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1479:, p. 220 states "In the Machian view, the properties of the system are exhausted by the masses of the particles and their separations, but the separations are mutual properties. Apart from the masses, the particles have no attributes that are exclusively their own. They â in the form of a triangle â are a single thing. In the Newtonian view, the particles exist in absolute space and time. These external elements lend the particles attributes â position, momentum, angular momentum â denied in the Machian view. The particles become three things. Absolute space and time are an essential part of atomism".
783:
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874:...if does not admit that the "sensible content" is an objective reality, existing independently of us, there remains only a "naked abstract" I, an I infallibly written with a capital letter and italicised, equal to "the insane piano, which imagined that it was the sole existing thing in this world." If the "sensible content" of our sensations is not the external world then nothing exists save this naked I engaged in empty "philosophical" acrobatics.
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955:. In 1930, he wrote, "it is justified to consider Mach as the precursor of the general theory of relativity", though Mach, before his death, apparently rejected Einstein's theory. Einstein knew that his theories did not fulfill all Mach's principles, and neither has any subsequent theory, despite considerable effort.
838:
In mentally separating a body from the changeable environment in which it moves, what we really do is to extricate a group of sensations on which our thoughts are fastened and which is of relatively greater stability than the others, from the stream of all our sensations. Suppose we were to attribute
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On the other hand, there is also a reasonable case for viewing Mach simply as an empiricist and a precursor of the logical empiricists and the Vienna Circle. On this view, the purpose of science is to detail functional relationships between observations: "The goal which it (physical science) has set
906:
In accordance with empirio-critical philosophy, Mach opposed
Boltzmann and others who proposed an atomic theory of physics. Since one cannot observe things as small as atoms directly, and since no atomic model at the time was consistent, the atomic hypothesis seemed unwarranted to Mach, and perhaps
873:
If bodies are "complexes of sensations," as Mach says, or "combinations of sensations," as
Berkeley said, it inevitably follows that the whole world is but my idea. Starting from such a premise it is impossible to arrive at the existence of other people besides oneself: it is the purest solipsism.
808:
that became influential in the 19th and 20th centuries. He originally saw scientific laws as summaries of experimental events, constructed for the purpose of making complex data comprehensible, but later emphasized mathematical functions as a more useful way to describe sensory appearances. Thus,
1807:: investigator must feel the need of ... knowledge of the immediate connections, say, of the masses of the universe. There will hover before him as an ideal insight into the principles of the whole matter, from which accelerated and inertial motions will result in the same way.
1041:, but Goltz did not discover how the balance-sensing apparatus functions. Mach devised a swivel chair to test his theories, and Floyd Ratliff has suggested that this experiment may have paved the way to Mach's critique of a physical conception of absolute space and motion.
564:
Mach's main contribution to physics involved his description and photographs of spark shock-waves and then ballistic shock-waves. He described how when a bullet or shell moved faster than the speed of sound, it created a compression of air in front of it. Using
435:
in eastern
Moravia. His grandfather, Wenzl Lanhaus, an administrator of the Chirlitz estate, was also master builder of the streets there. His activities in that field later influenced Ernst Mach's theoretical work. Some sources give Mach's birthplace as TuĆany
828:
When the human mind, with its limited powers, attempts to mirror in itself the rich life of the world, of which it itself is only a small part, and which it can never hope to exhaust, it has every reason for proceeding economically.
647:. Some of Mach's criticisms of Newton's position on space and time influenced Einstein, but later, Einstein realised that Mach was basically opposed to Newton's philosophy and concluded that his physical criticism was not sound.
658:
In 1898, Mach survived a paralytic stroke, and in 1901, he retired from the
University of Vienna and was appointed to the upper chamber of the Austrian Parliament. On leaving Vienna in 1913, he moved to his son's home in
839:
to nature the property of producing like effects in like circumstances; just these like circumstances we should not know how to find. Nature exists once only. Our schematic mental imitation alone produces like events.
832:
In reality, the law always contains less than the fact itself, because it does not reproduce the fact as a whole but only in that aspect of it which is important for us, the rest being intentionally or from necessity
803:
From 1895 to 1901, Mach held a newly created chair for "the history and philosophy of the inductive sciences" at the
University of Vienna. In his historico-philosophical studies, Mach developed a phenomenalistic
494:
438:
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967:. Constructivism holds that all knowledge is constructed rather than received by the learner. He took an exceptionally non-dualist, phenomenological position. The founder of radical constructivism,
1795:, p. 753: Mach's principle asserts that physics should be defined entirely in terms of the relation of one body to another, and that the very notion of a background space should be abandoned
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showed that the statistical fluctuations of atoms allowed measurement of their existence without direct individuated sensory evidence marked a turning point in the acceptance of
2287:
1065:. The effect exaggerates the contrast between edges of the slightly differing shades of gray as soon as they touch, by triggering edge-detection in the human visual system.
