646:
124:
950:
Hippos, a related group with similar adaptations, are aggressive herbivores which can open their jaws up to 150 degrees and display enlarged canines in order to intimidate rivals. Male hippos engage in head-to-head "yawning" and jaw-wrestling contests, while females attack by approaching from the side and slamming their head into the opponent's body. The wide gape and low skulls of entelodonts would have assisted biting competitions, which are supported by fossil evidence. Large bite marks, including healed punctures, are common on skulls of various
American entelodonts. These wounds are concentrated above the sinuses, and are only found on adult specimens. One could easily draw comparisons between these bite marks and the wide range of
513:
2204:
597:
147:
421:
736:) can be diagnosed by the absence of a specific pair of mandibular tubercles. Generally, the posterior (rear) mandibular tubercles develop later in life than the anterior (front) pair, and none of the tubercles stop growing as the animal develops. The use of the anterior tubercles is unclear; one speculative idea suggests that they served as an attachment point for strong lip muscles in particularly herbivorous entelodonts. The posterior tubercles may provide a link to the
786:
695:, which extends from the zygomatic arch to the lower rear corner of the mandible, is a major component of the chewing apparatus in herbivorous artiodactyls. While other artiodactyls added torque to the muscle by raising the jaw joint, entelodonts instead expanded the rear of the jaw downwards, as a deep, curved flange. Moreover, the characteristic jugal flanges of entelodonts were covered with muscle scars on the inside, likely attachment points to strengthen the
1085:'s recognition of the artiodactyls as a natural group. The earliest sources considered entelodonts to be true pigs, but as further fossils were discovered, it became clear that they had a long evolutionary history separate from pigs. Regardless, entelodonts were universally accepted as examples of "primitive" artiodactyls, with unspecialized bunodont teeth in contrast with the strong adaptations for herbivory present in the more "advanced"
1271:
2218:
777:
is crushed and ground up by the molars, using a combination of orthal and transverse grinding. This same basic process is seen in modern pigs and peccaries, which have similar dentition. Individuals may have preferred one side of the jaw for chewing, as premolars and molars often show an asymmetrical distribution of wear between the left and right sides of the mouth.
580:, with very low and rounded cusps rather than shearing surfaces. Bunodont teeth are common in other omnivorous mammals, including pigs, bears, and humans. The upper molars have up to six cusps and a low crest (a precingulum) on the front edge of the crown. In all but the earliest entelodonts, the lower molars have only four main cusps. The front two cusps (the
757:) on the zygomatic arch, which would have restricted front-to-back (propalinal) jaw movement. Nevertheless, the structure of the mandibular condyle itself allowed for a wide range of movement, and the laterally bowed zygomatic arch provided some room for side-to-side (transverse) movement driven by the
880:
Entelodonts may have engaged in active predation, though the extent of this behavior is debated. Several species of modern pigs occasionally engage in predation, and even traditional herbivores like camels show dental wear consistent with scavenging. If they did engage in predation, entelodonts would
846:
In many entelodonts, the canine teeth acquire rounded wear surfaces at their tips, indicating regular use on hard material such as bones. Similar patterns of canine wear are observed in modern cats, which rely on strong bites administered through their canine teeth when killing prey. In some species
776:
Wear facets on entelodont teeth support three-part food processing. First, the incisors and canines bite in a strong orthal motion, grabbing and puncturing food. Then, the food is transferred back to the premolars, which breaks apart tough parts of the food with similar movements. Finally, the food
949:
The jaw structure and estimated musculature hold numerous lines of evidence indicating that entelodonts could open their mouths unusually wide. This trait may have been useful in hunting or feeding on carrion, but similar adaptations have also been linked to competitive behaviors in herbivores.
607:
The skeleton is fairly unspecialized in entelodonts. They retain typical artiodactyl skeletal traits such as a double-pulley ankle joint and paraxonic ("even toed") feet with weight split evenly between the two middle toes. They had four toes in total, with the middle two forming small, pointed
1119:
Many studies argued that entelodonts had close relations to living pigs, peccaries, and hippos. Various groups have been developed and named in reference to a pig-like anatomy, with names such as Suina (Gray, 1868) and
Suiformes (Jaeckel, 1911) being emplaced in varying contexts. A restricted
847:
the bases of the canines are scoured by smooth grooves, a trait consistent with abrasions from sediment-covered plant material such as roots. These grooves instead could have been produced by stripping long, fibrous vegetation, such as water-rich grape vines.
