English festivals - Knowledge

1573: 987: 1472: 715: 829:. It involves a pyramidal or conical wicker or wooden framework that is decorated with foliage being worn by a person as part of a procession, often accompanied by musicians. Jack in the Green emerged within the context of English May Day processions, with the folklorist Roy Judge noting that these celebrations were not "a set, immutable pattern, but rather a fluid, moving process, which combined different elements at various times". Judge thought it unlikely that the Jack in the Green itself existed much before 1770, due to an absence of either the name or the structure itself in any of the written accounts of visual depictions of English May Day processions from before that year. 811: 33: 1333: 592: 125: 1035: 723: 700:

However, the exceptions are Cumbria, Devon and Cornwall where May Day Eve or May Day fires were lit. May-Day Eve night was also called " Mischief night". According to Roud (2006), people in Lancashire, Yorkshire and surrounding counties played tricks on May Day Eve. Roud also states that there are isolated examples of an English folk belief that May Day Eve was connected to fairies. At the turn of the twentieth century, people in Herefordshire at Kingstone and Thruxton left "trays of moss outside their doors for the fairies to dance upon".

964:. The vicar leads a procession through the village, he is followed by the Tower Captain holding the Oak bough. A large number of the villagers follow walking to the Church. A story of the history of the event is told and then the vicar blesses the branch. The Tower Captain throws the old branch down from the top of the tower and a new one is hauled to the top. Everyone is then invited to the vicarage gardens for refreshments and a barbecue. Up to 12 noon villagers wear a sprig of "red" (new) oak and in the afternoon wear a sprig of 1085: 4025: 3863: 333: 3926: 1236: 76: 318:. As a result of this tradition, most mothers were reunited with their children on this day when young apprentices and young women in service were released by their masters for that weekend. As a result of the influence of the American Mother's Day, Mothering Sunday transformed into the tradition of showing appreciation to one's mother. 1058:, but had fallen into decline by the beginning of the 19th century, as church floors were flagged with stone. The custom was revived later in the 19th century and is kept alive today as an annual event in a number of towns and villages in the north of England. According to Roud (2006), Rushbearing ceremonies continue to take place in 1161:

praying, and decorating churches with baskets of fruit and food in the festival known as Harvest Festival. A community form of celebration known as Harvest Home has been observed in England since medieval times. The festival historically involved the local farmer giving dinner to those who helped to bring in the crops.

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Valentine's affliction' – was once common in southern Germany, eastern Switzerland, Austria, and northern Italy. To this day, a special ceremony where children are given small golden keys to ward off epilepsy is held at the Oratorio di San Giorgio, a small chapel in Monselice, Padua, on 14 February each year.

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Until Victorian times, Father Christmas was concerned with adult feasting and merry-making. He had no particular connection with children, nor with the giving of presents, nocturnal visits, stockings or chimneys. But as later Victorian Christmases developed into child-centric family festivals, Father

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in London sing around the tree on various evenings up until Christmas Eve and Christmas decorations are traditionally left up until the evening of January 5 (the night before Epiphany); it is considered bad luck to have Christmas decorations up after this date. In practice, many Christmas traditions,

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The term Lammas "is a contraction of the ninth-century Anglo-Saxon expression Hláf mæsse, “from the hallowed bread which is hallowed on Lammas Day". According to Wilson (2011), "at Lammas, the fruits of the first cereal harvest were baked and used as an offering to make the grain storage barn safe".

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St George's Day was a major feast and national holiday in England on a par with Christmas from the early 15th century. The tradition of celebration St George's day had waned by the end of the 18th century after the union of England and Scotland. Nevertheless, the link with St. George continues today,

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Thus Christ-Mass implies that season when the incarnation and birth of Christ, are commemorated in the Mass. In the same manner are formed Candle-Mass, Michaelmas, Lammas, &c. Lammas-day for instance, which falls on the 1st of August, is derived from the Saxon word Laf, a Loaf and Mæse, or Mass:

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While Saint Valentine's keys are traditionally gifted as a romantic symbol and an invitation to unlock the giver's heart, Saint Valentine is also a patron saint of epilepsy. The belief that he could perform miraculous cures and heal the condition – also known as 'Saint Valentine's illness' or 'Saint

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Historically, on May Day Eve, fires were lit and sacrifices offered to obtain a blessing on the newly-sown fields. According to Hutton (2001), England did not observe May Day Eve or May Day fires on a wide scale. There are however isolated instances of such fires in Nottinghamshire and Lincolnshire.

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The proceedings start at 8 am with the sounding of the horn from the Town Hall steps. This summons all the commoners to attend the Court at 9 am, after which the Tutti Men visit each of the 102 houses in turn. They no longer collect rents, but demand a penny or a kiss from the lady of the house when

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How to Pronounce the Names in Shakespeare: The Pronunciation of the Names in the Dramatis Personae of Each of Shakespeare's Plays, Also the Pronunciation and Explanation of Place Names and the Names of All Persons, Mythological Characters, Etc., Found in the Text, with Forewords by E.H. Sothern and

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Valentine, St (d. c. 270, f.d. 14 February). A priest of Rome who was imprisoned for succouring persecuted Christians, he became a convert and, although he is supposed to have restored the sight of the jailer's blind daughter, he was clubbed to death in 269. His day is 14 February, as is that of St

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arrived in England in the 1850s and Father Christmas started to take on Santa's attributes. By the 1880s the new customs had become established, with the nocturnal visitor sometimes being known as Santa Claus and sometimes as Father Christmas. He was often illustrated wearing a long red hooded gown

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to the commoners of Hungerford. Despite a legal battle during the reign of Elizabeth I (1558-1603) when the Duchy attempted to regain the lucrative fishing rights, the case was eventually settled in the townspeople's favour after the Queen herself interceded. Hocktide in Hungerford now combines the

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St Clement's Day is celebrated on 23 November. Modern observances include a gathering of blacksmiths at the National Trust's Finch Foundry in Sticklepath "where they practise their art and celebrate their patron saint, St Clement". Historically, the festival was celebrated in many parts of England

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According to Gregory (2010), Souling involved a group of people visiting local farms and cottages. The merrymakers would sing a "traditional request for apples, ale, and soul cakes." The songs were traditionally known as Souler's songs and were sung in a lamentable tone during the 1800s. Sometimes

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in May 1660. In some parts of the country the day is still celebrated. In 1660, Parliament passed into law "An Act for a Perpetual Anniversary Thanksgiving on the Nine and Twentieth Day of May", declaring 29 May a public holiday "for keeping of a perpetual Anniversary, for a Day of Thanksgiving to

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which would have mitigated the smell of some of the less salubrious parts of the town in times past. The Tutti Men are accompanied by the Orange Man (or Orange Scrambler) - who wears a hat decorated with feathers and carries a white sack filled with oranges - and Tutti Wenches who give out oranges

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Instead of pulling a decorated plough, during the 19th century, men or boys would dress in a layer of straw and were known as Straw Bears who begged door to door for money. The tradition is maintained annually in January, in Whittlesey, near Peterborough where on the preceding Saturday, "the Straw

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that were carolling at New Year. They were unable to use candles to light their music due to the strong winds, so someone suggested a tar barrel be used. Having to move from place to place, it would have been easier to carry the barrels upon the guisers' heads, rather than rolling them. There have

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On the last of the twelve days, called Twelfth Night, various cultures developed a wide range of additional special festivities. The variation extends even to the issue of how to count the days. If Christmas Day is the first of the twelve days, then Twelfth Night would be on 5 January, the eve of

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Soul-cakes," which the rich gave to the poor at the Halloween season, in return for which the recipients prayed for the souls of the givers and their friends. And this custom became so favored in popular esteem that, for a long time, it was a regular observance in the country towns of England for

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Rogers (2003) believes Souling was traditionally practised in the counties of Yorkshire, Lancashire, Cheshire, Staffordshire, peak district of Derbyshire, Somerset and Herefordshire. However, Souling also was associated with other areas. Hutton (2001) believes Souling took place in Hertfordshire.

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Although the Hocktide celebrations take place over several days, the main festivities occur on the Tuesday, which is also known as Tutti Day. The Hocktide Council, which is elected on the previous Friday, appoints two Tutti Men whose job it is to visit the properties attracting Commoner's Rights.

