635:
113:
939:
Hippos, a related group with similar adaptations, are aggressive herbivores which can open their jaws up to 150 degrees and display enlarged canines in order to intimidate rivals. Male hippos engage in head-to-head "yawning" and jaw-wrestling contests, while females attack by approaching from the side and slamming their head into the opponent's body. The wide gape and low skulls of entelodonts would have assisted biting competitions, which are supported by fossil evidence. Large bite marks, including healed punctures, are common on skulls of various
American entelodonts. These wounds are concentrated above the sinuses, and are only found on adult specimens. One could easily draw comparisons between these bite marks and the wide range of
502:
2193:
586:
136:
410:
725:) can be diagnosed by the absence of a specific pair of mandibular tubercles. Generally, the posterior (rear) mandibular tubercles develop later in life than the anterior (front) pair, and none of the tubercles stop growing as the animal develops. The use of the anterior tubercles is unclear; one speculative idea suggests that they served as an attachment point for strong lip muscles in particularly herbivorous entelodonts. The posterior tubercles may provide a link to the
775:
684:, which extends from the zygomatic arch to the lower rear corner of the mandible, is a major component of the chewing apparatus in herbivorous artiodactyls. While other artiodactyls added torque to the muscle by raising the jaw joint, entelodonts instead expanded the rear of the jaw downwards, as a deep, curved flange. Moreover, the characteristic jugal flanges of entelodonts were covered with muscle scars on the inside, likely attachment points to strengthen the
1074:'s recognition of the artiodactyls as a natural group. The earliest sources considered entelodonts to be true pigs, but as further fossils were discovered, it became clear that they had a long evolutionary history separate from pigs. Regardless, entelodonts were universally accepted as examples of "primitive" artiodactyls, with unspecialized bunodont teeth in contrast with the strong adaptations for herbivory present in the more "advanced"
1260:
2207:
766:
is crushed and ground up by the molars, using a combination of orthal and transverse grinding. This same basic process is seen in modern pigs and peccaries, which have similar dentition. Individuals may have preferred one side of the jaw for chewing, as premolars and molars often show an asymmetrical distribution of wear between the left and right sides of the mouth.
569:, with very low and rounded cusps rather than shearing surfaces. Bunodont teeth are common in other omnivorous mammals, including pigs, bears, and humans. The upper molars have up to six cusps and a low crest (a precingulum) on the front edge of the crown. In all but the earliest entelodonts, the lower molars have only four main cusps. The front two cusps (the
746:) on the zygomatic arch, which would have restricted front-to-back (propalinal) jaw movement. Nevertheless, the structure of the mandibular condyle itself allowed for a wide range of movement, and the laterally bowed zygomatic arch provided some room for side-to-side (transverse) movement driven by the
869:
Entelodonts may have engaged in active predation, though the extent of this behavior is debated. Several species of modern pigs occasionally engage in predation, and even traditional herbivores like camels show dental wear consistent with scavenging. If they did engage in predation, entelodonts would
835:
In many entelodonts, the canine teeth acquire rounded wear surfaces at their tips, indicating regular use on hard material such as bones. Similar patterns of canine wear are observed in modern cats, which rely on strong bites administered through their canine teeth when killing prey. In some species
765:
Wear facets on entelodont teeth support three-part food processing. First, the incisors and canines bite in a strong orthal motion, grabbing and puncturing food. Then, the food is transferred back to the premolars, which breaks apart tough parts of the food with similar movements. Finally, the food
938:
The jaw structure and estimated musculature hold numerous lines of evidence indicating that entelodonts could open their mouths unusually wide. This trait may have been useful in hunting or feeding on carrion, but similar adaptations have also been linked to competitive behaviors in herbivores.
596:
The skeleton is fairly unspecialized in entelodonts. They retain typical artiodactyl skeletal traits such as a double-pulley ankle joint and paraxonic ("even toed") feet with weight split evenly between the two middle toes. They had four toes in total, with the middle two forming small, pointed
1108:
Many studies argued that entelodonts had close relations to living pigs, peccaries, and hippos. Various groups have been developed and named in reference to a pig-like anatomy, with names such as Suina (Gray, 1868) and
Suiformes (Jaeckel, 1911) being emplaced in varying contexts. A restricted
836:
the bases of the canines are scoured by smooth grooves, a trait consistent with abrasions from sediment-covered plant material such as roots. These grooves instead could have been produced by stripping long, fibrous vegetation, such as water-rich grape vines.
