543:. The central tooth is long and narrow, small in proportion to the laterals, the reflected portion has one long median cusp, the side cusps being subobsolete. The lateral teeth are wide, broad as long, the reflected portion almost as large as the whole base of attachment, and tricuspid, the inner cusp very small, the median cusp large and bluntly truncated, the outer cusp smaller than the median and bluntly pointed. The marginal teeth are subquadrate, wider than high, the apex reflected, obliquely produced and bearing five or more blunt, short denticles, of which the inner two are the largest.
983:(specific geographic area essential for the conservation) for the Newcomb's snail was designated 20 August 2002. The designation includes eight stream segments and associated tributaries, springs, seeps, and adjacent riparian areas totaling 1,812 hectares (4,479 acres), and including 19.76 kilometers (12.28 mi) of stream channel. Critical habitat for the Newcomb's snail includes the six stream locations known to be occupied and two sites where snails were observed historically but are now thought to be extirpated (Hanakoa Stream and HanakÄpÄ«`ai Stream).
1235:
990:, Division of Aquatic Resources is building its capacity to undertake research and implement management directed towards conservation of rare and vulnerable aquatic species such as the Newcomb's snail. Interaction between the State Division of Aquatic Resources management and staff and our endangered species biologists will assist development of an institutional framework to accomplish effective conservation for the Newcomb's snail. To date, no conservation measures have been implemented.
609:. Three of these populations (Hanakoa Stream, HanakÄpÄ«`ai Stream, Wainiha River) are now thought to be extirpated. Since about 1993, Federal and State agencies, academic researchers, and other interested parties have conducted opportunistic surveys at approximately 50 sites along numerous streams and their associated tributaries and springs on Kaua'i, and have located four previously unknown populations of Newcomb's snail. These recently discovered populations are located in
480:
49:
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main stream channels is likely due to periodic channel scouring by sediment, rocks, and boulders that are moved downstream during high flow runoff events. Consequently, suitable habitat is generally restricted to protected, small, spring-fed tributaries, or to stream segments with overhanging waterfalls that have perennial flows supported by stable
775:
Furthermore, the rosy glandina snail exhibits remarkable hunting behaviors leading to capture and predation of submerged prey. Although terrestrial, the rosy glandina will fully immerse itself in water to locate and feed on aquatic molluscs such as
Newcomb's snail. The rosy glandina has been observed on the wet, algae-covered rocks of the
713:) that have marine larvae that migrate into and up streams following a period of oceanic dispersal. Most likely, the planktonic larvae of the neritid snails disperse across the oceanic expanses that separate the main Hawaiian Islands and can colonize streams on any or all of these islands. Newcomb's snail lacks this dispersal capacity.
774:
remains a serious threat to the survival of
Newcomb's snail. This predatory snail, introduced into Hawai`i in 1955, has established populations throughout the main islands. The rosy glandina feeds on snails and slugs, and field studies document that it readily feeds on native snails found in Hawai`i.
683:
and vegetation growing on submerged rocks. Snails attach eggs to submerged rocks or vegetation and larval stages do not disperse widely; the entire life cycle is tied to the stream system in which the adults live. Little is known about the biological or environmental factors affecting
Newcomb's snail
924:
In 1995, prior to
Newcomb's snail being listed as threatened, the County of Kaua`i planned a major water diversion project to capture flow from Makaleha Springs for domestic use. The project construction and operation was expected to eliminate the entire subpopulation of Newcomb's snail at Makaleha
920:
Newcomb's snails face a continued threat from human-caused changes to the hydrologic landscape of KauaŹ»i, that causes severe degradation of natural aquatic environments. Such changes include large irrigation, extensive plantation style agriculture diverting water out of both surface waterbodies and
644:
Recent survey work conducted from 1994 to 2003, limits the known range of
Newcomb's snail to small sites located in a total of six watersheds in north- and east-facing drainages on KauaŹ»i. They are: Kalalau Stream, Lumaha`i River, Hanalei River (four subpopulations), KeÄlia Stream, Makaleha Stream
725:
and associated springs, seeps, and vertical or overhanging waterfalls. Surveys of main stream channels of many of the perennial streams of Kaua`i indicate
Newcomb's snail is only found in areas protected from high scouring flows within main stream channels. The limited occurrence of this snail in
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The total area inhabited by
Newcomb's snails at any one location is remarkably small, from just 2 square meters (22 square feet; Makaleha waterfall, Hanalei subpopulations) to a maximum of 30 square meters (323 square feet; Makaleha Springs subpopulation). Microhabitat characteristics limiting
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On the basis of these data from the 6 existing populations of
Newcomb's snails can be estimated a total population of approximately 6,000 to 7,000 individuals. The great majority of these snails, perhaps over 90%, were located in the two populations at Kalalau and Lumaha`i. Terrain occupied by
394:
ties lie with the rest of the
Hawaiian lymnaeids, all of which are derived from North American ancestors. Therefore, it appears that parallel evolution of similar shell morphology occurred between these two distinct lineages of lymnaeid snails.