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recorded observing a London May Day parade in 1667 in which milk-maids had "garlands upon their pails" and were dancing behind a fiddler. A 1698 account described milk-maids carrying not a decorated milk-pail, but a silver plate on which they had formed a pyramid-shape of objects, decorated with

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According to Whistler (2015), during the 18th century, first footing was not known in the South of England. Instead, "glasses were raised at quarter to twelve to "the Old Friend-Farewell!Farewell!Farewell!" and then at midnight to "the New Infant" with three ' Hip, hip horrahs!'". Other customs

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Thanks have been given for successful harvests since pagan times. Harvest festival is traditionally held on the Sunday near or of the Harvest Moon. This is the full Moon that occurs closest to the autumn equinox (22 or 23 September). The celebrations on this day usually include singing hymns,

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Christmas decorations are put up in shops and town centres from early November. Many towns and cities have a public event involving a local or regional celebrity to mark the switching on of Christmas lights. Decorations in people's homes are commonly put up from early December, traditionally

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is held, in which all first-time attendees are shod by the blacksmith. Their legs are held and a nail is driven into their shoe. They are not released until they shout "Punch". Oranges and heated coins are then thrown from the Town Hall steps to the children gathered outside.

1054:. The tradition dates back to the time when most buildings had earthen floors and rushes were used as a form of renewable floor covering for cleanliness and insulation. The festival was widespread in Britain from the Middle Ages and well established by the time of 579:" at the unfortunate victim(s). Some newspapers, magazines and other published media report fake stories, which are usually explained the next day or below the news section in smaller letters. Although popular since the 19th century, the day is not a 1295:) in 1565 was still being distributed in 1826 on All Souls day. The announcement for collection was made by ringing church bells. Further, soul-cakes were still made in Warwickshire (and other parts of Yorkshire) even though no one visited for them. 912:

God, for the great Blessing and Mercy he hath been graciously pleased to vouchsafe to the People of these Kingdoms, after their manifold and grievous Sufferings, in the Restoration of his Majesty..." The public holiday was formally abolished in the

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include or included consuming and/or distributing soul cakes, singing, carrying lanterns, dressing in disguise, bonfires, playing divination games, carrying a horse's head and performing plays. Souling is still practised in Cheshire and Sheffield.

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Easter is the central celebration of the Christian liturgical year. It is the oldest and most important Christian feast, celebrating the Resurrection of Jesus Christ. The date of Easter determines the dates of all movable feasts except those of

527:) to summon commoners to attend the Hocktide Court in the Town Hall, and to fine those who were unable to attend one penny, in lieu of the loss of their rights. The Tutti Men carry Tutti Poles: wooden staffs topped with bunches of flowers and a 1291:

Palmer (1976) states that Souling took place on All Saints day in Warwickshire. However, the custom of Souling ceased to be followed relatively early in the county of Warwickshire but the dole instituted by John Collet in Solihull (now within

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The actual Orthodox liturgical Feast Days of Valentinos (Greek)/Valentinus (Latin) commemorate two Early Christian saints, Saint Valentine the Presbyter of Rome (July 6) and Hieromartyr Valentine the Bishop of Intermna (Terni), Italy (July

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ribbons and flowers, and carried atop their head. The milk-maids were accompanied by musicians playing either fiddle or bag-pipe, and went door to door, dancing for the residents, who gave them payment of some form. In 1719, an account in

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Melton, J. Gordon (2011 Religious Celebrations: An Encyclopedia of Holidays, Festivals, Solemn Observances, and Spiritual Commemorations : An Encyclopedia of Holidays, Festivals, Solemn Observances, and Spiritual Commemorations. ABC Clio

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After the parade of the Tutti Men through the streets the Hocktide Lunch takes place for the Hocktide Council, commoners and guests, at which the traditional "Plantagenet Punch" is served. After the meal, an initiation ceremony, known as

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Guy Fawkes Night, also known as Guy Fawkes Day, Bonfire Night and Firework Night, is an annual commemoration observed on 5 November, primarily in the United Kingdom. Its history begins with the events of 5 November 1605, when

1002:". It involved children from Appleton Thorn Primary School walking through the village and holding sports and games at the school. This now takes place at the village hall. The ceremony stopped in the 1930s, but was revived by the then 314:. This holiday has its roots in the church and was originally unrelated to the American holiday. Most historians believe that Mothering Sunday evolved from the 16th-century Christian practice of visiting one's mother church annually on 1206:

or sometimes money, with the question, "Trick or treat?" The word "trick" implies a "threat" to perform mischief on the homeowners or their property if no treat is given. The practice is said to have roots in the medieval practice of

1580:'s definition of Father Christmas as "the personification of Christmas as a benevolent old man with a flowing white beard, wearing a red sleeved gown and hood trimmed with white fur, and carrying a sack of Christmas presents". 1438:) when people went "Clementing" in a similar manner to Souling. The Clementing custom was also observed in Aston, Sutton Coldfield, Curdworth, Minworth and Kingsbury. During the 19th century, St. Clement was a popular saint in 45:

included dancing in the New Year. In the North of England, first footing has been traditionally observed involving opening the door to a stranger at midnight. The guest is seen as a bringer of good fortune for the coming year.

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In 567 the Council of Tours proclaimed that the entire period between Christmas and Epiphany should be considered part of the celebration, creating what became known as the twelve days of Christmas, or what the English called

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Similarly in Shropshire, during the late 19th century, "there was set upon the board at All Hallows Eve a high heap of Soul-cakes" for visitors to take. The songs sung by people in Oswestry (Shropshire) contained some Welsh.

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On the morning of his execution, he supposedly sent a farewell message to the jailer's daughter, signed "from your Valentine." His body was buried on the Flaminian Way in Rome, and his relics were taken to the church of St.

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Any residual distinctions between Father Christmas and Santa Claus largely faded away in the early years of the 20th century, and modern dictionaries consider the terms Father Christmas and Santa Claus to be synonymous.

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After Christmas and Epiphany were in place, on 25 December and 6 January, with the twelve days of Christmas in between, Christians slowly adopted a period called Advent, as a time of spiritual preparation leading up to

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referred to "the ruddy Milk-Maid exerting herself in a most sprightly style under a Pyramid of Silver Tankards". These and other sources indicate that this tradition was well-established by the eighteenth century.

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including a Christmas tree, cards, and lights both inside and outside the home. Every year, Norway donates a giant Christmas tree for the British to raise in Trafalgar Square as a thank you for helping during the

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Fleische (1826) An Appendix to His Dramatic Works. Contents: the Life of the Author by Aus. Skottowe, His Miscellaneous Poems; a Critical Glossary, Comp. After Mares, Drake, Ayscough, Hazlitt, Douce and Others

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New Year's Day is observed on 1 January. The festivities begin a day before on 31 December when parties are held to bring in the new year. Public events are also organised where firework displays are arranged.

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are traditionally sold during the festive season and are a popular food for Christmas. Other traditions include hanging Advent calendars, holding the Nativity plays, giving presents and eating the traditional

1275:. According to Morton (2013), Souling was once performed throughout the British Isles and the earliest activity was reported in 1511. However, by the end of the 19th century, the extent of the practice during 796:, around which traditional dancers circle with ribbons. The spring bank holiday on the first Monday in May was created in 1978; May 1 itself is not a public holiday in England (unless it falls on a Monday). 101:

to be hauled from house to house in a procession, collecting money. They were often accompanied by musicians, an old woman or a boy dressed as an old woman, called the "Bessy," and a man in the role of the

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Halloween or Hallowe'en, is the yearly celebration on October 31st that signifies the first day of Allhallowtide, being the time to remember the dead, including martyrs, saints and all faithful departed

292:, a character called 'Jack' Valentine knocks on the rear door of houses leaving sweets and presents for children. Although he was leaving treats, many children were scared of this mystical person. 629:

holds an annual St. George's Day pageant, the origins of which are believed to go back to the 13th century. In recent years the popularity of St. George's Day appears to be increasing gradually.

