Ensoulment - Knowledge

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is fertilized, a new life is begun which is neither that of the father nor of the mother; it is rather the life of a new human being with his own growth. It would never be made human if it were not human already. To this perpetual evidence ... modern genetic science brings valuable confirmation. It has demonstrated that, from the first instant, the programme is fixed as to what this living being will be: a man, this individual-man with his characteristic aspects already well determined. Right from fertilization is begun the adventure of a human life, and each of its great capacities requires time ... to find its place and to be in a position to act". This teaching remains valid and is further confirmed, if confirmation were needed, by recent findings of human biological science which recognize that in the zygote resulting from fertilization the biological identity of a new human individual is already constituted. Certainly no experimental datum can be in itself sufficient to bring us to the recognition of a spiritual soul; nevertheless, the conclusions of science regarding the human embryo provide a valuable indication for discerning by the use of reason a personal presence at the moment of this first appearance of a human life: how could a human individual not be a human person? The Magisterium has not expressly committed itself to an affirmation of a philosophical nature, but it constantly reaffirms the moral condemnation of any kind of procured abortion. This teaching has not been changed and is unchangeable.

1470:(1988). The book investigates the theoretical, moral, and biological issues surrounding the debate over the beginning of human life. Following a detailed analysis of the history of the question, Reverend Ford argues that a human individual could not begin before definitive individuation about two weeks after fertilization. This, he argues, is when it becomes finally known whether one or more human individuals are to form from a single egg. Thus, he questions the idea that the fertilized egg itself could be regarded as the beginning of the development of the human individual. Ford also differs sharply, however, from those who would delay the beginning of the human person until the brain is formed, or until birth or the onset of conscious states. 1272:, meaning soul or person, to a fetus still in the womb. The latter half of the Second Temple period saw increasing acceptance of the idea of the soul as joining the body at birth and leaving it again at death. One Jewish view put ensoulment even later than birth, saying that it occurs when the child first answers "Amen". The rabbis in fact formulated no fully developed theory of the timing or nature of ensoulment. It has been suggested that the reason why they were not more concerned about the exact moment of ensoulment is that Judaism does not believe in strict separation of soul and body. 672:, the Catholic Church declares that "since the first century the Church has affirmed the moral evil of every procured abortion. This teaching has not changed and remains unchangeable. Direct abortion, that is to say, abortion willed either as an end or a means, is gravely contrary to the moral law." Even when the prevailing scientific theory considered that early abortion was the killing of what was not yet a human being, the condemnation of abortion at any stage was sometimes expressed in the form of making it equivalent to homicide. Accordingly, the 1907 article on abortion in the 723:"must be treated from conception as a person." In 2008, this teaching was confirmed in the authoritative Instruction Dignitas Personae, stating "The dignity of a person must be recognized in every human being from conception to natural death." It stated that "Although the presence of the spiritual soul cannot be observed experimentally, the conclusions of science regarding the human embryo give "a valuable indication for discerning by the use of reason a personal presence at the moment of the first appearance of a human life: how could a human individual not be a human person?” 1459:, published in 1982 states, in part: “The early embryo (up to eight cells) does have genetic individuality, but a multicellular individual is still not present. Two early embryos can be fused into one and one early embryo can divide into twins. Each cell behaves as if it is significantly independent of the other cells. Since persons, as usually defined, are multicellular individuals, it is difficult to maintain scientifically that a person has come into existence before the eight-cell stage. At least in a developmental sense, the early embryo is pre-individual.” 56: 746: 22: 1064: 422: 3414: 1484:. The entire collection, including the outer layer, still falls under the rubric of ‘embryo'…but it is only the cells of the ICM whose descendants will form a fetus and then an infant. Are the cells of the trophectoderm, which are synchronically unified with the cells of the ICM at this time as an embryo, also unified as part of a single human being via the soul? ... If not, then the 316: 1946: 1385:

finished", certainly not in the first trimester. The physical body is a biological growth undergoing constant reflexive testing and trial runs as it grows into a physiology capable of housing human consciousness. But the flexibility of Hinduism allows for destruction of embryos to save a human life, or embryonic stem cell research to benefit humankind using surplus