827:
The same adaptations useful for processing tough plant material would be equally useful for carrion and bones, which could have been major components of the diet for some entelodonts. Unlike pigs, the youngest juvenile entelodonts had a full set of 32
560:
and are circular in cross section, unlike most artiodactyls. In older individuals, the tip of the upper canine often heavily worn or even chipped off. Premolars are triangular when seen from the side, with a large and conical main
1144:
While entelodonts have long been classified as members of the Suina, Spaulding et al. have found them to be closer to whales and hippos than to pigs. Cladistic analysis of the position of whales in relation to artiodactyls and
988:
are almost certainly synonymous, though fossils belonging to the latter name are fragmentary and have been lost, while those of the former were likely described later. Nearly all historical and modern authors prefer to use
1085:
Some authors considered entelodonts to be too "primitive" for comparison to modern bunodont artiodactyls. In these studies, entelodonts were placed in "Palaeodonta", a group shared with various other extinct families.
852:. Few contemporary mammals approached entelodonts in the extent of adaptations consistent with scavenging. Fossils with large scrapes and puncture marks are found throughout entelodont-bearing sites in the American
754:. The low, unconstrained jaw joint and short coronoid process may correspond to long muscle fibers. This points to a hinge-like jaw suspension with a very wide gape, similar to some modern carnivorans such as
823:
to ferment and digest plant matter. They would have been opportunistic omnivores, capable of digesting a variety of plant and animal matter and moderating their food preferences based on seasonal ability.
972:. There is some debate over when Aymard's description was first published; though most authors assumed it was written in 1846, a citation within the article suggests that it was not published until 1848.
1078:. Various names were erected to encompass living and extinct bunodont-toothed and non-ruminant artiodactyls, such as "Omnivoria" (Owens, 1858), "Bunodontia" (Lydekker, 1883) and "Nonruminantia" (
434:
typically has one or two pairs of knob-like mandibular tubercles. These are not always diagnostic to specific taxa: often the size and presence of tubercles is variable within a single species.
758:(cats). Based on the shape of the mandibular condyle, the maximum gape possible based on the underlying bones (though not necessarily the widest gape possible in life) was about 109 degrees in
713:
The function of the mandibular tubercles is not certain, but they may also be related to jaw musculature. They are only clearly correlated with the size of the individual, though a few taxa (
742:
The jaw joint of entelodonts was likely more strongly connected than the loose jaws of most other artiodactyls. The mandibular condyle was convex and inserted into a strongly concave facet (
1024:, entelodont fossils continued to be discovered in Europe. Large entelodonts were also described from North America starting in 1850, though most new genera were eventually lumped into
621:(raised foot bones) were long and closely packed. The limb and hoof proportions are consistent with other hoofed animals that run well on open ground but are not built for high speed.
1032:. By the beginning of the 20th century, entelodont skeletal anatomy was well-understood from the quantity of fossils discovered by that point. In 1909, a massive complete skeleton of
1105:
was named to encompass
Entelodontidae and their supposed closest extinct relatives. In modern studies, Entelodontidae is generally considered the only family within Entelodontoidea.
659:(and thus higher torque) due to the coronoid process shifting forwards. The reinforced pterygoid, zygomatic, and postorbital areas would have supported the forces generated by the
634:
112:
1384:"The oldest representative of Entelodontoidea (Artiodactyla, Suiformes) from the Middle Eocene of Khaichin Ula II, Mongolia, and some evolutionary features of this superfamily"
951:
One possible function for the anterior tubercles is as a support for toughened skin, which would have acted as a buffer or display feature during competitive behavior.
385:
Entelodonts could get quite large, and in many cases are the largest mammals in their respective ecosystems. The largest entelodont known from a complete skeleton was
391:, a North American entelodont which could reach an estimated weight of 750 kg (1650 pounds), and a height up to 1.9 m (6.2 ft) tall at the shoulder.