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means "decorating" – during the ceremony the thorn tree is decorated with ribbons and garlands. According to legend, the hawthorn at Appleton Thorn grew from a cutting of the Holy Thorn at

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of harvest, with a loaf of bread being brought to the church for this purpose. Lammas is celebrated on 1 August, annually. The name originates from the word "loaf" in reference to bread and "

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enforced an annual public day of thanksgiving for the plot's failure. The present-day Guy Fawkes Night is usually celebrated at large organised events, centre on a bonfire and extravagant

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originates in the medieval era of Christian Europe, in which soul cakes are given out to soulers (mainly consisting of children and the poor) who go from door to door during the days of

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small companies to go from parish to parish, begging soul-cakes by singing under the windows some such verse as this: "Soul, souls, for a soul-cake; Pray you good mistress, a soul-cake!

3042: 1199:, and all the faithful departed. Modern customs observed on Halloween have been influenced by American traditions and include trick or treating, wearing costumes and playing games. 199:, during his imprisonment Saint Valentine restored sight to the blind daughter of his judge, and before his execution, he wrote her a letter signed "Your Valentine" as a farewell. 3020: 832:

The Jack in the Green developed out of a tradition that was first recorded in the seventeenth century, which involved milkmaids decorating themselves for May Day. In his diary,

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and community gatherings. Seeding has been completed by this date and it was convenient to give farm labourers a day off. Perhaps the most significant of the traditions is the

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While in prison, he restored sight to the little blind daughter of his judge, Asterius, who thereupon was converted with all his family and suffered martyrdom with the saint.

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English personifications of Christmas were first recorded in the 15th century, with Father Christmas himself first appearing in the mid-17th century in the aftermath of the

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The celebration of Easter Day is not fixed and is a movable observance. Easter Day, also known as Resurrection Sunday, marks the high point of the Christian year. It is a

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According to Brown (1992) Souling was performed in Birmingham and parts of the West Midlands; and according to Raven (1965) the tradition was also kept in parts of the

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in 1660, Father Christmas's profile declined. His character was maintained during the late 18th and into the 19th century by the Christmas folk plays later known as

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Lammas or Lammas Day (August 1st) means the loaf-mass day. The day of first fruit offerings, when a loaf was given to the priests in lieu of the first-fruits.

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May Day has been a traditional day of festivities throughout the centuries, most associated with towns and villages celebrating springtime fertility (of the

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Traditions include sending cards, flowers, chocolates and other gifts. Valentine's Day in England still remains connected with various regional customs. In

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Walsh, William Shepard (1898) Curiosities of Popular Customs and of Rites, Ceremonies, Observances, and Miscellaneous Antiquities. Gale Research Company

1635:, linking the old traditions with their cause, adopted Old Father Christmas as the symbol of 'the good old days' of feasting and good cheer. Following the 83:

Plough Monday is the traditional start of the English agricultural year. While local practices may vary, Plough Monday is generally the first Monday after

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in July 1575, depicted the struggle between Saxons and Danes, and has given colour to the suggestion that hock-tide was originally a commemoration of the

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Trick-or-treating is a customary celebration for children on Halloween. Children go in masks and costumes from house to house, asking for treats such as

2219: 2639: 1131:, lammas bread was broken into four bits, which were to be placed at the four corners of the barn, to protect the garnered grain. Christians also have 3581: 951:, a statue of Charles II is garlanded with oak leaves at noon every Oak Apple Day, followed by a celebration of the Holy Communion according to the 656:

spearheaded a campaign to encourage the celebration of St. George's Day. Today, St. George's day may be celebrated with anything English including

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Thomas W. Churchill and with a List of the Dramas Arranged Alphabetically Indicating the Pronunciation of the Names of the Characters in the Plays

1215:. John Pymm writes that "many of the feast days associated with the presentation of mumming plays were celebrated by the Christian Church." These 2264: 2782: 2031: 94:

The day traditionally saw the resumption of work after the Christmas period in some areas, particularly in northern England and East England.

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hosts the ceremony of "Bawming the Thorn". The current form of the ceremony dates from the 19th century, when it was part of the village's "

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Epiphany. If 26 December, the day after Christmas, is the first day, then Twelfth Night falls on 6 January, the evening of Epiphany itself.

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England traditionally celebrates a number of Christian and secular festivals. Most are observed throughout the country but some, such as

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are given to lovers "as a romantic symbol and an invitation to unlock the giver’s heart", as well as to children, in order to ward off

87:, 6 January. References to Plough Monday date back to the late 15th century. The day before Plough Monday is sometimes referred to as 2566: 1430:

and involved the playing of divination games with apples. The festival was known as Bite-Apple night in places such as Wednesbury (

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Hallowtide covers the three days – 31 October (All-Hallows Eve or Hallowe'en), 1 November (All Saints) and 2 November (All Souls).

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Always held on 5 November (unless the 5th falls on a Sunday, in which case it's held on Saturday 4th), the event not only marks

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Brown, Richard (1992)The Folklore, Superstitions and Legends of Birmingham and the West Midlands. Westwood Press Publications

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the Fowler's Troop and Blackheath Morris have been parading the tallest and heaviest modern Jack for many decades, either in

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Wilson, Marie-Claire (2011) Seasonal Awareness and Wellbeing: Looking and Feeling Better the Easy Way. John Hunt Publishing

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IO February 14 The Lutheran Service Book, with its penchant for the old Roman calendar, commemorates Valentine on this date.

106:." 'Plough Pudding' is a boiled suet pudding, containing meat and onions. It is from Norfolk and is eaten on Plough Monday. 913: 645: 507: 270: 154:

Saint Valentine's Day, also known as the Feast of Saint Valentine, is celebrated annually on 14 February. Originating as a

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Don't Know Much About Mythology: Everything You Need to Know About the Greatest Stories in Human History but Never Learned

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Gregory, David (2010) The Late Victorian Folksong Revival: The Persistence of English Melody, 1878-1903 Scarecrow Press

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described a milk-maid "dancing before my door with the plate of half her customers on her head", while a 1712 account in

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The practice of dressing up and going door to door for treats dates back to the middle ages and the practice of souling.

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will occur. Other traditions include carol singing, sending Christmas cards, going to Church and watching the Christmas

410:. Traditions include going to Church, eating Easter Eggs and hot-cross buns. In the north of England, the traditions of 3286: 3261: 948: 679: 678:, in particular, can be seen on 23 April festooned with garlands of St George's crosses. It is customary for the hymn " 3249: 3825: 3806: 3529: 3319: 3216: 2879: 2843: 2530: 2343: 2305: 2101: 1981: 1949: 1916: 1882: 1755: 1714: 1687: 432:

Hocktide is a very old term used to denote the Monday and Tuesday in the second week after Easter. It was an English

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The customs observed on Plough Monday varied by region, but a common feature to a lesser or greater extent was for a

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Sarah Pitt (30.11.2018) Oakhampton Today. Blacksmiths gather for St Clement's Day at Finch Foundry in Sticklepath

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imprisonment for performing weddings for soldiers, who were forbidden to marry and for ministering to Christians

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also begged for apples on St. Clement's day and money on St. Thomas's day, which takes place on 21 December. In

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In England, historically Halloween was associated with Souling which is a Christian practice carried out during

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which refers to the eve of the Christian festival of All Saint's held on 1 November. It begins the season of

1572: 238:. Since the 19th century, handwritten valentines have given way to mass-produced greeting cards. In Europe, 2741: 2297: 1597: 1471: 3335: 1006:, Mr Bob Jones in the early 1970s. "Bawming the Thorn" occurs on the Saturday nearest to Midsummer's Day. 810: 519:

ceremonial collecting of the rents with something of the previous tradition of demanding kisses or money.

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on 8 June 1042 and the expulsion of the Danes. But the dates of these anniversaries do not bear this out.

169:, Saint Valentine's Day is recognized as a significant cultural, religious, and commercial celebration of 484: 456:

marked the only vacations of the husbandman's year, during slack times in the cycle of the year when the

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Revivals of the custom have occurred in various parts of England; Jacks in the Green have been seen in

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Hackwood, Frederick William (1974) Staffordshire customs, superstitions & folklore. EP Publishing

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Hackwood, Frederick William (1974) Staffordshire customs, superstitions & folklore. EP Publishing

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Raven, Michael (1965)Folklore and Songs of the Black Country, Volume 1. Wolverhampton Folk Song Club

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Guisers carry lighted tar barrels during the New Year fire festival, a tradition dating back to 1858.

