057: 9053: 9045: 9038: 9030: 9026: 9018: 9014: 9006: 9002: 8996:MacCulloch 1996 8994: 8990: 8982: 8973: 8965: 8961: 8953: 8949: 8941: 8937: 8931:MacCulloch 1996 8929: 8925: 8917: 8913: 8905: 8901: 8893: 8884: 8876: 8872: 8866:MacCulloch 1996 8864: 8860: 8854:MacCulloch 1996 8852: 8845: 8837: 8833: 8825: 8821: 8813:, p. 187; 8805: 8801: 8793: 8786: 8778: 8774: 8766: 8762: 8754: 8750: 8742: 8738: 8730: 8726: 8718: 8714: 8706: 8702: 8694: 8690: 8682: 8675: 8667: 8658: 8650: 8643: 8635: 8628: 8622:MacCulloch 1996 8620: 8616: 8608: 8601: 8595:MacCulloch 1996 8593: 8589: 8583:MacCulloch 1996 8581: 8577: 8571:MacCulloch 1996 8569: 8565: 8557: 8553: 8545: 8541: 8533: 8529: 8523:MacCulloch 1996 8521: 8517: 8509: 8502: 8494: 8490: 8482: 8478: 8470: 8466: 8462:, pp. 1–2. 8458: 8454: 8446: 8442: 8434: 8430: 8422: 8418: 8410: 8406: 8398: 8394: 8386: 8382: 8374: 8370: 8364:MacCulloch 1996 8362: 8358: 8350: 8346: 8340:MacCulloch 1996 8338: 8334: 8328:MacCulloch 1996 8326: 8322: 8314: 8310: 8302: 8298: 8290: 8286: 8278: 8274: 8266: 8262: 8254: 8250: 8244:MacCulloch 1996 8242: 8238: 8230: 8223: 8215: 8211: 8203: 8199: 8193:MacCulloch 1996 8191: 8187: 8179: 8175: 8167: 8163: 8157:MacCulloch 1999 8155: 8151: 8145:MacCulloch 1996 8143: 8139: 8131: 8127: 8121:MacCulloch 1996 8119: 8115: 8107: 8103: 8097:MacCulloch 1996 8095: 8091: 8083: 8079: 8071: 8067: 8059: 8055: 8047: 8043: 8035: 8031: 8023: 8019: 8011: 8007: 8001:MacCulloch 1996 7999: 7995: 7987: 7983: 7975: 7971: 7963: 7959: 7951: 7947: 7939: 7935: 7927: 7923: 7917:MacCulloch 1996 7915: 7911: 7905:MacCulloch 1996 7903: 7899: 7893:MacCulloch 1996 7891: 7887: 7881:MacCulloch 1996 7879: 7875: 7867: 7860: 7852: 7848: 7840: 7836: 7828: 7824: 7816: 7812: 7806:MacCulloch 2003 7804: 7800: 7792: 7788: 7780: 7776: 7768: 7764: 7756: 7752: 7744: 7740: 7732: 7728: 7720: 7716: 7708: 7701: 7693: 7686: 7678: 7674: 7666: 7662: 7654: 7650: 7642: 7635: 7629:MacCulloch 1996 7627: 7623: 7615: 7611: 7605:MacCulloch 2001 7603: 7599: 7591: 7587: 7579: 7572: 7564: 7560: 7552: 7548: 7540: 7536: 7528: 7524: 7518:MacCulloch 1996 7516: 7512: 7504: 7500: 7492: 7488: 7480: 7476: 7468: 7464: 7456: 7452: 7444: 7440: 7432: 7428: 7420: 7416: 7408: 7401: 7393: 7389: 7381: 7374: 7366: 7362: 7354: 7350: 7342: 7338: 7330: 7326: 7318: 7314: 7306: 7302: 7294: 7287: 7279: 7275: 7267: 7260: 7252: 7248: 7240: 7236: 7228: 7224: 7216: 7212: 7204: 7200: 7192: 7188: 7180: 7176: 7168: 7164: 7158:MacCulloch 2003 7156: 7152: 7144: 7140: 7132: 7128: 7120: 7116: 7108: 7104: 7096: 7092: 7084: 7080: 7072: 7068: 7060: 7056: 7048: 7044: 7036: 7032: 7024: 7020: 7013: 6997: 6993: 6985: 6981: 6973: 6969: 6961: 6957: 6949: 6945: 6937: 6933: 6927:MacCulloch 2003 6925: 6921: 6913: 6909: 6903:MacCulloch 2003 6901: 6897: 6889: 6885: 6877: 6873: 6865: 6861: 6853: 6849: 6843:MacCulloch 1996 6841: 6837: 6824: 6820: 6812: 6805: 6797: 6793: 6785: 6781: 6775:MacCulloch 2003 6773: 6769: 6761: 6757: 6749: 6745: 6737: 6733: 6729:, pp. 1–2. 6727:MacCulloch 2001 6725: 6721: 6713: 6709: 6705:, pp. 8–9. 6701: 6697: 6689: 6685: 6679:MacCulloch 1996 6677: 6673: 6669: 6664: 6663: 6655: 6651: 6643: 6639: 6626: 6622: 6614: 6610: 6602: 6598: 6578: 6574: 6565: 6561: 6533: 6529: 6520: 6516: 6504: 6500: 6491: 6487: 6471: 6467: 6459: 6455: 6446: 6442: 6437: 6379: 6374: 6372: 6365: 6358: 6351: 6344: 6341: 6257: 6251: 6156: 6094: 6044:at the name of 5966:authorised the 5929: 5900: 5899: 5898: 5875: 5867: 5866: 5865: 5832: 5824: 5823: 5822: 5818:Robert Woodford 5793:Increase Mather 5783:Anne Hutchinson 5768:Oliver Cromwell 5758:Anne Bradstreet 5737: 5727: 5726: 5721: 5713: 5712: 5711: 5661: 5653: 5652: 5651: 5586: 5578: 5577: 5576: 5556: 5548: 5547: 5546: 5516: 5508: 5507: 5506: 5466: 5458: 5457: 5456: 5381: 5373: 5325: 5319: 5313: 5288:Book of Martyrs 5223:Book of Martyrs 5215: 5209: 5202: 5199: 5190: 5187: 5095:Apostles' Creed 5066:Dominican Order 5010: 4983:them. Cardinal 4962:papal supremacy 4941: 4916: 4890: 4876:". It affirmed 4836:Arthur Stourton 4697: 4691: 4611:Miles Coverdale 4599:Nicholas Ridley 4538: 4490: 4457:) and only two 4344:Use of Hereford 4277: 4271: 4259:William Dowsing 4178:. Reciting the 4152: 4103:, the biblical 4085: 4041:Tower of London 3841: 3797:statute of uses 3735:'s vial of the 3685:Finchale Priory 3677: 3671: 3647:St Paul's Cross 3620:Coverdale Bible 3594:preaching cross 3537:Thomas Goodrich 3521:papal supremacy 3512: 3459:sacramentarians 3447:excommunicating 3403: 3290: 3274:Thomas Cromwell 3242: 3100:Lord Chancellor 3089:Midsummer's Day 3055: 3050: 3026:John Tewkesbury 2921:William Tyndale 2848:on Romans 12:2 2802:and emphasised 2742:blood of Christ 2658:Catholic Church 2646: 2617: 2613: 2609: 2605: 2601: 2597: 2581: 2577: 2573: 2569: 2553: 2537: 2533: 2520: 2517: 2514: 2510: 2496: 2492: 2456:Oliver Cromwell 2383:Martin Luther's 2352:Catholic Church 2328: 2299: 2298: 2297: 2278:Oxford Movement 2262: 2254: 2253: 2252: 2214: 2206: 2205: 2204: 2179: 2171: 2170: 2169: 2131: 2123: 2122: 2121: 2068: 2058: 2057: 2056: 2000: 1990: 1989: 1988: 1963: 1955: 1917: 1879: 1874: 1873: 1869: 1865: 1861: 1857: 1852: 1844: 1843: 1839: 1835: 1831: 1827: 1823: 1819: 1812: 1808: 1803: 1793: 1792: 1790:Oxford Movement 1788: 1779: 1775: 1771: 1767: 1763: 1759: 1755: 1751: 1747: 1743: 1739: 1735: 1731: 1727: 1723: 1719: 1715: 1711: 1707: 1702: 1694: 1693: 1689: 1685: 1681: 1673: 1663: 1662: 1658: 1654: 1650: 1629: 1627:Liturgical year 1625: 1614: 1610: 1606: 1601: 1593: 1592: 1588: 1584: 1580: 1576: 1572: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1555: 1516: 1480: 1479: 1478: 1464:Reformation Day 1454: 1405: 1397: 1396: 1395: 1384: 1372:Genevan Psalter 1366: 1361:Souterliedekens 1348: 1332: 1314: 1296: 1273: 1263: 1249: 1245:Paraphrase mass 1236: 1226: 1212: 1198: 1179: 1165: 1147: 1133: 1119: 1105: 1091: 1078: 1070: 1069: 1068: 1027: 1013: 1004: 995: 981: 957: 918: 894: 858: 844: 830: 816: 798: 790: 789: 750: 740: 739: 738: 719: 705: 696: 687: 678:Catholic Church 672: 664: 663: 662: 630:Gustav II Adolf 625:Gabriel Bethlen 620:Stephen Bocskai 615:Jeanne d'Albret 590:Oliver Cromwell 575: 567: 566: 459: 451: 450: 394:François Hotman 374:George Buchanan 359:William Tyndale 329: 319: 318: 299: 291: 290: 286:Johann Reuchlin 237: 229: 228: 199: 189: 188: 164:Wessel Gansfort 90: 80: 31:Catholic Church 17: 12: 11: 5: 17182: 17172: 17171: 17166: 17161: 17156: 17151: 17146: 17141: 17136: 17119: 17118: 17116: 17115: 17102: 17099: 17098: 17096: 17095: 17090: 17085: 17083:Thomas Cranmer 17080: 17075: 17070: 17065: 17060: 17055: 17050: 17043: 17038: 17033: 17028: 17023: 17021:Latitudinarian 17018: 17013: 17012: 17011: 17006: 16996: 16991: 16986: 16981: 16976: 16971: 16966: 16961: 16956: 16951: 16945: 16943: 16939: 16938: 16936: 16935: 16930: 16925: 16920: 16911: 16906: 16896: 16891: 16884: 16882:means of grace 16875: 16868: 16859: 16853: 16851: 16845: 16844: 16842: 16841: 16836: 16831: 16826: 16824:Open communion 16821: 16816: 16811: 16806: 16801: 16796: 16791: 16786: 16781: 16778:Versus populum 16767: 16765: 16759: 16758: 16756: 16755: 16750: 16745: 16740: 16735: 16730: 16725: 16720: 16715: 16710: 16705: 16700: 16698:English Missal 16695: 16690: 16685: 16684: 16683: 16678: 16668: 16663: 16658: 16653: 16648: 16647: 16646: 16639: 16632: 16620: 16615: 16610: 16605: 16599: 16597: 16586: 16585: 16583: 16582: 16577: 16572: 16567: 16562: 16556: 16555: 16554: 16553: 16547:Stir-up Sunday 16544: 16539: 16516: 16515: 16514: 16509: 16497: 16496: 16495: 16474: 16462: 16461: 16460: 16455: 16453:Passion Sunday 16450: 16448:Laetare Sunday 16445: 16433: 16428: 16421: 16420: 16419: 16414: 16409: 16397: 16396: 16395: 16390: 16378: 16377: 16376: 16374:Gaudete Sunday 16371: 16358: 16356: 16345: 16344: 16342: 16341: 16336: 16331: 16326: 16321: 16316: 16311: 16309:Pectoral cross 16306: 16301: 16296: 16291: 16286: 16281: 16276: 16271: 16266: 16261: 16256: 16251: 16246: 16244:Canterbury cap 16241: 16236: 16231: 16225: 16223: 16210: 16209: 16207: 16206: 16201: 16200: 16199: 16189: 16184: 16177: 16174:Common Worship 16170: 16163: 16156: 16151: 16143: 16141: 16135: 16134: 16132: 16131: 16126: 16121: 16116: 16111: 16109:Sanctuary lamp 16106: 16101: 16092: 16087: 16082: 16077: 16072: 16067: 16062: 16057: 16052: 16047: 16042: 16037: 16032: 16023: 16021:Baptismal font 16018: 16013: 16008: 16007: 16006: 16001: 15996: 15991: 15986: 15981: 15966: 15964: 15960: 15959: 15957: 15956: 15951: 15946: 15941: 15936: 15931: 15926: 15921: 15916: 15911: 15906: 15905: 15904: 15893: 15891: 15887: 15886: 15884: 15883: 15878: 15873: 15868: 15863: 15858: 15853: 15848: 15843: 15838: 15836:Anglican chant 15832: 15830: 15824: 15823: 15821: 15820: 15815: 15810: 15805: 15804: 15803: 15798: 15788: 15783: 15782: 15781: 15776: 15766: 15761: 15759:Holy Communion 15756: 15751: 15746: 15744:Bidding-prayer 15741: 15740: 15739: 15734: 15729: 15724: 15719: 15709: 15705: 15704: 15697: 15692: 15685: 15680: 15675: 15670: 15665: 15660: 15655: 15650: 15646: 15645: 15640: 15635: 15630: 15625: 15620: 15615: 15610: 15605: 15600: 15599: 15598: 15588: 15583: 15578: 15577: 15576: 15571: 15561: 15556: 15551: 15546: 15541: 15536: 15531: 15526: 15521: 15516: 15515: 15514: 15504: 15499: 15494: 15490: 15488: 15484: 15483: 15481: 15480: 15475: 15470: 15469: 15468: 15463: 15453: 15452: 15451: 15450: 15449: 15437: 15432: 15427: 15426: 15425: 15420: 15415: 15414: 15413: 15398: 15397: 15396: 15386: 15381: 15370: 15365: 15358: 15353: 15348: 15343: 15338: 15337: 15336: 15326: 15321: 15320: 15319: 15309: 15308: 15307: 15305:Minor exorcism 15297: 15292: 15287: 15283: 15282: 15271: 15270: 15262: 15254: 15249: 15241: 15235: 15233: 15229: 15228: 15223: 15222: 15215: 15208: 15200: 15191: 15190: 15188: 15187: 15182: 15177: 15172: 15167: 15162: 15161: 15160: 15155: 15144: 15141: 15140: 15138: 15137: 15132: 15123: 15113: 15108: 15103: 15098: 15093: 15091:Pentecostalism 15088: 15086:Jesus movement 15083: 15075: 15070: 15065: 15060: 15055: 15050: 15045: 15040: 15035: 15030: 15025: 15020: 15015: 15010: 15005: 15000: 14995: 14990: 14984: 14982: 14976: 14975: 14973: 14972: 14963: 14962: 14961: 14951: 14946: 14941: 14936: 14931: 14926: 14925: 14924: 14914: 14909: 14903: 14901: 14895: 14894: 14891: 14890: 14888: 14887: 14880: 14877:Martyrs Mirror 14873: 14868: 14863: 14861:Martyrs' Synod 14858: 14853: 14851:Swiss Brethren 14848: 14843: 14838: 14832: 14830: 14824: 14823: 14821: 14820: 14815: 14808: 14803: 14798: 14793: 14788: 