964:
The earliest entelodont fossils to be named were described within a short time frame in the 1840s. The first entelodont species known from good fossils was
793:
artiodactyls, entelodonts lack specializations for chopping and shredding grass and other particularly fibrous plants. Instead, entelodonts were probably
1980:
1221:
789:
to an extent. Their teeth and jaw structure would have assisted processing of large and tough food items. Unlike the diverse and fully herbivorous
2297:
1960:, an Oligocene-Miocene entelodont (Mammalia: Artiodactyla) from North America. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 111(2):425-435
1091:
2047:"The Entelodontid Artiodactyl Fauna from the Eocene Ergilin Dzo Formation of Mongolia with Comments on Brachyhyops and the Khoer Dzan Locality"
1672:"Relationships of Cetacea (Artiodactyla) among mammals: increased taxon sampling alters interpretations of key fossils and character evolution"
544:
The incisors are closely packed but do not develop a distinct straight chopping surface. They range from chisel-shaped in some entelodonts (
993:
for the purpose of clarity, even though it would not take priority under strict rules of nomenclature. The confusion of priority between
1891:
819:
calibrated by modern herbivorous and omnivorous mammals. Based on pigs, entelodonts probably had a simple stomach and relied on the
2284:
2371:
1297:, where, in the program, the narrator always refers to the creatures as "entelodonts" rather than a more specific genus, such as
700:. Like entelodonts, these mammals use their equivalent projections as a means of providing extra space for the attachment of the
1730:
710:
muscle, which follows a similar path and function to the masseter, also benefited from the deep flange at the back of the jaw.
2164:
1813:
1618:"Impact of increased character sampling on the phylogeny of Cetartiodactyla (Mammalia): combined analysis including fossils"
565:. They are elongated from front-to-back and widely-spaced, taking up a large portion of the tooth row. The molar teeth are
980:
around the same time. Pomel's volume was likely published in 1846 or 1847, albeit with surviving reprints dating to 1848.
1309:
943:
over mates or territories in modern artiodactyls. Snout biting in particular is a common competitive behavior among male
832:. The teeth were sharp, slender, and semi-serrated, less suitable for crushing tough food compared to adult entelodonts.
1043:
2361:
1597:
1326:
in an episode titled "Killer Pig". The episode featured a number of claims unproven or disproven by science, such as
2356:
870:
not have been alone: many other contemporary mammals filled apex predator niches, including cat-like saber-toothed
474:
437:
The snout was narrow and elongated, especially in later species. The cranium was robust, with strong zygomatic and
2366:
947:, another group of "primitive" artiodactyls. Ribcage injuries have been attributed to intraspecies aggression in
1466:
Joeckel, R. M. (1990). "A Functional
Interpretation of the Masticatory System and Paleoecology of Entelodonts".
1921:
2045:
Tsubamoto, Takehisa; Saneyoshi, Mototaka; Watabe, Mahito; Tsogtbaatar, Khishigjav; Mainbayar, Buurei (2011).
2008:"A new entelodont (Artiodactyla, Mammalia) from the late Eocene of China and its phylogenetic implications"
1992:
1617:
840:
is known to have had a distinctive type of "piecrust" tooth wear at the tips of the premolars, with a flat
816:
797:, with roots, nuts, fruits, and branches as their preferred sources of vegetation. A 2022 study found that
135:
1317:
1544:. DeKalb, Illinois: Ph.D Dissertation. Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Illinois University.
465:
was underdeveloped. Large olfactory bulbs are likely indicative of a good sense of smell. Moreover, the
2212:
2147:
1969:
W. K. Gregory. 1910. The orders of mammals. Bulletin of the
American Museum of Natural History 27:1-524
1304:
469:(eye sockets) are oriented further forwards than in most artiodactyls, suggesting that entelodonts had
885:. One of the most apparent examples of circumstantial evidence for predation is a fossil found in the
341:(peccaries), and historically they have been considered closely related to these families purely on a
940:
1162:
Many former genera of entelodonts have been synonymized. For example, some authors have synonymized
2262:
667:
is similar to carnivorans, where it corresponds to a strong and stable scissor-like (orthal) bite.
903:. The carcasses were covered with large punctures on the skull, neck, and the transition from the
731:
muscle which helps to open the jaws. Hippos, which have a particularly complex and well-developed
706:
2094:"First record of Entelodontidae (Mammalia, Artiodactyla) from the late Eocene of Southeast Asia"
651:
muscle, which extends from the side of the cranium to the coronoid process of the mandible. The
2328:
2224:
1588:
Foss, Scott E. (2007). "Family
Entelodontidae". In Prothero, Donald R.; Foss, Scott E. (eds.).
1098:
were frequently associated with entelodonts, sometimes even as potential ancestors. Later, the
1136:. This seemed to justify the frequent morphological comparisons between entelodonts and pigs.
2323:
2315:
2302:
1545:
1322:
1099:
1002:
886:
1899:
1756:
Rivals, Florent; Belyaev, Ruslan I.; Basova, Vera B.; Prilepskaya, Natalya E. (2023-02-01).