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The Saturday Review of Politics, Literature, Science and Art, Volume 62 (1886) J. W. Parker and Son

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It having been customary on that day to make an offering to the Church, of a loaf made of new corn.

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Jacobs, Joseph; Nutt, Alfred Trübner; Wright, Arthur Robinson; Crooke, William (2 November 1914).

940:, West Midlands, one of the houses where Charles II hid in 1651. Celebrations include marching at 2335: 2193: 1515: 1220: 1101: 638: 262: 3374:

The tradition was noted in 1892 to be held in Penn which is now in Wolverhampton, West Midlands.

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tradition. The recognisably modern figure of the English Father Christmas developed in the late

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and the Borough or at Deptford itself, and at the end of May a Jack is an essential part of the

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owing to the incidental disorder that accompanied it, and revived as part of the festivities on

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Hutton, Ronald (2001) Stations of the Sun: A History of the Ritual Year in Britain. OUP Oxford

2377:"The Origins of Popular Supersitions and Customs: Days and Seasons: (15) Hocktide--or Hoke Day" 1593: 1443: 1292: 972:; tradition dictates that the punishment for not doing this results in being stung by nettles. 758: 476: 3660: 3271:

Rogers, Nicholas (2003) Halloween: From Pagan Ritual to Party Night. Oxford University Press.

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Roy, Christian (2005) Traditional Festivals: A Multicultural Encyclopedia, Volume 1. ABC CLIO

2167: 1747: 3775: 3462: 3183: 3101: 2250: 2091: 1636: 1132: 953: 839: 600: 361: 215: 3385: 3372: 1255:"for the souls of the givers and their friends". The customs associated with Souling during 502:

in Berkshire, although the festival was somewhat modified to celebrate the patronage of the

3053: 2027: 1466: 1424: 1332: 845: 668: 641: 369: 155: 84: 1034: 56:. This tradition dates back to 1858. It appears to have originated from the lighting of a 8: 2000:

Leigh Eric Schmidt, "The Fashioning of a Modern Holiday: St. Valentine's Day, 1840–1870"

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A rushbearing procession at Long Millgate, Manchester painted by Alexander Wilson, 1821

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as celebrated on 23 April, the traditionally accepted date of the saint's death in the

610: 503: 254: 124: 3570: 1831: 3840: 3821: 3802: 3768:

The Book of Days: A Miscellany of Popular Antiquities in Connection with the Calendar

3752: 3722: 3622: 3525: 3315: 3212: 3208: 2921: 2839: 2526: 2376: 2339: 2301: 2097: 2061: 1977: 1945: 1912: 1878: 1751: 1732: 1710: 1683: 1616: 1480: 1314:. In Staffordshire, the "custom of Souling was kept on All Saints' Eve" (Halloween). 1155: 1124: 961: 917: 805: 762: 718:

Children dancing around a maypole as part of a May Day celebration in Welwyn, England

511: 179:

stories associated with various Valentines connected to 14 February are presented in

2545:, Vol. 3. (Folk-lore Society, Publications; vol. 106.) London: W. Glaisher, Limited 1604:

which is now known worldwide, he was originally part of an unrelated and much older

3989: 3949: 3179: 2945: 2565:

Rodney P. Carlisle (2009) Encyclopedia of Play in Today's Society, Volume 1. SAGE

2394: 1807:. Oxford English Dictionary (online edition, subscription required). Archived from 1623:-controlled English government had legislated to abolish Christmas, considering it 1605: 1585: 1567: 1539: 1527: 1523: 1408: 1396: 1337: 1327: 1252: 1196: 1120: 937: 908: 781: 634: 380: 207: 176: 3953: 3575: 3167:

Interacting communities: studies on some aspects of migration and urban ethnology

2592: 2326: 1495: 1188: 1179:

The festival begins on 31 October. The term Halloween is derived from the phrase

1097: 1084: 757:

has been linked to May Day celebrations. Much of this tradition derives from the

683: 558: 345: 301: 258: 188: 166: 2486: 2242: 1400: 1362: 1358: 1350: 1224: 1109: 1105: 995: 981: 933: 925: 900: 661: 657: 580: 564: 403: 315: 307: 231: 203: 184: 170: 119: 3296:

Palmer, Roy (1976) The folklore of Warwickshire, Volume 1976, Part 2 Batsford

3155:

Folklore: An Encyclopedia of Beliefs, Customs, Tales, Music, and Art, Volume 1

2093:

New Book of Festivals and Commemorations: A Proposed Common Calendar of Saints

899:

Also known as Restoration Day, Oak Apple Day or Royal Oak Day, was an English

61:

been claims that it is a pagan festival, however, these claims are unfounded.

24:, Rushbearing, Bawming the Thorn, and Hocktide, are local to certain regions. 4043: 4010: 3944: 3874: 3869: 3674: 3594: 2917: 1857: 1609: 1507: 1503: 1439: 1435: 1404: 1385: 1311: 1299: 1276: 1272: 1268: 1264: 1256: 1248: 1203: 1184: 1170: 1051: 894: 653: 563:

April Fools' Day is an annual celebration commemorated on 1 April by playing

449: 415: 365: 223: 219: 88: 70: 17: 1704: 3237:

Morton, Lisa (2013) Trick or Treat: A History of Halloween. Reaktion Books

1743: 1640: 1547: 1492: 1484: 1450:, apples and nuts were provided by the local council on St. Clement's day. 929: 921: 833: 754: 726: 614: 515: 492: 341: 332: 211: 53: 1531:

such as the playing of Christmas music, largely stop after Christmas Day.

1135:

to bakeries, where those working therein are blessed by Christian clergy.

865:, among other places. Jacks also appear at May Fairs in North America. In 652:

to make St. George's Day a public holiday. In early 2009, Mayor of London

214:

flourished. In 18th-century England, it evolved into an occasion in which

136:- is also known as "Pancake Day" in England, and it is traditional to eat 2586: 1648: 1632: 1601: 1143: 1055: 1029: 1013: 999: 878: 822: 766: 737:

Start of Summer on the first day of May, the traditional English May Day

630: 472: 453: 441: 433: 411: 337: 278: 180: 3887:. Vol. 13 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 556. 575:. People playing April Fool jokes often expose their prank by shouting " 2289: 1543: 1354: 1346: 1284: 1003: 874: 524: 499: 480: 388: 1924:

Valentine, bishop of Terni, who was martyred a few years later in 273.

1384:, Sussex that constitute the United Kingdom's largest and most famous 3994: 3984: 3979: 3143:

A Student's Guide to A2 Performance Studies for the OCR Specification

2607:"Beltane 2015: Facts, History And Traditions Of The May Day Festival" 2511:. A.S. Barnes and Burr. 2 November 1862 – via Internet Archive. 1589: 1555: 1534: 1488: 1462: 1239:

Soul cakes eaten during Halloween, All Saints' Day and All Souls' Day

1216: 1180: 1174: 1047: 870: 862: 785: 746: 626: 488: 274: 250: 158: 936:

in Devon. The day is generally marked by re-enactment activities at

523:

Formerly they collected rents, and they accompanied the Bellman (or

218:

expressed their love for each other by presenting flowers, offering

3964: 3450:

They don't call Lewes the Bonfire capital of the world for nothing.

2431: 2359: 1994: 1628: 1620: 1431: 1374: 1142:

A recent revival of the festival has taken place in Eastbourne, in

1093: 941: 866: 427: 353: 243: 3868:

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the

1647:

Christmas became a bringer of gifts. The popular American myth of

1380:

Lewes Bonfire describes a set of celebrations held in the town of

3925: 3131:

Faces Around the World: A Cultural Encyclopedia of the Human Face

3005:. Morehouse-Gorham Company. 2 July 2001 – via Google Books. 1447: 1389: 1366: 1307: 1244: 1212: 1208: 1116: 1067: 1020:, the man who arranged for Jesus's burial after the crucifixion. 882: 854: 826: 819: 793: 750: 709: 540:

they visit. In return, the Orange Man gives the owner an orange.

532: 461: 457: 396: 392: 373: 357: 310:

celebrates Mothering Sunday, which falls on the fourth Sunday of

289: 137: 21: 3021:

National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty

1612:, but Christmas had been personified for centuries before then. 789: 3974: 3959: 2328:"The Easter/Passover Season: Connecting Time's Broken Circle", 2240: 1624: 1499: 1079: 1059: 944:

in Herefordshire holding flower and oak leaf decorated sticks.