14783: 14778: 14773: 14767: 14765: 14759: 14758: 14756: 14755: 14750: 14745: 14740: 14735: 14730: 14725: 14720: 14715: 14710: 14705: 14700: 14695: 14689: 14687: 14681: 14680: 14678: 14677: 14672: 14667: 14662: 14655: 14650: 14649: 14648: 14643: 14638: 14633: 14620: 14618: 14609: 14608: 14603: 14598: 14596:Law and Gospel 14593: 14588: 14583: 14578: 14573: 14572: 14571: 14561: 14556: 14551: 14546: 14540: 14538: 14526: 14525: 14523: 14522: 14521: 14520: 14510: 14505: 14500: 14495: 14490: 14485: 14484: 14483: 14473: 14468: 14463: 14458: 14453: 14448: 14443: 14438: 14433: 14428: 14423: 14418: 14413: 14408: 14403: 14398: 14393: 14388: 14387: 14386: 14381: 14376: 14371: 14366: 14361: 14351: 14350: 14349: 14348: 14347: 14337: 14332: 14327: 14317: 14312: 14307: 14301: 14299: 14293: 14292: 14290: 14289: 14284: 14279: 14277:Ottoman Empire 14274: 14269: 14264: 14259: 14254: 14249: 14244: 14239: 14234: 14229: 14228: 14227: 14222: 14212: 14207: 14202: 14197: 14192: 14186: 14184: 14176: 14175: 14173: 14172: 14167: 14166: 14165: 14151: 14146: 14141: 14136: 14131: 14126: 14121: 14116: 14107: 14102: 14097: 14092: 14091: 14090: 14089: 14088: 14078: 14073: 14068: 14058: 14053: 14048: 14043: 14038: 14037: 14036: 14031: 14020: 14018: 14012: 14011: 14009: 14008: 14006:Biblical canon 14003: 14002: 14001: 13987: 13982: 13977: 13972: 13967: 13962: 13961: 13960: 13955: 13945: 13940: 13935: 13930: 13929: 13928: 13917: 13915: 13907:Late antiquity 13903: 13902: 13900: 13899: 13894: 13893: 13892: 13887: 13882: 13877: 13872: 13867: 13862: 13855:Church Fathers 13848: 13843: 13838: 13837: 13836: 13831: 13826: 13821: 13816: 13811: 13806: 13795: 13793: 13785: 13784: 13782: 13781: 13780: 13779: 13774: 13769: 13764: 13759: 13749: 13744: 13739: 13734: 13729: 13728: 13727: 13722: 13717: 13712: 13707: 13697: 13691: 13689: 13683: 13682: 13680: 13679: 13674: 13669: 13664: 13659: 13654: 13649: 13644: 13639: 13634: 13629: 13624: 13619: 13614: 13609: 13604: 13599: 13594: 13589: 13584: 13578: 13576: 13572: 13571: 13569: 13568: 13563: 13557: 13554: 13553: 13546: 13545: 13538: 13531: 13523: 13514: 13513: 13511: 13510: 13509: 13508: 13498: 13493: 13488: 13483: 13478: 13473: 13468: 13467: 13466: 13456: 13451: 13440: 13438: 13432: 13431: 13429: 13428: 13423: 13418: 13413: 13408: 13403: 13401:English Gothic 13398: 13392: 13390: 13384: 13383: 13381: 13380: 13375: 13370: 13365: 13360: 13355: 13349: 13347: 13341: 13340: 13338: 13337: 13336: 13335: 13328:English people 13325: 13319: 13317: 13311: 13310: 13308: 13307: 13302: 13297: 13292: 13287: 13282: 13276: 13274: 13268: 13267: 13265: 13264: 13263: 13262: 13257: 13247: 13246: 13245: 13243:New Model Army 13235: 13234: 13233: 13222: 13220: 13214: 13213: 13211: 13210: 13205: 13200: 13195: 13190: 13185: 13180: 13175: 13170: 13165: 13160: 13155: 13150: 13145: 13140: 13135: 13130: 13125: 13120: 13115: 13110: 13105: 13100: 13095: 13090: 13085: 13080: 13075: 13070: 13065: 13060: 13055: 13050: 13045: 13040: 13033: 13028: 13023: 13018: 13013: 13008: 13003: 12998: 12993: 12988: 12983: 12978: 12973: 12968: 12963: 12958: 12953: 12948: 12943: 12938: 12933: 12928: 12923: 12918: 12913: 12908: 12903: 12898: 12893: 12888: 12883: 12878: 12873: 12868: 12863: 12858: 12853: 12848: 12843: 12838: 12833: 12828: 12823: 12818: 12813: 12808: 12803: 12798: 12793: 12788: 12783: 12778: 12773: 12768: 12763: 12758: 12753: 12748: 12743: 12738: 12733: 12728: 12723: 12718: 12713: 12708: 12703: 12698: 12693: 12688: 12683: 12678: 12673: 12668: 12663: 12656: 12651: 12646: 12641: 12637: 12636: 12631: 12626: 12621: 12620: 12619: 12614: 12609: 12599: 12594: 12589: 12584: 12579: 12578: 12577: 12575:Lord Protector 12572: 12562: 12557: 12556: 12555: 12550: 12548:House of Lords 12540: 12535: 12530: 12524: 12522: 12520: 12519: 12514: 12508: 12505: 12504: 12502: 12501: 12496: 12491: 12486: 12481: 12476: 12471: 12466: 12461: 12456: 12450: 12448: 12442: 12441: 12439: 12438: 12433: 12432: 12431: 12426: 12421: 12411: 12410: 12409: 12404: 12399: 12394: 12384: 12383: 12382: 12377: 12367: 12366: 12365: 12360: 12355: 12353:Gunpowder Plot 12350: 12340: 12335: 12334: 12333: 12328: 12318: 12313: 12308: 12303: 12301:Angevin Empire 12298: 12297: 12296: 12286: 12281: 12276: 12275: 12274: 12264: 12258: 12256: 12250: 12249: 12242: 12241: 12234: 12227: 12219: 12213: 12212: 12203: 12194: 12176:Vol. II, Pt. I 12172:Vol. I, Pt. II 12157: 12143:Vol. II, Pt. I 12139:Vol. I, Pt. II 12124: 12099:Gilbert Burnet 12090: 12089:External links 12087: 12085: 12084: 12067: 12062:978-0227172391 12061: 12045: 12043: 12040: 12038: 12037: 12025:(4): 899–938. 12010: 11998:10.1086/600128 11974: 11936: 11934: 11931: 11929: 11928: 11922: 11909: 11899:on 5 June 2020 11893:History Review 11884: 11873: 11862: 11849: 11840: 11831: 11824: 11823:short textbook 11814: 11802: 11795: 11783: 11776: 11767: 11761: 11741: 11729: 11723: 11708: 11699: 11689: 11687: 11684: 11682: 11681: 11675: 11662: 11635: 11618: 11612: 11597: 11592:978-1107679405 11591: 11575: 11569: 11554: 11548: 11533: 11521:10.2307/494396 11515:(4): 405–431. 11504: 11498: 11483: 11477: 11465:Scruton, Roger 11461: 11455: 11437: 11432:978-1405835572 11431: 11418: 11383: 11369:Thomas Cranmer 11363:Ridley, Jasper 11359: 11354:978-0521423700 11353: 11338: 11333:978-1134748204 11332: 11317: 11311: 11298: 11293:978-0819214065 11292: 11274: 11269:978-0198217060 11268: 11250: 11245:978-0300170627 11244: 11229: 11223: 11204: 11198: 11184:Maltby, Judith 11180: 11143: 11137: 11122: 11116: 11101: 11096:978-0520234024 11095: 11080: 11074: 11054: 11025: 11019: 11004: 10998: 10978: 10966: 10960: 10943: 10937: 10916: 10910: 10897: 10891: 10877:Heal, Felicity 10873: 10867: 10852: 10831: 10802: 10796: 10778: 10772: 10754: 10749:978-0415065337 10748: 10733: 10728:978-0521287579 10727: 10709: 10683:(3): 720–731. 10668: 10662: 10634: 10629:978-0300098259 10628: 10610: 10599: 10590: 10585:978-0197134085 10584: 10572:Dickens, A. G. 10568: 10563: 10548: 10542: 10527: 10486: 10480: 10465: 10459: 10453:. Allen Lane. 10445:Brigden, Susan 10441: 10435: 10420: 10392:Bernard, G. W. 10388: 10382: 10363: 10361: 10358: 10356: 10355: 10342: 10337:10.1086/662392 10331:(4): 554–555. 10315: 10303: 10290: 10278: 10266: 10254: 10242: 10217: 10201: 10189: 10177: 10175:, p. 575. 10165: 10163:, p. 236. 10153: 10141: 10139:, p. 235. 10129: 10127:, p. 576. 10117: 10105: 10090: 10075: 10063: 10051: 10039: 10027: 10015: 10003: 9991: 9989:, p. 266. 9979: 9977:, p. 392. 9967: 9955: 9953:, p. 261. 9943: 9941:, p. 263. 9928: 9926:, p. 256. 9916: 9904: 9892: 9890:, p. 419. 9880: 9878:, p. 238. 9868: 9866:, p. 200. 9856: 9844: 9832: 9820: 9808: 9796: 9784: 9782:, p. 547. 9772: 9760: 9758:, p. 230. 9748: 9736: 9734:, p. 879. 9724: 9722:, p. 408. 9712: 9700: 9698:, p. 394. 9688: 9676: 9674:, p. 396. 9664: 9652: 9640: 9638:, p. 386. 9628: 9626:, p. 228. 9616: 9604: 9602:, p. 234. 9589: 9587:, p. 215. 9574: 9572:, p. 214. 9562: 9550: 9538: 9536:, p. 226. 9526: 9524:, p. 401. 9511: 9509:, p. 225. 9494: 9492:, p. 400. 9482: 9480:, p. 216. 9470: 9458: 9456:, p. 227. 9446: 9444:, p. 283. 9429: 9427:, p. 282. 9412: 9410:, p. 368. 9400: 9398:, p. 214. 9388: 9376: 9374:, p. 217. 9364: 9362:, p. 526. 9349: 9347:, p. 232. 9337: 9335:, p. 223. 9325: 9323:, p. 222. 9313: 9311:, p. 390. 9298: 9296:, p. 281. 9283: 9281:, p. 230. 9271: 9269:, p. 208. 9259: 9257:, p. 364. 9247: 9245:, p. 229. 9235: 9223: 9221:, p. 479. 9211: 9199: 9197:, p. 363. 9187: 9185:, p. 360. 9175: 9173:, p. 359. 9163: 9161:, p. 183. 9151: 9139: 9127: 9125:, p. 181. 9115: 9113:, p. 352. 9103: 9101:, p. 350. 9091: 9075: 9073:, p. 477. 9063: 9061:, p. 476. 9051: 9049:, p. 320. 9036: 9034:, p. 473. 9024: 9022:, p. 475. 9012: 9010:, p. 474. 9000: 8998:, p. 507. 8988: 8986:, p. 348. 8971: 8969:, p. 472. 8959: 8957:, p. 179. 8947: 8935: 8923: 8911: 8909:, p. 470. 8899: 8897:, p. 339. 8882: 8880:, p. 471. 8870: 8868:, p. 408. 8858: 8856:, p. 459. 8843: 8841:, p. 338. 8831: 8819: 8799: 8797:, p. 176. 8784: 8782:, p. 334. 8772: 8760: 8758:, p. 185. 8748: 8746:, p. 466. 8736: 8734:, p. 323. 8724: 8712: 8700: 8688: 8673: 8671:, p. 325. 8656: 8641: 8639:, p. 174. 8626: 8624:, p. 410. 8614: 8612:, p. 324. 8599: 8597:, p. 385. 8587: 8585:, p. 386. 8575: 8573:, p. 380. 8563: 8551: 8549:, p. 459. 8539: 8537:, p. 173. 8527: 8525:, p. 384. 8515: 8513:, p. 315. 8500: 8498:, p. 457. 8488: 8486:, p. 462. 8476: 8464: 8452: 8450:, p. 490. 8440: 8428: 8426:, p. 481. 8416: 8414:, p. 235. 8404: 8402:, p. 171. 8392: 8380: 8378:, p. 313. 8368: 8366:, p. 422. 8356: 8344: 8342:, p. 377. 8332: 8330:, p. 376. 8320: 8318:, p. 311. 8308: 8296: 8294:, p. 458. 8284: 8282:, p. 310. 8272: 8270:, p. 451. 8260: 8258:, p. 452. 8248: 8246:, p. 375. 8236: 8234:, p. 450. 8221: 8209: 8207:, p. 308. 8197: 8195:, p. 372. 8185: 8183:, p. 305. 8173: 8161: 8149: 8147:, p. 366. 8137: 8125: 8123:, p. 359. 8113: 8111:, p. 166. 8101: 8099:, p. 356. 8089: 8077: 8075:, p. 294. 8065: 8063:, p. 292. 8053: 8051:, p. 103. 8041: 8039:, p. 160. 8029: 8027:, p. 161. 8017: 8005: 8003:, p. 284. 7993: 7991:, p. 158. 7981: 7979:, p. 284. 7969: 7967:, p. 281. 7957: 7945: 7943:, p. 135. 7933: 7931:, p. 153. 7921: 7919:, p. 241. 7909: 7907:, p. 233. 7897: 7895:, p. 231. 7885: 7883:, p. 229. 7873: 7871:, p. 132. 7858: 7846: 7844:, p. 266. 7834: 7822: 7820:, p. 282. 7810: 7808:, p. 201. 7798: 7786: 7774: 7762: 7750: 7748:, p. 232. 7738: 7736:, p. 229. 7726: 7724:, p. 269. 7714: 7712:, p. 142. 7699: 7697:, p. vii. 7684: 7682:, p. 141. 7672: 7670:, p. 226. 7660: 7648: 7646:, p. 131. 7633: 7631:, p. 227. 7621: 7619:, p. 134. 7609: 7597: 7585: 7583:, p. 130. 7570: 7568:, p. 241. 7558: 7556:, p. 129. 7546: 7534: 7532:, p. 125. 7522: 7520:, p. 140. 7510: 7498: 7496:, p. 215. 7486: 7484:, p. 238. 7474: 7472:, p. 185. 7462: 7450: 7448:, p. 162. 7438: 7426: 7414: 7399: 7387: 7385:, p. 168. 7372: 7360: 7358:, p. 160. 7348: 7346:, p. 353. 7336: 7324: 7312: 7310:, p. 114. 7300: 7298:, p. 167. 7285: 7273: 7271:, p. 108. 7258: 7246: 7244:, p. 118. 7234: 7232:, p. 107. 7222: 7220:, p. 106. 7210: 7198: 7196:, p. 172. 7186: 7174: 7162: 7160:, p. 199. 7150: 7148:, p. 116. 7138: 7126: 7114: 7102: 7100:, p. 114. 7090: 7088:, p. 166. 7078: 7066: 7054: 7042: 7030: 7028:, p. 111. 7018: 7011: 6991: 6989:, p. 131. 6979: 6977:, p. 188. 6967: 6965:, p. 186. 6955: 6943: 6931: 6919: 6917:, p. 132. 6907: 6905:, p. 203. 6895: 6893:, p. 146. 6883: 6881:, p. 126. 