745:
for space and resources, or because of its large body size and sheer abundance in
Hawaiian streams. For example, a single caddisfly species accounted for 57% of all biota collected in the upper elevation KauaŹ»i streams.
733:
Limited to a relatively narrow zone of mid-elevation sites, populations of Newcomb's snail are found at an average elevation of 306 meters (1,005 feet), and range between 196 and 396 meters (643 feet to 1,299 feet).
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protected from channel scour. Dispersal of Newcomb's snail between stream systems is likely infrequent because of their obligate freshwater habitat requirements; historic dispersal probably relied on long-term
934:
684:
population size, however, important factors may include: annual, multi-year, or decadal changes in stream flows; severe weather, high flow, or channel-scouring events; and periods of prolonged drought. Snail
582:, all of which have numerous tributaries. No recent surveys for Newcomb's snails have been undertaken in the HanapÄpÄ watershed, or in any of the large neighboring stream systems, because they are located on
806:
represents a significant threat to the survival of Newcomb's snail. They feed on lymnaeid snails and were introduced into Hawaii in 1958 and 1966, respectively. These predatory flies were intended to act as
378:
is one of four species of Lymnaeidae snails are native to Hawaii. Three of these species inhabit two or more of the eight main islands. The fourth species, Newcomb's snail, is restricted to the island of
876:. Because of the difficulty in accessing the sites, no comprehensive Newcomb's snail population census has been undertaken since 1995, and changes to the population since that time remain undocumented.
398:
At the present time, no completely accepted nomenclature exists for the genera of Hawaiian lymnaeids, although each of these snail species, including Newcomb's snail, is recognized as a valid species.
896:, and other localized phenomena that occur unpredictably could eradicate Newcomb's snail habitat across significant portions of the island. Recent examples of such recurring natural events include
637:
of KauaŹ»i's north shore. However, if a viable population of Newcomb's snail exists in the Limahuli watershed, its location remains unknown, therefore Limahuli Stream is not considered to have a "
912:
effort must take the island-wide distribution of Newcomb's snails into account to ensure maintenance of separate populations in watersheds geographically distributed throughout the island.
629:. With the exception of the snails at Makaleha Springs, most of these populations have only been observed once or twice. Recently, two individual snails were reported from a single site in
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of 1838 to 1842 obtained the first known specimens of Newcomb's snails. Historical documents indicate that the specimens were collected sometime between 25 October and 6 November 1840, at "
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suitable habitat remain unknown. Because known populations are confined to such small areas, they are highly vulnerable to eradication by unpredictable catastrophic events.
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of Newcomb's snail. However, anecdotal reports indicate the Kalalau Stream and Lumaha`i River populations of Newcomb's snails are larger in comparison to the other four.
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input. The common element among sites harboring snail populations is that the water source appears to be consistent and permanent, even during severe drought.
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landslide of 31 October 1981. Each of these events greatly impacted and may have eliminated large areas of unsurveyed potential Newcomb's snail habitat. Any
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709:
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Newcomb's snail is an obligate freshwater species. The details of its ecology, such as life span, reproductive cycle, and number of eggs/young, are unknown.