858: 738: 730: 667:

A traditional custom on St George's day is to fly or adorn the

327: 98: 3837:

Garlands, Conkers and Mother-Die: British and Irish Plant-Lore

2330:

The Book of the Year: A Brief History of Our Seasonal Holidays

2984: 2785:. All Saints' Church Northampton. 29 May 2010. Archived from 1858:"Photos of Plough Monday in England - Traditions and Customs" 1808: 1381: 1235: 1192: 1113: 774: 633:

had a full programme of St. George's Day events in 2006, and

528: 436:

festival; both the Tuesday and the preceding Monday were the

282: 235: 162: 103: 75: 2523:

Stations of the Sun: A History of the Ritual Year in Britain

2465: 230:"). Valentine's Day symbols that are used today include the 2912:

Gellatly, Justin; Gellatly, Louise; Jones, Matthew (2017).

2729: 1127:

a loaf made from the new crop. The loaf is blessed, and in

1050:

are collected and carried to be strewn on the floor of the

960:

Oak Apple Day is also celebrated in the Cornish village of

671: 568: 384: 311: 133: 1442:

and during the 1850s, children and others in neighbouring

818:

Jack in the Green, also known as Jack o' the Green, is an

536:

and sweets to the crowds in return for pennies or kisses.

2765: 2763: 1584:

Father Christmas is the traditional English name for the

1369:

around London; and months later, the introduction of the

1016:, which was itself said to have sprung from the staff of 675: 491:, 13 November 1002, or of the rejoicings at the death of 3774: 3751:(2nd ed.). Abingdon-on-Thames, England: Routledge. 3169:(Zsuzsa Szarvas), Hungarian Ethnographic Society, p. 314 2751: 1550:, and if it happens to fall on a weekend then a special 1283:

adult soulers would use a musical instrument, such as a

368:

as having occurred on the third day of his burial after

173:

and romantic love, although it is not a public holiday.

3820:(second ed.). London: The Folklore Society Books. 2485:. Stgeorgesholiday.com. 6 November 2007. Archived from 2404: 514:, granted grazing rights and permission to fish in the 3356: 3281: 3279: 2760: 1336:

Procession of the martyrs' crosses, as part of Lewes'

3556:

Britain), Folklore Society (Great (2 November 1896).

3384:

Britain), Folklore Society (Great (2 November 1940).

3371:

Publications, Volume 106. W. Glaisher, Limited, 1940.

3233: 3231: 2911: 2683: 2681: 2483:"How to celebrate St Georges Day – celebration event" 1123:

of the year. On this day it is customary to bring to

498:

In England as of 2017 the tradition survives only in

2907: 2905: 2693: 2247:

Celebrations; the complete book of American holidays

1703:

Simpson, Jacqueline; Steve Roud (2000). "New Year".

1092:

Lammas, also known as Loaf Mass Day, is a Christian

110:

Bear is paraded through the streets of Whittlesey".