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but declined a nobility because he thought it inappropriate for a scientist to accept such a thing. He was on good personal terms with the Social
Democrat politician
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as real. That position seemed incompatible with the view of atoms and molecules as external mind-independent things. He famously declared, after an 1897 lecture by
1148:
690:
Mach was critical of the
European powers' colonial conquests, saying that they "will constitute...the most distasteful chapter of history for coming generations".
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from 1918 to 1921, "as far as philosophical discussion went it essentially revolved around Mach's ideas". Mach's work has also been cited as an influence on the
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F. A. von Hayek, "Diskussionsbemergungen ĂŒber Ernst Mach und das sozialwissenschaftliche Denken in Wien," Symposium (Freiburg, 1967), pp. 41 44
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that allowed for much clearer photographs. But Mach also made many contributions to psychology and physiology, including his anticipation of
569:, he and his son Ludwig photographed the shadows of the invisible shock waves. During the early 1890s Ludwig invented a modification of the
449:, also part of Brno), the site of the Chirlitz registry office. It was there that Mach was baptised by Peregrin Weiss. Mach later became a
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1025:(i.e., the perception of the head's imbalance) functions, tracing its management by information the brain receives from the movement of
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scientific laws, while somewhat idealized, have more to do with describing sensations than with reality as it exists beyond sensations.
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1867:
Pojman, Paul, "Ernst Mach", The
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2023 Edition), Edward N. Zalta & Uri Nodelman (eds.)
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2110:
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presented their paper on this subject in 1887; it correctly describes the sound effects observed during the supersonic motion of a
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Ratliff, Floyd (1975). "On Mach's
Contributions to the Analysis of Sensations". In Seeger, Raymond J.; Cohen, Robert S. (eds.).
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903:, and others, that claims that all we can know is our sensations and that knowledge should be confined to pure experience.
596:, the physical origin of inertia. This was never written down by Mach, but was given a graphic verbal form, attributed by
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Mach also became well known for his philosophy, developed in close interplay with his science. Mach defended a type of
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Several principles are attributed to Mach that distill his ideal of physical theorization, called "Machian physics":
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1579:, p. 293, Chapter 18 â Mach and Buddhism: Mach was logically a Buddhist and illogically a believer in science.
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1037:. That the sense of balance depends on the three semicircular canals was discovered in 1870 by the physiologist
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Self-Portrait by Ernst Mach (1886) featured in "Analysis of
Sensations", also known as "view from the left eye"
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to do so, and in 1866 he was appointed professor of physics. During that period, Mach continued his work in
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Exaggerated contrast between edges of the slightly differing shades of gray, appears as soon as they touch
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criticised Mach's reluctance to acknowledge the reality of atoms as incompatible with physics. Einstein's
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667:, where he continued writing and corresponding until his death in 1916, one day after his 78th birthday.
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1945:(1998), Mack, Pamela E. (ed.), "Research in Supersonic Flight and the Breaking of the Sound Barrier",
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explicitly rejects Einstein's relativistic views but it has been argued that the text is inauthentic.(
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It should be based entirely on directly observable phenomena (in line with his positivistic leanings)
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According to Alexander Riegler, Mach's work was a precursor to the influential perspective known as
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1978:
Baatz, Ursula (1992). "Ernst Mach - the Scientist as a Buddhist ?". In Blackmore, J.T. (ed.).
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337:
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From Engineering Science to Big Science: The NACA and NASA Collier Trophy Research Project Winners
1235:. Translated by McCormack, Thomas J. (4th ed.). Chicago: The Open Court Publishing Co. 1919 .
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of conical shape, with the projectile at the apex. The ratio of the speed of a fluid to the local
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On this interdependency of Mach's physics, physiology, history and philosophy of science see
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More clearly than anyone before or since, Mach made the distinction between what he called
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of light in different media under external influences. From there followed explorations in
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and for one semester medical physiology, receiving his doctorate in physics in 1860 under
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after him. It is a critical parameter in the description of high-speed fluid movement in
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2176:"On Feyerabend's version of 'Mach's theory of research and its relation to Einstein'"
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2016:
1993:
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943:) should instead be seen as emerging from the distribution of matter in the universe.