838:
The same adaptations useful for processing tough plant material would be equally useful for carrion and bones, which could have been major components of the diet for some entelodonts. Unlike pigs, the youngest juvenile entelodonts had a full set of 32
571:
and are circular in cross section, unlike most artiodactyls. In older individuals, the tip of the upper canine often heavily worn or even chipped off. Premolars are triangular when seen from the side, with a large and conical main
1155:
While entelodonts have long been classified as members of the Suina, Spaulding et al. have found them to be closer to whales and hippos than to pigs. Cladistic analysis of the position of whales in relation to artiodactyls and
999:
are almost certainly synonymous, though fossils belonging to the latter name are fragmentary and have been lost, while those of the former were likely described later. Nearly all historical and modern authors prefer to use
1096:
Some authors considered entelodonts to be too "primitive" for comparison to modern bunodont artiodactyls. In these studies, entelodonts were placed in "Palaeodonta", a group shared with various other extinct families.
863:. Few contemporary mammals approached entelodonts in the extent of adaptations consistent with scavenging. Fossils with large scrapes and puncture marks are found throughout entelodont-bearing sites in the American
765:. The low, unconstrained jaw joint and short coronoid process may correspond to long muscle fibers. This points to a hinge-like jaw suspension with a very wide gape, similar to some modern carnivorans such as
834:
to ferment and digest plant matter. They would have been opportunistic omnivores, capable of digesting a variety of plant and animal matter and moderating their food preferences based on seasonal ability.
983:. There is some debate over when Aymard's description was first published; though most authors assumed it was written in 1846, a citation within the article suggests that it was not published until 1848.
1089:. Various names were erected to encompass living and extinct bunodont-toothed and non-ruminant artiodactyls, such as "Omnivoria" (Owens, 1858), "Bunodontia" (Lydekker, 1883) and "Nonruminantia" (
445:
typically has one or two pairs of knob-like mandibular tubercles. These are not always diagnostic to specific taxa: often the size and presence of tubercles is variable within a single species.
769:(cats). Based on the shape of the mandibular condyle, the maximum gape possible based on the underlying bones (though not necessarily the widest gape possible in life) was about 109 degrees in
724:
The function of the mandibular tubercles is not certain, but they may also be related to jaw musculature. They are only clearly correlated with the size of the individual, though a few taxa (
753:
The jaw joint of entelodonts was likely more strongly connected than the loose jaws of most other artiodactyls. The mandibular condyle was convex and inserted into a strongly concave facet (
1035:, entelodont fossils continued to be discovered in Europe. Large entelodonts were also described from North America starting in 1850, though most new genera were eventually lumped into
632:(raised foot bones) were long and closely packed. The limb and hoof proportions are consistent with other hoofed animals that run well on open ground but are not built for high speed.
1043:. By the beginning of the 20th century, entelodont skeletal anatomy was well-understood from the quantity of fossils discovered by that point. In 1909, a massive complete skeleton of
1116:
was named to encompass
Entelodontidae and their supposed closest extinct relatives. In modern studies, Entelodontidae is generally considered the only family within Entelodontoidea.
670:(and thus higher torque) due to the coronoid process shifting forwards. The reinforced pterygoid, zygomatic, and postorbital areas would have supported the forces generated by the
645:
123:
1395:"The oldest representative of Entelodontoidea (Artiodactyla, Suiformes) from the Middle Eocene of Khaichin Ula II, Mongolia, and some evolutionary features of this superfamily"
962:
One possible function for the anterior tubercles is as a support for toughened skin, which would have acted as a buffer or display feature during competitive behavior.
396:
Entelodonts could get quite large, and in many cases are the largest mammals in their respective ecosystems. The largest entelodont known from a complete skeleton was
402:, a North American entelodont which could reach an estimated weight of 750 kg (1650 pounds), and a height up to 1.9 m (6.2 ft) tall at the shoulder.
975:
The earliest entelodont fossils to be named were described within a short time frame in the 1840s. The first entelodont species known from good fossils was
804:
artiodactyls, entelodonts lack specializations for chopping and shredding grass and other particularly fibrous plants. Instead, entelodonts were probably
1991:
1232:
800:
to an extent. Their teeth and jaw structure would have assisted processing of large and tough food items. Unlike the diverse and fully herbivorous
2308:
1971:, an Oligocene-Miocene entelodont (Mammalia: Artiodactyla) from North America. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 111(2):425-435
1102:
2058:"The Entelodontid Artiodactyl Fauna from the Eocene Ergilin Dzo Formation of Mongolia with Comments on Brachyhyops and the Khoer Dzan Locality"
1683:"Relationships of Cetacea (Artiodactyla) among mammals: increased taxon sampling alters interpretations of key fossils and character evolution"
555:
The incisors are closely packed but do not develop a distinct straight chopping surface. They range from chisel-shaped in some entelodonts (
1004:
for the purpose of clarity, even though it would not take priority under strict rules of nomenclature. The confusion of priority between
1902:
830:
calibrated by modern herbivorous and omnivorous mammals. Based on pigs, entelodonts probably had a simple stomach and relied on the
2295:
2382:
1308:, where, in the program, the narrator always refers to the creatures as "entelodonts" rather than a more specific genus, such as
711:. Like entelodonts, these mammals use their equivalent projections as a means of providing extra space for the attachment of the
1741:
721:
muscle, which follows a similar path and function to the masseter, also benefited from the deep flange at the back of the jaw.
