661:(CAD) system. Early CAD systems provided text display of the caller's address, call history and available emergency response resources. In 1994, working in cooperation with the emergency response agencies of Covington, KY, 911 Mapping Systems, Inc. founded in 1992 by Robert Graham Thomas Jr., implemented the first real-time on-screen E911 street map display to highlight the caller's position, nearest available emergency responders and other relevant information such as fire hydrants, hazardous materials and/or other data maintained by the city. Shortly thereafter, integrated mapping became a standard and integral part of all CAD systems and continues to evolve alongside 911 response technology. For Wireline E911, the location is an address. For Wireless E911, the location is a coordinate. Not all PSAPs have the Wireless and Wireline systems integrated.
943:) requiring property owners to standardize the display of house numbers on buildings and along streets and roadways, to allow emergency personnel to more easily identify a given address day or night, even in poor weather. These are normally composed of reflective characters, at least 3 to 6 inches high, on a contrasting reflective background. It is necessary for the address number to be affixed to the building or to a separate structure such as a post, wall, fence, or mailbox, provided that such separate structure is located in front of the building and on the building's side of the street. Compliant signage systems are often advertised as being "E911 compliant".
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their consumers concerning the 911 limitations. The FCC announced that customers must respond to the E911 VoIP warning and those who do not have their service cut off on August 30, 2005. The FCC extended the deadline to
September 28, 2005. The E911 hookup may be directly with the Wireline E911 Network, indirectly through a third party such as a competitive local exchange carrier (CLEC), or by any other technical means. The FCC explained that they felt compelled to issue this mandate because of the public safety concerns. Vonage co-founder
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867:, is a telecommunications switching system used by large organizations to process calls between employees within the organization and with parties external to the organization. An MLTS may serve a single building, segments of multi-tenant buildings, a group of buildings on a campus or even a number of buildings separated by geography. New communications technologies are making it possible for single MLTS systems to serve locations at far distant places that may span multiple governmental jurisdictions even distant countries.
924:(NENA.org), has done significant work advocating on the subject of MLTS E911. Hank Hunt, Kari Hunt's father has championed the legislation, named after his late daughter, which started as a promise to his granddaughter who knew to dial 9-1-1 from the hotel room phone, but had no idea the phone needed a 9 to dial an outside line. Hank is carrying on the legacy of Kari and is a popular speaker at Public Safety and Telecom shows and events. His actions are funded through The Kari Hunt Foundation, a 501(c)(3) non-profit.
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would participate in the public telephone networks location database for the location that is identified with that telephone number. During the I3 solution, VoIP service providers would have a true IP interconnection with Public Safety
Answering Points and would be able to provide even more valuable information than the legacy 911 system. Where VoIP phones are mobile, geolocation has additional problems; VoIP service providers are seeking access to
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on a nomadic VoIP network at any given time (especially in the case of wireless networks), and so many providers offered services which specifically excluded 911 service so as to avoid the severe E-911 non-compliance penalties. VoIP services tried to improvise, such as routing 911 calls to the administrative phone number of the Public Safety
Answering Point, adding on software to track phone locations, etc.
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579:(FCC) issued an order requiring wireless carriers to determine and transmit the location of callers who dial 911. The FCC set up a phased program: Phase I involved sending the location of the receiving antenna for 911 calls, while Phase II sends the location of the calling telephone. Carriers were allowed to choose to implement 'handset based' location by Global Positioning System (
615:"network based" location techniques to meet the same accuracy standard, regardless of the underlying technology used. The rule is likely to have no effect as all major carriers will have already achieved over 85% GPS chipset penetration, and are thus able to meet the standard regardless of their 'network based' location capabilities.
591:. The order set technical and accuracy requirements: carriers using 'handset based' technology must report handset location within 50 meters for 67% of calls, and within 150 meters for 90% of calls; carriers using 'network based' technology must report location within 100 meters for 67% of calls and 300 meters for 90% of calls.
446:. By default, this selection is usually turned off, to protect privacy. In areas such as tunnels and buildings, or anywhere else that GPS is not available or reliable, wireless carriers can deploy enhanced location determination solutions such as Co-Pilot Beacon for CDMA networks and LMU's for GSM networks.
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companies then provide this location data to various government agencies that request it, making it clear that use of E911 functionality is not limited to emergencies and that the technology is often implemented in such a way that tracking can be remotely activated without the user's knowledge or consent.