3276: 2666: 2654: 3603:. Vol. 3. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1908. 3228: 2717: 2705: 2678: 2556:Roud, Steve (2006) The English Year. Penguin Books 1731: 1403:in 1605 - but also commemorates the memory of the 903:, observed annually on 29 May, to commemorate the 3749:English Historical Documents. Volume 6: 1660–1714 3437: 2902: 1729: 1702: 1475:Gerard van Honthorst - Adoration of the Shepherds 1365:had survived the attempt on his life, people lit 1108:" in reference to the Christian liturgy in which 295: 277:Saint Valentine, and the latter date in honor of 132:Shrove Tuesday - the day before the beginning of 4041: 3653:"British Christmas: introduction, food, customs" 3484:Lewes Bonfire 2018: the details you need to know 3388:. W. Glaisher, Limited – via Google Books. 3178: 2290:Bernard Trawicky, Ruth Wilhelme Gregory (2000). 1596:, and normally considered to be synonymous with 265:also celebrate Saint Valentine's Day, albeit on 3780:. London: His Majesty's Stationery Office. 1802 3777:House of Commons Journal. Volume 8: 30 May 1660 3770:. Vol. 1. Edinburgh: W. & R. Chambers. 3710: 2234: 2168:"British Folk Customs, Jack Valentine, Norfolk" 2083: 648:, has been putting the argument forward in the 531:orange. These are thought to have derived from 3196: 2806: 2804: 3908: 3423:"Tonight's the night: bonfires and fireworks" 3420: 3096: 3094: 2883: 2864:. Hinds, Hayden & Eldredge. p. 177. 2134:"The Historical and Orthodox Saint Valentine" 1191:dedicated to remembering the dead, including 234:outline, doves, and the figure of the winged 3361:. Folklore Society – via Google Books. 3145:(John Pymm), Rhinegold Publishing Ltd, p. 28 2267:. Religion & Ethics. BBC. Archived from 2078:February 14 Valentine, Martyr at Rome, c.269 1836:Folk Play Atlas of Great Britain and Ireland 1823: 1627:, and had outlawed its traditional customs. 928:in Wiltshire (when villagers gather wood in 336:One of the earliest known depictions of the 3721:. London: Penguin Books. pp. 385–387. 3716: 3414: 2950:English Villagers of the Thirteenth Century 2801: 2399:English Villagers of the Thirteenth Century 2371: 2369: 2257: 2089: 1576:An English postcard of 1919 epitomises the 1279:was limited to parts of England and Wales. 464:, and most likely on his own land as well. 281:Valentine, the Bishop of Interamna (modern 210:in the 14th century, when the tradition of 3915: 3901: 3446:"Unusual places to go and watch fireworks" 3202: 3091: 2852: 1961: 1900: 1829: 3587: 2889: 2132:Kyrou, Alexandros K. (14 February 2015). 1388:festivities, with Lewes being called the 571:. The jokes and their victims are called 406:, both Good Friday and Easter Monday are 3873: 3795:"Rushbearing:a forgotten British custom" 3765: 3746: 3555: 3383: 2747: 2735: 2604: 2410: 2366: 2090:Pfatteicher, Philip H. (1 August 2008). 2050: 1929: 1675: 1571: 1470: 1331: 1234: 1083: 1033: 985: 809: 721: 713: 590: 331: 273:, the former date in honor of the Roman 143: 123: 74: 31: 3834: 3818:The Jack-in-the-Green: A May Day Custom 3517: 3307: 2769: 2444: 1895:Chaucer and the Cult of Saint valentine 1877:, Revised ed., Allied Publishers, 2005 412:rolling decorated eggs down steep hills 4042: 3792: 3613:Forbes, Bruce David (1 October 2008). 3612: 3606: 3188:. Scribner & Company. p. 93. 3040: 2944:(Rolls Series) vol. III:291, noted by 2858: 2819: 2570: 1967: 1906: 1790:. London: Hunt and Clarke. p. 71. 1781: 1779: 1734:Encyclopedia of Things that Never Were 1510:, which historically in England lasts 1219:included All Hallows' Eve, Christmas, 916:, however, events still take place at 814:Hastings Jack in the Green procession. 605:Saint George's Day, also known as the 3896: 3815: 3443: 3172: 2723: 2711: 2699: 2687: 2672: 2660: 2324: 2138:Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America 2131: 1799: 1797: 1730:Page, Michael; Robert Ingpen (1987). 1723: 1676:Whistler, Laurence (5 October 2015). 1479:Christmas is an annual commemorating 469:The Old Coventry Play of Hock Tuesday 467:At Coventry, there was a play called 249:Saint Valentine's Day is an official 202:The day first became associated with 3688: 3518:Society, Dugdale (2 November 2007). 3308:Society, Dugdale (2 November 2007). 3112:from the original on 30 October 2012 3041:Hughes, Rebekkah (29 October 2014). 2942:Leechdoms, Wortcunning and Starcarft 2831: 1935: 1785: 1399:- the date of the uncovering of the 1357:the plotters had placed beneath the 975: 914:Anniversary Days Observance Act 1859 799: 379:30 AD. It is the culmination of the 348:illuminated manuscript, 6th century) 3788:– via British History Online. 2605:Blumberg, Antonia (30 April 2015). 2208: 2178:from the original on March 4, 2016. 2144:from the original on 14 August 2016 2110:from the original on 1 January 2014 1776: 1561: 1418: 1149: 1112:is celebrated. It marks the annual 825:associated with the celebration of 586: 552: 246:(called Saint Valentine's Malady). 13: 3205:Legends and Lore of South Carolina 1832:"Plough Monday Customs in England" 1794: 1498:, it is preceded by the season of 1073: 769:name for the month of May meaning 684:Traditional English food and drink 595:St George's Day in Gravesend, Kent 14: 4061: 3521:Dugdale Society Occasional Papers 3421:Times Writers (5 November 2009). 3311:Dugdale Society Occasional Papers 3133:(Margo DeMello), ABC-CLIO, p. 225 2642:from the original on 8 April 2008 2543:British Calendar Customs: England 2222:from the original on 5 March 2014 2190:"Valentines Day Past and Present" 2068:from the original on 29 June 2012 2034:from the original on 19 July 2014 193:persecuted under the Roman Empire 27: 4024: 4023: 3924: 3861: 3667: 3645: 2859:Irvine, Theodora Ursula (1919). 1907:Cooper, J.C. (23 October 2013). 1875:Chambers 21st Century Dictionary 1706:A dictionary of English Folklore 1321: 1310:, both localities now in modern 1164: 888: 364:from the dead, described in the 64: 3564: 3549: 3538: 3511: 3500: 3489: 3477: 3455: 3448:. London: The Daily Telegraph. 3444:Jones, Lucy (2 November 2010). 3403: 3392: 3377: 3365: 3350: 3339: 3328: 3301: 3290: 3265: 3253: 3242: 3160: 3157:(Thomas Green), ABC-CLIO p. 566 3148: 3136: 3124: 3079: 3034: 3009: 2995: 2977: 2966: 2955: 2934: 2871: 2832:Roud, Steve (31 January 2008). 2825: 2813: 2775: 2624: 2598: 2559: 2550: 2541:Wright, Arthur Robinson (1940) 2535: 2515: 2501: 2475: 2445:McSmith, Andy (23 April 2009). 2438: 2416: 2387: 2352: 2318: 2283: 2265:"Interfaith holy days by faith" 2182: 2160: 2125: 2010: 1887: 949:All Saints' Church, Northampton 4029:Category: Festivals in England 3739: 3619:University of California Press 3088:(Davis), HarperCollins, p. 231 2424:"British Council | China" 2216:"The origin of pancake racing" 2096:. Fortress Press. p. 86. 2007:.4 (Winter 1993), pp. 209–245. 1868: 1850: 1764: 1696: 1669: 1371:Observance of 5th November Act 1353:, was arrested while guarding 1211:, which is closely related to 1088:Lammas loaf Owl with salt eyes 1042:Rushbearing is an old English 1023: 694: 296:Mothering Sunday (Mothers Day) 113: 1: 2783:"Restoration of the Monarchy" 1662: 1487:, observed on 25 December. A 749:and celebrations involving a 376: 3657:Woodlands-Junior.Kent.sch.uk 3203:Carmichael, Sherman (2012). 2985:"Eastbourne Lammas Festival" 2298:American Library Association 2064:(Anglican Communion). 2012. 1936:Ball, Ann (1 January 1992). 1506:and initiates the season of 1456: 1405:seventeen Protestant martyrs 1361:. Celebrating the fact that 1100:to mark the blessing of the 703: 418:are still adhered to today. 7: 3930:English festivals and fairs 3696:"Oxford English Dictionary" 3615:Christmas: A Candid History 3486:. (3.11.18) Sussex Express. 