2175:
1824:
1629:"Impact of increased character sampling on the phylogeny of Cetartiodactyla (Mammalia): combined analysis including fossils"
576:. They are elongated from front-to-back and widely-spaced, taking up a large portion of the tooth row. The molar teeth are
991:
around the same time. Pomel's volume was likely published in 1846 or 1847, albeit with surviving reprints dating to 1848.
1320:
954:
over mates or territories in modern artiodactyls. Snout biting in particular is a common competitive behavior among male
843:. The teeth were sharp, slender, and semi-serrated, less suitable for crushing tough food compared to adult entelodonts.
1054:
2372:
1608:
1337:
in an episode titled "Killer Pig". The episode featured a number of claims unproven or disproven by science, such as
2367:
881:
not have been alone: many other contemporary mammals filled apex predator niches, including cat-like saber-toothed
485:
448:
The snout was narrow and elongated, especially in later species. The cranium was robust, with strong zygomatic and
2377:
958:, another group of "primitive" artiodactyls. Ribcage injuries have been attributed to intraspecies aggression in
1477:
Joeckel, R. M. (1990). "A Functional
Interpretation of the Masticatory System and Paleoecology of Entelodonts".
1932:
2056:
Tsubamoto, Takehisa; Saneyoshi, Mototaka; Watabe, Mahito; Tsogtbaatar, Khishigjav; Mainbayar, Buurei (2011).
2019:"A new entelodont (Artiodactyla, Mammalia) from the late Eocene of China and its phylogenetic implications"
2003:
1628:
851:
is known to have had a distinctive type of "piecrust" tooth wear at the tips of the premolars, with a flat
827:
808:, with roots, nuts, fruits, and branches as their preferred sources of vegetation. A 2022 study found that
146:
1328:
1555:. DeKalb, Illinois: Ph.D Dissertation. Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Illinois University.
476:
was underdeveloped. Large olfactory bulbs are likely indicative of a good sense of smell. Moreover, the
2223:
2158:
1980:
W. K. Gregory. 1910. The orders of mammals. Bulletin of the
American Museum of Natural History 27:1-524
1315:
480:(eye sockets) are oriented further forwards than in most artiodactyls, suggesting that entelodonts had
17:
896:. One of the most apparent examples of circumstantial evidence for predation is a fossil found in the
352:(peccaries), and historically they have been considered closely related to these families purely on a
951:
1173:
Many former genera of entelodonts have been synonymized. For example, some authors have synonymized
2273:
678:
is similar to carnivorans, where it corresponds to a strong and stable scissor-like (orthal) bite.
914:. The carcasses were covered with large punctures on the skull, neck, and the transition from the
742:
muscle which helps to open the jaws. Hippos, which have a particularly complex and well-developed
717:
2105:"First record of Entelodontidae (Mammalia, Artiodactyla) from the late Eocene of Southeast Asia"
662:
muscle, which extends from the side of the cranium to the coronoid process of the mandible. The
2339:
2235:
1599:
Foss, Scott E. (2007). "Family
Entelodontidae". In Prothero, Donald R.; Foss, Scott E. (eds.).
1109:
were frequently associated with entelodonts, sometimes even as potential ancestors. Later, the
1147:. This seemed to justify the frequent morphological comparisons between entelodonts and pigs.
2334:
2326:
2313:
1556:
1333:
1110:
1013:
897:
1910:
1767:
Rivals, Florent; Belyaev, Ruslan I.; Basova, Vera B.; Prilepskaya, Natalya E. (2023-02-01).
699:. Only a few modern mammals have overdeveloped projections on the zygomatic arch, including
528:
trait approximating the ancestral condition for artiodactyls. They have a typical mammalian
484:. Compared to other artiodactyls, the jaw was slender at the rear, with a short, triangular
2362:
2282:
1694:
1090:
805:
493:
353:
588:) may be connected by a horizontal crest and are slightly larger than the rear two cusps.