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In response to the E911 challenges inherent to IP phone systems, specialized technology has been developed to locate callers in the case of emergency. Some of these new technologies allow the caller to be located down to the specific office on a particular floor of a building. These solutions support
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Most ALI databases have a companion database known as the MSAG, Master Street
Address Guide. The MSAG describes the exact spelling of streets, street number ranges, and other address elements. When a new account is created, the address is located in the Master Street Address Guide to track the proper
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and residential VoIP services. This increasingly important segment in IP phone technology includes E911 call routing services and automated phone tracking appliances. Many of these solutions have been established according to FCC, CRTC, and NENA i2 standards, in order to help enterprises and service
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Automatic location of the emergency is intended to be faster and more reliable than verbal communication of the location, though this is usually requested anyway for confirmation. It also makes it possible for emergency services to respond when callers cannot communicate their location, because they
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The Master Street
Address Guide (MSAG) is a database of street addresses and corresponding Emergency Service Numbers (ESNs). ESNs represent one or more emergency service agencies (e.g. fire department, law enforcement) designated to serve a specific range of addresses in a geographic area, called an
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When FCC Chair Kevin Martin replaced FCC Chair
Michael Powell, he immediately changed FCC's hands-off policy and moved to impose 911 obligations on VoIP service providers. In 2005, Chair Martin moved FCC to require "interconnected VoIP services" to begin to provide 911 service and provide notice to
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and marketed the VoIP service as a cheap replacement phone service. However, E911 regulations and legal penalties have severely hampered the more widespread adoption of VoIP: VoIP is much more flexible than land line phone service and there is no easy way to verify the physical location of a caller
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or one PSAP may cover multiple exchanges. The territories (Emergency
Service Zone) covered by a single PSAP is based on the dispatch and response arrangements for the fire, police, and medical services for a particular area. All primary PSAPs have a regional Emergency Service Number (ESN), a number
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In July 2011, the FCC announced a proposed rule requiring that after an eight-year implementation period, at some yet-to-be-determined date in 2019, wireless carriers will be required to meet more stringent location accuracy requirements. If enacted, this rule would require both "handset based" and
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to each call center. These trunks are either directly connected to the call center or they are connected to a telephone company central switch that intelligently distributes calls to the PSAPs. These special switches are often known as 911 Selective
Routers. Their use is becoming increasingly more
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group, which is a PSAP designated for this function. The 911 operator must then ask the incoming caller for their location and redirect them to the correct PSAP. The legal penalty in most states for ALI database lookup failure is limited to a requirement that the telephone company fix the database
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receivers built in. When the cellular phone detects that the user is placing an emergency call, it begins to transmit its location to a secure server, from which the PSAP can retrieve it. Cellphone manufacturers may program the phone to enable GPS function automatically (in case it has been turned
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It is an important contemporary issue of growing concern as enterprise style organizations employ new technologies to create vast private networks that interconnect with the PSTN in ways that do not map to the logic used to locate callers in the Public
Enhanced 911 system. The risks to people who
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The legislation does over rule any current State legislation, that currently exists in numerous US government jurisdictions, unless the
Federal requirements are more restrictive. The burden still remains upon the enterprise organization to provide compliance when an emergency call originates from
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Calls to 911 are answered by an operator at a PSAP. In addition to the voice transmission, the telephone network also transmits a number associated with the current call, the ANI. The 911 operator (or their computer) at the PSAP searches a database (ALI) for the ANI to find the caller's location.
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The challenge of Enhanced 911 for the MLTS is that information about the location of callers is only available to the extent that the private organization discloses the information. For the organization the challenges of collecting and reporting the information can be significant. Today’s highly
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of the individual placing the 911 call can be very difficult to determine. Service providers are attempting to phase in solutions through the I1, I2, and I3 phases. During I1, the 911 call was routed to the 911 administrative telephone lines without location information. During I2, VoIP services
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The 911 obligations were imposed only on "interconnected VoIP." The FCC defined "interconnected VoIP" as VoIP over broadband that interconnects with the public switch telephone network. VoIP that is not interconnected, such as two individuals talking to each other over the Internet while playing
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On August 1, 2019, the FCC adopted a Report and Order to address calls to 911 made from multi-line telephone systems (MLTS) that commonly serve hotels and office buildings, pursuant to Kari’s Law. The Report and Order also addressed sending dispatchable location information with 911 calls, and
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VoIP services have noted an obstacle to full 911 interconnection; in order to interconnect with the Public Safety Answering Point, the VoIP service providers must interconnect with the 911 telephone trunk, which is owned and controlled by their competitors, the traditional fixed-line telephone
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The FBI CAST Cellular Analysis & Geo-Location Field Resource Guide reveals that wireless carriers in the U.S. routinely activate E911 functionality on their customers' mobile phones for the purposes of tracking their locations without their permission, as of March 2019. Telecommunications
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The 911 address contains a uniform number, the street name, direction (if applicable), and the city. The uniform number is usually assigned by the grid of the existing community. Each county usually has their own policy on how the addressing is done, but for the most part NENA guidelines are
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is not necessarily considered the location to which emergency responders should be sent, since the device is portable. This means that locating the caller is more difficult, which resulted in the second phase of the Enhanced 911 service (E911 Phase 2), which relates to locating wireless or
485:, in February 1968, as a way to quickly connect a subscriber to the local police station. The system was rapidly adapted and improved by other telephone companies, evolving into the E911 system, which provides both caller location and identification. A pioneering system was in place in
2134:"The "Presidential alerts": they are capable of accessing the E911 chip in your phones - giving them full access to your location, microphone, camera and every function of your phone. This not a rant, this is from me, still one of the leading cybersecurity experts. Wake up people!"
984:
The "Presidential alerts": they are capable of accessing the E911 chip in your phones - giving them full access to your location, microphone, camera and every function of your phone. This not a rant, this is from me, still one of the leading cybersecurity experts. Wake up people!
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and a range of location determination techniques to locate devices that are attached to the network. The precise methods that are used to determine location are dependent on the type of access network and the information that can be obtained from the device.
764:(FCC) took a hands-off approach to VoIP in order to let the service mature, and also to facilitate competition in the telephony market. In time, this problem reached the headlines of newspapers as individuals were unable to place emergency calls with their
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and TeleCommunication Systems, Inc. The ALI database also feeds the Master Street Address Guide database which is used to route the call to the appropriate PSAP and when the call arrives, the ALI database is queried to determine the location of the caller.