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both upstream and downstream within a stream system probably plays an important function in colonizing or recolonizing suitable habitat, particularly
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Sharp, David, 1840ā1922; Royal Society (Great Britain); British Association for the Advancement of Science; Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum; p. 393
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Drawing of extreme marginal teeth (on the left), marginal teeth (in the center of the image), and central and lateral teeth (on the right) of
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typically associated with lymnaeids is substantially reduced. The result is a nearly smooth, brown to black shell formed by a single, oval
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and are difficult to reach because of the rough terrain. It is possible that Newcomb's snail populations remain in that region of KauaŹ»i.
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is low, wide, slightly arcuate, ends pointed; a decided median projection to the cutting edge. The anterior surface of the jaw is smooth.
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is straight, excavated, and with a curved, elevated, external ridge continued in front into the outer lip which is simple and acute.
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in close proximity to individual Newcomb's snails, and is believed to prey on them. The rosy glandina snail is responsible for the
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1255:"Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Determination of Threatened Status for Newcomb's Snail From the Hawaiian Islands"
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Newcomb's snail is the first and only freshwater organism found in Hawai`i listed under Federal and State law as threatened. The
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transport, although the Kalalau Stream population potentially could be accessed in summer months with boat support and strenuous
721:
On the basis of past and recent field observations, the specific habitat requirements of Newcomb's snail include fast-flowing
679:
Newcomb's snail probably shares life history similarities with other members of its family. Lymnaeid snails generally feed on
1623:
1502:
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832:). These biological control species may represent a significant threat to Newcomb's snail and other native lymnaeid snails.
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The shell is semi-globose, thin, horny, olivaceous, longitudinally finely striated. The spire is very short, obtuse. The
420:(1968) contradicted Hubendick and argued the distinctive shell characters of Newcomb's snail supported the generic name
320:
340:
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1562:
1077:(1855). "Descriptions of Two New Genera and several New Species of Mollusca, from the Collection of Hugh Cumming".
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Newcomb's snail populations is remote and extremely rugged. Three of the six populations can only be visited using
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17:
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denied the applicable permits on the basis of numerous unresolved environmental issues, including impacts to
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events that captured adjacent stream systems. This life history differs greatly from the freshwater Hawaiian
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570:. A number of very large watersheds traverse the southeast quadrant of the KauaŹ»i island, including
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potentially threaten populations of Newcomb's snail. All potentially prey on the Newcomb's snail.
649:" refers to a discreet group of individuals, separated from other discrete groups within a single
402:(1952) did not believe the distinctive shell form (described below) and reduced structures of the
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Predation on the eggs and adults of native Hawaiian lymnaeid snails by two non-native species of
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of many populations and even the extinction of numerous species of native snails throughout the
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This article incorporates public domain text from references and a public domain text (a
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Smith, R. (data provider).; Seddon, M.B.; et al. (Mollusc Specialist Group) (2003).
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is considered extinct). In fact, Hubendick included all Hawaiian lymnaeids in the genus
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is large and semi-ovate. The inner-lip is posteriorly ascending on the body whorl. The
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of 1973, since 26 January 2000. Such Hawaiian species are automatically added to the
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893:
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The genera of recent Mollusca: arranged according to their organization. Volume 2.
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Several introduced, predatory aquatic species, including the green swordtail fish
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A Japanese lymnaeid exhibits a very similar reduced shell shape, but a study of
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are adversely impacting native aquatic invertebrate populations either through
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Taylor D. W. (1988). "Aspects of freshwater mollusc ecological biogeography".
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Catalog of the native land and freshwater molluscs of the Hawaiian islands
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900:(a Category IV hurricane that devastated Kaua`i on 11 September 1992),
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506:, 6 mm (0.25 inch) long and 3 mm (0.12 inch) wide.
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et al. (1995) all followed Morrison and referred to Newcomb's snail as
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Explorer. Data last updated 17 July 2009. Retrieved 3 November 2009.
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Until about 1925, snails were collected from small sites located in
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331:, or possibly one of several other waterfalls located in the middle
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United States Fish and Wildlife Service list of endangered species
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of Newcomb's snail warranted a genus (second species of the genus
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645:(two subpopulations), and the North Fork Wailua River. The term "
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It is suspected that the four species of introduced caddisflies
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at U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service website from Internet Archive
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339:. Individuals from this early collection made their way to the
34:, an endemic Hawaiian snail genus in the family Achatinellidae.