340:, about 38-19 million years ago. Their large heads, low snouts, narrow gait, and proposed
8:
2209:
1743:Бернарская фауна олигоценовых позвоночных (The Benarskaya Fauna of Oligocene Vertebrates)
1304:
715:
muscle, and develop robust cranial bars to resist the resulting forces on the skull. The
314:
1698:
2180:
2134:
2085:
1769:"Hogs, hippos or bears? Paleodiet of European Oligocene anthracotheres and entelodonts"
1717:
1682:
1658:
1494:
1422:
915:
620:-like spinal hump supported the weight of the heavy head. The limbs were long, and the
548:. This unreduced, or "complete" dentition is the origin of the family's name, which is
489:
361:
357:
273:
211:
141:
2321:
2138:
2126:
2089:
2077:
2057:
2038:
1943:
1820:
1790:
1722:
1650:
1645:
1604:
1414:
1394:
1274:
1045:
658:
465:
1662:
1426:
2116:
2069:
2030:
1861:
1857:
1780:
1712:
1702:
1640:
1486:
1406:
1017:
941:), and it probably did not actively hunt large mammals as part of its normal diet.
919:
754:
738:
629:
481:
302:
229:
2034:
1814:
1785:
1768:
1707:
1098:
1024:, nearly all paleontologists prefer Entelodontidae when referring to the family.
905:
840:
687:
477:
449:
2185:
2018:
1560:
596:
408:, a Eurasian species known mostly by the teeth and jaws, was similar in size to
2151:
2121:
2104:
2073:
1339:
1192:
980:
890:
573:
557:
549:
537:
529:
497:
469:
460:. However, the rear of the skull was also much shorter than the snout, and the
457:
453:
434:
426:
1490:
1410:
512:
2356:
2258:
2130:
2081:
2042:
1947:
1794:
1654:
1550:
1418:
1370:
1248:
1162:
1136:
984:
910:
886:
621:
609:
545:
525:
441:
flanges which project downwards and outwards. Moreover, the underside of the
433:
Entelodonts had huge heads, ornamented with distinctive bony expansions. The
404:
384:
326:
73:
1967:
S. G. Lucas, R. J. Emry, and S. E. Foss. 1998. Taxonomy and distribution of
532:
of 3.1.4.3 / 3.1.4.3, meaning that each tooth row has three pairs of robust
420:
2103:
Ducrocq, Stéphane; Chaimanee, Yaowalak; Jaeger, Jean-Jacques (2019-03-01).
1726:
1552:
Systematics and
Paleobiology of the Entelodontidae (Mammalia, Artiodactyla)
1256:
1208:
1140:
1082:
869:
864:
856:
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613:
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379:
365:
306:
2267:
1813:
Benton, R. C.; Terry, D. O.; Evanoff, E.; McDonald, H. G. (25 May 2015).
1240:
1200:
1125:
785:
726:
198:
48:
1933:"HEAD-BITING BEHAVIOR IN THEROPOD DINOSAURS: PALEOPATHOLOGICAL EVIDENCE"
1876:
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1498:
1157:
1133:
1106:
934:
882:
796:
By comparison to pigs and peccaries, entelodonts were almost certainly
667:
585:
438:
299:
238:
93:
58:
1930:
27:
An extinct family of pig-like omnivores from North
America and Eurasia
1365:
1310:
1279:
1224:
893:
823:
815:
810:
700:
581:
500:
along the middle of the roof of the mouth were connected by a strong
461:
374:
349:
248:
158:
98:
42:
2229:
1343:(identified as "entelodont") being the top predator of the American
1270:
1057:. As the 20th century continued, Asian entelodonts were discovered (
360:(genetic) data on artiodactyls instead suggest that entelodonts are
2252:
2055:
1344:
1086:
1081:
The first described entelodonts were described in conjunction with
922:
797:
704:
577:
541:
473:
442:
341:
310:
178:
88:
83:
68:
63:
53:
1160:
changes radically depending on whether the giant enigmatic mammal
492:(jaw joint) is set back and below the level of the tooth row. The
2176:"Museum display of Entelodont skeleton :: Geoscience Slides"
1349:
1216:
901:
766:
563:
533:
464:
was relatively small. Most of the braincase contributed to large
398:
369:
334:
133:
114:
103:
78:
2287:
1065:), as well as some of the earliest known members of the family (
1681:
Spaulding, Michelle; O'Leary, Maureen A.; Gatesy, John (2009).
1603:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 120–129.