102:. The database relating ANIs to addresses is known as ALI (Automatic Location Identification). The router then uses the address to search in the MSAG for the Emergency Service Number (ESN) of the appropriate PSAP for that area and connects the call to it.
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In parallel to the actual voice call, the ALI database gets periodically updated with more precise and recent location information. Cellular networks can determine a more precise location of the caller's device by using triangulation from the cell towers
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Landline or wireline calls originate from a device connected to a known and fixed location connection to the PSTN. These locations are stored in the Automatic Location Information (ALI) database. This is permitted by special privacy legislation.
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has encouraged its customers to register the locations from which their 911 calls could be dialed with the local public safety answering point. The FCC had continued to add more requirements and mandate a more sophisticated 911 function.
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Establish dispatchable location information requirements for 911 calls from MLTS, fixed telephone services, interconnected Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) services, mobile text, and Internet-based Telecommunications Relay Services
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of the milestones, and the FCC granted many of them. By mid-2005, implementation of Phase II was generally underway, limited by the complexity of coordination required from wireless and wireline carriers, PSAPs, and other affected
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Multi-line Telephone System (MLTS) pertains to the location of callers dialing 911 from within the private telecommunications networks used by large organizations. A Multi-line Telephone System (MLTS), often referred to as a
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of callers within 300 meters, within six minutes of a request by a PSAP. Accuracy rates must meet FCC standards on average within any given participating PSAP service area by September 11, 2012 (deferred from September 11,
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VoIP enhanced 911 pertains to communications originating from various commercial services provided by companies that send telephone calls across the commercial internet using specialized devices and software applications.
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initiate a 911 call from an MLTS who are not physically located within the jurisdiction of the agency to which the 911 call is routed and the increasing burdens of misdirected 911 calls upon those agencies is escalating.
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Security desk routing and notification functionalities that deliver 911 calls and custom email alerts to on-site security personnel, notifying them of the emergency and providing them with the caller’s precise location
98:(PSTN) are routed to a special router (known as Selective Router, or 9-1-1 Tandem). The router looks for the address associated with the caller's telephone number in a database. The caller's phone number is known as an
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On-site appliances that automate and simplify E911 management for enterprise IP-PBX systems, reducing administration, ensuring that IP phone locations are always up to date, thus helping enterprises meet their E911
127:(MSC). The switching center automatically assigns a unique identifier to each cellular 911 call, known as a "pseudo ANI". The Selective Router connects the call to a PSAP based on the cell tower's location.
1020:, in which McAfee claimed that the "Presidential alert" involved the E911 system, and that smartphones have a "E911 chip" capable of giving the government access to the phone's location and microphone. The
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In a recent Podcast recorded at the NENA 911 Goes to Washington event in WASHINGTON, DC, David Furth, the Deputy Director of Public Safety and Homeland Security provided a recap of the legislative actions.
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For landline calls the ANI resembles the caller's phone number. The ALI stores a pre-determined address associated with the caller's telephone number. This address is typically the phone's billing address.
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within a MLTS system, however the new language also adds responsibility to Manufacturers, Importers, Distributors, and Installers as well s the person who owns, operates. rents, buys or leases the system.
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All wireless service providers are to complete their respective implementation of wireless Phase II Stage 1 E9-1-1 service by 1 February 2010, wherever wireline E9-1-1 service is available across Canada.
222:(CLEC) and other competing wireline carriers negotiate for access to the ALI database in their respective Interconnect Agreement with the ILEC. They populate the database using the ILEC MSAG as a guide.
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Support for phone mobility, to ensure accurate E911 services for employees that move IP phones between locations, share line appearances between multiple devices, and log into IP phones on the fly;
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do not know their location, they are a child, or they are too panicked, too distracted by the ongoing emergency, or do not wish to attract the attention of the perpetrator of a crime in progress.
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IP phone tracking that automatically assigns locations to IP hard phones, soft phones and wireless phones as they move on the corporate network using layer 2, layer 3, or wireless LAN discovery.
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627:(CRTC) required implementation of Phase II Stage 1 for wireless carrier by 1 February 2010, in areas that provide landline E911. Many Canadians now have access to Phase II service.
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There are, however, complicated technological problems with implementing E911 with VoIP, which providers are attempting to solve. VoIP phones are on the Internet and nomadic; the
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95% of a network operator's in-service phones must be E911 compliant ("location capable") by December 31, 2005. (Numerous carriers missed this deadline and were fined by the FCC.)
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The street address of the calling party Information SUCH AS room number, floor number, or SIMILAR INFORMATION necessary to adequately identify the location of the calling party.
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mobile work forces and technologies that allow users to relocate without the intervention of an administrator place significant responsibilities on the MLTS owner or operator.
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Network-based technology:100 meters for 67% of calls and 300 meters for 95% of calls. Handset-based technologies: 50 meters for 67% of calls and 150 meters for 95% of calls.
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Location information is used by the wireless network operator to determine to which PSAP to route the call to, and is transmitted to the PSAP for the purpose of sending
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followed. These guidelines are expressed by the Master Street Address Guide (MSAG). The exact 911 addresses and associated phone numbers are put into the ALI database.
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521:, also known as the 911 Act, mandated the use of E911 and designated 911 as the universal emergency number, including both wireline and wireless phone devices.