413:. Religious beliefs that human life has an innate sacredness to it have motivated many statements by spiritual leaders of various traditions over the years; however, the three matters are not exactly parallel, given that various figures have argued that some kind of life without a soul, in various contexts, still has a moral worth that must be considered. 1326:...We created you from dust, then from a drop of fluid (nutfah), then a clinging form ('alaqah), then a lump of flesh (mudghah), both shaped and unshaped: We mean to make Our power clear to you. Whatever We choose We cause to remain in the womb for an appointed time, then We bring you forth as infants and then you grow and reach maturity. ... (22:5) 568:, states (Part I, question 118, article 2 ad 2)"...that the intellectual soul is created by God at the end of human generation". Although Jesus may have been exceptional, Aquinas did believe that the embryo first possessed a vegetative soul, later acquired sensitive (animal) soul, and after 40 days of development, God gave humans a rational soul. 546:

formed fœtus possessed a human soul. While Augustine speculated whether "animation" might be present prior to formation, he determined that abortion could only be defined as homicide once formation had occurred. Nevertheless, in common with all early Christian thought, Augustine condemned abortion from conception onward.

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This Congregation is aware of the current debates concerning the beginning of human life, concerning the individuality of the human being and concerning the identity of the human person. The Congregation recalls the teachings found in the Declaration on Procured Abortion: "From the time that the ovum

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The woman who has deliberately destroyed is subject to the penalty for murder. And among us there is no fine distinction between a completely formed and unformed . ... Yet, it is not necessary to extend this penitence until their death, but one should accept a period of ten years' . Moreover, their

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We created man from an essence of clay, then We placed him as a drop of fluid (nutfah) in a safe place, then We made that drop into a clinging form (alaqah), and We made that form into a lump of flesh (mudghah), and We made that lump into bones (idhaam), and We clothed those bones with flesh (lahm),

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rom the moment of its conception life must be guarded with the greatest care. ... With regard to the embryo in the mother's womb, science itself highlights its autonomy, its capacity for interaction with the mother, the coordination of biological processes, the continuity of development, the growing

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determined for the whole Church that anyone who procured abortion should bear all the punishments inflicted on murderers. In all these teachings and enactments no distinction is made between the earlier and the later stages of gestation. For, though the opinion of Aristotle, or similar speculations,

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view of successive life principles ("souls") in a developing human embryo—first a vegetative and then a sensitive or animal soul, and finally an intellective or human soul, with the higher levels able to carry out the functions also of the lower levels—was the prevailing view among early Christians,

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in the third century, Christianity had absorbed the Pythagorean Greek view that the soul was infused at the moment of conception. Though this view was confirmed by St. Gregory of Nyssa a century later, it would not be long before it would be rejected in favour of the Septuagintal notion that only a

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Most schools of thought, traditional and modern, make allowances for circumstances threatening the health or life of the mother. In 2003, Shia scholars in Iran approved therapeutic abortion before 16 weeks of gestation under limited circumstances, including medical conditions related to fetal and

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30b have been interpreted as implying that ensoulment may occur only after forty days of gestation. The Talmud passages, whether speaking of ensoulment at conception or only after forty days, place the views of the rabbis within Greco-Roman culture, whose ideas the rabbis then linked with texts of

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of a vegetable, then of an animal, and only later became "animated" with a human soul by "ensoulment". For him, ensoulment occurred 40 days after conception for male fetuses and 90 days after conception for female fetuses, the stage at which, it was held, movement is first felt within the womb and

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makes no distinction as regards excommunication between stages of pregnancy at which abortion is performed. In spite of the difference in ecclesiastical penalties imposed during the period when the theory of delayed ensoulment was accepted as scientific truth, abortion at any stage is currently

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that happens at conception. But many scriptural references such as the Charaka Samhita, Ayurveda's most authoritative treatise on perfect health and longevity, states the soul does not become attached to the body until the 7th month "the occupant doesn't move into the house until the house is

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teaches that ensoulment occurs at conception. Resolution 7, which was adopted by the Southern Baptist Convention in 1999, declared that "The Bible teaches that human beings are made in the image and likeness of God (Genesis 1:27, 9:6) and protectable human life begins at fertilization."

579:, which subjected those that carried out abortions at any stage of gestation with automatic excommunication and the punishment by civil authorities applied to murderers. Three years later after finding that the results had not been as positive as was hoped, his successor 1361:"Verily, the creation of one of you is brought together in the mother’s womb for forty days in the form of a drop (nutfah), then he becomes a clot ('alaqah) for a like period, then a lump for a like period, then there is sent an angel who blows the soul into him." 1126:

The most recent source on ensoulment is the 2008 Instruction Dignitas Personae, which confirmed that the human being is a human person from their conception, and that there is no compelling philosophical argument to deny ensoulment from conception.