1129:
852:
801:
708:
524:
Similar to pigs, entelodonts retain a large number of teeth, a
345:
330:
322:
188:
168:
110:
1766:
1124:
is still in use, as a major artiodactyl suborder encompassing
987:, one of Aymard's contemporaries, described another fossil as
979:, a European species which was named by French paleontologist
1940:
GAIA N°15. LlSBOAlLISBON. DEZEMBRO/DECEMBER 1998. pp. 167-184
1144:
1121:
955:
860:
831:
617:
337:
925:, which have been attributed to predation and scavenging by
908:
of partial skeletons and other remains of the early camelid
1314:. The same creatures appear in another BBC production, the
625:
318:
1812:
1680:
656:
The wide and tall temporal fossa allowed for a very large
1299:
1181:, a species described from fragmentary material by Cope.
822:). This conclusion was justified by its pattern of tooth
1012:
is reflected in the name of their corresponding family.
616:
and likely not externally visible. In larger species, a
356:
basis. However, studies which combine morphological and
1298:
Entelodonts appear in the third episode of the popular
2102:
1287:
In popular media, entelodonts are sometimes nicknamed
2017:
Yu, Yang; Gao, Hongyan; Li, Qiang; Ni, Xijun (2023).
1327:
Entelodonts were also the main focus of episode 4 of
933:'s tooth microwear showed no overlap with the modern
2199:
1053:), CM 1594, was described and put on display at the
681:
Though the low jaw joint provided more room for the
1996:
was a hell of a lot weirder than all the books say"
666:was not only large and strong, but also had a long
1816:The White River Badlands: Geology and Paleontology
1773:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
1626:
746:, occasionally develop a tubercle to support the
2354:
1840:Sundell, K. A. (1999). "Taphonomy of a Multiple
544:, and three pairs of relatively simple and flat
1931:Tanke, Darren H. and Phillip J. Currie (1996).
1808:
1806:
1804:
640:
1839:
1020:used the name Entelodontidae in 1883. As with
1739:
1347:, and evolving directly into the even larger
1139:of artiodactyls placed Entelodontidae as the
1076:
1801:
1170:is in fact an entelodont or close relative.
1166:is included, and it has been suggested that
1016:coined the name Elotheriidae in 1878, while
1392:
873:with an embedded incisor of the entelodont
1627:O'Leary, Maureen A.; Gatesy, John (2008).
122:
2120:
2016:
1784:
1716:
1706:
1644:
944:
1269:
859:. This has also been observed in living
784:
685:muscle, it also posed a problem for the
644:
603:skeletal reconstruction and size diagram
595:
511:
419:
1746:. Metsniereba, Tbilisi. p. 109-133
1476:
591:
14:
2355:
1733:
2234:
2233:
2184:. Entelodont Skeleton. Archived from
2155:Fossil Legends of the First Americans
1989:
1594:
1592:
1590:
1544:
1542:
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1536:
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1472:
1470:
1468:
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1150:
452:arches forming the rim of voluminous
1762:
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1444:
1442:
1440:
1438:
1436:
1388:
1386:
1353:(called "Dinohyus" in the episode).
561:) to massive and rounded in others (
2023:Journal of Systematic Palaeontology
1874:
1833:
264:
24:
1850:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
1055:Carnegie Museum of Natural History
814:had an omnivorous diet similar to
750:in an equivalent area on the jaw.
674:. The size and orientation of the
628:were fused. Though not fused, the
25:
2394:
2168:
1757:
1669:
1617:
1567:
1505:
1433:
1393:Vislobokova, I. A. (2008-10-01).
1383:
1184:
965:
2216:
2202:
1990:Naish, Darren (10 August 2009).
1646:10.1111/j.1096-0031.2007.00187.x
1027:Following the confusion between
970:
145:
46:
2145:
2096:
2049:
2010:
1983:
1974:
1961:
1924:
1895:
1868:
635:
612:, while the remaining two were
488:which is shifted forwards. The
2383:Taxa named by Richard Lydekker
1862:10.1080/02724634.1999.10011202
855:surface surrounded by chipped
391:
13:
1:
2035:10.1080/14772019.2023.2189436
1601:The Evolution of Artiodactyls
1376:
372:through their resemblance to
344:diet inspires comparisons to
1819:. Indiana University Press.