688:. Only a few modern mammals have overdeveloped projections on the zygomatic arch, including
517:
trait approximating the ancestral condition for artiodactyls. They have a typical mammalian
473:. Compared to other artiodactyls, the jaw was slender at the rear, with a short, triangular
2351:
2271:
1683:
1079:
794:
482:
342:
577:) may be connected by a horizontal crest and are slightly larger than the rear two cusps.
329:, about 38-19 million years ago. Their large heads, low snouts, narrow gait, and proposed
8:
2198:
1732:Бернарская фауна олигоценовых позвоночных (The Benarskaya Fauna of Oligocene Vertebrates)
1293:
704:
muscle, and develop robust cranial bars to resist the resulting forces on the skull. The
303:
1687:
2169:
2123:
2074:
1758:"Hogs, hippos or bears? Paleodiet of European Oligocene anthracotheres and entelodonts"
1706:
1671:
1647:
1483:
1411:
904:
609:-like spinal hump supported the weight of the heavy head. The limbs were long, and the
537:. This unreduced, or "complete" dentition is the origin of the family's name, which is
478:
350:
346:
262:
200:
130:
2310:
2127:
2115:
2078:
2066:
2046:
2027:
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1711:
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2058:
2019:
1850:
1846:
1769:
1701:
1691:
1629:
1475:
1395:
1006:
930:), and it probably did not actively hunt large mammals as part of its normal diet.
908:
743:
727:
618:
470:
291:
218:
2023:
1803:
1774:
1757:
1696:
1087:
1013:, nearly all paleontologists prefer Entelodontidae when referring to the family.
894:
829:
676:
466:
438:
2174:
2007:
1549:
585:
397:, a Eurasian species known mostly by the teeth and jaws, was similar in size to
2140:
2110:
2093:
2062:
1328:
1181:
969:
879:
562:
546:
538:
526:
518:
486:
458:
449:. However, the rear of the skull was also much shorter than the snout, and the
446:
442:
423:
415:
1479:
1399:
501:
2345:
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2119:
2070:
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1151:
1125:
973:
899:
875:
610:
598:
534:
514:
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flanges which project downwards and outwards. Moreover, the underside of the
422:
Entelodonts had huge heads, ornamented with distinctive bony expansions. The
393:
373:
315:
62:
1956:
S. G. Lucas, R. J. Emry, and S. E. Foss. 1998. Taxonomy and distribution of
521:
of 3.1.4.3 / 3.1.4.3, meaning that each tooth row has three pairs of robust
409:
2092:
Ducrocq, Stéphane; Chaimanee, Yaowalak; Jaeger, Jean-Jacques (2019-03-01).
1715:
1541:
Systematics and
Paleobiology of the Entelodontidae (Mammalia, Artiodactyla)
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1802:
Benton, R. C.; Terry, D. O.; Evanoff, E.; McDonald, H. G. (25 May 2015).
1229:
1189:
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774:
715:
187:
37:
1922:"HEAD-BITING BEHAVIOR IN THEROPOD DINOSAURS: PALEOPATHOLOGICAL EVIDENCE"
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871:
785:
By comparison to pigs and peccaries, entelodonts were almost certainly
656:
574:
427:
288:
227:
82:
47:
1919:
16:
An extinct family of pig-like omnivores from North
America and Eurasia
1354:
1299:
1268:
1213:
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812:
804:
799:
689:
570:
489:
along the middle of the roof of the mouth were connected by a strong
450:
363:
338:
237:
147:
87:
31:
2218:
1332:(identified as "entelodont") being the top predator of the American
1259:
1046:. As the 20th century continued, Asian entelodonts were discovered (
349:(genetic) data on artiodactyls instead suggest that entelodonts are
2241:
2044:
1333:
1075:
1070:
The first described entelodonts were described in conjunction with
911:
786:
693:
566:
530:
462:
431:
330:
299:
167:
77:
72:
57:
52:
42:
1149:
changes radically depending on whether the giant enigmatic mammal
481:(jaw joint) is set back and below the level of the tooth row. The
2165:"Museum display of Entelodont skeleton :: Geoscience Slides"
1338:
1205:
890:
755:
552:
522:
453:
was relatively small. Most of the braincase contributed to large
387:
358:
323:
122:
103:
92:
67:
2276:
1054:), as well as some of the earliest known members of the family (
1670:
Spaulding, Michelle; O'Leary, Maureen A.; Gatesy, John (2009).
1592:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 120–129.