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1302:
Cowie R. H., Evenhuis N. L. & Christensen C. C. (1995).
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Morrison J. P. E. (1968). "Notes on Hawaiian Lymnaeidae".
1157:. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Portland, Oregon. 52 pp.
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species profile at U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service website
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Pulmonates. Vol. 2A. Systematics, Evolution and Ecology.
1333:. pp. 172ā217. In: Fetter V. & Peake J. (eds.)
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Springs. The application process was continued by the
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Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, and Palaeoecology
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is one of the known predators of the Newcomb's snail
347:
from which the species was later described in 1855.
1209:
Annals of the Lyceum of Natural History of New York
444:, which is the currently accepted scientific name.
1203:(1874). "On the lingual dentition and anatomy of
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768:Predation by the non-native rosy glandina snail
1080:Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London
988:Hawaii Department of Land and Natural Resources
935:State Commission on Water Resource Management
491:Newcomb's snail is unique among the Hawaiian
1331:Chapter 4. Chromosomes of pulmonate molluscs
1309:Hubendick B. (1952). "Hawaiian Lymnaeidae".
1047:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2003.RLTS.T42392A10690568.en
965:This species is listed as threatened on the
1306:. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden. vi + 248 pp.
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975:State of Hawaii's list of protected species
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1329:Patterson C. M & Burch J. B. (1978).
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811:agents for the non-native lymnaeid snail
319:The scientific collection efforts of the
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1151:"Recovery plan for the Newcomb's snail (
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929:and cleared a number of State and local
904:(23 November 1982), and the large upper
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390:numbers suggests that Newcomb's snail's
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1237:Erinna newcombi ā Adams and Adams, 1855
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1003:work of the United States Government
356:Heneta River, Kami, Sandwich Islands
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1033:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
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888:and tropical storms, catastrophic
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321:United States Exploring Expedition
25:
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558:, where the Newcomb's snail lives
374:, that collected them in Hawaii.
341:British Museum of Natural History
327:," presumably what is now called
1604:IUCN Red List vulnerable species
823:), (an intermediate host of the
566:and restricted to the island of
256:) is a species of air-breathing
1311:Bishop Museum Occasional Papers
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1634:Freshwater molluscs of Oceania
1337:Academic Press, San Francisco.
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1147:U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
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1624:Gastropods described in 1855
927:Kaua`i Board of Water Supply
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969:under the authority of the
418:Joseph Paul Eldred Morrison
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1182:John Van Voorst, London.
362:, Kauai, Hawaii. English
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97:Scientific classification
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73:
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46:
41:
841:, the American bullfrog
30:Not to be confused with
1619:Endemic fauna of Hawaii
641:" of Newcomb's snails.
456:An apertural view of a
335:watershed of southeast
1629:ESA threatened species
1207:and other Pulmonata".
971:Endangered Species Act
765:
625:), and the North Fork
559:
513:is rather eroded. The
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430:Charlotte M. Patterson
291:. It is threatened by
1149:(18 September 2006).
1040:: e.T42392A10690568.
921:groundwater sources.
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674:active during the day
584:privately owned lands
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482:
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434:Dwight Willard Taylor
343:and were used as the
1321:Malacological Review
1294:Malacological Review
853:, and the cane toad
847:, the wrinkled frog
797:Sepedomerus macropus
1253:(26 January 2000).
838:Xyphophorus helleri
758:The glandina snail
710:Neritina vespertina
672:Newcomb's snail is
562:Newcomb's snail is
539:is as usual in the
517:is ventricose. The
487:of Newcomb's snail.
475:of Newcomb's snail.
370:is in honor of Dr.
67:Conservation status
1614:Molluscs of Hawaii
1380:at hbmp.hawaii.edu
1368:Newcomb's Snail /
1005:) from reference.