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carriers. This resulted in the New and Emerging Technologies 911 Improvement Act of 2008 which granted interconnection rights to interconnected VoIP services.
391:(CDMA) networks tend to use handset-based radiolocation technologies, which are technically more similar to radionavigation. GPS is one of those technologies.
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In recent years there have been numerous important developments in E911 solutions for IP phone technology. The more noteworthy of these developments include:
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Basic 911: All 911 calls must be relayed to a call center, regardless of whether or not the mobile phone user is already a customer of the network being used.
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by the mid-1970s, providing both police and fire departments access to the source location of emergency calls. Enhanced 911 is currently deployed in most
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Advanced E911 call management and reporting features, such as misdial protection and call recording, to improve solution performance and administration.
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E911 Phase 1: Wireless network operators must identify the phone number and cell phone tower used by callers, within six minutes of a request by a PSAP.
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protocol. In that case, the calling party's number (ANI) is already present in the SS7 setup message. The Charge Number Parameter contains the ANI.
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In addition to upgrading communications systems, some counties and communities in the United States have established ordinances (e.g. IRC section
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filed a lawsuit against Vonage for deceptive marketing practices by not making it clear that VoIP users had to actually sign up for E911 service.
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1997: First Phase I Wireless 9-1-1 call in the United States, made in the City of Allentown during a trial project with CellularOne and XYPoint.
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1733:"A Little Rant on the Ongoing Mis-application of CALEA and E911 and Universal Service on Voice Applications and Some Ironic, Illogical Results"
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refers to a format for specifying where a 911 call originated from (e.g. the address of the landline, or estimated location of a cell phone).
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For wireless calls, the ANI (or "pseudo-ANI") is a unique number assigned to each individual 911 call, assigned at a mobile switching center.
57:(PSAP), which is a call center operated by the local government. At the PSAP, the call is answered by a specially trained official known as a
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Support for remote employees, allowing off-campus users and teleworkers to update their locations in real time directly from their IP phones;
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The order also laid out milestones for implementing wireless location services. The first Phase I wireless 911 call was in September 1997 in
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Calls made to non-911 emergency numbers (such as the direct line to a police or fire department) might not have automatic location enabled.
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Location information is not passed along by the public phone network; only the calling party's phone number is known to the receiver.
172:). In addition to triangulation, a second source of location information may be the caller's phone itself (or other cellular device).
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Enable the public to dial 911 from MLTS directly, without having to dial additional numbers, such as a “9,” to reach an outside line.
607:; and by the limited funding available to local agencies which needed to convert PSAP equipment to display location data (usually on
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146:(CPE) correlates that information with the call taker receiving the call, and displays the information on their computer screen.
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common as it simplifies the interconnection between newer ISUP/SS7-based host office switches and the many older PSAP systems.
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206:(ILEC). Often, the contracted 3rd party further subcontracts the actual ALI database management to companies such as Intrado,
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In addition to Kari's Law, §506 of the RAY BAUM'S Act adds the requirement that by January 6, 2021, wired MLTS devices must:
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a wide range of organizations with IP telephony networks. The solutions are available for service providers offering hosted
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Require MLTS to send a notification to a location where someone is likely to hear or see it when a 911 call has been made.
61:. The dispatcher's computer receives information from the telephone company about the physical address (for landlines) or
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365:, which can be difficult or impossible in mountainous terrain or around skyscrapers. Location signatures actually work
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324:(AOA) requires at least two towers, locating the caller at the point where the lines along the angles from each tower
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342:, except that it is the networks that determine the time difference and therefore distance from each tower (as with
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708:(MF) trunks that pass the calling party's number (ANI) only. Some of the upgraded PSAPs can receive calls on
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800:. These solutions are being developed through the cooperation of the Voice on the Network Coalition and the
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To locate a mobile telephone geographically, there are two general approaches. One is to use some form of
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Under the provisions outlined in KARI'S LAW, new and upgraded MLTS systems after February 17, 2020 must:
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Mobile phone users may also have a selection to permit location information to be sent to non-emergency
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The ALI is maintained on behalf of local governments by contracted private third parties, generally the
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1608:"In the Matter of Federal-State Joint Board on Universal Service, Report to Congress, Docket 96-45"
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1365:"FCC Report to Congress on the Deployment of E-911 Phase II Services by Tier III Service Providers"
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If the PSAP receives calls from the telephone company on older analog trunks, they are usually
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The member driven volunteer organization that represents the people who staff the PSAPs, the
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1142:"There are Many Problems With Mobile Privacy but the Presidential Alert Isn't One of Them"
697:, ANI). For historical reasons, the PSAP will refer to these as CAMA circuits even though
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Emergency Service Number (ESN) that 911 calls from that phone number should be routed to.
8:
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2080:"Implementing Kari's Law and Section 506 of RAY BAUM'S Act | PS Docket No. 18-261, et al"
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opined that this was an attempt by FCC Chair Martin to hinder telephony competition to
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If the PSAP receives calls on older-style digital trunks, they are specially formatted
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677:-level (that is, 64 kbit/s, or voice quality) trunks connecting each host office
357:) which mobile phone signals are known to exhibit at different locations in each cell.
30:) is a system used in North America to automatically provide the caller's location to
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The Caller Location Information (CLI) provided is normally integrated into emergency
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The way location is determined varies by the type of originating device or network.