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and in sensory perception. In 1867, he took the chair of experimental physics at the
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Nauka i revoljucija. Recepciia empiriokriticizma v russkoi kul'ture (1877-1910 gg.)
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2217:"Die Korrespondenz Duhem-Mach: Zur 'Modellbeladenheit' von Wissenschaftsgeschichte"
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1241:"Photographische Fixirung der durch Projectile in der Luft eingeleiteten VorgÀnge"
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Up to the age of 14, Mach was educated at home by his parents. He then entered a
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Materialism and Empirio-criticism: Critical Comments on a Reactionary Philosophy
1989:
1555:, p. 158: And Mach, in personal conviction, was a socialist and an atheist.
1467:, excerpted by Kockelmans and slightly corrected by Blackmore. (citation below).
1451:
on his impact in Vienna, see Stadler et al. (1988), and Blackmore et al. (2001).
3307:
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Ernst Mach's Graz (1864â1867), where much science and philosophy were developed
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In 1873, independently of each other, Mach and the physiologist and physician
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to Mach: "When the subway jerks, it's the fixed stars that throw you down."
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Most of Mach's initial studies in experimental physics concentrated on the
680:
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140:
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2469:"Mach and Einstein, or Clearing Troubled Waters in the History of Science"
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Analyse der Empfindungen und das VerhÀltnis des Physischen zum Psychischen
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itself is the simplest and most economical abstract expression of facts."
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703:
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292:
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16:
Austrian/Czech physicist, philosopher and university educator (1838â1916)
2693:
Ernst Mach bibliography of all of his papers and books from 1860 to 1916
2541:
Ernst Mach's Vienna 1895â1930: Or Phenomenalism as Philosophy of Science
2452:
Science and revolution. Reception of empiriocriticism in Russian culture
505:), where he studied for three years. In 1855 he became a student at the
3471:
3446:
3226:
3050:
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2840:
2592:
The First Moderns. Profiles in the Origins of Twentieth-Century Thought
2459:
2376:
Riegler, Alexander (2011). "Constructivism". In Luciano L'Abate (ed.).
1375:
1115:
1062:
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In the area of sensory perception, psychologists remember Mach for the
935:
Any phenomena that seem attributable to absolute space and time (e.g.,
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727:
723:
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711:
636:
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346:
269:
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Spinning chair devised by Mach to investigate the experience of motion
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and to the absurd conclusion that nature did not exist before humans:
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2111:"Sketches of Otohistory - Part 8:The Emergence of Vestibular Science"
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181:
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after he had turned down the position of a chair in surgery at the
458:
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against Paul Feyerabend's efforts to decouple these three strands.
907:
not sufficiently "economical". Mach had a direct influence on the
2471:. In Lehner, Christoph; Renn, JĂŒrgen; Schemmel, Matthias (eds.).
2358:
Mach bands: quantitative studies on neural networks in the retina
2316:
The Road to Reality: A Complete Guide to the Laws of the Universe
1296:"Space and Geometry from the Point of View of Physical Inquiry".
1202:
Die Mechanik in ihrer Entwicklung historisch-kritisch dargestellt
936:
844:
814:
510:
454:
408:
2493:
A World Without Time: The Forgotten Legacy of Gödel and Einstein
1002:, being described as a "major precursor of logical positivism".
432:
32:
3171:
2677:
Wissenschaftliche Kommunikation â Die Korrespondenz Ernst Machs
2288:
Subtle is the Lord: The Science and the Life of Albert Einstein
1678:
The Austrian Mind An Intellectual and Social History, 1848-1938
1327:
History and Root of the Principle of the Conservation of Energy
791:
726:. They deduced and experimentally confirmed the existence of a
664:
635:, "I don't believe that atoms exist!" From about 1908 to 1911,
632:
530:
428:
207:
2558:
John T. Blackmore, Ryoichi Itagaki and Setsuko Tanaka (eds.):
1726:
1645:
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position, which paralleled Mach's in the field of psychology.
951:. Einstein cited it as one of the three principles underlying
3710:
2809:
2668:
Ernst Mach and the development of Physics â Conference Papers
1245:
Sitzungsber. Kaiserl. Akad. Wiss., Wien, Math.-Naturwiss. Cl.