6871: 6859: 6847: 6835: 6818: 6803: 6791: 6779: 6767: 6755: 6753:, p. 86f. 6743: 6731: 6719: 6707: 6695: 6683: 6681:, p. 210. 6670: 6668: 6665: 6662: 6661: 6649: 6637: 6620: 6608: 6596: 6580:Marshall (2017 6572: 6559: 6547:Marshall (2017 6527: 6514: 6506:Marshall (2017 6498: 6494:Marshall (2017 6485: 6465: 6453: 6439: 6438: 6436: 6433: 6432: 6431: 6426: 6421: 6416: 6411: 6406: 6401: 6396: 6394:Gunpowder Plot 6391: 6385: 6384: 6381:England portal 6370: 6356: 6340: 6337: 6292:Geoffrey Elton 6266:Albert Pollard 6250: 6249:Historiography 6247: 6228:Richard Hooker 6138:Arminian party 6130:Church Fathers 6126:predestination 6093: 6090: 6048:, to make the 5931: 5930: 5928: 5927: 5920: 5913: 5905: 5902: 5901: 5897: 5896: 5890: 5877: 5876: 5873: 5872: 5869: 5868: 5864: 5863: 5856: 5849: 5842: 5834: 5833: 5830: 5829: 5826: 5825: 5821: 5820: 5815: 5810: 5808:Roger Williams 5805: 5800: 5795: 5790: 5785: 5780: 5775: 5770: 5765: 5760: 5755: 5750: 5745: 5739: 5738: 5733: 5732: 5729: 5728: 5722: 5719: 5718: 5715: 5714: 5710: 5709: 5704: 5699: 5694: 5689: 5684: 5679: 5674: 5669: 5663: 5662: 5659: 5658: 5655: 5654: 5650: 5649: 5644: 5642:Great Ejection 5639: 5634: 5629: 5624: 5619: 5614: 5609: 5604: 5599: 5594: 5588: 5587: 5584: 5583: 5580: 5579: 5575: 5574: 5569: 5564: 5558: 5557: 5554: 5553: 5550: 5549: 5545: 5544: 5539: 5534: 5529: 5524: 5518: 5517: 5514: 5513: 5510: 5509: 5505: 5504: 5499: 5494: 5489: 5484: 5479: 5474: 5468: 5467: 5465:Crucial themes 5464: 5463: 5460: 5459: 5455: 5454: 5449: 5444: 5439: 5434: 5429: 5424: 5419: 5414: 5409: 5404: 5399: 5394: 5389: 5383: 5382: 5379: 5378: 5375: 5374: 5359: 5351: 5350: 5344: 5343: 5315:Main article: 5312: 5309: 5305:Thomas Bentham 5266:Rowland Taylor 5243:William Flower 5208: 5205: 5204: 5203: 5200: 5193: 5191: 5188: 5181: 5009: 5006: 4940: 4937: 4915: 4912: 4889: 4886: 4884:under Christ. 4878:predestination 4840:Royal Wardrobe 4786:minor exorcism 4758:Colin Buchanan 4704:Thomas Cranmer 4693:Main article: 4690: 4687: 4583:Thomas Thirlby 4569:of Worcester, 4567:Nicholas Heath 4554:Edward Seymour 4537: 4536:Further reform 4534: 4489: 4486: 4475:Corpus Christi 4455:Mary Magdalene 4431:God the Father 4384:baptismal font 4366:' feasts with 4273:Main article: 4270: 4267: 4151: 4148: 4120:Lord Protector 4084: 4081: 4065:Edward Seymour 4045:Katherine Parr 4018:Robert Holgate 3917:Thomas Gerrard 3913:William Jerome 3909:Anne of Cleves 3901:communion wine 3877:Easter Triduum 3845:Peter Marshall 3840: 3837: 3769:secular clergy 3673:Main article: 3670: 3667: 3659:votive candles 3635:Margaret Aston 3549:William Barlow 3511: 3508: 3439:Geoffrey Elton 3422:Thomas Cranmer 3402: 3399: 3355:William Warham 3351: 3350: 3347: 3344: 3337: 3334: 3241: 3238: 3202:Pope Julius II 3143:maid of honour 3123:Fidei Defensor 3066:Joannes Corvus 3054: 3051: 3049: 3046: 3038:Thomas Harding 2752:that provided 2684:by performing 2648: 2647: 2645: 2644: 2637: 2630: 2622: 2619: 2618: 2591: 2590: 2586: 2585: 2579:Oxford Martyrs 2563: 2562: 2558: 2557: 2547: 2546: 2542: 2541: 2527: 2526: 2522: 2521: 2504: 2503: 2491: 2488: 2426:Thomas Cranmer 2368:Central Europe 2338:took place in 2330: 2329: 2327: 2326: 2319: 2312: 2304: 2301: 2300: 2296: 2295: 2290: 2285: 2280: 2275: 2270: 2264: 2263: 2260: 2259: 2256: 2255: 2251: 2250: 2245: 2243:Great Ejection 2240: 2232: 2227: 2222: 2216: 2215: 2212: 2211: 2208: 2207: 2203: 2202: 2197: 2192: 2187: 2181: 2180: 2177: 2176: 2173: 2172: 2168: 2167: 2162: 2154: 2149: 2144: 2139: 2133: 2132: 2129: 2128: 2125: 2124: 2120: 2119: 2114: 2109: 2107:Richard Hooker 2104: 2099: 2094: 2089: 2084: 2079: 2070: 2069: 2064: 2063: 2060: 2059: 2055: 2054: 2049: 2044: 2039: 2031: 2026: 2018: 2016:Thomas Cranmer 2013: 2008: 2002: 2001: 1996: 1995: 1992: 1991: 1987: 1986: 1981: 1976: 1971: 1965: 1964: 1961: 1960: 1957: 1956: 1947: 1939: 1938: 1932: 1931: 1919: 1918: 1916: 1915: 1908: 1901: 1893: 1890: 1889: 1876: 1875: 1853: 1850: 1849: 1846: 1845: 1841:Windsor Report 1804: 1799: 1798: 1795: 1794: 1777:Latitudinarian 1757:Richard Hooker 1753:Matthew Parker 1733:Thomas Cranmer 1703: 1700: 1699: 1696: 1695: 1674: 1669: 1668: 1665: 1664: 1602: 1599: 1598: 1595: 1594: 1556: 1551: 1550: 1547: 1546: 1538: 1537: 1531: 1530: 1518: 1517: 1515: 1514: 1507: 1500: 1492: 1489: 1488: 1482: 1481: 1477: 1476: 1471: 1466: 1460: 1453: 1452: 1447: 1441: 1435: 1434: 1424: 1419: 1406: 1403: 1402: 1399: 1398: 1394: 1393: 1385: 1383: 1382: 1375: 1367: 1365: 1364: 1357: 1349: 1347: 1346: 1341: 1333: 1331: 1330: 1323: 1320:Swenske songer 1315: 1313: 1312: 1305: 1297: 1295: 1294: 1279: 1272: 1271: 1264: 1262: 1261: 1250: 1248: 1247: 1237: 1235: 1234: 1227: 1225: 1224: 1219: 1213: 1211: 1210: 1208:Deutsche Messe 1205: 1203:Formula missae 1199: 1197: 1196: 1191: 1185: 1178: 1177: 1172: 1166: 1164: 1163: 1154: 1152:Anglican chant 1148: 1146: 1145: 1140: 1134: 1132: 1131: 1126: 1120: 1118: 1117: 1112: 1106: 1104: 1103: 1098: 1092: 1090: 1089: 1083: 1079: 1076: 1075: 1072: 1071: 1067: 1066: 1061: 1056: 1051: 1045: 1044: 1043: 1038: 1026: 1025: 1020: 1014: 1012: 1011: 1005: 1003: 1002: 996: 994: 993: 988: 982: 980: 979: 974: 969: 964: 958: 956: 955: 950: 945: 940: 935: 930: 925: 919: 917: 916: 911: 906: 901: 895: 893: 892: 887: 882: 876: 870: 869: 857: 856: 851: 845: 843: 842: 837: 831: 829: 828: 823: 817: 815: 814: 809: 803: 799: 796: 795: 792: 791: 788: 787: 782: 780:Wars of Kappel 777: 772: 767: 762: 757: 751: 746: 745: 742: 741: 737: 736: 731: 725: 718: 717: 712: 706: 704: 703: 697: 695: 694: 688: 686: 685: 680: 674: 673: 670: 669: 666: 665: 661: 660: 655: 649: 643: 642: 637: 632: 627: 622: 617: 612: 607: 602: 597: 595:James VI and I 592: 587: 582: 576: 573: 572: 569: 568: 565: 564: 559: 554: 549: 544: 539: 530: 525: 520: 515: 510: 505: 500: 495: 490: 485: 480: 466: 460: 457: 456: 453: 452: 449: 448: 441: 439:Roger Williams 436: 431: 429:Richard Hooker 426: 424:Thomas Cranmer 421: 416: 411: 409:Thomas Müntzer 406: 404:Hubert Languet 401: 396: 391: 386: 381: 376: 371: 366: 361: 356: 351: 346: 341: 336: 330: 325: 324: 321: 320: 317: 316: 311: 306: 300: 297: 296: 293: 292: 289: 288: 283: 278: 276:printing press 269: 264: 259: 254: 249: 247:Avignon Papacy 244: 242:Western Schism 238: 235: 234: 231: 230: 227: 226: 221: 216: 211: 206: 200: 195: 194: 191: 190: 187: 186: 181: 179:Friends of God 176: 171: 166: 161: 152: 147: 142: 137: 128: 119: 110: 101: 91: 86: 85: 82: 81: 69: 61: 60: 54: 53: 33:. Portrait by 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 17181: 17170: 17167: 17165: 17162: 17160: 17157: 17155: 17152: 17150: 17147: 17145: 17142: 17140: 17137: 17135: 17132: 17131: 17129: 17114: 17109: 17104: 17103: 17100: 17094: 17091: 17089: 17086: 17084: 17081: 17079: 17076: 17074: 17071: 17069: 17066: 17064: 17061: 17059: 17056: 17054: 17051: 17049: 17048: 17044: 17042: 17039: 17037: 17034: 17032: 17029: 17027: 17024: 17022: 17019: 17017: 17016:John Merbecke 17014: 17010: 17007: 17005: 17002: 17001: 17000: 16997: 16995: 16992: 16990: 16989:Churchmanship 16987: 16985: 16982: 16980: 16977: 16975: 16972: 16970: 16967: 16965: 16962: 16960: 16957: 16955: 16952: 16950: 16947: 16946: 16944: 16940: 16934: 16931: 16929: 16926: 16924: 16923:Real presence 16921: 16919: 16915: 16912: 16910: 16907: 16904: 16900: 16897: 16895: 16892: 16890: 16889: 16885: 16883: 16879: 16876: 16874: 16873: 16869: 16867: 16863: 16860: 16858: 16855: 16854: 16852: 16850: 16846: 16840: 16837: 16835: 16832: 16830: 16827: 16825: 16822: 16820: 16817: 16815: 16812: 16810: 16807: 16805: 16802: 16800: 16797: 16795: 16792: 16790: 16787: 16785: 16782: 16780: 16779: 16774: 16773: 16769: 16768: 16766: 16764: 16760: 16754: 16751: 16749: 16746: 16744: 16741: 16739: 16736: 16734: 16731: 16729: 16726: 16724: 16721: 16719: 16716: 16714: 16711: 16709: 16708:Hymns to Mary 16706: 16704: 16701: 16699: 16696: 16694: 16691: 16689: 16686: 16682: 16679: 16677: 16674: 16673: 16672: 16669: 16667: 16664: 16662: 16659: 16657: 16654: 16652: 16649: 16645: 16644: 16640: 16638: 16637: 16633: 16631: 16630: 16626: 16625: 16624: 16621: 16619: 16616: 16614: 16611: 16609: 16606: 16604: 16601: 16600: 16598: 16596: 16591: 16587: 16581: 16580:Commemoration 16578: 16576: 16573: 16571: 16568: 16566: 16563: 16561: 16558: 16557: 16552: 16548: 16545: 16543: 16540: 16538: 16535: 16534: 16531: 16527: 16522: 16521: 16517: 16513: 16510: 16508: 16505: 16504: 16503: 16502: 16498: 16494: 16490: 16489:Holy Saturday 16486: 16482: 16481:Holy Thursday 16478: 16475: 16473: 16470: 16469: 16468: 16467: 16463: 16459: 16456: 16454: 16451: 16449: 16446: 16444: 16443:Ash Wednesday 16441: 16440: 16439: 16438: 16434: 16432: 16429: 16427: 16426: 16422: 16418: 16415: 16413: 16410: 16408: 16405: 16404: 16403: 16402: 16398: 16394: 16393:Midnight Mass 16391: 16389: 16386: 16385: 16384: 16383: 16382:Christmastide 16379: 16375: 16372: 16370: 16369:Advent Sunday 16367: 16366: 16365: 16364: 16360: 16359: 16357: 16355: 16350: 16346: 16340: 16337: 16335: 16332: 16330: 16327: 16325: 16322: 16320: 16317: 16315: 16312: 16310: 16307: 16305: 16302: 16300: 16297: 16295: 16292: 16290: 16287: 16285: 16282: 16280: 16277: 16275: 16272: 16270: 16267: 16265: 16262: 16260: 16257: 16255: 16252: 16250: 16247: 16245: 16242: 16240: 16237: 16235: 16232: 16230: 16227: 16226: 16224: 16220: 16215: 16211: 16205: 16202: 16198: 16195: 16194: 16193: 16190: 16188: 16185: 16183: 16182: 16178: 16176: 16175: 16171: 16169: 16168: 16164: 16162: 16161: 16157: 16155: 16152: 16150: 16149: 16145: 16144: 16142: 16140: 16136: 16130: 16127: 16125: 16122: 16120: 16117: 16115: 16112: 16110: 16107: 16105: 16102: 16100: 16096: 16093: 16091: 16088: 16086: 16083: 16081: 16078: 16076: 16073: 16071: 16068: 16066: 16063: 16061: 16058: 16056: 16053: 16051: 16048: 16046: 16043: 16041: 16038: 16036: 16033: 16031: 16030:Communion cup 16027: 16024: 16022: 16019: 16017: 16014: 16012: 16009: 16005: 16002: 16000: 15997: 15995: 15992: 15990: 15987: 15985: 15982: 15980: 15977: 15976: 15975: 15971: 15968: 15967: 15965: 15961: 15955: 15952: 15950: 15947: 15945: 15942: 15940: 15937: 15935: 15932: 15930: 15927: 15925: 15922: 15920: 15917: 15915: 15912: 15910: 15907: 15903: 15900: 15899: 15898: 15895: 15894: 15892: 15888: 15882: 15879: 15877: 15874: 15872: 15869: 15867: 15864: 15862: 15859: 15857: 15854: 15852: 15849: 15847: 15844: 15842: 15839: 15837: 15834: 15833: 15831: 15829: 15825: 15819: 15816: 15814: 15811: 15809: 15808:Sign of peace 15806: 15802: 15799: 15797: 15794: 15793: 15792: 15789: 15787: 15784: 15780: 