1255:, "Real-time over the top 9-1-1 caller location data", published 2016-11-17
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The ALI database is secured and separate from the public phone network by design.
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Law-review article providing background on VoIP technology and challenges of E911
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732:(VoIP) technology matured, service providers began to interconnect VoIP with the
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The ALI record associated with the query is then returned to the PSAP, where the
1626:"Attorney General Abbott Takes Legal Action To Protect Internet Phone Customers"
2259:, locating VoIP Callers and prioritizing Emergency traffic in the VoIP Network.
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583:) or similar technology in each phone, or 'network based' location by means of
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initially advocated TDOA, but changed to embedded GPS in 2006 for every GSM or
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reported that there is "no such thing as an E911 chip". Fact-checking website
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2021:"TiPS with David Furth Deputy Director of the FCC PSHSB on 911 Legislation"
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receiver built into the phone itself. Both approaches are described by the
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Digital Crossroads: American Telecommunications Policy in the Internet Age
1651:"Why Does the FCC Treat VoIP as the Ugly Duckling, Techdirt July 25, 2006"
1299:(19 December 2011), ECN 911 Program, Minnesota Department of Public Safety
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1701:"IP-Enabled Services: E911 Requirements for IP-Enabled Service Providers"
1494:"Carriers push E-911 lawsuit in court despite winning deadline extension"
1340:. Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission. 2009-02-02
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The final destination of an E911 call (where the 911 operator sits) is a
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2207:"Do Presidential Alerts Give the Government Total Access to Your Phone?"
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networks, so that it can help people who are simply lost or want other
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in the region. In the European Union, a similar system exists known as
1997:"Text - H.R.4986 - 115th Congress (2017-2018): RAY BAUM'S Act of 2018"
1913:. Voice on the Net Coalition. January 2005. p. 4. Archived from
1759:"VoIP Definition :: FCC :: Interconnected VoIP :: CFR"
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specified protocol for handset geolocation in GSM networks is called
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2156:"The presidential text alert system is rife for conspiracy theories"
2108:"FBI CAST Cellular Analysis & Geo-Location Field Resource Guide"
1908:"Answering the Call for 911 Emergency Services in an Internet World"
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Hybrid solutions, needing both the handset and the network include:
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Information on NET Act and FCC proceeding implementing legislation.
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Each ILEC has its own standard for the formatting of the database.
65:(for wireless) of the caller. This information is used to dispatch
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If the phone number is not in the ALI database, this is known as
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and other services as needed. The planned replacement service is
2181:"John McAfee's Presidential Alert Tweet on E911 Chip Explained!"
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System that provides a callers location to emergency dispatchers
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WIRELESS devices have an additional year to be made compliant.
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providers reduce liability concerns and meet E911 regulations.
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533:(FCC) has made several requirements applicable to wireless or
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Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission
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39:
752:
to users of the network. To do this, it uses knowledge of
2391:
2263:
Cybertelecom - VoIP and 911 - Federal Internet Regulation
1470:. Questex Media Group, Inc. November 2007. Archived from
580:
370:
335:
693:, but are formatted to pass the calling party's number (
229:; the call is then passed to default ESN for the call's
1028:
stated that "WEA messages are not to E911 functions".
630:
2244:
1874:
Nuechterlein, Jonathan E.; Weiser, Philip J. (2005).
931:
The FCC Report and Order outlines the actions taken:
519:
Wireless Communications and Public Safety Act of 1999
1781:"Intrado Evolution of the PSAP Experience - Slide 0"
1443:"Sprint, Alltel, USC fined for missed e911 deadline"
788:
computer games, does not fall under the obligation.
645:(PSAP). There may be multiple PSAPs within the same
2462: (North America Suicide & Crisis Lifeline)
2125:
2416: (Austria, Egypt, and Bosnia and Herzegovina)
1875:
1873:
1193:"Communications Route Diversity for Public Safety"
427:Timing Advance/Network Measurement Report (TA/NMR)
1000:(live since 2012) on 3 October 2018, a number of
2688:Telecommunications-related introductions in 1968
2654:
1628:(Press release). OAG.state.tx.us. Archived from
701:(CAMA) is actually a reference to the call log.
2312:
385:voice-capable device due to improved accuracy.
2268:E9-11 Institute - E-911 Education Organization
1583:"Obituary: Robert Thomas Jr., 911 Mapping CEO"
1418:"E911 Turns Cell Phones into Tracking Devices"
857:
2564:
2298:
1359:
1357:
421:or television) allows use of GPS even indoors
180:off) when the user places an emergency call.
46:is the emergency access number) and known as
1924:
934:
553:Wireless network operators must provide the
119:Calls from cellular phones are received via
2131:
1971:"FCC Amends Rules to Improve Access to 911"
1811:Meer, Stephen; Nelson, Michael (May 2004).
1546:See also the third and fourth paragraphs of
1275:"FCC 11-107, Notice of Proposed Rulemaking"
854:utilized by individuals with disabilities.