525:(LXX) translation of the Hebrew text, a pre-Christian translation that the early Christians used, introduced a distinction between a formed and an unformed fœtus and treated destruction of the former as murder. It has been commented that "the 562:(1224–1274) adapted largely to his views and because they believed that the early embryo did not have a human soul, they did not necessarily see early abortion as murder, although they condemned it nonetheless. Aquinas, in his main work, the 647:

claimed to have always been condemned by the Church and continues to be so. However, in its official declarations, the Catholic Church avoids taking a philosophical position on the question of the moment when a human person begins to be:

1452:, notes that "Many contemporary Aristotelians believe that a human being is present from the moment of conception. At the same time, certain findings in modern embryology about the formation of identical twins challenge this belief.” 711:

regarding the time when the rational soul is infused into the embryo, were practically accepted for many centuries still it was always held by the Church that he who destroyed what was to be a man was guilty of destroying a human life.

514:. According to David Albert Jones, this distinction appeared among Christian writers only in the late fourth and early fifth century, while the earlier writers made no distinction between formed and unformed, a distinction that Saint 1334:

madhhab holds "that the fetus is ensouled at the moment of conception" and thus "most Malikis do not permit abortion at any point, seeing God's hand as actively forming the fetus at every stage of development." In this view,

398:; or when the child takes the first breath after being born; at the formation of the nervous system and brain; at the first detectable sign of brain activity; or when the fetus is able to survive independently of the uterus ( 2767: 1268:

Scripture and endowed with theological significance. The view of ensoulment at conception harmonizes with general lore among rabbis about conscious activity before birth. However, most of them did not apply the word

461:, which finds both that an organism begins with an inherited genetic code and that embryonic stem cells can develop epigenetically into a variety of cell types, may be seen as supporting a balance between the views. 488:

From the 12th century, when the West first came to know more of Aristotle than his works on logic, medieval declarations by Popes and theologians on ensoulment were based on the Aristotelian hypothesis. Aristotle's

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madhab places the point of ensoulment at 120 days after conception and a minority opinion teaches that it occurs at 40 days. In the latter view, abortion after 40 or 120 days is considered to be a greater sin.

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could easily have been used to distinguish human from non-human fœtuses and homicidal from non-homicidal abortions, yet the early Christians, until the time of Augustine in the fifth century, did not do so."

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While the Church has always condemned abortion, changing beliefs about the moment the embryo gains a human soul have led their stated reasons for such condemnation and the classification of abortion within

2369:, which describes abortion as "the deliberate and direct killing, by whatever means it is carried out, of a human being in the initial phase of his or her existence, extending from conception to birth" ( 2403: 626:

35. It seems probable that the fetus (as long as it is in the uterus) lacks a rational soul and begins to first have one when it is born and consequently it must be said that no abortion is homicide.

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complexity of the organism. It is not an accumulation of biological material but rather of a new living being, dynamic and marvelously ordered, a new individual of the human species. This is what

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Thus, the termination of a pregnancy, even at the earliest possible stage, without medical justification is not allowed (even for social or economic reasons), as stated in the Glorious Qur’an:

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rescinded Gregory XIV's not-yet-animated fetus exception and re-enacted the penalty of excommunication for abortions at any stage of pregnancy, which even before that were never seen as merely

698:, appealed to their laws as forbidding all manner of murder, even that of children in the womb. The Fathers of the Church unanimously maintained the same doctrine. In the fourth century the 617:(propositions of lax moralists) as "at least scandalous and in practice dangerous". He forbade anyone to teach them under penalty of excommunication. The condemned propositions included: 2356:

This document cites many early Christian writers who condemn all forms of abortion. Some of the writers say that a human being begins at conception, thus excluding delayed ensoulment.

1160:. Even scientific and philosophical discussions about the precise moment of the infusion of the spiritual soul have never given rise to any hesitation about the moral condemnation of 467:

maintained that the living animal soul was received only at birth, through contact with the outer air, and was transformed into a rational soul only at fourteen years of age.

346: 1218:, which state that the canonical punishment for abortion is the same as for murder, regardless of the development of the embryo (Basil's Canon 2). See also Basil's letter to 1234:

discusses the time of ensoulment, but considers the question unanswerable and irrelevant to the abortion question. In recounting a purported conversation in which the rabbi

453:, which is "the theory that the germ is brought into existence (by successive accretions), and not merely developed, in the process of reproduction", in contrast to the 437:(384 – 322 BC) held that only male semen gave rise to an embryo, while the female only provided a place for the embryo to develop, (a concept he acquired from the 1092: 2304:"In the Middle Ages, while the reception of his (Aristotle's) works was a great boon to philosophy, the influence of his scientific works was damaging to science" ( 1433:

dated October 9, 1947 (Lights of Guidance # 1699), it is stated: "The soul or spirit of the individual comes into being with the conception of his physical body."