15777: 15775: 15772: 15771: 15770: 15767: 15765: 15762: 15760: 15757: 15755: 15752: 15750: 15747: 15745: 15742: 15738: 15735: 15733: 15730: 15728: 15725: 15723: 15720: 15718: 15715: 15714: 15713: 15710: 15707: 15706: 15703: 15702: 15698: 15696: 15693: 15691: 15690: 15689:Phos hilarion 15686: 15684: 15681: 15679: 15678:Nunc dimittis 15676: 15674: 15671: 15669: 15666: 15664: 15661: 15659: 15656: 15654: 15651: 15649:Divine Office 15648: 15647: 15644: 15641: 15639: 15636: 15634: 15631: 15629: 15626: 15624: 15621: 15619: 15616: 15614: 15611: 15609: 15606: 15604: 15601: 15597: 15594: 15593: 15592: 15591:Lord's Prayer 15589: 15587: 15584: 15582: 15579: 15575: 15572: 15570: 15567: 15566: 15565: 15562: 15560: 15557: 15555: 15552: 15550: 15547: 15545: 15542: 15540: 15537: 15535: 15532: 15530: 15527: 15525: 15522: 15520: 15517: 15513: 15510: 15509: 15508: 15505: 15503: 15500: 15498: 15495: 15492: 15491: 15489: 15485: 15479: 15476: 15474: 15471: 15467: 15464: 15462: 15459: 15458: 15457: 15454: 15448: 15447: 15443: 15442: 15441: 15438: 15436: 15433: 15431: 15428: 15424: 15421: 15419: 15416: 15412: 15409: 15408: 15407: 15404: 15403: 15402: 15399: 15395: 15392: 15391: 15390: 15387: 15385: 15382: 15380: 15377: 15376: 15374: 15371: 15369: 15366: 15364: 15363: 15359: 15357: 15354: 15352: 15349: 15347: 15344: 15342: 15339: 15335: 15332: 15331: 15330: 15327: 15325: 15322: 15318: 15315: 15314: 15313: 15310: 15306: 15303: 15302: 15301: 15298: 15296: 15293: 15291: 15290:Advent wreath 15288: 15285: 15284: 15278: 15277: 15273: 15272: 15269: 15265:Night Prayer 15263: 15261: 15255: 15253: 15250: 15248: 15242: 15240: 15237: 15236: 15234: 15230: 15221: 15216: 15214: 15209: 15207: 15202: 15201: 15198: 15186: 15183: 15181: 15180:Protestantism 15178: 15176: 15173: 15171: 15168: 15166: 15163: 15159: 15156: 15154: 15151: 15150: 15149: 15146: 15145: 15142: 15136: 15133: 15131: 15127: 15124: 15121: 15117: 15114: 15112: 15109: 15107: 15104: 15102: 15099: 15097: 15094: 15092: 15089: 15087: 15084: 15082: 15081: 15076: 15074: 15071: 15069: 15066: 15064: 15061: 15059: 15056: 15054: 15053:Azusa Revival 15051: 15049: 15046: 15044: 15041: 15039: 15036: 15034: 15033:Laestadianism 15031: 15029: 15026: 15024: 15021: 15019: 15016: 15014: 15011: 15009: 15006: 15004: 15001: 14999: 14996: 14994: 14991: 14989: 14986: 14985: 14983: 14981: 14977: 14971: 14970:Old Lutherans 14967: 14964: 14960: 14957: 14956: 14955: 14952: 14950: 14947: 14945: 14942: 14940: 14937: 14935: 14932: 14930: 14927: 14923: 14920: 14919: 14918: 14915: 14913: 14910: 14908: 14905: 14904: 14902: 14900: 14896: 14886: 14885: 14881: 14879: 14878: 14874: 14872: 14869: 14867: 14864: 14862: 14859: 14857: 14854: 14852: 14849: 14847: 14844: 14842: 14839: 14837: 14834: 14833: 14831: 14829: 14825: 14819: 14816: 14814: 14813: 14809: 14807: 14804: 14802: 14799: 14797: 14794: 14792: 14789: 14787: 14784: 14782: 14779: 14777: 14774: 14772: 14769: 14768: 14766: 14764: 14760: 14754: 14751: 14749: 14746: 14744: 14741: 14739: 14736: 14734: 14731: 14729: 14726: 14724: 14721: 14719: 14716: 14714: 14711: 14709: 14706: 14704: 14701: 14699: 14696: 14694: 14691: 14690: 14688: 14686: 14682: 14676: 14673: 14671: 14668: 14666: 14663: 14661: 14660: 14656: 14654: 14651: 14647: 14644: 14642: 14639: 14637: 14636:Diet of Worms 14634: 14632: 14631: 14627: 14626: 14625: 14622: 14621: 14619: 14617: 14613: 14607: 14604: 14602: 14599: 14597: 14594: 14592: 14589: 14587: 14584: 14582: 14579: 14577: 14574: 14570: 14567: 14566: 14565: 14562: 14560: 14557: 14555: 14552: 14550: 14547: 14545: 14542: 14541: 14539: 14537: 14536:Protestantism 14531: 14527: 14519: 14516: 14515: 14514: 14511: 14509: 14506: 14504: 14501: 14499: 14496: 14494: 14491: 14489: 14486: 14482: 14479: 14478: 14477: 14474: 14472: 14469: 14467: 14464: 14462: 14459: 14457: 14454: 14452: 14449: 14447: 14444: 14442: 14439: 14437: 14434: 14432: 14429: 14427: 14424: 14422: 14419: 14417: 14414: 14412: 14409: 14407: 14404: 14402: 14399: 14397: 14394: 14392: 14389: 14385: 14382: 14380: 14377: 14375: 14372: 14370: 14367: 14365: 14362: 14360: 14357: 14356: 14355: 14352: 14346: 14343: 14342: 14341: 14338: 14336: 14333: 14331: 14328: 14326: 14323: 14322: 14321: 14318: 14316: 14313: 14311: 14308: 14306: 14303: 14302: 14300: 14298: 14294: 14288: 14287:North America 14285: 14283: 14280: 14278: 14275: 14273: 14270: 14268: 14265: 14263: 14260: 14258: 14255: 14253: 14250: 14248: 14245: 14243: 14240: 14238: 14235: 14233: 14230: 14226: 14223: 14221: 14218: 14217: 14216: 14213: 14211: 14208: 14206: 14203: 14201: 14198: 14196: 14193: 14191: 14188: 14187: 14185: 14183: 14177: 14171: 14168: 14164: 14161: 14160: 14159: 14155: 14152: 14150: 14147: 14145: 14142: 14140: 14137: 14135: 14132: 14130: 14127: 14125: 14122: 14120: 14117: 14115: 14111: 14108: 14106: 14103: 14101: 14098: 14096: 14093: 14087: 14084: 14083: 14082: 14079: 14077: 14074: 14072: 14069: 14067: 14064: 14063: 14062: 14059: 14057: 14054: 14052: 14049: 14047: 14044: 14042: 14039: 14035: 14032: 14030: 14027: 14026: 14025: 14022: 14021: 14019: 14017: 14013: 14007: 14004: 14000: 13996: 13993: 13992: 13991: 13988: 13986: 13983: 13981: 13978: 13976: 13973: 13971: 13968: 13966: 13963: 13959: 13956: 13954: 13951: 13950: 13949: 13946: 13944: 13941: 13939: 13936: 13934: 13931: 13927: 13924: 13923: 13922: 13919: 13918: 13916: 13913: 13908: 13904: 13898: 13897:Early African 13895: 13891: 13888: 13886: 13883: 13881: 13880:Justin Martyr 13878: 13876: 13873: 13871: 13868: 13866: 13863: 13861: 13858: 13857: 13856: 13852: 13849: 13847: 13844: 13842: 13839: 13835: 13832: 13830: 13827: 13825: 13822: 13820: 13817: 13815: 13812: 13810: 13807: 13805: 13802: 13801: 13800: 13797: 13796: 13794: 13792: 13786: 13778: 13775: 13773: 13770: 13768: 13765: 13763: 13760: 13758: 13755: 13754: 13753: 13750: 13748: 13745: 13743: 13740: 13738: 13735: 13733: 13730: 13726: 13723: 13721: 13718: 13716: 13713: 13711: 13708: 13706: 13703: 13702: 13701: 13700:Life of Jesus 13698: 13696: 13693: 13692: 13690: 13688:Apostolic Age 13684: 13678: 13675: 13673: 13670: 13668: 13665: 13663: 13660: 13658: 13655: 13653: 13650: 13648: 13645: 13643: 13640: 13638: 13635: 13633: 13630: 13628: 13625: 13623: 13620: 13618: 13615: 13613: 13610: 13608: 13605: 13603: 13600: 13598: 13595: 13593: 13590: 13588: 13585: 13583: 13580: 13579: 13577: 13573: 13567: 13564: 13562: 13559: 13558: 13555: 13551: 13544: 13539: 13537: 13532: 13530: 13525: 13524: 13521: 13507: 13504: 13503: 13502: 13499: 13497: 13494: 13492: 13489: 13487: 13484: 13482: 13479: 13477: 13474: 13472: 13469: 13465: 13462: 13461: 13460: 13457: 13455: 13452: 13449: 13445: 13444:National flag 13442: 13441: 13439: 13437: 13433: 13427: 13424: 13422: 13419: 13417: 13414: 13412: 13409: 13407: 13404: 13402: 13399: 13397: 13394: 13393: 13391: 13389: 13385: 13379: 13378:Country dance 13376: 13374: 13371: 13369: 13366: 13364: 13361: 13359: 13356: 13354: 13351: 13350: 13348: 13346: 13342: 13334: 13331: 13330: 13329: 13326: 13324: 13321: 13320: 13318: 13316: 13312: 13306: 13303: 13301: 13298: 13296: 13293: 13291: 13288: 13286: 13283: 13281: 13278: 13277: 13275: 13273: 13269: 13261: 13258: 13256: 13253: 13252: 13251: 13248: 13244: 13241: 13240: 13239: 13236: 13232: 13229: 13228: 13227: 13224: 13223: 13221: 13219: 13215: 13209: 13206: 13204: 13201: 13199: 13196: 13194: 13191: 13189: 13186: 13184: 13181: 13179: 13176: 13174: 13171: 13169: 13166: 13164: 13161: 13159: 13156: 13154: 13151: 13149: 13146: 13144: 13141: 13139: 13136: 13134: 13131: 13129: 13126: 13124: 13121: 13119: 13116: 13114: 13111: 13109: 13106: 13104: 13101: 13099: 13096: 13094: 13091: 13089: 13086: 13084: 13081: 13079: 13076: 13074: 13071: 13069: 13066: 13064: 13061: 13059: 13056: 13054: 13051: 13049: 13046: 13044: 13041: 13039: 13038: 13034: 13032: 13029: 13027: 13024: 13022: 13019: 13017: 13014: 13012: 13009: 13007: 13004: 13002: 12999: 12997: 12994: 12992: 12989: 12987: 12984: 12982: 12979: 12977: 12974: 12972: 12969: 12967: 12964: 12962: 12959: 12957: 12954: 12952: 12949: 12947: 12944: 12942: 12939: 12937: 12934: 12932: 12929: 12927: 12924: 12922: 12919: 12917: 12914: 12912: 12909: 12907: 12904: 12902: 12899: 12897: 12894: 12892: 12889: 12887: 12884: 12882: 12879: 12877: 12874: 12872: 12869: 12867: 12864: 12862: 12859: 12857: 12854: 12852: 12849: 12847: 12844: 12842: 12839: 12837: 12834: 12832: 12829: 12827: 12824: 12822: 12819: 12817: 12814: 12812: 12809: 12807: 12804: 12802: 12799: 12797: 12794: 12792: 12789: 12787: 12784: 12782: 12779: 12777: 12774: 12772: 12769: 12767: 12764: 12762: 12759: 12757: 12754: 12752: 12749: 12747: 12744: 12742: 12739: 12737: 12734: 12732: 12729: 12727: 12724: 12722: 12719: 12717: 12714: 12712: 12709: 12707: 12704: 12702: 12699: 12697: 12694: 12692: 12689: 12687: 12684: 12682: 12679: 12677: 12674: 12672: 12669: 12667: 12664: 12662: 12661: 12660:Temp. incert. 12657: 12655: 12652: 12650: 12647: 12645: 12642: 12639: 12638: 12635: 12632: 12630: 12627: 12625: 12622: 12618: 12615: 12613: 12610: 12608: 12605: 12604: 12603: 12600: 12598: 12595: 12593: 12590: 12588: 12587:Privy Council 12585: 12583: 12580: 12576: 12573: 12571: 12568: 12567: 12566: 12563: 12561: 12558: 12554: 12551: 12549: 12546: 12545: 12544: 12541: 12539: 12536: 12534: 12531: 12529: 12526: 12525: 12523: 12518: 12515: 12513: 12510: 12509: 12506: 12500: 12499:Orange-Nassau 12497: 12495: 12492: 12490: 12487: 12485: 12482: 12480: 12477: 12475: 12472: 12470: 12467: 12465: 12462: 12460: 12457: 12455: 12452: 12451: 12449: 12447: 12443: 12437: 12434: 12430: 12427: 12425: 12422: 12420: 12417: 12416: 12415: 12412: 12408: 12405: 12403: 12400: 12398: 12395: 12393: 12390: 12389: 12388: 12385: 12381: 12378: 12376: 12373: 12372: 12371: 12368: 12364: 12361: 12359: 12356: 12354: 12351: 12349: 12346: 12345: 12344: 12343:Stuart period 12341: 12339: 12336: 12332: 12329: 12327: 12324: 12323: 12322: 12319: 12317: 12314: 12312: 12309: 12307: 12304: 12302: 12299: 12295: 12292: 12291: 12290: 12289:Anglo-Normans 12287: 12285: 12282: 12280: 12277: 12273: 12270: 12269: 12268: 12265: 12263: 12260: 12259: 12257: 12255: 12251: 12247: 12240: 12235: 12233: 12228: 12226: 12221: 12220: 12217: 12210: 12208: 12204: 12201: 12199: 12195: 12193: 12189: 12185: 12181: 12177: 12173: 12169: 12168:Vol. I, Pt. I 12165: 12161: 12158: 12156: 12152: 12148: 12144: 12140: 12136: 12135:Vol. I, Pt. I 12132: 12128: 12125: 12123: 12120: 12116: 12112: 12108: 12104: 12100: 12096: 12093: 12092: 12081: 12077: 12073: 12068: 12064: 12058: 12054: 12053: 12047: 12046: 12033: 12028: 12024: 12020: 12016: 12011: 12007: 12003: 11999: 11995: 11992:(3): 564–86. 