1118:
841:
790:
697:
513:
Similar to pigs, entelodonts retain a large number of teeth, a
334:
319:
311:
177:
157:
99:
1755:
1113:
is still in use, as a major artiodactyl suborder encompassing
976:, one of Aymard's contemporaries, described another fossil as
968:, a European species which was named by French paleontologist
1929:
GAIA N°15. LlSBOAlLISBON. DEZEMBRO/DECEMBER 1998. pp. 167-184
1133:
1110:
944:
849:
820:
606:
326:
914:, which have been attributed to predation and scavenging by
897:
of partial skeletons and other remains of the early camelid
1303:. The same creatures appear in another BBC production, the
614:
307:
1801:
1669:
645:
The wide and tall temporal fossa allowed for a very large
1288:
1170:, a species described from fragmentary material by Cope.
811:). This conclusion was justified by its pattern of tooth
1001:
is reflected in the name of their corresponding family.
605:
and likely not externally visible. In larger species, a
345:
basis. However, studies which combine morphological and
1287:
Entelodonts appear in the third episode of the popular
2091:
1276:
In popular media, entelodonts are sometimes nicknamed
2006:
Yu, Yang; Gao, Hongyan; Li, Qiang; Ni, Xijun (2023).
1316:
Entelodonts were also the main focus of episode 4 of
922:'s tooth microwear showed no overlap with the modern
2188:
1042:), CM 1594, was described and put on display at the
670:
Though the low jaw joint provided more room for the
1985:
was a hell of a lot weirder than all the books say"
655:was not only large and strong, but also had a long
1805:The White River Badlands: Geology and Paleontology
1762:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
1615:
735:, occasionally develop a tubercle to support the
2343:
1829:Sundell, K. A. (1999). "Taphonomy of a Multiple
533:, and three pairs of relatively simple and flat
1920:Tanke, Darren H. and Phillip J. Currie (1996).
1797:
1795:
1793:
629:
1828:
1009:used the name Entelodontidae in 1883. As with
1728:
1336:, and evolving directly into the even larger
1128:of artiodactyls placed Entelodontidae as the
1065:
1790:
1159:is in fact an entelodont or close relative.
1155:is included, and it has been suggested that
1005:coined the name Elotheriidae in 1878, while
1381:
862:with an embedded incisor of the entelodont
1616:O'Leary, Maureen A.; Gatesy, John (2008).
111:
2109:
2005:
1773:
1705:
1695:
1633:
933:
1258:
848:. This has also been observed in living
773:
674:muscle, it also posed a problem for the
633:
592:skeletal reconstruction and size diagram
584:
500:
408:
1735:. Metsniereba, Tbilisi. p. 109-133
1465:
580:
2344:
1722:
2223:
2222:
2173:. Entelodont Skeleton. Archived from
2144:Fossil Legends of the First Americans
1978:
1583:
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441:arches forming the rim of voluminous
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1342:(called "Dinohyus" in the episode).
550:) to massive and rounded in others (
2012:Journal of Systematic Palaeontology
1863:
1822:
253:
13:
1839:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
1044:Carnegie Museum of Natural History
803:had an omnivorous diet similar to
739:in an equivalent area on the jaw.
663:. The size and orientation of the
617:were fused. Though not fused, the
14:
2383:
2157:
1746:
1658:
1606:
1556:
1494:
1422:
1382:Vislobokova, I. A. (2008-10-01).
1372:
1173:
954:
2205:
2191:
1979:Naish, Darren (10 August 2009).
1635:10.1111/j.1096-0031.2007.00187.x
1016:Following the confusion between
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134:
35:
2134:
2085:
2038:
1999:
1972:
1963:
1950:
1913:
1884:
1857:
624:
601:, while the remaining two were
477:which is shifted forwards. The
2372:Taxa named by Richard Lydekker
1851:10.1080/02724634.1999.10011202
844:surface surrounded by chipped
380:
1:
2024:10.1080/14772019.2023.2189436
1590:The Evolution of Artiodactyls
1365:
361:through their resemblance to
333:diet inspires comparisons to
1808:. Indiana University Press.
1775:10.1016/j.palaeo.2022.111363
1697:10.1371/journal.pone.0007062
817:linear discriminant analysis
630:Jaw movement and musculature
509:, showing the array of teeth
7:
1348:
1318:National Geographic Channel
10:
2388:
2213:Prehistoric mammals portal
2148:Princeton University Press
2111:10.1016/j.crpv.2018.10.001
2063:10.2517/1342-8144-15.4.258
1250:(may not be an entelodont)
1132:to a Tayassuidae + Suidae
1066:Traditional classification
556:). The canines have thick
485:(chin) was fused, and the
426:(cheekbones) develop huge
353:, more closely related to
2231:
1892:"Hippopotamus Fact Sheet"
1866:"Taphonomy of a Multiple
1480:10.1017/S0094837300010198
1400:10.1134/S0031030108060105
941:intraspecific competition
394:Paraentelodon intermedium
268:
261:
251:
246:
233:
226:
131:Scientific classification
129:
119:
110:
23:
2362:Eocene first appearances
2051:Paleontological Research
529:, four pairs of pointed
496:
461:at the front, while the
404:
2357:Burdigalian extinctions
1981:"Mesonychians part II:
1896:library.sandiegozoo.org
1538:Foss, Scott E. (2001).