314:
2015:. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.
1217:
Erkenntnis und Irrtum: Skizzen zur Psychologie der Forschung
947:
The last is singled out, particularly by Einstein, as "the"
683:
and left money in his will to the Social Democrat newspaper
2538:
Blackmore, J.T.; Itagaki, R.; Tanaka, Satoru, eds. (2001).
775:"Machism" redirects here. For exaggerated masculinity, see
561:, where he stayed for 28 years before returning to Vienna.
416:
317:
50:
2521:
Ernst Mach's World Elements. A Study in Natural Philosophy
1870:
1822:
1276:
Williams, C.W., ed. (1897). "The Analysis of Sensations".
865:". His main criticisms were that Mach's philosophy led to
545:
In 1864, he took a job as professor of mathematics at the
1546:
2534:. Vienna: BraumĂŒller, 1985 (with select correspondence).
1705:
The Austro-Marxists 1890â1918 A Psychobiographical Study
1684:
2572:
John T. Blackmore, Ryoichi Itagaki and Setsuko Tanaka:
2565:
John T. Blackmore, Ryoichi Itagaki and Setsuko Tanaka:
1774:
1558:
1282:(1st ed.). Chicago: Open Court Publishing Company.
592:
One of the best-known of Mach's ideas is the so-called
341:; 18 February 1838 â 19 February 1916) was an Austrian
2537:
1906:
1786:
675:
In 1901, Mach accepted an appointment to the Austrian
1534:
879:
Chapter 1.1, "Sensations And Complexes Of Sensations"
326:
2695:, compiled by Vienna lecturer Dr. Peter Mahr in 2016
2454:] (in Croatian). Moscow: Akademicheskii Proekt.
2160:
Heinzmann, Gerhard; Stump, David (10 October 2017),
1657:
1522:
457:, but his theory and life was sometimes compared to
2180:
Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part A
2071:
Radical Behaviorism: The Philosophy and the Science
1894:
1882:
1810:
1139:, the unit for speed relative to the speed of sound
861:, in which he criticized Machism and the views of "
589:of the inner ear that helps control human balance.
465:called Mach the "Buddha of Science" because of his
345:and philosopher, who contributed to the physics of
311:
2581:Ernst Mach's Prague 1867â1895 as a human adventure
2355:
2008:
1918:
1750:
1510:
958:
525:the following year. His early work focused on the
2599:Haller, Rudolf; Stadler, Friedrich, eds. (1988).
1762:
1738:
1352:Fundamentals of the Theory of Movement Perception
895:philosophy established by the German philosopher
718:fluid mechanics. Mach and physicist-photographer
3749:
2659:Philosophy of science. The historical background
1798:
1600:"Contributions of Ernst Mach to Fluid Mechanics"
431:, acted as tutor to the noble Brethon family in
349:. The ratio of the speed of a flow or object to
2799:"The critical positivism of Mach and Avenarius"
2776:Max Planck Institute for the History of Science
2473:Einstein and the Changing Worldviews of Physics
2260:
1960:The End of Time: The Next Revolution in Physics
1169:(Later editions were published under the title
611:) of a bow shockwave around a supersonic bullet
373:'s theories of space and time, he foreshadowed
3336:Fourth Great Debate in international relations
2633:
2159:
2108:
2052:The Blackwell Dictionary of Western Philosophy
1876:
1722:. University of California Press. p. 223.
1441:
1424:
1083:Mach's views on mediating structures inspired
3288:
2825:
2603:(in German). Vienna: Hoelder-Pichler-Tempsky.
2598:
2088:Cohen, Robert S.; Seeger, Raymond J. (1975).
1680:. University of California Press. p. 70.
1593:
1591:
1589:
1587:
1585:
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1220:(in German). Leipzig: Johann Ambrosius Barth.
1194:(in German). Leipzig: Johann Ambrosius Barth.
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3325:
3315:
3305:
3021:
2665:
2267:The Historical Development of Quantum Theory
2109:Hawkins, J.E.; Schacht, J. (12 April 2005).
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1732:
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1239:
1213:
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1187:
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3813:Austrian people of Moravian-German descent
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2656:
2648:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1912:
1582:
1488:The preface of the posthumously published
1454:
1295:
1279:Contributions to the Analysis of Sensation
843:Mach's positivism influenced many Russian
31:
3239:Relationship between religion and science
2607:
2562:. Kanagawa: Tokai University Press, 2006.