11991: 11987: 11980: 11975: 11971: 11967: 11963: 11959: 11955: 11951: 11947: 11943: 11938: 11937: 11925: 11919: 11915: 11910: 11898: 11894: 11890: 11885: 11881: 11880: 11874: 11870: 11869: 11863: 11861: 11855: 11850: 11846: 11841: 11837: 11832: 11829: 11826:Ryrie, Alec. 11825: 11820: 11815: 11813: 11808: 11803: 11800: 11796: 11792: 11788: 11784: 11781: 11777: 11773: 11768: 11764: 11762:9780192852137 11758: 11753: 11752: 11751:Tudor England 11746: 11742: 11738: 11734: 11730: 11726: 11720: 11716: 11715: 11709: 11705: 11700: 11696: 11691: 11690: 11678: 11672: 11668: 11663: 11656: 11652: 11648: 11641: 11636: 11632: 11628: 11624: 11619: 11615: 11613:0-529-02077-7 11609: 11605: 11604: 11598: 11594: 11588: 11584: 11580: 11579:Tanner, J. R. 11576: 11572: 11566: 11562: 11561: 11555: 11551: 11549:9781349004065 11545: 11541: 11540: 11534: 11530: 11526: 11522: 11518: 11514: 11510: 11505: 11501: 11499:9780199639731 11495: 11491: 11490: 11484: 11480: 11478:9780333647868 11474: 11471:. Macmillan. 11470: 11466: 11462: 11458: 11452: 11448: 11447: 11442: 11438: 11434: 11428: 11424: 11419: 11415: 11411: 11406: 11401: 11397: 11393: 11389: 11384: 11380: 11376: 11371: 11370: 11364: 11360: 11356: 11350: 11346: 11345: 11339: 11335: 11329: 11326:. Routledge. 11325: 11324: 11318: 11314: 11308: 11304: 11299: 11295: 11289: 11285: 11284: 11279: 11275: 11271: 11265: 11261: 11260: 11255: 11254:Mackie, J. D. 11251: 11247: 11241: 11237: 11236: 11230: 11226: 11220: 11216: 11215: 11210: 11205: 11201: 11199:9780521793872 11195: 11191: 11190: 11185: 11181: 11177: 11173: 11169: 11165: 11161: 11157: 11153: 11149: 11144: 11140: 11134: 11130: 11129: 11123: 11119: 11117:9780333921395 11113: 11109: 11108: 11102: 11098: 11092: 11088: 11087: 11081: 11077: 11075:9780300226577 11071: 11066: 11065: 11059: 11055: 11051: 11047: 11043: 11039: 11035: 11031: 11026: 11022: 11020:9780300094091 11016: 11012: 11011: 11005: 11001: 10999:9780521076555 10995: 10990: 10989: 10983: 10979: 10975: 10971: 10970:Lacey, Robert 10967: 10963: 10957: 10953: 10949: 10944: 10940: 10938:9780190689681 10934: 10930: 10926: 10922: 10917: 10913: 10911:9781854371577 10907: 10903: 10898: 10894: 10888: 10884: 10883: 10878: 10874: 10870: 10868:9789004097629 10864: 10860: 10859: 10853: 10849: 10845: 10841: 10837: 10832: 10828: 10824: 10820: 10816: 10812: 10808: 10803: 10799: 10793: 10789: 10788: 10783: 10779: 10775: 10769: 10765: 10764: 10759: 10755: 10751: 10745: 10741: 10740: 10734: 10730: 10724: 10720: 10719: 10714: 10710: 10706: 10702: 10698: 10694: 10690: 10686: 10682: 10678: 10674: 10669: 10665: 10659: 10655: 10654: 10635: 10631: 10625: 10621: 10620: 10615: 10611: 10607: 10606: 10600: 10596: 10591: 10587: 10581: 10577: 10573: 10569: 10566: 10560: 10556: 10555: 10549: 10545: 10539: 10535: 10534: 10528: 10524: 10520: 10516: 10512: 10508: 10504: 10500: 10496: 10492: 10487: 10483: 10481:9781349268320 10477: 10473: 10472: 10466: 10462: 10460:9781101563991 10456: 10452: 10451: 10446: 10442: 10438: 10436:9780199740871 10432: 10428: 10427: 10421: 10417: 10413: 10409: 10405: 10401: 10397: 10393: 10389: 10385: 10383:9780521484572 10379: 10375: 10374: 10369: 10365: 10364: 10352: 10346: 10338: 10334: 10330: 10326: 10319: 10312: 10307: 10300: 10294: 10287: 10282: 10275: 10270: 10263: 10258: 10251: 10246: 10239: 10235: 10231: 10227: 10221: 10215: 10211: 10205: 10198: 10197:Marshall 2017 10193: 10187:, p. 85. 10186: 10181: 10174: 10173:Marshall 2017 10169: 10162: 10157: 10151:, p. 27. 10150: 10145: 10138: 10133: 10126: 10125:Marshall 2017 10121: 10115:, p. 89. 10114: 10109: 10103:, p. 88. 10102: 10097: 10095: 10088:, p. 50. 10087: 10082: 10080: 10073:, p. 12. 10072: 10067: 10061:, p. 42. 10060: 10055: 10048: 10043: 10036: 10031: 10025:, p. 37. 10024: 10019: 10012: 10007: 10000: 9999:Marshall 2017 9995: 9988: 9983: 9976: 9971: 9964: 9963:Marshall 2017 9959: 9952: 9947: 9940: 9935: 9933: 9925: 9920: 9914:, p. 28. 9913: 9908: 9901: 9896: 9889: 9888:Marshall 2017 9884: 9877: 9872: 9865: 9860: 9854:, p. 89. 9853: 9848: 9841: 9840:Marshall 2017 9836: 9830:, p. 24. 9829: 9824: 9817: 9812: 9805: 9800: 9793: 9792:Hargrave 1982 9788: 9781: 9776: 9769: 9768:Hargrave 1982 9764: 9757: 9752: 9745: 9744:Hargrave 1982 9740: 9733: 9728: 9721: 9720:Marshall 2017 9716: 9710:, p. 64. 9709: 9704: 9697: 9696:Marshall 2017 9692: 9685: 9684:Marshall 2017 9680: 9673: 9672:Marshall 2017 9668: 9661: 9660:Marshall 2017 9656: 9649: 9648:Hargrave 1982 9644: 9637: 9636:Marshall 2017 9632: 9625: 9620: 9613: 9608: 9601: 9596: 9594: 9586: 9581: 9579: 9571: 9566: 9559: 9554: 9547: 9546:Marshall 2017 9542: 9535: 9530: 9523: 9522:Marshall 2017 9518: 9516: 9508: 9503: 9501: 9499: 9491: 9490:Marshall 2017 9486: 9479: 9474: 9467: 9466:Marshall 2017 9462: 9455: 9450: 9443: 9438: 9436: 9434: 9426: 9421: 9419: 9417: 9409: 9408:Marshall 2017 9404: 9397: 9392: 9385: 9380: 9373: 9368: 9361: 9356: 9354: 9346: 9341: 9334: 9329: 9322: 9317: 9310: 9309:Marshall 2017 9305: 9303: 9295: 9290: 9288: 9280: 9275: 9268: 9263: 9256: 9255:Marshall 2017 9251: 9244: 9239: 9232: 9231:Marshall 2017 9227: 9220: 9215: 9208: 9207:Marshall 2017 9203: 9196: 9195:Marshall 2017 9191: 9184: 9183:Marshall 2017 9179: 9172: 9171:Marshall 2017 9167: 9160: 9155: 9148: 9147:Marshall 2017 9143: 9136: 9135:Marshall 2017 9131: 9124: 9119: 9112: 9111:Marshall 2017 9107: 9100: 9099:Marshall 2017 9095: 9089: 9087: 9079: 9072: 9067: 9060: 9055: 9048: 9047:Marshall 2017 9043: 9041: 9033: 9028: 9021: 9016: 9009: 9004: 8997: 8992: 8985: 8984:Marshall 2017 8980: 8978: 8976: 8968: 8963: 8956: 8951: 8944: 8943:Marshall 2017 8939: 8932: 8927: 8920: 8915: 8908: 8903: 8896: 8895:Marshall 2017 8891: 8889: 8887: 8879: 8874: 8867: 8862: 8855: 8850: 8848: 8840: 8839:Marshall 2017 8835: 8828: 8823: 8816: 8812: 8808: 8803: 8796: 8791: 8789: 8781: 8780:Marshall 2017 8776: 8769: 8768:Marshall 2017 8764: 8757: 8752: 8745: 8740: 8733: 8732:Marshall 2017 8728: 8721: 8720:Thompson 1961 8716: 8709: 8704: 8698:, p. 27. 8697: 8692: 8685: 8680: 8678: 8670: 8669:Marshall 2017 8665: 8663: 8661: 8653: 8652:Marshall 2017 8648: 8646: 8638: 8633: 8631: 8623: 8618: 8611: 8610:Marshall 2017 8606: 8604: 8596: 8591: 8584: 8579: 8572: 8567: 8560: 8559:Marshall 2017 8555: 8548: 8543: 8536: 8531: 8524: 8519: 8512: 8511:Marshall 2017 8507: 8505: 8497: 8492: 8485: 8480: 8474:, p. 38. 8473: 8468: 8461: 8456: 8449: 8444: 8437: 8432: 8425: 8420: 8413: 8408: 8401: 8396: 8389: 8384: 8377: 8376:Marshall 2017 8372: 8365: 8360: 8353: 8352:Marshall 2017 8348: 8341: 8336: 8329: 8324: 8317: 8316:Marshall 2017 8312: 8305: 8300: 8293: 8288: 8281: 8280:Marshall 2017 8276: 8269: 8264: 8257: 8252: 8245: 8240: 8233: 8228: 8226: 8218: 8217:Marshall 2017 8213: 8206: 8205:Marshall 2017 8201: 8194: 8189: 8182: 8181:Marshall 2017 8177: 8170: 8165: 8158: 8153: 8146: 8141: 8134: 8129: 8122: 8117: 8110: 8105: 8098: 8093: 8086: 8081: 8074: 8073:Marshall 2017 8069: 8062: 8061:Marshall 2017 8057: 8050: 8045: 8038: 8033: 8026: 8021: 8014: 8013:Marshall 2017 8009: 8002: 7997: 7990: 7985: 7978: 7977:Marshall 2017 7973: 7966: 7965:Marshall 2017 7961: 7954: 7953:Marshall 2017 7949: 7942: 7937: 7930: 7925: 7918: 7913: 7906: 7901: 7894: 7889: 7882: 7877: 7870: 7865: 7863: 7855: 7854:Marshall 2017 7850: 7843: 7842:Marshall 2017 7838: 7831: 7826: 7819: 7818:Marshall 2017 7814: 7807: 7802: 7795: 7790: 7783: 7778: 7771: 7766: 7759: 7754: 7747: 7746:Marshall 2017 7742: 7735: 7734:Marshall 2017 7730: 7723: 7722:Marshall 2017 7718: 7711: 7706: 7704: 7696: 7691: 7689: 7681: 7676: 7669: 7668:Marshall 2017 7664: 7658:, p. 19. 7657: 7652: 7645: 7640: 7638: 7630: 7625: 7618: 7613: 7607:, p. 57. 7606: 7601: 7594: 7593:Marshall 2017 7589: 7582: 7577: 7575: 7567: 7566:Marshall 2017 7562: 7555: 7550: 7543: 7542:Marshall 2017 7538: 7531: 7526: 7519: 7514: 7507: 7506:Marshall 2017 7502: 7495: 7494:Marshall 2017 7490: 7483: 7482:Marshall 2017 7478: 7471: 7466: 7459: 7454: 7447: 7442: 7435: 7430: 7423: 7422:Lehmberg 1970 7418: 7411: 7406: 7404: 7396: 7395:Marshall 2017 7391: 7384: 7379: 7377: 7369: 7364: 7357: 7352: 7345: 7340: 7334:, p. 33. 7333: 7328: 7322:, p. 31. 7321: 7316: 7309: 7304: 7297: 7292: 7290: 7282: 7277: 7270: 7265: 7263: 7255: 7250: 7243: 7238: 7231: 7226: 7219: 7214: 7208:, p. 30. 7207: 7202: 7195: 7190: 7183: 7178: 7171: 7166: 7159: 7154: 7147: 7142: 7136:, p. 73. 7135: 7130: 7124:, p. 29. 7123: 7118: 7111: 7106: 7099: 7094: 7087: 7082: 7076:, p. 17. 7075: 7070: 7064:, p. 20. 7063: 7062:Phillips 1991 7058: 7052:, p. 70. 7051: 7046: 7040:, p. 38. 7039: 7038:Warnicke 1983 7034: 7027: 7022: 7014: 7012:9781538092026 7008: 7004: 7003: 6995: 6988: 6983: 6976: 6975:Marshall 2017 6971: 6964: 6963:Marshall 2017 6959: 6952: 6947: 6941:, p. 58. 6940: 6935: 6928: 6923: 6916: 6915:Marshall 2017 6911: 6904: 6899: 6892: 6891:Marshall 2017 6887: 6880: 6879:Marshall 2017 6875: 6869:, p. 97. 6868: 6863: 6857:, p. 96. 6856: 6851: 6845:, p. 27. 6844: 6839: 6831: 6830: 6822: 6816:, p. 69. 6815: 6810: 6808: 6800: 6799:Marshall 2017 6795: 6788: 6783: 6777:, p. 36. 