1388:Paleontological Journal
856:, including a skull of
769:
445:, separated by a sharp
2367:Taxa described in 1883
2098:Comptes Rendus Palevol
1729:L. K. Gabunia (1964).
1273:
934:Intraspecific behavior
782:
642:
593:
541:for "complete teeth".
510:
491:interdigitating suture
419:
416:Archaeotherium mortoni
302:) which inhabited the
2324:Paleobiology Database
1323:Prehistoric Predators
1262:
1126:phylogenetic analyses
1003:Edward Richard Alston
887:White River Formation
777:
637:
588:
504:
412:
377:and other ungulates.
120:Complete skeleton of
1168:Daeodon shoshonensis
778:Life restoration of
581:Postcranial skeleton
483:mandibular symphysis
2199:Paleontology portal
1688:2009PLoSO...4.7062S
1294:Walking with Beasts
1035:"Dinohyus" hollandi
878:("bear-dogs"), and
304:Northern Hemisphere
2170:University of Iowa
1274:
1255:In popular culture
1140:Cetancodontomorpha
783:
643:
594:
525:, a pair of large
511:
479:mandibular condyle
420:
351:cetancodontamorphs
201:Cetancodontamorpha
2339:
2338:
2311:Open Tree of Life
2225:Taxon identifiers
1995:on 26 March 2013.
1864:Sundell, Kent A.
1815:978-0-253-01608-9
1264:Charles R. Knight
893:, representing a
455:paranasal sinuses
282:
281:
276:
222:
2379:
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2185:
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2151:
2138:
2132:
2131:
2113:
2089:
2083:
2082:
2042:
2036:
2035:
2003:
1997:
1996:
1991:. Archived from
1976:
1970:
1967:
1961:
1954:
1948:
1947:
1945:
1943:
1926:
1917:
1911:
1910:
1908:
1907:
1898:. Archived from
1888:
1882:
1881:
1861:
1855:
1854:
1826:
1820:
1819:
1799:
1788:
1787:
1777:
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1613:
1604:
1603:
1585:
1554:
1553:
1535:
1492:
1491:
1463:
1420:
1419:
1379:
1266:'s depiction of
1117:(peccaries) and
1007:Richard Lydekker
966:Entelodon magnus
815:, run through a
800:Entelodon magnus
475:coronoid process
471:binocular vision
424:zygomatic arches
337:(true pigs) and
318:) from the late
274:
217:
212:
139:
138:
115:
97:
34:
30:37.2–15.97
27:Temporal range:
21:
20:
2387:
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2382:
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2377:
2376:
2342:
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2261:
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2255:
2246:
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2240:
2227:
2211:
2206:
2204:
2197:
2192:
2190:
2180:
2178:
2163:
2160:
2155:
2154:
2139:
2135:
2090:
2086:
2043:
2039:
2004:
2000:
1977:
1973:
1968:
1964:
1955:
1951:
1941:
1939:
1924:
1918:
1914:
1905:
1903:
1890:
1889:
1885:
1878:Douglas Fossils
1870:kill site - an
1862:
1858:
1833:kill site – an
1827:
1823:
1816:
1800:
1791:
1754:
1747:
1738:
1736:
1727:
1723:
1668:
1659:
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1607:
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1586:
1557:
1536:
1495:
1464:
1423:
1380:
1373:
1368:
1351:
1345:
1282:terminator pigs
1257:
1222:Entelodontellus
1176:
1142:
1103:Entelodontoidea
1068:
962:
957:
949:Archaeotherium.
936:
830:deciduous teeth
772:
632:
627:
583:
499:
487:pterygoid bones
459:olfactory bulbs
443:temporal fossae
407:
383:
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133:
106:
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5:
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2359:
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2333:
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2281:
2268:
2263:Entelodontidae
2253:
2237:
2235:
2233:Entelodontidae
2229:
2228:
2217:
2216:
2202:
2187:
2186:
2159:
2158:External links
2156:
2153:
2152:
2150:, 2005. p. 213
2141:Adrienne Mayor
2133:
2104:(2): 186–190.