850:VoIP & 911 issues are also relevant to
424:Advanced Forward Link Trilateration (A-FLT)
2571:
2557:
2513:
2305:
2291:
2235:Wireless 911 Services - FCC Consumer Facts
1810:
1585:. Enquirer.com. 2002-12-25. Archived from
1397:Consumer & Governmental Affairs Bureau
1354:
664:
2273:How E-911 caller locations are discovered
1994:
430:Enhanced Observed Time Difference (E-OTD)
288:Radio resource location services protocol
237:
175:Many phones manufactured after 2005 have
1669:
1667:
1338:"Telecom Regulatory Policy CRTC 2009-40"
768:. In March 2005, Texas Attorney General
699:Centralized Automatic Message Accounting
689:circuits. These circuits are similar to
353:" to store and recall patterns (such as
190:
162:
153:
130:
2204:
1778:
1139:
2655:
1730:
1112:"What is an ALI Database? - Bandwidth"
955:
481:The first 911 system was installed in
369:in these conditions however. TDMA and
262:The billing address associated with a
2552:
2286:
2245:National Emergency Number Association
1932:"VoIP :: 911 :: Regulation"
1673:
1664:
1332:
1330:
1222:Minnesota Department of Public Safety
922:National Emergency Number Association
802:National Emergency Number Association
673:, or LEC) has at least two redundant
2533:
1844:"Intrado Emergency Calling Services"
1269:
1267:
1247:
1245:
1243:
1241:
1239:
1237:
1135:
1133:
1131:
1106:
1104:
961:
907:Dispatchable location is defined as:
744:is a service that is provided by an
719:
631:Public-safety answering point (PSAP)
257:
245:
53:An incoming 911 call is routed to a
1706:. FCC. May 19, 2005. Archived from
1623:
946:
880:consolidating the FCC’s 911 rules.
874:
524:
301:. Most often, this is done through
220:Competitive local exchange carriers
114:
89:
13:
2330:Harmonised service of social value
1756:
1735:. Jeff Pulver Blog. Archived from
1613:. FCC. April 10, 1998. p. 42.
1327:
34:dispatchers. 911 is the universal
14:
2699:
2678:Federal Communications Commission
2228:
1975:Federal Communications Commission
1372:Federal Communications Commission
1264:
1234:
1197:Federal Communications Commission
1172:Federal Communications Commission
1128:
1101:
762:Federal Communications Commission
577:Federal Communications Commission
531:Federal Communications Commission
96:public switched telephone network
2637:
2532:
2523:
2522:
2512:
2501:
2489:
2240:Enhanced 911 - Wireless Services
2205:Kasprak, Alex (5 October 2018).
1995:Blackburn, Marsha (2018-03-07).
1676:"FCC extends VoIP E911 deadline"
1674:Gross, Grant (August 26, 2005).
1560:. 911mapping.com. Archived from
968:
455:Radio Resource Location Protocol
317:can be determined several ways:
204:incumbent local exchange carrier
2198:
2173:
2148:
2132:John McAfee (3 October 2018).
2100:
2072:
2042:
2013:
1988:
1963:
1900:
1867:
1836:
1813:"Intrado Next Generation Needs"
1804:
1772:
1750:
1724:
1693:
1643:
1617:
1600:
1575:
1550:
1539:
1507:
1496:. RCR Wireless News. 2008-03-14
1486:
1456:
1435:
1410:
1385:
798:mobile phone location databases
695:Automatic Number Identification
186:
84:
2432: (Mercosur member states)
2390:(Europe and others, worldwide
1731:Pulver, Jeff (July 24, 2006).
1302:
1290:
1210:
1185:
1160:
1147:Electronic Frontier Foundation
1140:Quintin, Cooper (2018-10-04).
1022:Electronic Frontier Foundation
572:to the scene of the incident.
512:
460:
1:
2673:North American Numbering Plan
2578:
2050:"Kari Hunt Foundation - Home"
1947:"Emergency Gateway Datasheet"
1678:. PCWorld.com. Archived from
1095:
643:public safety answering point
637:Public safety answering point
389:Code division multiple access
55:Public Safety Answering Point
2508:Telecommunication portal
1952:. 911 Enable. Archived from
1445:. FierceWireless. 2007-08-31
1089:Voice Over Internet Protocol
1049:Emergency Medical Dispatcher
1002:rumours and false statements
730:Voice over Internet Protocol
618:
7:
2663:Emergency telephone numbers
2470:(Bangladesh, UK and others)
2402:(parts of Asia and Jamaica)
2314:Emergency telephone numbers
1779:Currier, Bob (2010-06-21).
1031:
858:Multi-line Telephone System
742:Location Information Server
691:traditional telephone lines
144:Customer-premises equipment
10:
2704:
1653:. Techdirt.com. 2006-07-25
1558:"911 Mapping Systems, Inc"
1168:"911 Master PSAP Registry"
659:computer-assisted dispatch
634:
598:. Many carriers requested
476:
361:The first two depend on a
332:Time difference of arrival
50:when called by a vehicle.
36:emergency telephone number
2634:
2586:
2484:
2338:
2320:
2278:Emergency Calling for SIP
998:Wireless Emergency Alerts
996:After a national test of
967:
935:Address signage standards
712:trunks controlled by the
349:Location signature uses "
284:Global Positioning System
1039:Advanced Mobile Location
734:public telephone network
669:Each telephone company (
282:; the other is to use a
125:mobile switching centers
111:Emergency Service Zone.
2424: (Colombia, Egypt)
1393:"Wireless 911 Services"
1297:PSAP Installation Guide
865:private branch exchange
665:Interconnection details
596:Allentown, Pennsylvania
444:location-based services
105:
2112:Property of the People
2054:karihuntfoundation.org
993:
852:Telecom Relay Services
671:local exchange carrier
650:identifying the PSAP.