6776: 6771: 6764: 6759: 6752: 6747: 6740: 6739:Marshall 2017 6735: 6728: 6723: 6716: 6711: 6704: 6703:Marshall 2017 6699: 6692: 6691:Marshall 2017 6687: 6680: 6675: 6671: 6658: 6653: 6646: 6641: 6634: 6630: 6624: 6617: 6612: 6605: 6600: 6593: 6589: 6585: 6581: 6576: 6569: 6566:According to 6563: 6556: 6552: 6548: 6544: 6540: 6536: 6531: 6524: 6523:Brigden (2000 6521:According to 6518: 6511: 6507: 6502: 6495: 6492:According to 6489: 6482: 6479:pecking at a 6478: 6474: 6473:Brigden (2000 6469: 6462: 6461:Brigden (2000 6457: 6450: 6449:Scruton (1996 6447:According to 6444: 6440: 6430: 6427: 6425: 6422: 6420: 6417: 6415: 6412: 6410: 6407: 6405: 6402: 6400: 6397: 6395: 6392: 6390: 6387: 6386: 6382: 6371: 6368: 6362: 6357: 6354: 6348: 6343: 6336: 6334: 6328: 6325: 6320: 6317: 6313: 6309: 6304: 6302: 6296: 6293: 6289: 6286: 6282: 6281:Nonconformist 6278: 6274: 6269: 6267: 6263: 6256: 6246: 6244: 6240: 6236: 6231: 6229: 6225: 6220: 6218: 6217:Presbyterians 6214: 6210: 6206: 6202: 6197: 6195: 6191: 6190:Muggletonians 6187: 6183: 6179: 6175: 6171: 6166: 6162: 6154: 6150: 6145: 6143: 6139: 6135: 6131: 6127: 6123: 6119: 6118:Stuart period 6114: 6107: 6103: 6102:popular print 6098: 6089: 6087: 6083: 6079: 6075: 6071: 6067: 6063: 6059: 6058:wedding rings 6055: 6051: 6047: 6043: 6039: 6035: 6029: 6026: 6022: 6018: 6014: 6010: 6006: 6001: 5999: 5995: 5994:church choirs 5991: 5986: 5984: 5980: 5976: 5972: 5971: 5965: 5961: 5957: 5952: 5950: 5946: 5942: 5937: 5926: 5921: 5919: 5914: 5912: 5907: 5906: 5904: 5903: 5895: 5891: 5887: 5882: 5879: 5878: 5871: 5870: 5862: 5861: 5857: 5855: 5854: 5853:Paradise Lost 5850: 5848: 5847: 5843: 5841: 5840: 5836: 5835: 5828: 5827: 5819: 5816: 5814: 5813:John Winthrop 5811: 5809: 5806: 5804: 5803:Thomas Parker 5801: 5799: 5796: 5794: 5791: 5789: 5788:Cotton Mather 5786: 5784: 5781: 5779: 5776: 5774: 5773:John Endecott 5771: 5769: 5766: 5764: 5761: 5759: 5756: 5754: 5751: 5749: 5746: 5744: 5743:Peter Bulkley 5741: 5740: 5736: 5731: 5730: 5725: 5717: 5716: 5708: 5705: 5703: 5700: 5698: 5695: 5693: 5690: 5688: 5685: 5683: 5680: 5678: 5675: 5673: 5670: 5668: 5665: 5664: 5657: 5656: 5648: 5645: 5643: 5640: 5638: 5635: 5633: 5630: 5628: 5625: 5623: 5620: 5618: 5615: 5613: 5610: 5608: 5605: 5603: 5602:Marian exiles 5600: 5598: 5595: 5593: 5590: 5589: 5582: 5581: 5573: 5570: 5568: 5565: 5563: 5560: 5559: 5552: 5551: 5543: 5540: 5538: 5535: 5533: 5530: 5528: 5525: 5523: 5520: 5519: 5512: 5511: 5503: 5502:Merton thesis 5500: 5498: 5495: 5493: 5492:Puritan choir 5490: 5488: 5487:Millennialism 5485: 5483: 5480: 5478: 5477:Impropriation 5475: 5473: 5470: 5469: 5462: 5461: 5453: 5450: 5448: 5445: 5443: 5440: 5438: 5437:Nonconformism 5435: 5433: 5430: 5428: 5425: 5423: 5420: 5418: 5415: 5413: 5410: 5408: 5405: 5403: 5400: 5398: 5395: 5393: 5392:Protestantism 5390: 5388: 5385: 5384: 5377: 5376: 5372: 5368: 5364: 5363: 5357: 5353: 5352: 5349: 5346: 5345: 5341: 5337: 5336: 5329: 5324: 5318: 5308: 5306: 5300: 5297: 5292: 5290: 5289: 5283: 5279: 5275: 5271: 5270:John Bradford 5267: 5263: 5262:Robert Ferrar 5259: 5255: 5250: 5248: 5244: 5240: 5235: 5232: 5231:Marian exiles 5224: 5219: 5214: 5197: 5192: 5185: 5180: 5179: 5178: 5175: 5169: 5167: 5163: 5159: 5155: 5151: 5147: 5143: 5138: 5136: 5131: 5127: 5123: 5119: 5114: 5112: 5108: 5107:Lord's Prayer 5104: 5100: 5096: 5092: 5091: 5086: 5081: 5079: 5075: 5071: 5070:Pedro de Soto 5067: 5062: 5058: 5054: 5049: 5047: 5043: 5037: 5035: 5031: 5030: 5024: 5020: 5016: 5005: 5003: 4998: 4993: 4990: 4986: 4985:Reginald Pole 4980: 4978: 4974: 4970: 4965: 4963: 4959: 4953: 4949: 4946: 4933: 4932:Reginald Pole 4928: 4920: 4911: 4908: 4904: 4900: 4896: 4885: 4883: 4879: 4875: 4871: 4867: 4863: 4862: 4857: 4853: 4849: 4843: 4841: 4837: 4833: 4832:cloth of gold 4829: 4825: 4821: 4820:chrismatories 4817: 4813: 4809: 4808: 4801: 4799: 4795: 4791: 4787: 4783: 4779: 4773: 4771: 4767: 4763: 4759: 4754: 4750: 4744: 4742: 4738: 4734: 4730: 4726: 4721: 4717: 4709: 4705: 4701: 4696: 4686: 4684: 4680: 4676: 4673:over a white 4672: 4668: 4664: 4660: 4656: 4652: 4647: 4644: 4639: 4635: 4630: 4628: 4623: 4619: 4614: 4612: 4608: 4604: 4600: 4596: 4592: 4588: 4584: 4580: 4576: 4572: 4568: 4564: 4555: 4550: 4546: 4542: 4533: 4531: 4527: 4521: 4519: 4515: 4511: 4507: 4503: 4502:West Midlands 4499: 4495: 4485: 4483: 4478: 4476: 4472: 4468: 4464: 4460: 4456: 4452: 4448: 4444: 4440: 4434: 4432: 4428: 4424: 4420: 4416: 4412: 4408: 4403: 4401: 4397: 4393: 4390:, making the 4389: 4385: 4381: 4377: 4373: 4369: 4365: 4361: 4357: 4353: 4348: 4345: 4341: 4337: 4333: 4329: 4320: 4316: 4314: 4310: 4305: 4301: 4296: 4294: 4291:and palms on 4290: 4289:Ash Wednesday 4286: 4282: 4276: 4266: 4264: 4260: 4255: 4254:A. G. Dickens 4250: 4248: 4244: 4240: 4235: 4233: 4229: 4228:Sacrament Act 4223: 4220: 4216: 4215:Edmund Bonner 4208: 4207:Ely Cathedral 4203: 4199: 4197: 4193: 4189: 4188:Stained glass 4183: 4181: 4177: 4173: 4169: 4165: 4161: 4157: 4147: 4144: 4140: 4136: 4132: 4128: 4123: 4121: 4117: 4112: 4110: 4106: 4105:king of Judah 4102: 4098: 4089: 4080: 4078: 4077:Privy Council 4074: 4070: 4067:, brother of 4066: 4062: 4058: 4054: 4048: 4046: 4042: 4038: 4034: 4029: 4027: 4023: 4019: 4015: 4011: 4007: 4006:King's Primer 4003: 3999: 3998: 3992: 3990: 3986: 3985: 3980: 3979:Bishops' Book 3974: 3972: 3967: 3959: 3955: 3950: 3945: 3940: 3938: 3934: 3930: 3929:Edward Powell 3926: 3922: 3918: 3914: 3910: 3904: 3902: 3898: 3897:votive masses 3895:to a priest, 3894: 3890: 3886: 3882: 3878: 3873: 3870: 3869:real presence 3866: 3862: 3858: 3852: 3850: 3846: 3836: 3834: 3830: 3826: 3820: 3817: 3813: 3809: 3805: 3800: 3798: 3794: 3785: 3781: 3780:chapter house 3776: 3772: 3770: 3766: 3765: 3759: 3754: 3752: 3748: 3744: 3743: 3738: 3734: 3730: 3726: 3721: 3716: 3714: 3708: 3706: 3702: 3698: 3694: 3686: 3681: 3676: 3666: 3664: 3663:Thomas Becket 3660: 3656: 3652: 3648: 3644: 3643:Rood of Grace 3640: 3636: 3632: 3628: 3623: 3621: 3616: 3611: 3607: 3599: 3595: 3590: 3586: 3584: 3579: 3578: 3577:Bishops' Book 3573: 3568: 3566: 3560: 3558: 3554: 3550: 3546: 3542: 3538: 3534: 3533:vicar general 3530: 3525: 3522: 3518: 3507: 3505: 3501: 3497: 3493: 3489: 3484: 3481: 3480:Peter's Pence 3477: 3472: 3468: 3464: 3460: 3454: 3452: 3448: 3444: 3440: 3434: 3429: 3427: 3423: 3415: 3411: 3407: 3398: 3396: 3392: 3387: 3385: 3381: 3377: 3373: 3372: 3366: 3364: 3363:York province 3360: 3356: 3348: 3345: 3342: 3338: 3335: 3332: 3331: 3330: 3327: 3323: 3319: 3315: 3310: 3308: 3304: 3300: 3285: 3281: 3277: 3275: 3271: 3267: 3263: 3259: 3254: 3252: 3247: 3237: 3235: 3229: 3227: 3223: 3220: 3216: 3212: 3208: 3203: 3199: 3195: 3191: 3187: 3179: 3175: 3171: 3169: 3168:Princess Mary 3165: 3164:civil warfare 3161: 3157: 3156:Tudor dynasty 3153: 3148: 3144: 3139: 3137: 3133: 3129: 3125: 3124: 3119: 3118: 3112: 3109: 3105: 3104:Thomas Wolsey 3101: 3096: 3094: 3091:. Unlike his 3090: 3086: 3082: 3078: 3071: 3067: 3063: 3059: 3045: 3043: 3042:William Tracy 3039: 3035: 3031: 3030:James Bainham 3027: 3023: 3019: 3015: 3014:Thomas Hitton 3011: 3006: 3004: 3003:Thomas Arthur 3000: 2996: 2995:Thomas Bilney 2992: 2988: 2984: 2983:Robert Barnes 2980: 2976: 2971: 2969: 2965: 2964: 2959: 2958: 2953: 2952: 2948:to translate 2947: 2943: 2939: 2935: 2931: 2926: 2925:Tyndale Bible 2922: 2913: 2909: 2906: 2902: 2898: 2894: 2890: 2886: 2882: 2877: 2875: 2870: 2866: 2862: 2861:Martin Luther 2858: 2853: 2851: 2847: 2843: 2838: 2837:superstitious 2834: 2833: 2828: 2824: 2820: 2816: 2811: 2809: 2805: 2801: 2797: 2793: 2792:John Wycliffe 2789: 2785: 2783: 2779: 2775: 2771: 2767: 2763: 2759: 2755: 2751: 2747: 2743: 2739: 2735: 2731: 2727: 2723: 2719: 2715: 2711: 2707: 2703: 2699: 2695: 2691: 2687: 2683: 2679: 2675: 2671: 2667: 2663: 2659: 2655: 2643: 2638: 2636: 2631: 2629: 2624: 2623: 2621: 2620: 2616: 2612: 2608: 2604: 2600: 2596: 2593: 2592: 2588: 2587: 2584: 2580: 2576: 2572: 2568: 2565: 2564: 2560: 2559: 2556: 2552: 2549: 2548: 2544: 2543: 2540: 2536: 2532: 2529: 2528: 2524: 2523: 2519: 2513: 2509: 2506: 2505: 2501: 2500: 2487: 2485: 2481: 2477: 2473: 2472:nonconformist 2469: 2465: 2461: 2457: 2454: 2450: 2446: 2445:Stuart period 2442: 2437: 2435: 2431: 2427: 2423: 2419: 2415: 2410: 2408: 2404: 2400: 2396: 2392: 2388: 2384: 2380: 2376: 2371: 2369: 2365: 2361: 2357: 2353: 2349: 2345: 2341: 2337: 2325: 2320: 2318: 2313: 2311: 2306: 2305: 2303: 2302: 2294: 2291: 2289: 2286: 2284: 2281: 2279: 2276: 2274: 2271: 2269: 2266: 2265: 2258: 2257: 2249: 2246: 2244: 2241: 2239: 2237: 2233: 2231: 2228: 2226: 2223: 2221: 2218: 2217: 2210: 2209: 2201: 2198: 2196: 2193: 2191: 2188: 2186: 2183: 2182: 2175: 2174: 2166: 2163: 2161: 2159: 2155: 2153: 2150: 2148: 2145: 2143: 2140: 2138: 2135: 2134: 2127: 2126: 2118: 2115: 2113: 2110: 2108: 2105: 2103: 2100: 2098: 2095: 2093: 2090: 2088: 2085: 2083: 2080: 2078: 2076: 2072: 2071: 2067: 2062: 2061: 2053: 2052:Marian exiles 2050: 2048: 2045: 2043: 2040: 2038: 2036: 2032: 2030: 2027: 2025: 2023: 2019: 2017: 2014: 2012: 2009: 2007: 2004: 2003: 1999: 1994: 1993: 1985: 1982: 1980: 1977: 1975: 1972: 1970: 1967: 1966: 1959: 1958: 1954: 1950: 1945: 1941: 1940: 1937: 1934: 1933: 1929: 1925: 1924: 1914: 1909: 1907: 1902: 1900: 1895: 1894: 1892: 1891: 1888: 1883: 1878: 1877: 1872: 1868: 1864: 1860: 1856: 1848: 1847: 1842: 1838: 1834: 1830: 1826: 1822: 1818: 1815: 1811: 1807: 1802: 1797: 1796: 1791: 1786: 1782: 1778: 1774: 1770: 1766: 1762: 1758: 1754: 1750: 1746: 1742: 1738: 1734: 1730: 1726: 1722: 1718: 1714: 1710: 1706: 1698: 1697: 1692: 1688: 1684: 1680: 1677: 1672: 1667: 1666: 1661: 1657: 1653: 1648: 1644: 1640: 1636: 1632: 1631:Churchmanship 1628: 1623: 1622: 1617: 1613: 1609: 1605: 1597: 1596: 1591: 1587: 1583: 1579: 1575: 1571: 1567: 1563: 1559: 1554: 1549: 1548: 1544: 1540: 1539: 1536: 1533: 1532: 1528: 1524: 1523: 1513: 1508: 1506: 1501: 1499: 1494: 1493: 1491: 1490: 1487: 1486:Protestantism 1484: 1483: 1475: 1472: 1470: 1467: 1465: 1462: 1461: 1459: 1458: 1451: 1448: 1446: 1443: 1442: 1440: 1439: 1433: 1429: 1425: 1423: 1420: 1418: 1414: 1411: 1410: 1409: 1401: 1400: 1392: 1391: 1387: 1386: 1381: 1380: 1376: 1374: 1373: 1369: 1368: 1363: 1362: 1358: 1356: 1355: 1351: 1350: 1345: 1342: 1340: 1339: 1335: 1334: 1329: 1328: 1324: 1322: 1321: 1317: 1316: 1311: 1310: 1306: 1304: 1303: 1299: 1298: 1292: 1291: 1286: 1285: 1281: 1280: 1278: 1277: 1269: 1266: 1265: 1259: 1255: 1252: 1251: 1246: 1242: 1239: 1238: 1232: 1229: 1228: 1223: 1220: 1218: 1215: 1214: 1209: 1206: 1204: 1201: 1200: 1195: 1192: 1190: 1187: 1186: 1184: 1183: 1176: 1173: 1171: 1168: 1167: 1162: 1158: 1155: 1153: 1150: 1149: 1144: 1141: 1139: 1136: 1135: 1130: 1127: 1125: 1122: 1121: 1116: 1115:Lutheran hymn 1113: 1111: 1108: 1107: 1102: 1099: 1097: 1094: 1093: 1088: 1085: 1084: 1082: 1074: 1073: 1065: 1062: 1060: 1057: 1055: 1052: 1050: 1047: 1046: 1042: 1039: 1037: 1034: 1033: 1032: 1031: 1024: 1021: 1019: 1016: 1015: 1010: 1007: 1006: 1001: 998: 997: 992: 989: 987: 984: 983: 978: 975: 973: 970: 968: 965: 963: 960: 959: 954: 951: 949: 946: 944: 941: 939: 936: 934: 931: 929: 926: 924: 921: 920: 915: 912: 910: 907: 905: 902: 900: 897: 896: 891: 888: 886: 883: 881: 878: 877: 875: 874: 868: 865: 864: 863: 862: 855: 852: 850: 849:Art conflicts 847: 846: 841: 838: 836: 833: 832: 827: 824: 822: 819: 818: 813: 810: 808: 805: 804: 802: 794: 793: 786: 783: 781: 778: 776: 773: 771: 768: 766: 763: 761: 758: 756: 753: 752: 749: 744: 743: 735: 732: 730: 727: 726: 724: 723: 716: 713: 711: 708: 707: 702: 699: 698: 693: 690: 689: 684: 681: 679: 676: 675: 668: 667: 659: 656: 654: 653:Frederick III 651: 650: 648: 647: 641: 638: 636: 633: 631: 628: 626: 623: 621: 618: 616: 613: 611: 608: 606: 603: 601: 598: 596: 593: 