2084:
2057:(4): 258–268.
2037:
2018:(1): 2189436.
1998:
1971:
1962:
1949:
1912:
1883:
1872:Archaeotherium
1856:
1835:Archaeotherium
1821:
1814:
1789:
1745:
1721:
1657:
1628:(4): 397–442.
1605:
1598:
1555:
1493:
1474:(4): 459–482.
1421:
1394:(6): 643–654.
1370:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1363:
1362:
1357:
1350:
1347:
1329:Archaeotherium
1310:The Lost World
1256:
1253:
1252:
1251:
1241:
1233:
1225:
1217:
1209:
1201:
1193:
1185:
1182:Archaeotherium
1175:
1174:List of genera
1172:
1141:
1138:
1121:(pigs). Early
1109:definition of
1088:Choeropotamids
1067:
1064:
1026:Archaeotherium
970:Auguste Aymard
961:
958:
956:
955:Classification
953:
935:
932:
916:Archaeotherium
864:Archaeotherium
771:
768:
760:Archaeotherium
696:, and certain
631:
628:
626:
623:
582:
579:
547:Archaeotherium
519:dental formula
507:Archaeotherium
498:
495:
447:sagittal crest
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285:Entelodontidae
280:
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24:Entelodontidae
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2200:
2189:
2177:on 2020-06-18
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2002:
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1990:
1986:
1984:
1983:Andrewsarchus
1975:
1966:
1959:
1953:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1923:
1916:
1902:on 2018-07-20
1901:
1897:
1893:
1887:
1879:
1875:
1873:
1869:
1868:Poebrotherium
1860:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1837:meat cache".
1836:
1832:
1831:Poebrotherium
1825:
1817:
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1807:
1806:
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1360:Sanitheriidae
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1249:
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1242:
1240:
1239:
1238:Paraentelodon
1234:
1232:
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1226:
1224:
1223:
1218:
1216:
1215:
1210:
1208:
1207:
1202:
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1191:
1186:
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1177:
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1157:Andrewsarchus
1154:
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1152:Andrewsarchus
1148:
1137:
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1127:
1124:
1120:
1116:
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1097:
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1089:
1083:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1063:
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1057:
1053:
1052:Paraentelodon
1049:
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1041:
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1027:
1023:
1019:
1014:
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1008:
1004:
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983:
979:
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974:Auguste Pomel
971:
967:
960:Early history
952:
950:
946:
942:
931:
929:
925:
921:
917:
913:
910:
906:
902:
901:
900:Poebrotherium
896:
892:
888:
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877:
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867:
865:
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622:
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612:
608:
604:
600:
599:cloven hooves
591:
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568:
564:
559:
555:
554:
549:
548:
542:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
515:plesiomorphic
508:
505:Lower jaw of
503:
494:
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488:
484:
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476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
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425:
418:
417:
411:
402:
400:
396:
395:
390:
389:
378:
376:
375:
374:Kubanochoerus
370:
366:
365:
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
343:morphological
340:
336:
332:
328:
325:
322:to the early
321:
317:
316:North America
313:
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84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
49:
44:
39:
33:
22:
19:
2232:
2179:. Retrieved
2175:the original
2168:
2143:
2136:
2101:
2097:
2087:
2054:
2050:
2040:
2015:
2011:
2001:
1993:the original
1989:ScienceBlogs
1988:
1982:
1974:
1965:
1957:
1952:
1940:. Retrieved
1928:
1915:
1904:. Retrieved
1900:the original
1895:
1886:
1877:
1871:
1867:
1859:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1824:
1804:
1765:
1761:
1737:. Retrieved
1731:
1724:
1682:(9): e7062.