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or other being gains a soul. Some belief systems maintain that a soul is newly created within a developing child; others, especially in religions that believe in

732: 784: 2396: 1039: 2563: 2122: 3245: 2524: 2494: 2461: 339: 287: 1348:“...do not Kill your children for fear of want: We shall provide sustenance for them as well as for you. Verily the killing of them is a great sin.” . 2821: 1256:

of the Talmud mentions two views on the question. In a variant reading the rabbi's first statement was that the soul entered the body only at birth.

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says "Consider, for example, what happens at around five days after fertilization, when certain cells separate off from the ICM (the embryo’s

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The generally accepted belief is that abortion is forbidden at any stage of a pregnancy on the basis of the following verses from the Qur’an.

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explicitly rejected. While the Hebrew text of the Bible only required a fine for the loss of a fœtus, whatever its stage of development, the

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The early Christians are the first on record as having pronounced abortion to be the murder of human beings, for their public apologists,

292: 3391:"Whose Life? Whose Liberty? Whose Happiness?: A Review of The Morality of Abortion: Legal and Historical Perspectives by John T. Noonan" 2782: 1488:

object to be ensouled is not the embryo but the ICM. But the ICM does not come into existence until around five days post-conception.”

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Reproductive Health Behavior and Decision-making of Muslim Women: An Ethnographic Study in a Low-income Community in Urban North India

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should be refused all the rest of her life, even on her deathbed, to an adulteress who had procured the abortion of her child. The

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saw the origin of the soul (considered to consist of only a small number of atoms even in adults) as simultaneous with conception.

1916: 390:, it was widely believed that the human soul entered the forming body at 40 days (male embryos) or 90 days (female embryos), and 1210:

who, either Traducianist or Creationist, believe that the embryo possesses a soul from conception. For example, they accept the

2641:"The First Canonical Epistle of Our Holy Father Basil, Archbishop of Caesarea in Cappadocia to Amphilochius, Bishop of Iconium" 118: 2052: 694:(Eschbach, "Disp. Phys.", Disp. iii), to refute the slander that a child was slain, and its flesh eaten, by the guests at the 3469: 3380: 2877: 2832: 2793: 2741: 2714: 2620: 2595: 2235: 2212: 2027: 2004: 1860: 1817: 1794: 1694: 1586: 1546: 810: 754: 302: 621:

34. It is lawful to procure abortion before ensoulment of the fetus lest a girl, detected as pregnant, be killed or defamed.

457:, which asserts the "supposed existence of all the parts of an organism in rudimentary form in the egg or the seed;" modern 1942: 1652: 2729: 1312: — and they have their own views on ensoulment, with differing implications. Two passages in the Qur'an describe the 2292: 1449: 887: 3001: 978: 3246:

https://www.google.com/books/edition/When_Did_I_Begin/VKq7xWqr8g0C?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PR9&printsec=frontcover

3029:"Therapeutic abortion in Islam: contemporary views of Muslim Shiite scholars and effect of recent Iranian legislation" 2656:

Canon II. Let her that procures abortion undergo ten years' penance, whether the embryo were perfectly formed, or not.

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The view of early Christians on the moment of ensoulment is also said to have been not the Aristotelian, but the

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was an indication of the presence of a soul. Other religious views are that ensoulment happens at the moment of

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restoration (therapeian) should be determined not by time, but by the manner of their repentance (metanoias).

1686: 1497: 45: 3114: 2462:"Instruction Dignitas Personae on Certain Bioethical Questions, Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith" 1157: 897: 762: 257: 1413:

or abstinence from sex can be done as a way to avoid releasing and killing sperm cells in order to follow

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Catholic Moral Tradition: "In Christ, a New Creation", David Bohr, Our Sunday Visitor Publishing, 1999,

433:(c.460 – c.370 BC) believed that the embryo was the product of male semen and a female factor. But 3325: 3225: 2952:"Controversies and considerations regarding the termination of pregnancy for Foetal Anomalies in Islam" 1687:

Norman M. Ford, When Did I Begin? Conception of the Human Individual in History, Philosophy and Science

1560:"BBC – Religion & Ethics – When is the foetus 'alive'?: The stages of foetal development" 854: 232: 37: 2753: 169: 3444: 1034: 921: 588: 410: 272: 2844: 1366:

Hadith #4, Imam al-Nawawī’s Forty Hadith, Ibn Hajar al-Haytamī, al-Fath al-mubīn bi sharh al-arba'īn

3459: 3439: 2370: 941: 707: 282: 247: 217: 203: 2640: 2105: 1342:“...And do not kill the soul which God has forbidden except for the requirements of justice..." . 395: 3464: 3140: 2768:

John D. Loike and Rabbi Moshe Tendler, "Halachic Challenges Emerging From Stem Cell Research" in

2385: 1417:(non-violence). This practice is unrelated to the broader practice of celibacy in Jainism called 1247: 1219: 1195: 1152:

Throughout Christianity's two thousand year history, this same doctrine of condemning all direct

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Stem cells, human embryos and ethics: interdisciplinary perspectives: Lars Østnor, Springer 2008

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By Paul A. B. Clarke, Andrew Linzey. Routledge, 2013. First published 1996. ISBN 9781136120923.

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that it must enter the body at conception, and considered the emperor's view to be supported by

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Theologians' brief submitted to the House of Lords Select Committee on Stem Cell Research.

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Noonan, John T. (1970). "An Almost Absolute Value in History". In Noonan, John T. (ed.).

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and later We made him into other forms—glory be to God, the best of creators! (23:12–14)

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When did I begin? Conception of the human individual in history, philosophy and science

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When Did I Begin? Conception of the human individual in history, philosophy and science

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David Feldman, "Jewish Views on Abortion" in Steven Bayme, Gladys Rosen (editors),

2274: 2174: 2089: 2046: 2042: 2039: 1729: 1603: 1595: 1582:"Restarting life: fertilization and the transition from meiosis to mitosis (Box 1)" 1287: 1235: 1144: 968: 963: 948: 844: 797: 600: 584: 580: 564: 3338: 791: 3316: 3219: 2851: 2611:

Gilbert, Scott F.; Gilbert, Scott; Tyler, Anna L.; Zackin, Emily (24 June 2005).

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Abortion in the Catholic Church § Recent statements of the Church's position

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has been constantly taught by the Fathers of the Church and by her Pastors and

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publicly condemned sixty-five propositions taken chiefly from the writings of

3433: 3260:(15 November 1982). "Letter to the Editor re Early embryo not yet a person". 3183: 2443: 1381: 804: 604: 572: 380: 376: 3044: 2968: 2521:"Celebration of First Vespers of the First Sunday of Advent for unborn life" 1230:

Jewish views on ensoulment have varied. Rabbi David Feldman states that the

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Johnstone, Brian V. (March 2005). "Early Abortion: Venial or Mortal Sin?".

2188: 1617: 1418: 1199: 1049: 468: 1242:) comes into the body when the embryo is already formed, was convinced by 745: 3285: 1961:

When Children Became People: the birth of childhood in early Christianity

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Collection of quotations from Christian writers of first four centuries

3304:(under 'Presidents') 1991-1992 The Revd Dr Norman M Ford sdb (Catholic) 2672: 2179: 1386: 1139: 687: 669: 639: 542: 526: 522: 495: 458: 441: 399: 391: 164: 128: 2917: 1707: 3424: 3271: 3267: 3257: 2346: 1456: 779: 596: 555: 499: 434: 387: 184: 159: 21: 1599: 583:

limited the excommunication to abortion of a formed fœtus. In 1679,

421: 371:-- earliest ascertainable word use: 1605) is the moment at which a 2673:"The Ancient Church and Abortion: The Witness of Basil of Caesarea" 1485: 1410: 1397:

Although beliefs vary for different individuals, some followers of

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For a criticism of arguments for "delayed hominization," see also

554:'s (1126–1198) work, beginning in the 12th century, the legacy of 3413: 3262: 2845:

New South Wales Board of Jewish Education, "Judaism and the Body"

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Encyclopedia of Christian Theology, "Aristotelianism, Christian"

2891: 2889: 2420:"Catechism of the Catholic Church – The fifth commandment" 1353: 1331: 1309: 1297: 1231: 503: 189: 91: 75: 70: 3079:

Insistent Life: Principles for Bioethics in the Jain Tradition

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Hedayat, K M; Shooshtarizadeh, P; Raza, M (1 November 2006).

2078:"Aquinas on Human Ensoulment, Abortion and the Value of Life" 1406: 1115: 372: 194: 138: 102: 85: 3075: 2886: 445: 368: 3026: 558:

was recovered in the West. Christian philosophers such as

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and enters the body at a particular stage of development.