960:2009 IUCN Red List
949:vulnerable species
933:. Ultimately, the
931:regulatory reviews
829:Fasciola gigantica
825:cattle liver fluke
809:biological control
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599:HanakÄpÄ«`ai Stream
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489:
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432:and Burch (1978),
329:Manuwaiopuna Falls
271:. This species is
27:Species of mollusc
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1537:Open Tree of Life
1391:Taxon identifiers
910:recovery planning
803:Sepedon aenescens
794:flies, marsh fly
723:perennial streams
653:. Because of low
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16:(Redirected from
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894:invasive species
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820:Fossaria viridis
771:Euglandina rosea
761:Euglandina rosea
704:Neritina granosa
659:population sizes
635:Hanalei District
621:(a tributary to
258:freshwater snail
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211:E. newcombi
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1274:Further reading
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1199:Bland T. &
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898:Hurricane Iniki
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863:Population size
785:Pacific Islands
777:Makaleha Stream
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631:Limahuli Stream
619:Makaleha Stream
576:HanapÄpÄ Stream
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462:Erinna newcombi
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442:Erinna newcombi
438:Robert H. Cowie
400:Bengt Hubendick
376:Erinna newcombi
358:", which means
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299:Erinna newcombi
254:Erinna newcombi
250:Newcomb's snail
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1357:External links
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1289:Limnea onychia
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611:Lumaha`i River
595:Hanakoa Stream
591:Kalalau Stream
572:Olokele Stream
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404:nervous system
372:Wesley Newcomb
354:is referred: "
345:type specimens
325:HanapÄpÄ Falls
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283:. Its natural
267:in the family
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357:
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1178:
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959:
958:and also in
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916:Conservation
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856:Bufo marinus
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690:microhabitat
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627:Wailua River
588:
580:Waimea River
561:
547:Distribution
534:
527:
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495:in that the
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436:(1988), and
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293:habitat loss
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155:Panpulmonata
139:(unranked):
57:
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1524:NatureServe
1472:iNaturalist
1292:of Japan".
1280:Burch J. B.
1242:NatureServe
1217:: 331ā351.
1205:Achatinella
1085:Part XXIII.
1053:16 November
850:Rana rugosa
781:extirpation
743:competition
739:Trichoptera
728:groundwater
448:Description
364:common name
172:Lymnaeoidea
56:Drawing of
1609:Lymnaeidae
1598:Categories
1347:: 511ā576.
1316:: 307ā328.
994:References
890:landslides
886:hurricanes
870:helicopter
639:population
515:last whorl
388:chromosome
269:Lymnaeidae
184:Lymnaeidae
160:Hygrophila
150:Euthyneura
132:Gastropoda
82:Vulnerable
1282:(1968). "
792:sciomyzid
750:Predators
695:erosional
686:dispersal
651:watershed
541:Helicidae
523:columella
493:lymnaeids
366:and also
279:, in the
262:gastropod
205:Species:
103:Kingdom:
32:Newcombia
1529:2.118386
1414:Q5460533
1408:Wikidata
1326:: 31ā33.
1299:: 15ā30.
1234:(2009).
1176:(1858).
1174:Adams A.
1170:Adams H.
1075:Adams A.
882:Flooding
701:snails (
655:mobility
519:aperture
428:(1968),
333:HanapÄpÄ
315:Taxonomy
240:A. Adams
236:H. Adams
179:Family:
120:Mollusca
115:Phylum:
108:Animalia
87:IUCN 3.1
1576:ZooBank
1542:4956733
1503:1132477
1464:5784503
884:due to
717:Habitat
699:neritid
665:Ecology
633:in the
564:endemic
413:Lymnaea
301:is the
285:habitat
273:endemic
265:mollusk
191:Genus:
127:Class:
85: (
1568:724493
1490:121703
1477:100361
1448:ECOS:
1423:ARKive
1184:p. 644
1172:&
874:hiking
613:, the
605:, and
568:KauaŹ»i
537:radula
485:radula
422:Erinna
408:Erinna
381:KauaŹ»i
337:KauaŹ»i
308:Erinna
289:rivers
277:Hawaii
242:, 1855
238:&
197:Erinna
158:clade
153:clade
148:clade
143:clade
1563:WoRMS
1550:Plazi
1516:42392
1441:3B2FQ
1090:-124.
953:2006
681:algae
504:whorl
500:spire
497:shell
458:shell
1511:IUCN
1498:ITIS
1459:GBIF
1451:1142
1055:2021
1038:2003
800:and
578:and
535:The
528:The
511:apex
260:, a
1485:ISC
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473:Jaw
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