3056:. p. 1. Archived from 2525:. Oxford University Press. 2509:"School History of England" 1772:The Allendale Fire Festival 1709:. Oxford University Press. 1411:for their faith during the 788:) and revelry with village 421: 161:honouring one or two early 10: 4066: 3593:Martindale, Cyril Charles. 3043:"Happy Hallowe'en Surrey!" 2293:Anniversaries and Holidays 1970:The Encyclopedia of Saints 1911:. Routledge. p. 278. 1909:Dictionary of Christianity 1830:Millington, Peter (1979). 1592:. Although now known as a 1565: 1460: 1422: 1325: 1230: 1168: 1153: 1077: 1027: 979: 892: 803: 707: 689: 598: 556: 471:. This, suppressed at the 460:ceased work on his lord's 425: 325: 299: 147: 117: 68: 4019: 4003: 3935: 3793:Hüsken, Wim N. M (1996). 3766:Chambers, Robert (1879). 3747:Browning, Andrew (1995). 3698:. Oxford University Press 3600:The Catholic Encyclopedia 3560:– via Google Books. 3534:– via Google Books. 3324:– via Google Books. 2890:Gandolphy, Peter (1815). 2848:– via Google Books. 2172:information-britain.co.uk 2018:"St Valentine Key, Italy" 1968:Guiley, Rosemary (2001). 1692:– via Google Books. 391:), a forty-day period of 321: 3429:. London. Archived from 2892:An Exposition of Liturgy 2753:House of Commons Journal 1652:trimmed with white fur. 1526:. Christmas carolers at 619:Diocletianic Persecution 3884:Encyclopædia Britannica 3579:. Retrieved 2008-10-06. 3465:. Lewes Bonfire Council 3106:Encyclopædia Britannica 2336:Oxford University Press 2325:Aveni, Anthony (2004). 1044:ecclesiastical festival 771:Month of Three Milkings 263:Eastern Orthodox Church 189:Saint Valentine of Rome 3023:. 2012. Archived from 2521:Hutton, Ronald (2001) 1786:Hone, William (1826). 1594:Christmas gift-bringer 1581: 1476: 1392:capital of the world. 1341: 1240: 1089: 1039: 991: 815: 734: 719: 596: 349: 240:Saint Valentine's Keys 129: 85:Twelfth Day (Epiphany) 80: 37: 3839:. London: Continuum. 3835:Vickery, Roy (2010). 3463:"The Lewes Societies" 3185:St. Nicholas Magazine 2428:www.britishcouncil.cn 1682:. Dean Street Press. 1679:The English Festivals 1575: 1474: 1335: 1238: 1087: 1037: 989: 954:Book of Common Prayer 813: 761:customs held during " 725: 717: 607:Feast of Saint George 594: 485:massacre of the Danes 454:week following Easter 362:resurrection of Jesus 335: 206:within the circle of 150:Saint Valentine's Day 144:Saint Valentine's Day 127: 79:Whittlesey Straw Bear 78: 35: 4050:Festivals in England 3799:English parish drama 3717:Roud, Steve (2006). 3663:on 20 February 2014. 3054:University of Surrey 2585:. Available online: 2583:De mensibus Anglorum 2579:De mensibus Anglorum 2489:on 30 September 2011 2434:on 31 December 2007. 2381:www.sacred-texts.com 2028:University of Oxford 2002:Winterthur Portfolio 1467:Christmas traditions 924:in Buckinghamshire, 261:. Many parts of the 3816:Judge, Roy (2000). 3524:. Dugdale Society. 3314:. Dugdale Society. 3063:on 19 November 2015 3027:on 6 October 2014. 3003:"The Living Church" 2952:, 2nd ed. 1991:371. 2738:, pp. 693–694. 2591:7 July 2007 at the 2447:"Who is St George?" 2401:, 2nd ed. 1991:365. 1974:Infobase Publishing 1552:Bank Holiday Monday 1413:Marian Persecutions 1409:burned at the stake 1251:singing and saying 1129:Anglo-Saxon England 1119:, and is the first 1098:liturgical calendar 1018:Joseph of Arimathea 968:Artemisia abrotanum 920:in Worcestershire, 745:include crowning a 733:, England, in 2004. 3675:"Christmas dinner" 3017:"Tudor Hallowtide" 2989:www.lammasfest.org 2940:T.C. Cokayne, ed. 2789:on 7 November 2017 2360:"UK bank holidays" 2338:. pp. 64–78. 2253:, pp. 144–146 2023:Pitt Rivers Museum 1938:A Litany of Saints 1862:projectbritain.com 1788:The Every-Day Book 1582: 1514:and culminates on 1477: 1349:, a member of the 1342: 1241: 1187:, the time in the 1133:church processions 1090: 1040: 992: 816: 773:) along with many 735: 720: 601:Saint George's Day 597: 504:Duchy of Lancaster 350: 255:Anglican Communion 130: 128:A pile of pancakes 81: 38: 4037: 4036: 3937:English festivals 3846:978-1-4411-0195-2 3758:978-0-415-14371-4 3728:978-0-140-51554-1 3628:978-0-520-25802-0 3209:The History Press 2927:978-0-241-97878-8 2757:, pp. 49–50. 2241:Robert J. Myers, 2062:Church of England 1617:English Civil War 1606:English folkloric 1425:St. Clement's Day 1156:Harvest festivals 990:Bawming the Thorn 976:Bawming the Thorn 918:Upton-upon-Severn 806:Jack in the Green 800:Jack in the Green 784:, livestock, and 759:pagan Anglo-Saxon 686:may be consumed. 669:St George's Cross 546:Shoeing the Colts 512:Duke of Lancaster 372:by the Romans at 156:Western Christian 4057: 4027: 4026: 4004:Fairs and others 3990:Guy Fawkes Night 3950:Mothering Sunday 3929: 3928: 3917: 3910: 3903: 3894: 3893: 3888: 3867: 3865: 3864: 3850: 3831: 3812: 3789: 3787: 3785: 3771: 3762: 3733: 3732: 3719:The English Year 3714: 3708: 3707: 3705: 3703: 3692: 3686: 3685: 3683: 3681: 3671: 3665: 3664: 3659:. Archived from 3649: 3643: 3642: 3610: 3604: 3591: 3585: 3568: 3562: 3561: 3553: 3547: 3542: 3536: 3535: 3515: 3509: 3504: 3498: 3493: 3487: 3481: 3475: 3474: 3472: 3470: 3459: 3453: 3452: 3441: 3435: 3434: 3433:on 15 June 2011. 3418: 3412: 3407: 3401: 3396: 3390: 3389: 3381: 3375: 3369: 3363: 3362: 3354: 3348: 3343: 3337: 3332: 3326: 3325: 3305: 3299: 3294: 3288: 3283: 3274: 3269: 3263: 3257: 3251: 3246: 3240: 3235: 3226: 3225: 3200: 3194: 3193: 3180:Mary Mapes Dodge 3176: 3170: 3164: 3158: 3152: 3146: 3140: 3134: 3128: 3122: 3121: 3119: 3117: 3098: 3089: 3083: 3077: 3076: 3070: 3068: 3062: 3047: 3038: 3032: 3031: 3013: 3007: 3006: 2999: 2993: 2992: 2981: 2975: 2970: 2964: 2959: 2953: 2946:George C. Homans 2938: 2932: 2931: 2909: 2900: 2899: 2887: 2881: 2875: 2869: 2868: 2856: 2850: 2849: 2835:The English Year 2829: 2823: 2817: 2811: 2808: 2799: 2798: 2796: 2794: 2779: 2773: 2767: 2758: 2745: 2739: 2733: 2727: 2721: 2715: 2709: 2703: 2697: 2691: 2685: 2676: 2670: 2664: 2658: 2652: 2651: 2649: 2647: 2628: 2622: 2621: 2619: 2617: 2602: 2596: 2574: 2568: 2563: 2557: 2554: 2548: 2539: 2533: 2519: 2513: 2512: 2505: 2499: 2498: 2496: 2494: 2479: 2473: 2469: 2463: 2462: 2460: 2458: 2442: 2436: 2435: 2430:. Archived from 2420: 2414: 2408: 2402: 2395:George C. Homans 2391: 2385: 2384: 2373: 2364: 2363: 2356: 2350: 2349: 2322: 2316: 2315: 2287: 2281: 2280: 2278: 2276: 2261: 2255: 2254: 2238: 2232: 2231: 2229: 2227: 2212: 2206: 2205: 2203: 2201: 2192:. Archived from 2186: 2180: 2179: 2164: 2158: 2157: 2151: 2149: 2129: 2123: 2122: 2117: 2115: 2087: 2081: 2080: 2075: 2073: 2054: 2048: 2047: 2041: 2039: 2014: 2008: 1998: 1992: 1991: 1965: 1959: 1958: 1933: 1927: 1926: 1904: 1898: 1891: 1885: 1872: 1866: 1865: 1854: 1848: 1847: 1845: 1843: 1838:. Master Mummers 1827: 1821: 1820: 1818: 1816: 1801: 1792: 1791: 1783: 1774: 1768: 1762: 1761: 1737: 1727: 1721: 1720: 1700: 1694: 1693: 1673: 1610:Victorian period 1598:American culture 1568:Father Christmas 1562:Father Christmas 1540:Christmas dinner 1528:Trafalgar Square 1524:Second World War 1419:St Clement's Day 1397:Guy Fawkes Night 1328:Guy Fawkes Night 1243:The practice of 1181:All Hallows Even 1150:Harvest festival 1121:harvest festival 938:Moseley Old Hall 909:English monarchy 753:. Historically, 650:House of Commons 635:Andrew Rosindell 587:St. George's Day 553:April Fools' Day 440:. Together with 381:Passion of Jesus 378: 360:celebrating the 208:Geoffrey Chaucer 4065: 4064: 4060: 4059: 4058: 4056: 4055: 4054: 4040: 4039: 4038: 4033: 4015: 3999: 3970:St George's Day 3931: 3923: 3921: 3891: 3877:, ed. (1911). 