505:as well as all of the
309:. The location of the
238:Location determination
196:
94:Calls to 911 over the
63:geographic coordinates
2644:Telephones portal
2496:Telephones portal
2446:(Iraq, North America
1882:. MIT Press. p.
1310:"How GPS Phones Work"
1064:Next Generation 9-1-1
1059:Mobile phone tracking
960:
194:
163:Wireless transmission
154:Landline transmission
131:Location transmission
1682:on February 22, 2006
1464:"How accurate E911?"
760:Initially, the U.S.
750:location information
748:provider to provide
2325:Emergency telephone
1934:. Cybertelecom.org.
956:Cultural references
605:government agencies
483:Haleyville, Alabama
399:, T-Mobile 3G, and
2250:2005-02-23 at the
1761:. Cybertelecom.org
1624:OAG (2005-03-22).
1515:"History of 9-1-1"
575:In 1996, the U.S.
570:emergency services
491:metropolitan areas
334:(TDOA) works like
295:cellular telephony
197:
2650:
2649:
2546:
2545:
2538:Wikimedia Commons
2357: (Australia)
2345: (Australia)
2185:Earn The Necklace
1632:on March 23, 2005
1519:City of Allentown
1218:"ECN 911 History"
1074:Reverse geocoding
981:
980:
720:VoIP enhanced 911
609:computerized maps
379:AT&T Mobility
373:networks such as
293:Radiolocation in
258:Wireless location
246:Landline location
2695:
2642:
2641:
2640:
2573:
2566:
2559:
2550:
2549:
2536:
2535:
2526:
2525:
2516:
2515:
2506:
2505:
2504:
2494:
2493:
2492:
2477: (Pakistan)
2471:
2463:
2455:
2433:
2425:
2417:
2403:
2395:
2394:mobile networks)
2383:
2375:
2307:
2300:
2293:
2284:
2283:
2223:
2222:
2220:
2219:
2202:
2196:
2195:
2193:
2192:
2177:
2171:
2170:
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2167:
2152:
2146:
2145:
2129:
2123:
2122:
2120:
2119:
2104:
2098:
2097:
2095:
2094:
2089:. August 2, 2019
2084:
2076:
2070:
2069:
2067:
2065:
2056:. Archived from
2046:
2040:
2039:
2037:
2036:
2027:. Archived from
2017:
2011:
2010:
2008:
2007:
2001:www.congress.gov
1992:
1986:
1985:
1983:
1982:
1967:
1961:
1960:
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1951:
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1937:
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1919:
1912:
1904:
1898:
1897:
1881:
1871:
1865:
1864:
1862:
1861:
1855:
1849:. Archived from
1848:
1840:
1834:
1833:
1831:
1830:
1825:on June 26, 2007
1824:
1818:. Archived from
1817:
1808:
1802:
1801:
1799:
1798:
1792:
1786:. Archived from
1785:
1776:
1770:
1769:
1767:
1766:
1757:Cannon, Robert.
1754:
1748:
1747:
1745:
1744:
1739:on March 9, 2011
1728:
1722:
1721:
1719:
1718:
1712:
1705:
1697:
1691:
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1579:
1573:
1572:
1570:
1569:
1554:
1548:
1543:
1537:
1536:
1531:
1530:
1521:. Archived from
1511:
1505:
1504:
1502:
1501:
1490:
1484:
1482:
1480:
1479:
1460:
1454:
1453:
1451:
1450:
1439:
1433:
1432:
1430:
1429:
1424:. 6 January 1998
1414:
1408:
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1405:
1404:
1389:
1383:
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1380:
1379:
1369:
1361:
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1300:
1294:
1288:
1287:
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1284:
1279:
1271:
1262:
1261:
1260:
1256:
1253:US 20160337831A1
1249:
1232:
1231:
1229:
1228:
1214:
1208:
1207:
1205:
1204:
1189:
1183:
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1179:
1164:
1158:
1157:
1155:
1154:
1137:
1126:
1125:
1123:
1122:
1108:
972:
962:
947:Privacy concerns
875:MLTS Legislation
754:network topology
679:telephone switch
525:FCC Requirements
397:Verizon Wireless
322:Angle of arrival
290:(LCS protocol).