591: 588: 586: 583: 581: 578: 577: 571: 570: 563: 560: 558: 555: 553: 550: 548: 545: 543: 540: 538: 534: 531: 529: 526: 524: 521: 519: 516: 514: 511: 509: 506: 504: 501: 499: 496: 494: 491: 489: 486: 484: 481: 478: 474: 470: 467: 465: 462: 461: 455: 454: 447: 446: 442: 440: 437: 435: 432: 430: 427: 425: 422: 420: 417: 415: 412: 410: 407: 405: 402: 400: 397: 395: 392: 390: 389:William Farel 387: 385: 382: 380: 377: 375: 372: 370: 369:Theodore Beza 367: 365: 362: 360: 357: 355: 352: 350: 347: 345: 342: 340: 337: 335: 334:Martin Luther 332: 331: 328: 323: 322: 315: 312: 310: 307: 305: 302: 301: 295: 294: 287: 284: 282: 279: 277: 273: 270: 268: 265: 263: 260: 258: 255: 253: 250: 248: 245: 243: 240: 239: 233: 232: 225: 222: 220: 217: 215: 212: 210: 209:Diet of Worms 207: 205: 202: 201: 198: 193: 192: 185: 182: 180: 177: 175: 172: 170: 167: 165: 162: 160: 156: 153: 151: 148: 146: 143: 141: 138: 136: 132: 129: 127: 123: 120: 118: 114: 111: 109: 105: 104:John Wycliffe 102: 100: 96: 93: 92: 89: 84: 83: 78: 77:Martin Luther 75:, written by 74: 73: 67: 63: 62: 59: 56: 55: 51: 47: 46: 40: 36: 32: 28: 23: 19: 17045: 16998: 16928:Receptionism 16886: 16870: 16857:Black Rubric 16809:Genuflection 16776: 16770: 16703:Humeral veil 16641: 16634: 16627: 16623:Anglican Use 16529: 16525: 16518: 16499: 16464: 16435: 16423: 16401:Epiphanytide 16399: 16380: 16361: 16179: 16172: 16165: 16158: 16146: 16129:Wedding ring 15902:altar server 15890:Participants 15866:Mass (music) 15764:Nicene Creed 15699: 15687: 15444: 15440:Easter Vigil 15411:for the Jews 15394:Foot washing 15360: 15341:Consecration 15329:Confirmation 15274: 15239:Daily Office 15096:Charismatics 15079: 15058:Gospel music 14988:Camp meeting 14980:1789–present 14912:Missionaries 14882: 14875: 14866:Menno Simons 14810: 14806:Church music 14762: 14657: 14628: 14513:Conciliarism 14498:Papal Schism 14340:Scandinavian 14232:Great Schism 14210:Nestorianism 14182:Christianity 14114:priest holes 13995:Chalcedonian 13958:Christianity 13912:Great Church 13720:Resurrection 13486:Crown Jewels 13471:Royal badges 13459:Coat of arms 13388:Architecture 13373:Morris dance 13315:Demographics 13238:English Army 13035: 12659: 12624:Star Chamber 12446:Royal Houses 12429:Protectorate 12358:Jacobean era 12325: 12321:Tudor period 12206: 12197: 12166:(1824 ed.): 12159: 12126: 12094: 12071: 12051: 12022: 12018: 11989: 11985: 11945: 11941: 11916:. Robinson. 11913: 11901:. Retrieved 11897:the original 11892: 11878: 11867: 11853: 11844: 11838:. Routledge. 11835: 11827: 11818: 11806: 11798: 11790: 11779: 11771: 11750: 11736: 11733:Duffy, Eamon 11713: 11703: 11694: 11666: 11650: 11646: 11622: 11602: 11582: 11559: 11538: 11512: 11508: 11488: 11468: 11445: 11422: 11398:(1): 63–90. 11395: 11391: 11368: 11343: 11322: 11302: 11282: 11258: 11234: 11212: 11188: 11151: 11147: 11127: 11106: 11085: 11063: 11033: 11029: 11009: 10987: 10973: 10947: 10920: 10901: 10881: 10857: 10839: 10835: 10810: 10806: 10786: 10762: 10738: 10717: 10713:Elton, G. R. 10680: 10676: 10639: 10618: 10614:Duffy, Eamon 10604: 10594: 10575: 10553: 10532: 10498: 10494: 10470: 10449: 10425: 10399: 10395: 10372: 10360:Bibliography 10350: 10345: 10328: 10324: 10318: 10306: 10298: 10293: 10281: 10269: 10262:Hazlett 1995 10257: 10245: 10233: 10225: 10220: 10209: 10204: 10192: 10180: 10168: 10156: 10144: 10132: 10120: 10108: 10066: 10054: 10042: 10030: 10018: 10006: 9994: 9982: 9970: 9958: 9946: 9919: 9907: 9895: 9883: 9871: 9864:Moorman 1973 9859: 9847: 9835: 9823: 9811: 9799: 9787: 9775: 9770:, p. 8. 9763: 9751: 9739: 9727: 9715: 9703: 9691: 9679: 9667: 9655: 9650:, p. 7. 9643: 9631: 9619: 9607: 9565: 9558:Dickens 1989 9553: 9541: 9529: 9485: 9473: 9461: 9449: 9403: 9391: 9379: 9367: 9340: 9328: 9316: 9274: 9262: 9250: 9238: 9226: 9214: 9202: 9190: 9178: 9166: 9154: 9142: 9130: 9118: 9106: 9094: 9085: 9078: 9066: 9054: 9027: 9015: 9003: 8991: 8962: 8950: 8938: 8926: 8914: 8902: 8873: 8861: 8834: 8822: 8802: 8775: 8763: 8756:Brigden 2000 8751: 8739: 8727: 8715: 8703: 8696:Moorman 1983 8691: 8617: 8590: 8578: 8566: 8554: 8542: 8530: 8518: 8491: 8479: 8467: 8455: 8443: 8431: 8419: 8412:Dickens 1989 8407: 8395: 8383: 8371: 8359: 8347: 8335: 8323: 8311: 8299: 8287: 8275: 8263: 8251: 8239: 8212: 8200: 8188: 8176: 8164: 8152: 8140: 8128: 8116: 8104: 8092: 8080: 8068: 8056: 8049:Dickens 1966 8044: 8032: 8020: 8008: 7996: 7984: 7972: 7960: 7948: 7941:Brigden 2000 7936: 7924: 7912: 7900: 7888: 7876: 7869:Brigden 2000 7849: 7837: 7825: 7813: 7801: 7789: 7777: 7765: 7753: 7741: 7729: 7717: 7675: 7663: 7651: 7624: 7612: 7600: 7588: 7561: 7549: 7537: 7525: 7513: 7501: 7489: 7477: 7470:Bernard 1990 7465: 7453: 7441: 7429: 7417: 7390: 7383:Moorman 1973 7363: 7351: 7339: 7327: 7315: 7303: 7296:Moorman 1973 7276: 7249: 7242:Brigden 2000 7237: 7225: 7213: 7201: 7189: 7177: 7165: 7153: 7146:Brigden 2000 7141: 7129: 7117: 7105: 7098:Brigden 2000 7093: 7081: 7069: 7057: 7045: 7033: 7026:Brigden 2000 7021: 7001: 6994: 6982: 6970: 6958: 6946: 6934: 6922: 6910: 6898: 6886: 6874: 6867:Hefling 2021 6862: 6855:Hefling 2021 6850: 6838: 6828: 6821: 6794: 6787:Dickens 1959 6782: 6770: 6758: 6751:Brigden 2000 6746: 6734: 6722: 6715:Hefling 2021 6710: 6698: 6693:, p. 7. 6686: 6674: 6652: 6640: 6623: 6611: 6599: 6592:Roger Ascham 6575: 6562: 6550: 6542: 6538: 6530: 6517: 6501: 6488: 6468: 6456: 6443: 6329: 6321: 6305: 6301:David Loades 6297: 6290: 6270: 6258: 6232: 6221: 6198: 6153:William Laud 6146: 6140:, but their 6115: 6111: 6105: 6092:Consequences 6070:clerical cap 6030: 6025:Ridolfi plot 6002: 5987: 5969: 5953: 5934: 5858: 5851: 5844: 5837: 5697:Praying town 5432:Independents 5401: 5387:Christianity 5361: 5301: 5296:Pope Paul IV 5293: 5287: 5251: 5236: 5227: 5222: 5170: 5158:Bridgettines 5150:Benedictines 5139: 5117: 5115: 5088: 5084: 5082: 5050: 5042:recantations 5038: 5027: 5023:churchwarden 5019:benefactions 5011: 4994: 4989:papal legate 4981: 4966: 4954: 4950: 4942: 4895:illegitimacy 4891: 4865: 4859: 4844: 4811: 4805: 4802: 4774: 4745: 4740: 4733:receptionist 4715: 4713: 4648: 4631: 4621: 4615: 4565:of Norwich, 4563:William Rugg 4559: 4544: 4522: 4497: 4494:West Country 4491: 4479: 4467:Annunciation 4463:Purification 4435: 4406: 4404: 4400:confirmation 4349: 4336:Use of Sarum 4327: 4325: 4313:Martin Bucer 4297: 4278: 4251: 4247:Rough Wooing 4236: 4224: 4219:Fleet Prison 4212: 4184: 4172:sacramentals 4159: 4153: 4142: 4131:rosary beads 4124: 4113: 4094: 4069:Jane Seymour 4049: 4033:Edward Crome 4030: 4005: 3995: 3993: 3982: 3978: 3975: 3963: 3942: 3921:Thomas Abell 3905: 3885:Six Articles 3874: 3865:John Lambert 3853: 3842: 3821: 3801: 3789: 3764:Device Forts 3761: 3755: 3740: 3733:Hailes Abbey 3717: 3709: 3690: 3630: 3624: 3603: 3575: 3572:Ten Articles 3569: 3561: 3526: 3513: 3485: 3455: 3436: 3431: 3419: 3388: 3379: 3376:Supplication 3375: 3369: 3367: 3352: 3311: 3296: 3255: 3243: 3230: 3198:dispensation 3186:late brother 3183: 3147:Queen Claude 3140: 3121: 3114: 3097: 3075: 3034:Thomas Benet 3007: 2987:Hugh Latimer 2972: 2967: 2966:rather than 2961: 2955: 2949: 2945: 2944:rather than 2941: 2937: 2936:rather than 2933: 2929: 2918: 2878: 2854: 2849: 2830: 2812: 2786: 2706:Confirmation 2651: 2566: 2458:. After the 2438: 2411: 2372: 2360:Christianity 2335: 2333: 2235: 2157: 2074: 2034: 2021: 1997: 1948: 1769:William Laud 1728: 1671:Christianity 1660:Jesus Prayer 1619: 1456: 1455: 1437: 1436: 1407: 1388: 1377: 1370: 1359: 1352: 1336: 1325: 1318: 1307: 1300: 1288: 1282: 1275: 1274: 1181: 1180: 1175:Verse anthem 1170:Falsobordone 1080: 1029: 1028: 872: 871: 860: 859: 854:Beeldenstorm 812:Lutheran art 800: 734:Ferdinand II 721: 720: 645: 644: 482: 444: 419:Menno Simons 354:Martin Bucer 219:Magisterials 214:Luther Bible 159:Berengarians 70: 18: 17139:Anglicanism 17073:Rood screen 16949:Agape feast 16903:Last Supper 16772:Ad orientem 16738:Roman Canon 16713:Last Gospel 16681:Benediction 16542:Kingdomtide 16530:Trinitytide 16528:instead of 16520:Trinitytide 16485:Good Friday 16472:Palm Sunday 16458:Passiontide 16294:Geneva gown 16269:Choir dress 16254:Cassock-alb 16055:Evangeliary 16016:Aspergillum 15979:Antependium 15581:Let us pray 15554:Lamb of God 15512:O Antiphons 15384:Chrism Mass 15324:Commination 15185:Catholicism 15122:Protestants 15116:Evangelical 14791:39 Articles 14786:Elizabethan 14763:Anglicanism 14743:Westminster 14653:Melanchthon 14616:Lutheranism 14581:Nicodemites 14559:Arminianism 14530:Reformation 14471:Bonaventure 14446:Inquisition 14441:Waldensians 14391:Investiture 14369:Kievan Rus' 14325:Anglo-Saxon 14305:Pelagianism 14297:Middle Ages 14220:Iconodulism 14095:Thomas More 14016:Catholicism 13938:Monasticism 13921:Constantine 13846:Persecution 13804:Adoptionism 13789:Ante-Nicene 13732:Holy Spirit 13715:Crucifixion 13686:Origins and 13587:2nd and 3rd 13411:Elizabethan 13396:Anglo-Saxon 12617:Elizabethan 12607:Anglo-Saxon 12533:Curia regis 12474:Plantagenet 12424:Proprietary 12392:Popish Plot 12370:Interregnum 12294:The Anarchy 12164:John Strype 12131:John Strype 11669:. Praeger. 11441:Ryrie, Alec 10813:: 281–299. 10652: 1580 10645: 1400 10286:Haigh (1997 10274:Slavin 1990 10250:Vidmar 2005 10238:online free 10232:; Pollard, 10230:online free 10161:Maltby 1998 10149:Bremer 2009 10137:Maltby 1998 10113:Maltby 2006 10101:Maltby 2006 10086:Spinks 2006 9780:Loades 1989 9732:Cavill 2013 7830:Mackie 1952 7458:Shagan 2017 7368:Ridley 1962 7332:Shagan 2017 7320:Shagan 2017 7254:Tanner 1930 7206:Shagan 2017 7194:Morris 1998 7122:Shagan 2017 7086:Morris 1998 6645:Duffy (2005 6629:Duffy (2005 6604:Duffy (2005 6588:Richard Cox 6555:Duffy (2005 6535:Haigh (1993 6481:pomegranate 6333:Thomas More 6316:Eamon Duffy 6224:Anglicanism 6201:Restoration 6142:high church 5936:Elizabeth I 5798:James Noyes 5763:John Cotton 5748:John Bunyan 5555:Confessions 5417:Arminianism 5412:Anglicanism 5397:Reformation 5362:The Puritan 5278:Agnes Prest 5258:John Hooper 5254:John Rogers 5247:recantation 5174:church ales 5090:King's Book 5034:Augustinian 4866:King's Book 4828:monstrances 4643:Last Supper 4607:John Hooper 4577:of Durham, 4573:of Exeter, 4549:Elizabethan 4447:Evangelists 4398:cloth. The 4352:church year 4340:Use of York 4293:Palm Sunday 4287:, ashes on 4196:whitewashed 4168:processions 4164:Eamon Duffy 4143:King's Book 4010:prayer book 3984:King's Book 3966:Great Bible 3881:Good Friday 3872:dismissed. 