2523:. Dordrecht: Kluwer (now Springer), 2013.
2214:
2173:
2011:Ernst Mach. His Life, Work, and Influence
2006:
1984:. Dordrecht: Springer. pp. 183â199.
1717:
1690:
1576:
1528:
1465:The Economical Nature of Physical Inquiry
1448:
1435:
1431:
1291:Revised & enlarged 3rd edition (1898)
2670:, Prague: Universitas Carolina Pragensis
2617:Reader's Guide to the History of Science
2586:
2489:
2431:(illustrated ed.). Humanity Books.
2045:
1941:
1780:
1720:Ernst Mach His Life, Work, and Influence
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1048:
973:
781:
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649:
602:
540:
475:
213:Ăber elektrische Ladungen und Induktion
3560:The Structure of Scientific Revolutions
2634:Hoffmann, D.; Laitko, H., eds. (1991).
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1953:
1900:
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1476:
607:Ernst Mach's historic 1887 photograph (
519:Ăber elektrische Ladungen und Induktion
3858:People from the Margraviate of Moravia
3750:
2915:Machian positivism (empirio-criticism)
2674:
2583:, Bethesda: Sentinel Open Press, 2010.
2576:. Bethesda: Sentinel Open Press, 2010.
2569:. Bethesda: Sentinel Open Press, 2009.
2445:
2333:
2068:
1924:
1756:
423:). His father, who had graduated from
148:
3287:
2813:
2666:Prosser, V.; Folta, J., eds. (1991),
2404:
2369:Ernst Mach, Physicist and Philosopher
2247:
2091:Ernst Mach: Physicist and Philosopher
2046:Bunnin, Nicholas; Yu, Jiyuan (2008).
1977:
1768:
1744:
1564:
1447:On Mach's historiography, cf., e.g.,
1164:BeitrÀge zur Analyse der Empfindungen
336:
3828:Academic staff of Charles University
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1816:
1804:
1702:
1516:
1463:Selections are taken from his essay
1275:
1229:
798:
2764:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
2340:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
2167:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1624:10.1146/annurev.fl.15.010183.000245
1225:Mach's principal works in English:
13:
3788:20th-century Austrian philosophers
3783:20th-century Austrian male writers
3773:19th-century Austrian philosophers
3192:Nomotheticâidiographic distinction
2749:
2636:Ernst Mach â Studien und Dokumente
2512:
1167:(in German). Jena: Gustav Fischer.
1005:Mach's work was a "forerunner" of
14:
3884:
3520:The Logic of Scientific Discovery
3504:Materialism and Empirio-criticism
3360:The Course in Positive Philosophy
2774:in the Virtual Laboratory of the
2686:
2475:. Boston: Springer â BirkhĂ€user.
1099:In homage his name was given to:
994:wrote that, when he attended the
971:, gave a nod to Mach as an ally.
858:Materialism and Empirio-criticism
303:Ernst Waldfried Josef Wenzel Mach
44:Ernst Waldfried Josef Wenzel Mach
3793:19th-century Austrian physicists
2772:Short biography and bibliography
2742:
2379:Paradigms in Theory Construction
1963:. USA: Oxford University Press.
1604:Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics
1346:Principles of the Theory of Heat
1334:The Principles of Physical Optic
577:phenomena, his discovery of the
307:
268:
107:(PhD, 1860; Dr. phil. hab, 1861)
3778:19th-century Czech philosophers
3512:History and Class Consciousness
2629:– via Taylor and Francis.
2405:Scott, Jeff (9 November 2003).
1861:
1843:
1834:
1711:
1707:. University Press of Kentucky.
1696:
1669:
1598:Reichenbach, H (January 1983).
1143:
959:Phenomenological constructivism
899:and further developed by Mach,
887:is the term for the rigorously
3376:Critical History of Philosophy
2839:
2804:Britannica Online Encyclopedia
2657:Kockelmans, Joseph J. (1968).
2615:. In Hessenbruch, Arne (ed.).
2594:. University of Chicago Press.
2567:Ernst Mach's Influence Spreads
2382:. Springer. pp. 235â255.
825:abstract expression of facts.
361:, he was a major influence on
1:
3768:19th-century Austrian writers
3584:Knowledge and Human Interests
2920:Rankean historical positivism
2794:Mathematics Genealogy Project
2681:(with select correspondence).