2610: 2606: 2604: 444:). Aristotle believed a fetus in early gestation has the 2896:

Albar, Mohammed (2011). "Commentary from Saudi Arabia".

1466:, Melbourne, Australia in 1991-1992. He wrote the book 1122:'s womb; this is what we all were in our mother's womb. 3166:"The Mathematics (and Metaphysics) of Identical Twins" 2601: 1689:(Cambridge & New York, Cambridge University Press 2950:

Al-Matary, Abdulrahman; Ali, Jaffar (December 2014).

2485: 2161:"The status of the human embryo in various religions" 1760:

Jane Maienschein. "Epigenesis and Preformationism".

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Some Hindus believe that personhood begins with the

506:. Lars Østnor says this view was only "presaged" by 1938: 1936: 1930:

that the fetus is an animal before becoming a man."

1448:Richard Charles Playford of Institute of Theology, 475:also considered ensoulment to occur at conception. 2142:Applied Ethics: A Sourcebook, chapter 5: Abortion 3076:Brianne Donaldson; Ana Bajželj (17 August 2021). 2554: 2515: 2401:of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith 2204:Lost Girls: Sex and Death in Renaissance Florence 1676:Aristotle, History of Animals, book VII, part III 405:The concept is closely related to debates on the 3431: 2045:. Aquinas's fullest treatment of this is in his 1933: 2017:Paul T. Stallsworth, Ruth S. Brown (editors), 1011:A Catholic Statement on Pluralism and Abortion 2635: 1523:, by Lisa Sowle Cahill and Margaret A. Farley 1086: 510:, who belongs to a period later than that of 340: 2949: 2824:The Oxford Dictionary of the Jewish Religion 2732:in Shraga Blazer, Etan Z. Zimmer (editors), 2725: 2723: 2154: 2152: 2150: 1975: 1973: 1971: 1969: 1759: 1750:For a discussion of the differences between 1531: 1529: 1514: 1512: 3159: 3157: 2804: 2802: 2386:T.L. Frazier, The Early Church and Abortion 1648: 1646: 1644: 1642: 1552: 3321:"Embryos, Souls, and the Fourth Dimension" 3286:"History of Melbourne College of Divinity" 2699: 2697: 2072: 1943:Dictionary of ethics, theology and society 1579: 1093: 1079: 603:casuists who had been heavily attacked by 347: 333: 3388: 3315: 3191: 3052: 2977: 2967: 2937:Renovatio, The Journal of Zaytuna College 2822:Adele Berlin, Maxine Grossman (editors), 2720: 2264: 2178: 2147: 1989: 1987: 1966: 1607: 1526: 1509: 1462:Norman Michael Ford was President of the 483: 3163: 3154: 3138: 2863: 2861: 2859: 2799: 2730:Avraham Steinberg, "Jewish Perspectives" 2158: 1956: 1954: 1845: 1843: 1841: 1639: 420: 20: 3213: 3211: 3002:"When is Having an Abortion Permitted?" 2933:"When Does a Human Fetus Become Human?" 2788:(University of Pennsylvania Press 2009 2706:The Jewish Family and Jewish Continuity 2694: 2033: 1886:Science and Technology in World History 3432: 3362: 2667: 1984: 1835:(University of Minnesota 1954), p. 201 1624: 1573: 1259:Other passages in the Talmud, such as 449:pregnancy was certain. This is called 2930: 2895: 2867: 2856: 2456: 2454: 2207:(Johns Hopkins University Press 2010 1951: 1889:(Johns Hopkins University Press 2006 1884:James Edward McClellan, Harold Dorn, 1838: 1789:(University of California Press 2001 1630: 1587:Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology 1441:Examining questions of ensoulment of 1409:prior to conception, thus practicing 3455:Theories in ancient Greek philosophy 3256: 3217: 3208: 2308:Essays on the Aristotelian Tradition 1445:gives rise to certain complexities. 1189: 849: 2872:. LIT Verlag Münster. p. 199. 2587:At the Roots of Christian Bioethics 1763:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 1401:hold the belief that souls (called 1198:while not having dogmatised either 1138:wrote about ensoulment in his 1995 785:Eucharist denial or excommunication 13: 3356: 3139:Playford, Richard Charles (2022). 