280:cellular network
269:mobile telephone
115:Wireless routing
90:Landline routing
59:9-1-1 dispatcher
2703:
2702:
2698:
2697:
2696:
2694:
2693:
2692:
2653:
2652:
2651:
2646:
2638:
2636:
2630:
2582:
2577:
2547:
2542:
2502:
2500:
2490:
2488:
2480:
2466:
2458:
2442:
2428:
2420:
2412:
2398:
2386:
2378:
2374:, Japan, China)
2366:
2334:
2316:
2311:
2252:Wayback Machine
2231:
2226:
2217:
2215:
2203:
2199:
2190:
2188:
2179:
2178:
2174:
2165:
2163:
2154:
2153:
2149:
2130:
2126:
2117:
2115:
2106:
2105:
2101:
2092:
2090:
2082:
2078:
2077:
2073:
2063:
2061:
2060:on 31 July 2020
2048:
2047:
2043:
2034:
2032:
2019:
2018:
2014:
2005:
2003:
1993:
1989:
1980:
1978:
1969:
1968:
1964:
1956:
1949:
1945:
1944:
1940:
1930:
1929:
1925:
1917:
1910:
1906:
1905:
1901:
1894:
1872:
1868:
1859:
1857:
1856:on May 18, 2006
1853:
1846:
1842:
1841:
1837:
1828:
1826:
1822:
1815:
1809:
1805:
1796:
1794:
1793:on May 18, 2006
1790:
1783:
1777:
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1762:
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1400:
1391:
1390:
1386:
1377:
1375:
1374:. April 1, 2005
1367:
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1308:
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1152:
1150:
1138:
1129:
1120:
1118:
1110:
1109:
1102:
1098:
1093:
1034:
1008:. Among them a
994:
992:
990:3 October 2018
987:
977:@officialmcafee
958:
949:
937:
877:
860:
722:
706:Multi-Frequency
667:
639:
633:
621:
527:
517:In the US, the
515:
479:
463:
340:multilateration
260:
248:
240:
189:
165:
156:
133:
117:
108:
92:
87:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2701:
2691:
2690:
2685:
2683:Geopositioning
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2520:
2510:
2498:
2485:
2482:
2481:
2479:
2478:
2472:
2464:
2456:
2440:
2439: (Brazil)
2434:
2426:
2418:
2410:
2404:
2396:
2384:
2376:
2364:
2358:
2352:
2346:
2339:
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2254:
2242:
2237:
2230:
2229:External links
2227:
2225:
2224:
2197:
2172:
2147:
2140:) – via
2124:
2099:
2071:
2041:
2012:
1987:
1962:
1959:on 2012-09-14.
1938:
1923:
1920:on 2005-01-23.
1899:
1892:
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988:
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978:
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936:
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892:
891:
888:
876:
873:
859:
856:
848:
847:
844:
840:
837:
834:
831:
746:access network
721:
718:
666:
663:
635:Main article:
632:
629:
620:
617:
566:
565:
564:
563:
551:
547:E911 Phase 2:
545:
542:
526:
523:
514:
511:
507:Cayman Islands
478:
475:
462:
459:
432:
431:
428:
425:
422:
359:
358:
351:fingerprinting
347:
329:
259:
256:
247:
244:
239:
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195:The 911 system
188:
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2:
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2449:
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2441:
2438:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2409: (China)
2408:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2382:(New Zealand)
2381:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2363: (India)
2362:
2359:
2356:
2353:
2351: (India)
2350:
2347:
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2255:
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2238:
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2232:
2214:
2213:
2208:
2201:
2186:
2182:
2176:
2161:
2160:The Daily Dot
2157:
2151:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2128:
2113:
2109:
2103:
2088:
2081:
2075:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2045:
2031:on 2020-02-29
2030:
2026:
2022:
2016:
2002:
1998:
1991:
1976:
1972:
1966:
1955:
1948:
1942:
1933:
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1895:
1893:9780262140911
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2216:. Retrieved
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2189:. Retrieved
2187:. 2018-10-05
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1316:. 2005-10-24
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1199:. 2011-02-11
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1176:. Retrieved
1174:. 2011-02-14
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1119:. Retrieved
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1069:Northern 911
1054:GPS tracking
1006:social media
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2452:Philippines
1079:Text-to-911
1014:John McAfee
965:John McAfee
793:geolocation
778:Jeff Pulver
770:Greg Abbott
766:VoIP phones
513:The 911 Act
467:911 address
461:911 address
227:ALI Failure
121:cell towers
2657:Categories
2218:2021-11-13
2212:Snopes.com
2191:2021-11-13
2166:2021-11-13
2118:2021-10-25
2093:2020-02-29
2064:14 January
2035:2020-02-29
2006:2020-02-29
1981:2020-02-29
1860:2010-11-18
1829:2010-11-18
1797:2010-11-18
1765:2010-11-18
1743:2010-11-18
1717:2010-11-18
1686:2010-11-18
1657:2010-11-18
1636:2010-11-18
1593:2010-11-18
1568:2010-11-18
1529:2019-08-27
1500:2010-11-18
1478:2010-11-17
1449:2010-11-18
1428:2018-10-05
1403:2010-11-18
1378:2010-11-18
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1320:2018-10-05
1283:2013-01-11
1227:2018-10-08
1203:2018-10-08
1178:2018-10-08
1153:2018-10-08
1121:2018-10-05
1096:References
1016:that went
1004:spread on
401:Sprint PCS
264:cell phone
231:trunk line
2668:N11 codes
2580:N11 codes
1468:GPS World
1399:. FCC.gov
1116:Bandwidth
657:center's
619:In Canada
559:longitude
529:The U.S.
465:The term
355:multipath
326:intersect
278:from the
271:devices.
208:Bandwidth
2528:Category
2248:Archived
2025:Spreaker
1032:See also
782:AT&T
655:dispatch
647:exchange
555:latitude
419:wireless
375:T-Mobile
305:between
2142:Twitter
2087:fcc.gov
600:waivers
493:in the
487:Chicago
477:History
315:handset
234:entry.
75:medical
42:(where
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1026:Snopes
941:R319.1
899:(TRS).
819:IP-PBX
806:Vonage
589:towers
562:2008).
503:Mexico
501:, and
499:Canada
393:Alltel
367:better
338:using
311:caller
67:police
2138:Tweet
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1422:WIRED
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1044:eCall
1018:viral
1010:tweet
297:uses
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24:E-911
2475:1122
2372:Iran
2066:2022
1888:ISBN
740:The
710:ISUP
557:and
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449:The
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