1679:
1675:
1625:
1621:
1589:
1540:
1471:
1468:Paleobiology
1467:
1391:
1387:
1344:
1337:
1327:
1321:
1315:
1308:
1298:
1292:
1291:documentary
1286:
1281:
1277:
1275:
1267:
1246:Proentelodon
1244:
1236:
1228:
1220:
1212:
1204:
1198:Cypretherium
1196:
1188:
1180:
1167:
1163:
1161:
1156:
1150:
1147:mesonychians
1143:
1130:sister taxon
1107:
1102:
1092:cebochoerids
1084:
1072:Richard Owen
1069:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1039:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1015:
1010:
998:
994:
990:
985:
981:
977:
965:
963:
948:
937:
928:Ursus arctos
927:
919:
915:
898:
880:hyaenodontid
876:amphicyonids
868:
863:
859:Merycoidodon
857:
854:Great Plains
837:
834:
826:
808:
798:
784:
779:
764:
759:
752:pterygoideus
751:
747:
741:
736:
732:
726:
722:Cypretherium
720:
714:
712:
707:pterygoideus
705:
701:
685:
681:
680:muscle. The
675:
671:
669:
664:
660:
652:
646:
644:
639:
625:Paleobiology
595:
589:
551:
545:
543:
512:
506:
436:
421:
414:
398:
392:
386:
384:
372:
362:
296:artiodactyls
294:of pig-like
284:
283:
275:Alston, 1878
271:
252:
236:
234:
213:
194:
188:Artiodactyla
121:
18:
2352:Entelodonts
2257:Wikispecies
1942:October 28,
1874:meat cache"
1305:2001 remake
1230:Eoentelodon
1190:Brachyhyops
1115:Tayassuidae
1100:superfamily
1060:Brachyhyops
1056:Eoentelodon
1048:Eoentelodon
737:digastricus
733:digastricus
728:digastricus
716:Brachyhyops
690:xenarthrans
619:metatarsals
439:postorbital
381:Description
298:(even-toed
272:Elotheridae
2346:Categories
2181:2010-10-08
1906:2018-10-28
1845:(3): 79A.
1768:: 111363.
1739:2020-09-26
1622:Cladistics
1366:References
1022:Elotherium
999:Elotherium
986:Elotherium
978:Elotherium
924:brown bear
809:Sus scrofa
787:omnivorous
672:temporalis
665:temporalis
661:temporalis
657:moment arm
653:temporalis
648:temporalis
575:protoconid
369:basal pigs
367:, than to
339:tayassuids
331:omnivorous
228:Type genus
2128:134519242
2120:1631-0683
2079:129783561
2071:1342-8144
2032:1477-2019
1937:0871-5424
1784:0031-0182
1644:1096-0031
1550:304715809
1408:1555-6174
1355:Megafauna
1300:Entelodon
1278:hell pigs
1269:Entelodon
1214:Entelodon
1123:cladistic
1096:helohyids
1082:, 1910).
1076:ruminants
1018:Entelodon
1011:Entelodon
995:Entelodon
991:Entelodon
982:Entelodon
920:Entelodon
912:vertebrae
883:creodonts
872:nimravids
813:microwear
805:wild boar
694:kangaroos
638:Skull of
603:vestigial
571:metaconid
531:premolars
451:braincase
432:lower jaw
413:Skull of
364:Pakicetus
359:cetaceans
347:molecular
300:ungulates
238:Entelodon
154:Kingdom:
148:Eukaryota
102:- Middle
2242:Wikidata
1716:19774069
1676:PLOS ONE
1652:85141801
1546:ProQuest
1416:83856459
1349:See also
1334:Badlands
1320:'s show
1272:(~1890s)
1164:Dinohyus
905:thoracic
795:browsers
748:masseter
702:masseter
686:masseter
682:masseter
677:masseter
567:bunodont
523:incisors
463:cerebrum
263:Synonyms
254:See text
219:Lydekker
207:Family:
178:Mammalia
168:Chordata
164:Phylum:
158:Animalia
144:Domain:
2316:4944916
2290:3240378
2277:4526353
2248:Q131139
1958:Daeodon
1707:2740860
1684:Bibcode
1488:2400970
1339:Daeodon
1206:Daeodon
1080:Gregory
1040:Daeodon
1030:Daeodon
891:Wyoming
842:dentine
838:Daeodon
791:pecoran
780:Daeodon
744:glenoid
698:rodents
640:Daeodon
590:Daeodon
553:Daeodon
527:canines
399:Daeodon
388:Daeodon
324:Miocene
289:extinct
247:Genera
184:Order:
174:Class:
123:Daeodon
104:Miocene
2303:102273
2126:
2118:
2077:
2069:
2030:
1935:
1812:
1782:
1714:
1704:
1650:
1642:
1596:
1548:
1486:
1414:
1406:
1119:Suidae
1094:, and
945:camels
909:lumbar
850:hyenas
846:enamel
821:caecum
756:felids
611:radius
558:enamel
535:molars
467:orbits
355:hippos
327:epochs
320:Eocene
314:, and
312:Europe
292:family
287:is an
221:, 1883
100:Eocene
2329:42365
2298:IRMNG
2124:S2CID
2075:S2CID
1925:(PDF)
1648:S2CID
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