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According to 152: 146: 122: 116: 73: 67: 30: 12: 11: 5: 4063: 4053: 4052: 4035: 4034: 4032: 4031: 4020: 4017: 4016: 4014: 4013: 4007: 4005: 4001: 4000: 3998: 3997: 3992: 3987: 3982: 3977: 3972: 3967: 3962: 3957: 3947: 3941: 3939: 3933: 3932: 3920: 3919: 3912: 3905: 3897: 3890: 3889: 3875:Chisholm, Hugh 3852: 3851: 3845: 3832: 3826: 3813: 3807: 3790: 3772: 3763: 3757: 3743: 3741: 3738: 3735: 3734: 3727: 3709: 3687: 3666: 3644: 3634:Christmastide. 3627: 3621:. p. 27. 3605: 3586: 3563: 3558:"Publications" 3548: 3537: 3530: 3510: 3499: 3488: 3476: 3454: 3436: 3413: 3402: 3391: 3386:"Publications" 3376: 3364: 3349: 3338: 3327: 3320: 3300: 3289: 3275: 3264: 3252: 3241: 3227: 3217: 3211:. p. 70. 3195: 3182:, ed. (1883). 3171: 3159: 3147: 3135: 3123: 3090: 3078: 3033: 3008: 2994: 2976: 2965: 2954: 2933: 2926: 2901: 2894:. p. 51. 2882: 2870: 2851: 2844: 2838:. Penguin UK. 2824: 2812: 2800: 2774: 2772:, p. 166. 2759: 2750:, p. 54; 2740: 2728: 2716: 2704: 2692: 2677: 2665: 2653: 2623: 2597: 2569: 2558: 2549: 2534: 2514: 2500: 2474: 2464: 2437: 2415: 2413:, p. 556. 2403: 2386: 2365: 2351: 2344: 2317: 2306: 2282: 2271:on 21 May 2012 2256: 2243:Hallmark Cards 2233: 2207: 2181: 2159: 2124: 2102: 2082: 2049: 2009: 1993: 1982: 1960: 1950: 1928: 1917: 1899: 1893:Ansgar, 1986, 1886: 1867: 1849: 1822: 1793: 1775: 1763: 1756: 1722: 1715: 1695: 1688: 1667: 1666: 1664: 1661: 1566:Main article: 1563: 1560: 1558:for children. 1458: 1455: 1423:Main article: 1420: 1417: 1407:from the town 1401:Gunpowder Plot 1359:House of Lords 1351:Gunpowder Plot 1326:Main article: 1323: 1320: 1232: 1229: 1225:Shrove Tuesday 1166: 1163: 1154:Main article: 1151: 1148: 1110:Holy Communion 1078:Main article: 1075: 1072: 1028:Main article: 1025: 1022: 996:Appleton Thorn 982:Appleton Thorn 980:Main article: 977: 974: 926:Great Wishford 901:public holiday 893:Main article: 890: 887: 804:Main article: 801: 798: 763:Þrimilci-mōnaþ 755:Morris dancing 729:on May Day in 727:Morris dancing 708:Main article: 705: 702: 696: 693: 691: 688: 662:Punch and Judy 658:morris dancing 599:Main article: 588: 585: 581:public holiday 567:and spreading 557:Main article: 554: 551: 426:Main article: 423: 420: 404:United Kingdom 395:, prayer, and 383:, preceded by 346:Rabbula Gospel 326:Main article: 323: 320: 316:Laetare Sunday 308:United Kingdom 300:Main article: 297: 294: 224:greeting cards 222:, and sending 183:, including a 148:Main article: 145: 142: 120:Shrove Tuesday 118:Main article: 115: 112: 69:Main article: 66: 63: 29: 28:New Year's Day 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4062: 4051: 4048: 4047: 4045: 4030: 4022: 4021: 4018: 4012: 4011:Well dressing 4009: 4008: 4006: 4002: 3996: 3993: 3991: 3988: 3986: 3983: 3981: 3978: 3976: 3973: 3971: 3968: 3966: 3963: 3961: 3958: 3955: 3951: 3948: 3946: 3945:Plough Monday 3943: 3942: 3940: 3938: 3934: 3927: 3918: 3913: 3911: 3906: 3904: 3899: 3898: 3895: 3886: 3885: 3880: 3876: 3871: 3870:public domain 3859: 3858: 3857: 3856: 3848: 3842: 3838: 3833: 3829: 3827:0-903515-20-2 3823: 3819: 3814: 3810: 3808:90-420-0060-0 3804: 3800: 3796: 3791: 3779: 3778: 3773: 3769: 3764: 3760: 3754: 3750: 3745: 3744: 3730: 3724: 3720: 3713: 3697: 3691: 3676: 3670: 3662: 3658: 3654: 3648: 3641: 3630: 3624: 3620: 3616: 3609: 3602: 3601: 3596: 3590: 3583: 3578: 3577: 3572: 3567: 3559: 3552: 3546: 3541: 3533: 3531:9780852200896 3527: 3523: 3522: 3514: 3508: 3503: 3497: 3492: 3485: 3480: 3464: 3458: 3451: 3447: 3440: 3432: 3428: 3424: 3417: 3411: 3406: 3400: 3395: 3387: 3380: 3373: 3368: 3360: 3353: 3347: 3342: 3336: 3331: 3323: 3321:9780852200896 3317: 3313: 3312: 3304: 3298: 3293: 3287: 3282: 3280: 3273: 3268: 3262: 3256: 3250: 3245: 3239: 3234: 3232: 3224: 3220: 3218:9781609497484 3214: 3210: 3206: 3199: 3192: 3187: 3186: 3181: 3175: 3168: 3163: 3156: 3151: 3144: 3139: 3132: 3127: 3111: 3107: 3103: 3097: 3095: 3087: 3082: 3075: 3059: 3055: 3051: 3044: 3037: 3030: 3026: 3022: 3018: 3012: 3004: 2998: 2990: 2986: 2980: 2974: 2969: 2963: 2958: 2951: 2947: 2943: 2937: 2929: 2923: 2919: 2918:Penguin Books 2915: 2914:Baking School 2908: 2906: 2898: 2893: 2886: 2880: 2874: 2867: 2863: 2855: 2847: 2845:9780141919270 2841: 2837: 2836: 2828: 2821: 2816: 2807: 2805: 2788: 2784: 2778: 2771: 2766: 2764: 2756: 2754: 2749: 2748:Browning 1995 2744: 2737: 2736:Chambers 1879 2732: 2725: 2720: 2713: 2708: 2701: 2696: 2689: 2684: 2682: 2675:, p. 24. 2674: 2669: 2663:, p. 21. 2662: 2657: 2641: 2637: 2633: 2627: 2612: 2608: 2601: 2595: 2594: 2590: 2587: 2582: 2578: 2573: 2567: 2562: 2553: 2547: 2544: 2538: 2532: 2531:0-19-820570-8 2528: 2524: 2518: 2510: 2504: 2488: 2484: 2478: 2472: 2468: 2452: 2448: 2441: 2433: 2429: 2425: 2419: 2412: 2411:Chisholm 1911 2407: 2400: 2396: 2390: 2382: 2378: 2372: 2370: 2361: 2355: 2347: 2345:0-19-517154-3 2341: 2337: 2333: 2332: 2329: 2321: 2314: 2309: 2307:9780838906958 2303: 2299: 2295: 2294: 2286: 2270: 2266: 2260: 2252: 2248: 2244: 2237: 2221: 2218:. 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Retrieved 1809:the original 1787: 1771: 1766: 1744:Viking Press 1733: 1725: 1705: 1698: 1678: 1671: 1658: 1654: 1645: 1633:pamphleteers 1614: 1583: 1548:bank holiday 1533: 1520: 1485:Jesus Christ 1478: 1452: 1428: 1394: 1379: 1363:King James I 1343: 1340:celebrations 1316: 1297: 1289: 1281: 1262: 1242: 1201: 1178: 1159: 1141: 1137: 1102:First Fruits 1091: 1041: 1009: 1008: 993: 967: 959: 952: 946: 930:Grovely Wood 922:Marsh Gibbon 898: 852: 844: 838: 834:Samuel Pepys 831: 817: 779: 777:traditions. 770: 743:celebrations 736: 698: 666: 639:Conservative 625:for example 623: 615:Saint George 606: 604: 576: 572: 562: 545: 542: 538: 521: 516:River Kennet 497: 493:Harthacanute 479:'s visit to 468: 466: 437: 431: 401: 351: 342:resurrection 305: 302:Mother's Day 287: 248: 232:heart-shaped 227: 212:courtly love 201: 175: 153: 131: 108: 96: 93: 82: 47: 43: 39: 15: 3740:Works cited 3595:"Christmas" 3584:2009-10-31. 3102:"Halloween" 3074:Christians. 2820:Hüsken 1996 2810:InfoBritain 2275:20 February 2226:28 February 2148:12 February 2058:"Holy Days" 1897:, pp. 46–58 1649:Santa Claus 1637:Restoration 1602:Santa Claus 1512:twelve days 1306:but not in 1195:(hallows), 1144:East Sussex 1056:Shakespeare 1030:Rushbearing 1024:Rushbearing 1014:Glastonbury 1000:walking day 994:Each June, 905:restoration 879:Pagan Pride 823:folk custom 767:Old English 695:May Day Eve 631:BBC Radio 3 621:of AD 303. 573:April fools 473:Reformation 446:twelve days 442:Whitsuntide 416:pace egging 338:crucifixion 279:Hieromartyr 226:(known as " 187:account of 114:Pancake Day 58:silver band 3801:. 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London 2245:(1972), 2220:Archived 2176:Archived 2142:Archived 2108:Archived 2066:Archived 2032:Archived 2030:. 2012. 1842:10 April 1770:Newell, 1740:New York 1629:Royalist 1432:Sandwell 1375:firework 1367:bonfires 1094:festival 1064:Grasmere 942:Fownhope 867:Deptford 533:nosegays 444:and the 428:Hocktide 422:Hocktide 354:festival 257:and the 244:epilepsy 138:pancakes 3985:Souling 3872:: 2646:11 July 2313:Advent. 2038:20 June 1621:Puritan 1502:or the 1448:Walsall 1444:Oldbury 1390:bonfire 1308:Bilston 1253:prayers 1245:Souling 1231:Souling 1213:souling 1209:mumming 1197:martyrs 1117:harvest 1096:in the 1068:Cumbria 1010:Bawming 962:St Neot 934:Membury 932:), and 907:of the 883:Holborn 855:Bristol 827:May Day 820:English 794:maypole 765:" (the 751:maypole 710:May Day 704:May Day 690:May Day 664:shows. 646:Romford 462:demesne 458:villein 402:In the 397:penance 393:fasting 374:Calvary 358:holiday 290:Norfolk 271:30 July 253:in the 185:written 171:romance 54:guisers 22:Souling 3975:Lammas 3960:Easter 3866: 3843: 3824: 3805: 3755: 3725: 3625: 3528: 3318: 3215: 2924: 2842: 2616:9 July 2529: 2342: 2304: 2100: 1980: 1948: 1915: 1881: 1754: 1713: 1686: 1625:papist 1619:. 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