1786:10.1016/j.palaeo.2022.111363
1708:10.1371/journal.pone.0007062
828:linear discriminant analysis
641:Jaw movement and musculature
520:, showing the array of teeth
7:
1359:
1329:National Geographic Channel
10:
2399:
2224:Prehistoric mammals portal
2159:Princeton University Press
2122:10.1016/j.crpv.2018.10.001
2074:10.2517/1342-8144-15.4.258
1261:(may not be an entelodont)
1143:to a Tayassuidae + Suidae
1077:Traditional classification
567:). The canines have thick
496:(chin) was fused, and the
437:(cheekbones) develop huge
364:, more closely related to
2242:
1903:"Hippopotamus Fact Sheet"
1877:"Taphonomy of a Multiple
1491:10.1017/S0094837300010198
1411:10.1134/S0031030108060105
952:intraspecific competition
405:Paraentelodon intermedium
279:
272:
262:
257:
244:
237:
142:Scientific classification
140:
130:
121:
34:
2373:Eocene first appearances
2062:Paleontological Research
540:, four pairs of pointed
507:
472:at the front, while the
415:
2368:Burdigalian extinctions
1992:"Mesonychians part II:
1907:library.sandiegozoo.org
1549:Foss, Scott E. (2001).
1399:Paleontological Journal
867:, including a skull of
780:
456:, separated by a sharp
2378:Taxa described in 1883
2109:Comptes Rendus Palevol
1740:L. K. Gabunia (1964).
1284:
945:Intraspecific behavior
793:
653:
604:
552:for "complete teeth".
521:
502:interdigitating suture
430:
427:Archaeotherium mortoni
313:) which inhabited the
2335:Paleobiology Database
1334:Prehistoric Predators
1273:
1137:phylogenetic analyses
1014:Edward Richard Alston
898:White River Formation
788:
648:
599:
515:
423:
388:and other ungulates.
131:Complete skeleton of
1179:Daeodon shoshonensis
789:Life restoration of
592:Postcranial skeleton
494:mandibular symphysis
2210:Paleontology portal
1699:2009PLoSO...4.7062S
1305:Walking with Beasts
1046:"Dinohyus" hollandi
889:("bear-dogs"), and
315:Northern Hemisphere
2181:University of Iowa
1285:
1266:In popular culture
1151:Cetancodontomorpha
794:
654:
605:
536:, a pair of large
522:
490:mandibular condyle
431:
362:cetancodontamorphs
212:Cetancodontamorpha
2350:
2349:
2322:Open Tree of Life
2236:Taxon identifiers
2006:on 26 March 2013.
1875:Sundell, Kent A.
1826:978-0-253-01608-9
1275:Charles R. Knight
904:, representing a
466:paranasal sinuses
293:
292:
287:
233:
16:(Redirected from
2390:
2343:
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2149:
2143:
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2124:
2100:
2094:
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2053:
2047:
2046:
2014:
2008:
2007:
2002:. Archived from
1987:
1981:
1978:
1972:
1965:
1959:
1958:
1956:
1954:
1937:
1928:
1922:
1921:
1919:
1918:
1909:. Archived from
1899:
1893:
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1872:
1866:
1865:
1837:
1831:
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1810:
1799:
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1614:
1596:
1565:
1564:
1546:
1503:
1502:
1474:
1431:
1430:
1390:
1277:'s depiction of
1128:(peccaries) and
1018:Richard Lydekker
977:Entelodon magnus
826:, run through a
811:Entelodon magnus
486:coronoid process
482:binocular vision
435:zygomatic arches
348:(true pigs) and
329:) from the late
285:
228:
223:
150:
149:
126:
108:
45:
41:37.2–15.97
38:Temporal range:
32:
31:
21:
2398:
2397:
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2281:
2272:
2271:
2266:
2257:
2256:
2251:
2238:
2222:
2217:
2215:
2208:
2203:
2201:
2191:
2189:
2174:
2171:
2166:
2165:
2150:
2146:
2101:
2097:
2054:
2050:
2015:
2011:
1988:
1984:
1979:
1975:
1966:
1962:
1952:
1950:
1935:
1929:
1925:
1916:
1914:
1901:
1900:
1896:
1889:Douglas Fossils
1881:kill site - an
1873:
1869:
1844:kill site – an
1838:
1834:
1827:
1811:
1802:
1765:
1758:
1749:
1747:
1738:
1734:
1679:
1670:
1625:
1618:
1611:
1597:
1568:
1547:
1506:
1475:
1434:
1391:
1384:
1379:
1362:
1356:
1293:terminator pigs
1268:
1233:Entelodontellus
1187:
1153:
1114:Entelodontoidea
1079:
973:
968:
960:Archaeotherium.
947:
841:deciduous teeth
783:
643:
638:
594:
510:
498:pterygoid bones
470:olfactory bulbs
454:temporal fossae
418:
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2344:
2331:
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2292:
2279:
2274:Entelodontidae
2264:
2248:
2246:
2244:Entelodontidae
2240:
2239:
2228:
2227:
2213:
2198:
2197:
2170:
2169:External links
2167:
2164:
2163:
2161:, 2005. p. 213
2152:Adrienne Mayor
2144:
2115:(2): 186–190.