3829:Westminster 3812:Robert Aske 3784:Forde Abbey 3751:Virgin Mary 3705:Carthusians 3693:monasticism 3683:Remains of 3639:iconophobia 3615:pilgrimages 3557:Edward Foxe 3553:John Hilsey 3541:John Salcot 3490:made Henry 3463:Anabaptists 3414:John Fisher 3410:Thomas More 3386:) to Rome. 3291: 1485 3270:Thomas More 3226:sacked Rome 3178:Anne Boleyn 3136:Anne Boleyn 3111:John Fisher 3102:, Cardinal 2999:George Joye 2827:Thomas More 2774:indulgences 2714:Holy Orders 2660:led by the 2561:Reformation 2545:Middle Ages 2441:Elizabeth I 2387:Protestants 2356:Reformation 1749:Elizabeth I 1652:Monasticism 1535:Anglicanism 1432:Rationalism 1241:Cyclic mass 909:Anglo-Irish 880:Elizabethan 835:English art 826:Swedish art 585:Elizabeth I 498:Czech Lands 493:Netherlands 469:Switzerland 458:By location 445:Many others 349:John Calvin 99:Waldensians 95:Peter Waldo 58:Reformation 17128:Categories 17078:Sarum Rite 16819:Intinction 16728:Monstrance 16603:Altar bell 16501:Eastertide 16219:Pontifical 16192:Lectionary 16114:Tabernacle 16065:Holy water 15673:Magnificat 15668:Invitatory 15623:Responsory 15524:Confession 15478:Ordination 15423:Reproaches 15375:liturgies 15286:Occasional 15267:(Compline) 14907:Revivalism 14828:Anabaptism 14776:Henry VIII 14601:Literature 14225:Iconoclasm 14205:Chrysostom 14158:Vatican II 14124:Jansenists 14110:Mass rocks 14046:Lateran IV 13965:Athanasius 13885:Tertullian 13829:Marcionism 13824:Gnosticism 13777:Revelation 13695:Background 13491:Tudor rose 13421:Queen Anne 13250:Royal Navy 12602:Governance 12592:Ministries 12543:Parliament 12119:Volume III 10892:0198269242 10311:Duffy 2006 10226:Henry VIII 10059:Craig 2008 10047:Craig 2008 10035:Craig 2008 10023:Craig 2008 9987:Haigh 1993 9951:Haigh 1993 9939:Haigh 1993 9924:Haigh 1993 9876:Haigh 1993 9816:Haigh 1993 9756:Haigh 1993 9708:Roddy 2016 9624:Haigh 1993 9612:Haigh 1993 9600:Haigh 1993 9585:Haigh 1993 9570:Haigh 1993 9534:Haigh 1993 9507:Haigh 1993 9478:Haigh 1993 9454:Haigh 1993 9384:Haigh 1993 9372:Haigh 1993 9360:Duffy 2005 9333:Haigh 1993 9321:Haigh 1993 9267:Haigh 1993 9219:Duffy 2005 9159:Haigh 1993 9123:Haigh 1993 9071:Duffy 2005 9059:Duffy 2005 9032:Duffy 2005 9020:Duffy 2005 9008:Duffy 2005 8967:Duffy 2005 8955:Haigh 1993 8919:Haigh 1993 8907:Duffy 2005 8878:Duffy 2005 8827:Haigh 1993 8815:Hearn 1995 8811:Loach 1999 8807:Aston 1993 8795:Haigh 1993 8744:Duffy 2005 8684:Duffy 2005 8637:Haigh 1993 8547:Duffy 2005 8535:Haigh 1993 8496:Duffy 2005 8484:Duffy 2005 8460:Haigh 1993 8448:Duffy 2005 8436:Haigh 1993 8424:Duffy 2005 8400:Haigh 1993 8388:Duffy 2005 8304:Duffy 2005 8292:Duffy 2005 8268:Duffy 2005 8256:Duffy 2005 8232:Duffy 2005 8169:Haigh 1993 8133:Haigh 1993 8109:Haigh 1993 8085:Haigh 1993 8037:Haigh 1993 8025:Haigh 1993 7989:Haigh 1993 7929:Haigh 1993 7794:Haigh 1993 7782:Haigh 1993 7770:Haigh 1993 7758:Haigh 1993 7710:Elton 1991 7695:Smith 1938 7680:Haigh 1993 7656:Ryrie 2017 7644:Haigh 1993 7617:Haigh 1993 7581:Haigh 1993 7554:Haigh 1993 7530:Haigh 1993 7446:Elton 1991 7434:Haigh 1993 7410:Elton 1982 7356:Elton 1991 7344:Elton 1982 7308:Haigh 1993 7281:Haigh 1993 7269:Haigh 1993 7230:Haigh 1993 7218:Haigh 1993 7182:Haigh 1993 7170:Haigh 1993 7134:Haigh 1993 7110:Haigh 1993 7074:Lacey 1972 7050:Lacey 1972 6987:Ryrie 2009 6951:Haigh 1993 6939:Haigh 1993 6814:Ryrie 2017 6763:Duffy 2005 6667:References 6657:Haigh 1993 6584:John Cheke 6510:Deut. 25:5 6239:Penal laws 6209:dissenters 6161:Laudianism 6100:Polemical 5990:cathedrals 5380:Background 5274:Joan Waste 5162:Greyfriars 5154:Syon Abbey 5135:tabernacle 5109:, and the 5046:propaganda 5029:Spirituali 4903:Mary Tudor 4749:unleavened 4655:ordination 4603:John Ponet 4591:translated 4579:George Day 4571:John Vesey 4552:Protector 4471:Assumption 4388:godparents 4156:visitation 4135:holy water 4073:Lord Lisle 4057:Wriothesly 4037:Anne Askew 4014:Edward Lee 4002:vernacular 3893:confession 3747:True Cross 3737:Holy Blood 3625:Historian 3606:feast days 3529:vicegerent 3471:cathedrals 3314:praemunire 3246:Parliament 3234:praemunire 3128:Pope Leo X 3113:—entitled 3077:Henry VIII 2991:John Frith 2968:do penance 2957:metanoeite 2885:pilgrimage 2842:Henry VIII 2823:John Colet 2817:, such as 2698:sacraments 2686:good works 2595:Puritanism 2497:in England 2395:Henry VIII 2379:Scriptures 2195:Laudianism 1951:(1749) by 1725:Henry VIII 1586:Sacraments 1408:Conclusion 890:Propaganda 873:Literature 135:Arnoldists 88:Precursors 16804:Headcover 16676:Adoration 16512:Pentecost 16507:Ascension 16466:Holy Week 16417:Candlemas 16388:Christmas 16339:Zucchetto 16214:Vestments 15769:Offertory 15722:Epiclesis 15717:Anamnesis 15708:Eucharist 15487:Structure 15373:Holy Week 15334:Catechism 15276:Eucharist 15246:(Mattins) 15073:Ecumenism 15023:Adventism 15013:Mormonism 14949:Millerism 14944:Methodism 14899:1640–1789 14801:Civil War 14748:Orthodoxy 14703:Huguenots 14685:Calvinism 14670:Eucharist 14665:Orthodoxy 14549:Eucharist 14481:Five Ways 14431:Dulcinian 14384:Pomerania 14310:Gregory I 14154:Vatican I 14144:Modernism 14129:Molinists 14119:Guadalupe 13990:Chalcedon 13985:Ephesus I 13975:Augustine 13851:Apostolic 13834:Montanism 13799:Diversity 13575:Centuries 13501:St George 13272:Geography 13037:1642–1660 12686:1422–1460 12681:1413–1421 12676:1399–1411 12671:1377–1397 12666:1327–1376 12654:1308–1325 12649:1275–1307 12644:1225–1267 12479:Lancaster 12459:Knýtlinga 12363:Civil War 12272:Heptarchy 12111:Volume II 12080:265599728 11970:154848886 11903:27 August 11847:. Hodder. 11745:Guy, John 11176:162188544 11010:Edward VI 10705:154375741 10523:159856083 10071:Heal 2003 9345:Ward 1981 9279:Ward 1981 9243:Ward 1981 6322:Finally, 6149:Charles I 6134:free will 6009:Recusants 5720:Elsewhere 5407:Calvinism 5282:John Foxe 5207:Obstacles 5126:pluralism 5111:Hail Mary 5048:victory. 4997:absolving 4930:Cardinal 4899:Jane Grey 4874:Calvinism 4856:canon law 4852:John Knox 4848:Jan Laski 4790:Anointing 4714:The 1549 4618:loopholes 4514:enclosure 4506:Yorkshire 4488:Rebellion 4372:vestments 4285:Candlemas 4176:rood loft 4097:Edward VI 4022:chantries 3973:of 1543. 3504:Scripture 3264:to their 3251:sanctuary 3222:Charles V 3211:canon law 3194:Leviticus 3160:Henry VII 2903:and keep 2832:ad fontes 2804:preaching 2766:purgatory 2754:atonement 2726:Eucharist 2692:). God's 2690:synergism 2682:salvation 2670:salvation 2422:Edward VI 2342:when the 2261:1700–1950 2213:1649–1688 1953:Canaletto 1833:Ecumenism 1765:Charles I 1745:Edward VI 1612:Eucharist 1438:Monuments 1182:Liturgies 1161:Polyphony 1157:Homophony 1101:Hymn tune 986:Icelandic 967:Norwegian 729:Charles V 715:Criticism 399:John Knox 197:Beginning 145:Ratramnus 41:, Madrid. 29:from the 16916:and its 16888:Koinonia 16849:Theology 16743:Thurible 16688:Ciborium 16570:Festival 16425:Pre-Lent 16407:Epiphany 16354:calendar 16324:Surplice 16284:Dalmatic 16274:Cincture 16259:Chasuble 16045:Crucifix 15919:Crucifer 15779:Oblation 15774:Sentence 15727:Fraction 15712:Anaphora 15663:Canticle 15643:Versicle 15596:Embolism 15539:Glory Be 15507:Antiphon 15497:Alleluia 15456:Marriage 15446:Exsultet 15379:Tenebrae 15368:Exorcism 15232:Services 15165:Theology 15153:Missions 15148:Timeline 15120:Mainline 15068:Pacifism 14917:Baptists 14836:Theology 14796:Puritans 14771:Timeline 14713:Scotland 14641:Theology 14488:Wycliffe 14436:Crusades 14411:Bogomils 14364:Bulgaria 14320:Germanic 14272:Ethiopia 14170:Timeline 13948:Nicaea I 13943:Councils 13875:Irenaeus 13870:Ignatius 13865:Polycarp 13819:Donatism 13814:Docetism 13809:Arianism 13710:Ministry 13496:Oak tree 13454:Heraldry 13426:Georgian 13416:Jacobean 13368:Folklore 13353:Religion 13280:Counties 13218:Military 12612:Medieval 12565:Monarchy 12512:Politics 12464:Normandy 12262:Timeline 12103:Volume I 12006:27752571 11789:(2018). 11747:(1988). 11735:(2017). 11655:Archived 11631:54966133 11581:(1930). 11467:(1996). 11443:(2017). 11414:43918982 11365:(1962). 11280:(1973). 11256:(1952). 11186:(1998). 11060:(1996). 10984:(1970). 10972:(1972). 10879:(2003). 10848:42973872 10784:(1993). 10760:(1996). 10715:(1982). 10616:(2001). 10574:(1959). 10515:24528854 10447:(2000). 10416:24420971 10370:(1993). 10208:Froude, 6339:See also 6277:Anglican 6273:Catholic 6205:Jacobean 6170:Baptists 6066:surplice 6038:Puritans 6003:"Church 5348:Puritans 5340:a series 5338:Part of 5156:for the 5148:for the 5055:and the 5015:Erasmian 4816:chalices 4798:surplice 4782:exorcism 4778:blessing 4465:and the 4443:Apostles 4380:chasuble 4368:collects 4360:Evensong 4342:and the 4118:, to be 4061:Tunstall 3808:land-tax 3152:annulled 3132:Lutheran 3010:heretics 2893:idolatry 2808:memorial 2788:Lollardy 2756:for the 2744:through 2724:and the 2710:Marriage 2674:contrite 2462:and the 2428:. Under 2414:theology 2391:heretics 2350:and the 1928:a series 1926:Part of 1817:Meetings 1604:Ministry 1553:Theology 1527:a series 1525:Part of 1474:Anglican 1469:Lutheran 1268:Sequence 1233:in music 1049:Morality 1041:Pastoral 943:Romanian 904:Scottish 861:Building 840:Woodcuts 513:Slovenia 488:Scotland 274:and his 224:Radicals 126:Piagnoni 117:Hussites 108:Lollardy 50:a series 48:Part of 16942:Related 16799:Fasting 16748:Tunicle 16723:Maniple 16666:Biretta 16613:Angelus 16289:Gaiters 16264:Chimere 16249:Cassock 16204:Psalter 16070:Incense 16040:Crosier 16026:Chalice 15897:Acolyte 15813:Tarping 15791:Preface 15695:Te Deum 15569:Epistle 15544:Introit 15519:Collect 15317:Requiem 15300:Baptism 15158:Martyrs 14954:Pietism 14884:Ausbund 14856:Müntzer 14781:Cranmer 14728:Baptism 14693:Zwingli 14544:Erasmus 14493:Avignon 14476:Aquinas 14466:Francis 14461:Dominic 14421:Cathars 14416:Bosnian 14406:Bernard 14401:Abelard 14374:Moravia 14359:Bohemia 14345:Iceland 14267:Serbian 14247:Georgia 14242:Armenia 14180:Eastern 14081:Jesuits 13757:Gospels 13705:Baptism 13436:Symbols 13363:Cuisine 13345:Culture 13305:Palaces 13300:Castles 13285:Islands 13260:History 13231:Warfare 12582:Peerage 12469:Angevin 12254:History 12192:Vol. IV 11962:2638647 11860:excerpt 11812:excerpt 11168:3679363 11050:4049536 10827:3679281 10396:History 10301:(1985). 10236:(1910) 10228:(1905) 6186:Diggers 6182:Seekers 6178:Ranters 6174:Quakers 6108:, 1647. 6104:with a 6054:baptism 6013:artisan 6005:papists 5998:James I 5660:America 5585:England 5515:History 5286:Foxe's 4838:at the 4725:Zwingli 4671:chimere 4659:deacons 4651:ordinal 4641:at the 4593:to the 4547:. This 4469:). The 4439:Whitsun 4263:Suffolk 4053:regency 3981:. 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