3115:"Lights of Guidance (second part)" 2548: 2451: 1520:Embodiment, morality, and medicine 1436: 979:Center for Family and Human Rights 656:Citing the possibly first-century 615:propositiones laxorum moralistarum 550:Through the Latin translations of 14: 3486: 3406: 3164:Playford, Richard (August 2020). 1999:(Cambridge University Press 2002 1541:(Cambridge University Press 2002 1429:In a letter written on behalf of 893:2009 Brazilian girl abortion case 737:Eunuchs for the Kingdom of Heaven 416: 367:meaning to endow or imbue with a 16:The time the soul enters the body 3412: 3373:10.4159/harvard.9780674183032.c2 2613:Bioethics and the New Embryology 2590:(M & M Scrivener Press 2010 2329:The Aristotelian Tradition, p. 3 1062: 984:National Right to Life Committee 888:Margaret McBride excommunication 744: 717:Catechism of the Catholic Church 314: 54: 3309: 3278: 3250: 3132: 3107: 3069: 3020: 2994: 2943: 2924: 2838: 2815: 2776: 2770:Jewish Political Studies Review 2761: 2747: 2661: 2629: 2578: 2509: 2479: 2437: 2412: 2390: 2379: 2359: 2340: 2322: 2298: 2241: 2230:(Cornell University Press 2000 2218: 2195: 2135: 2112: 2066: 2010: 1923:that "Aristotle teaches in the 1900: 1877: 1866: 1823: 1800: 1777: 1744: 1722: 1700: 1424: 478: 3242:Mary Warnock, Baroness Warnock 3084:University of California Press 2827:(Oxford University Press 2011 2585:Ana S. Iltis, Mark J. Cherry, 2311:(Oxford University Press 2000 1855:(Continuum International 2004 1812:(Oxford University Press 2005 1680: 1669: 1658: 1214:, which contain the canons of 726: 664:of about the same period, the 1: 3339:10.5840/soctheorpract20053112 1503: 1498:Beginning of human personhood 1464:Melbourne College of Divinity 1443:identical (monozygotic) twins 3470:Catholic Church and abortion 2061:Reply to the Ninth Objection 1655:By Helga Kuhse, Peter Singer 1450:St Mary’s University, London 898:Death of Savita Halappanavar 359:In religion and philosophy, 258:Developmental stage theories 119:Emerging and early adulthood 7: 2444:Catholic Encyclopedia, see 2267:Irish Theological Quarterly 1832:Epicurus and His Philosophy 1730:"Oxford English Dictionary" 1708:"Oxford English Dictionary" 1491: 1375: 1183:Southern Baptist Convention 1176: 1173:codes to change over time. 379:, believe that the soul is 27:human embryonic development 10: 3491: 3389:Pilarczyk, Daniel (1971). 3326:Social Theory and Practice 3226:Cambridge University Press 2279:10.1177/002114000507000104 1392: 1296:schools of thought — 1288:Pre-existence § Islam 1285: 1279: 1225: 1069:Catholic Church portal 730: 204:Development and psychology 3218:Ford, Norman M. (1989) . 3033:Journal of Medical Ethics 2868:Weigl, Constanze (2010). 2615:. Macmillan. p. 39. 2406:October 27, 2009, at the 2131:Fr. Benedict Ashley, O.P. 2094:10.1017/s0031819103000275 2019:The Church & Abortion 1830:Norman Wentworth DeWitt, 1580:Clift D, Schuh M (2013). 1457:Edwin Carlyle "Carl" Wood 1204:Creationism (of the soul) 411:morality of contraception 3365:The Morality of Abortion 3184:10.1177/0024363920920396 2291:An excerpt can be found 1926:De generatione animalium 1653:A companion to bioethics 1389:from fertility clinics. 1275: 708:Sixth Ecumenical Council 541:As early as the time of 283:Psychosexual development 3045:10.1136/jme.2005.015289 2969:10.1186/1472-6939-15-10 2645:Orthodox Church Fathers 2493:. n. 51. Archived from 2144:, by James Fieser, 2010 2076:; Lee, Patrick (2003). 1220:Amphilochius of Iconium 765:and the Catholic Church 3417:Quotations related to 3291:University of Divinity 2898:Asian Bioethics Review 2227:Is the Fetus a Person? 