2095:
2068:(4): 258–268.
2048:
2029:(1): 2189436.
2009:
1982:
1973:
1960:
1923:
1894:
1883:Archaeotherium
1867:
1846:Archaeotherium
1832:
1825:
1800:
1756:
1732:
1668:
1639:(4): 397–442.
1616:
1609:
1566:
1504:
1485:(4): 459–482.
1432:
1405:(6): 643–654.
1381:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1374:
1373:
1368:
1361:
1358:
1340:Archaeotherium
1321:The Lost World
1267:
1264:
1263:
1262:
1252:
1244:
1236:
1228:
1220:
1212:
1204:
1196:
1193:Archaeotherium
1186:
1185:List of genera
1183:
1152:
1149:
1132:(pigs). Early
1120:definition of
1099:Choeropotamids
1078:
1075:
1037:Archaeotherium
981:Auguste Aymard
972:
969:
967:
966:Classification
964:
946:
943:
927:Archaeotherium
875:Archaeotherium
782:
779:
771:Archaeotherium
707:, and certain
642:
639:
637:
634:
593:
590:
558:Archaeotherium
530:dental formula
518:Archaeotherium
509:
506:
458:sagittal crest
417:
414:
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296:Entelodontidae
291:
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225:Entelodontidae
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35:Entelodontidae
26:
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2214:
2211:
2200:
2188:on 2020-06-18
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2020:
2013:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1995:
1994:Andrewsarchus
1986:
1977:
1970:
1964:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1934:
1927:
1913:on 2018-07-20
1912:
1908:
1904:
1898:
1890:
1886:
1884:
1880:
1879:Poebrotherium
1871:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1848:meat cache".
1847:
1843:
1842:Poebrotherium
1836:
1828:
1822:
1818:
1817:
1809:
1807:
1805:
1796:
1792:
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1610:9780801887352
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1371:Sanitheriidae
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1251:
1250:
1249:Paraentelodon
1245:
1243:
1242:
1237:
1235:
1234:
1229:
1227:
1226:
1221:
1219:
1218:
1213:
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1205:
1203:
1202:
1197:
1195:
1194:
1189:
1188:
1182:
1180:
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1171:
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1168:Andrewsarchus
1165:
1164:
1163:Andrewsarchus
1159:
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1142:
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1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
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1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1094:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1074:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1063:Paraentelodon
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1047:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1025:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
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994:
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986:
985:Auguste Pomel
982:
978:
971:Early history
963:
961:
957:
953:
942:
940:
936:
932:
928:
924:
921:
917:
913:
912:
911:Poebrotherium
907:
903:
899:
895:
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888:
884:
878:
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872:
871:
866:
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858:
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669:
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633:
631:
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
610:cloven hooves
602:
598:
589:
587:
583:
579:
575:
570:
566:
565:
560:
559:
553:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
526:plesiomorphic
519:
516:Lower jaw of
514:
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495:
491:
487:
483:
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467:
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459:
455:
451:
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436:
429:
428:
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411:
407:
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401:
400:
389:
387:
386:
385:Kubanochoerus
381:
377:
376:
371:
367:
363:
359:
355:
354:morphological
351:
347:
343:
339:
336:
333:to the early
332:
328:
327:North America
324:
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308:
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85:
80:
75:
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65:
60:
55:
50:
44:
33:
30:
19:
2243:
2190:. Retrieved
2186:the original
2179:
2154:
2147:
2112:
2108:
2098:
2065:
2061:
2051:
2026:
2022:
2012:
2004:the original
2000:ScienceBlogs
1999:
1993:
1985:
1976:
1968:
1963:
1951:. Retrieved
1939:
1926:
1915:. Retrieved
1911:the original
1906:
1897:
1888:
1882:
1878:
1870:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1835:
1815:
1776:
1772:
1748:. Retrieved
1742:
1735:
1693:(9): e7062.