2225:Jean Reith Schroedel, 1852:The Soul of the Embryo 1756:theory of preformation 1665:ReligiousTolerance.org 1369: 1350: 1328: 1323: 1166: 1124: 713: 654: 628: 548: 484:Historical development 455:theory of preformation 429:Among Greek scholars, 426: 30: 25:The initial stages of 3450:Christian terminology 3171:The Linacre Quarterly 2931:Yusuf, Hamza (2018). 2669:Haykin, Michael A. G. 2543:see the pictures here 2487:Roman Catholic Church 2365:The 2008 declaration 2022:(Abingdon Press 1993 1914:, lib. 2 cap. 88 n. 3 1912:Summa Contra Gentiles 1549:), p. 42, footnote 38 1359: 1337: 1324: 1318: 1238:, who said the soul ( 1150: 1111: 1105:On 27 November 2010, 1035:Other Christian views 835:Consistent life ethic 680: 675:Catholic Encyclopedia 649: 619: 539: 424: 321:Psychology portal 223:Nature versus nurture 147:Biological milestones 24: 3395:Kentucky Law Journal 3240:Foreword written by 2677:Speak for the Unborn 2562:. 61. Archived from 2539:Watch the video here 2519:(27 November 2010). 1850:David Albert Jones, 1040:In the United States 1005:Catholics for Choice 974:American Life League 883:Gianna Beretta Molla 666:Epistle to Diognetus 407:morality of abortion 175:Language acquisition 3317:Shoemaker, David W. 2810:Abortion in Judaism 2566:on 19 December 2010 2489:(7 December 1965). 2202:Nicholas Terpstra, 2108:on 27 January 2011. 2043:Iª q. 118 a. 2 ad 2 1996:Abortion in Judaism 1538:Abortion in Judaism 1405:) or life exist in 959:Knights of Columbus 773:Official opposition 700:Council of Eliberis 298:Cultural-historical 3141:"Curriculum Vitae" 2956:BMC Medical Ethics 2850:2012-03-18 at the 2772:21:3–4 (Fall 2009) 2560:"Evangelium Vitae" 2352:2009-07-08 at the 2334:2012-03-15 at the 2180:10.1242/dev.151886 2125:2011-09-27 at the 2055:2010-12-18 at the 1963:by Odd Magne Bakke 1919:2012-03-03 at the 1474:David W. Shoemaker 1282:Islam and abortion 662:Letter of Barnabas 610:Provincial Letters 512:early Christianity 427: 213:Pre- and perinatal 31: 3382:978-0-674-18303-2 3367:. pp. 1–59. 3119:bahai-library.com 2914:Project MUSE 2879:978-3-643-10770-1 2833:978-0-19-973004-9 2794:978-0-8122-4175-4 2785:Conceiving Israel 2742:978-3-8055-7802-8 2715:978-0-88125-495-2 2637:Basil of Caesarea 2622:978-0-7167-7345-0 2596:978-0-9764041-8-7 2558:(25 March 1995). 2556:Pope John Paul II 2517:Pope Benedict XVI 2491:"Gaudium et Spes" 2372:Dignitas personae 2367:Dignitas Personae 2236:978-0-8014-3707-6 2213:978-0-8018-9499-2 2173:(14): 2541–2543. 2159:Neaves W (2017). 2028:978-0-687-07852-3 2005:978-0-521-52166-6 1861:978-0-8264-6296-1 1818:978-0-19-925626-6 1795:978-0-520-22974-7 1695:978-0-521-42428-8 1547:978-0-521-52166-6 1372:maternal health. 1314:fetal development 1216:Basil of Caesarea 1190:Eastern Orthodoxy 1136:Pope John Paul II 1132:elective abortion 1107:Pope Benedict XVI 1103: 1102: 860:Indirect abortion 632:Apostolicae Sedis 630:In the 1869 Bull 516:Basil of Caesarea 425:Aristotelian Soul 357: 356: 3482: 3445:Christian ethics 3416: 3402: 3386: 3351: 3350: 3319:(January 2005). 3313: 3307: 3306: 3301: 3299: 3282: 3276: 3275: 3254: 3248: 3239: 3215: 3206: 3205: 3195: 3161: 3152: 3151: 3149: 3147: 3136: 3130: 3129: 3127: 3125: 3111: 3105: 3104: 3102: 3100: 3073: 3067: 3066: 3056: 3024: 3018: 3017: 3015: 3013: 3008:. 6 October 2011 2998: 2992: 2991: 2981: 2971: 2947: 2941: 2940: 2928: 2922: 2921: 2893: 2884: 2883: 2865: 2854: 2842: 2836: 2819: 2813: 2806: 2797: 2780: 2774: 2765: 2759: 2751: 2745: 2727: 2718: 2701: 2692: 2691: 2685: 2683: 2671:(27 July 2024). 2665: 2659: 2658: 2653: 2651: 2633: 2627: 2626: 2608: 2599: 2582: 2576: 2575: 2573: 2571: 2552: 2546: 2536: 2534: 2532: 2523:. 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