1690:
1686:
1636:
1632:
1600:
1551:
1482:
1479:Paleobiology
1478:
1402:
1398:
1355:
1348:
1338:
1332:
1326:
1319:
1309:
1303:
1302:documentary
1297:
1292:
1288:
1286:
1278:
1257:Proentelodon
1255:
1247:
1239:
1231:
1223:
1215:
1209:Cypretherium
1207:
1199:
1191:
1178:
1174:
1172:
1167:
1161:
1158:mesonychians
1154:
1141:sister taxon
1118:
1113:
1103:cebochoerids
1095:
1083:Richard Owen
1080:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1050:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1026:
1021:
1009:
1005:
1001:
996:
992:
988:
976:
974:
959:
948:
939:Ursus arctos
938:
930:
926:
909:
891:hyaenodontid
887:amphicyonids
879:
874:
870:Merycoidodon
868:
865:Great Plains
848:
845:
837:
819:
809:
795:
790:
775:
770:
763:pterygoideus
762:
758:
752:
747:
743:
737:
733:Cypretherium
731:
725:
723:
718:pterygoideus
716:
712:
696:
692:
691:muscle. The
686:
682:
680:
675:
671:
663:
657:
655:
650:
636:Paleobiology
606:
600:
562:
556:
554:
523:
517:
447:
432:
425:
409:
403:
397:
395:
383:
373:
307:artiodactyls
305:of pig-like
295:
294:
286:Alston, 1878
282:
263:
247:
245:
224:
205:
199:Artiodactyla
132:
29:
2363:Entelodonts
2268:Wikispecies
1953:October 28,
1885:meat cache"
1316:2001 remake
1241:Eoentelodon
1201:Brachyhyops
1126:Tayassuidae
1111:superfamily
1071:Brachyhyops
1067:Eoentelodon
1059:Eoentelodon
748:digastricus
744:digastricus
739:digastricus
727:Brachyhyops
701:xenarthrans
630:metatarsals
450:postorbital
392:Description
309:(even-toed
283:Elotheridae
2357:Categories
2192:2010-10-08
1917:2018-10-28
1856:(3): 79A.
1779:: 111363.
1750:2020-09-26
1633:Cladistics
1377:References
1033:Elotherium
1010:Elotherium
997:Elotherium
989:Elotherium
935:brown bear
820:Sus scrofa
798:omnivorous
683:temporalis
676:temporalis
672:temporalis
668:moment arm
664:temporalis
659:temporalis
586:protoconid
380:basal pigs
378:, than to
350:tayassuids
342:omnivorous
239:Type genus
18:Entelodont
2139:134519242
2131:1631-0683
2090:129783561
2082:1342-8144
2043:1477-2019
1948:0871-5424
1795:0031-0182
1655:1096-0031
1561:304715809
1419:1555-6174
1366:Megafauna
1311:Entelodon
1289:hell pigs
1280:Entelodon
1225:Entelodon
1134:cladistic
1107:helohyids
1093:, 1910).
1087:ruminants
1029:Entelodon
1022:Entelodon
1006:Entelodon
1002:Entelodon
993:Entelodon
931:Entelodon
923:vertebrae
894:creodonts
883:nimravids
824:microwear
816:wild boar
705:kangaroos
649:Skull of
614:vestigial
582:metaconid
542:premolars
462:braincase
443:lower jaw
424:Skull of
375:Pakicetus
370:cetaceans
358:molecular
311:ungulates
249:Entelodon
165:Kingdom:
159:Eukaryota
113:- Middle
2253:Wikidata
1727:19774069
1687:PLOS ONE
1663:85141801
1557:ProQuest
1427:83856459
1360:See also
1345:Badlands
1331:'s show
1283:(~1890s)
1175:Dinohyus
916:thoracic
806:browsers
759:masseter
713:masseter
697:masseter
693:masseter
688:masseter
578:bunodont
534:incisors
474:cerebrum
274:Synonyms
265:See text
230:Lydekker
218:Family:
189:Mammalia
179:Chordata
175:Phylum:
169:Animalia
155:Domain:
2327:4944916
2301:3240378
2288:4526353
2259:Q131139
1969:Daeodon
1718:2740860
1695:Bibcode
1499:2400970
1350:Daeodon
1217:Daeodon
1091:Gregory
1051:Daeodon
1041:Daeodon
902:Wyoming
853:dentine
849:Daeodon
802:pecoran
791:Daeodon
755:glenoid
709:rodents
651:Daeodon
601:Daeodon
564:Daeodon
538:canines
410:Daeodon
399:Daeodon
335:Miocene
300:extinct
258:Genera
195:Order:
185:Class:
134:Daeodon
115:Miocene
2314:102273
2137:
2129:
2088:
2080:
2041:
1946:
1823:
1793:
1725:
1715:
1661:
1653:
1607:
1559:
1497:
1425:
1417:
1130:Suidae
1105:, and
956:camels
920:lumbar
861:hyenas
857:enamel
832:caecum
767:felids
622:radius
569:enamel
546:molars
478:orbits
366:hippos
338:epochs
331:Eocene
325:, and
323:Europe
303:family
298:is an
232:, 1883
111:Eocene
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