2679:(in German), Kastellaun: Hain
2601:Ernst Mach â Werk und Wirkung
2264:; Rechenberg, Helmut (2001).
1676:Johnston, William M. (2023).
1490:Principles of Physical Optics
1412:
1124:, seen in supersonic exhausts
1044:
1012:
469:approach to the "Ego" in his
389:
3702:
3368:A General View of Positivism
2726:Works by or about Ernst Mach
2407:"Ernst Mach and Mach Number"
2388:10.1007/978-1-4614-0914-4_13
2334:Pojman, Paul (21 May 2008).
2200:10.1016/0039-3681(85)90019-6
1503:
986:
925:It should completely eschew
855:wrote a philosophical work,
641:1905 work on Brownian motion
559:Charles-Ferdinand University
425:Charles-Ferdinand University
384:
196:Charles-Ferdinand University
7:
3568:Conjectures and Refutations
3400:The Logic of Modern Physics
3217:Deductive-nomological model
2741:(public domain audiobooks)
2701:, compiled by Greg C Elvers
2661:. New York: The Free Press.
2007:Blackmore, John T. (1972).
1990:10.1007/978-94-011-2771-4_9
1718:Blackmore, John T. (2023).
1434:, Blackmore (ed.) 1992 and
1396:MachâZehnder interferometer
1358:
1287:Popular Scientific Lectures
1180:Optisch-akustische Versuche
759:. Mach also contributed to
670:
629:Imperial Academy of Science
369:. Through his criticism of
295:, who was also a physicist.
289:MachâZehnder interferometer
249:Other notable students
10:
3889:
3528:The Poverty of Historicism
3424:The Universe in a Nutshell
3408:Language, Truth, and Logic
3392:The Analysis of Sensations
2783:The Analysis of Sensations
2532:Ernst Mach als AuĂenseiter
1981:Ernst Mach â A Deeper Look
1934:
1877:Hawkins & Schacht 2005
1251:(Abt. II): 764â780. 1887.
1183:(in German). Praha: Calve.
1094:
774:
693:
394:Mach was born in Chrlice (
3736:
3684:
3618:
3608:The Rhetoric of Economics
3495:
3434:
3351:
3298:
3294:
3289:Positivist-related debate
3283:
3110:
3079:
2994:
2938:
2882:
2851:
2847:
2425:Sonnert, Gerhard (2005).
2233:10.1080/00033798800200121
2215:Hentschel, Klaus (1988).
2174:Hentschel, Klaus (1985).
2118:Audiology and Neurotology
2054:. John Wiley & Sons.
2048:"Mach, Ernst (1838-1916)"
1191:Principien der WĂ€rmelehre
515:Andreas von Ettingshausen
281:
276:
267:
262:
258:
248:
234:
229:Andreas von Ettingshausen
222:
206:
187:
177:
170:
111:
99:
91:
65:
39:
30:
23:
3544:Two Dogmas of Empiricism
3261:Structural functionalism
3187:Naturalism in literature
2710:Neue Deutsche Biographie
2699:Various Ernst Mach links
2675:Thiele, Joachim (1978),
2490:Yourgrau, Palle (2005).
2467:Wolters, Gereon (2012).
2446:Steila, Daniela (2013).
1654:, p. 65, Chapter 3.
1417:
1265:10.1002/andp.18872681008
1232:The Science of Mechanics
817:) has set itself is the
763:the hypothesis known as
283:He was the godfather of
3863:Philosophers of science
3838:Experimental physicists
3671:Willard Van Orman Quine
3384:Idealism and Positivism
2976:Critique of metaphysics
2910:Sociological positivism
2712:15 (1987), pp. 605â609.
2544:. Dordrecht: Springer.
2354:Ratliff, Floyd (1965).
2291:. Oxford: OUP. p.
2094:. Dordrecht: Springer.
2073:. Authors Cooperative.
1733:Mach & Salcher 1887
1553:Cohen & Seeger 1975
1310:10.5840/monist190314139
927:absolute space and time
291:is named after his son
3716:
3685:Concepts in contention
3326:
3316:
3306:
3197:Objectivity in science
3095:Non-Euclidean geometry
3061:Methodological dualism
3022:
2285:Pais, Abraham (2005).
2069:Chiesa, Mecca (1994).
1913:Sugden & Mach 1903
1703:Blum, Mark E. (2021).
1401:Stereokinetic stimulus
1205:(in German). Leipzig:
1156:
1054:
979:
882:
841:
835:
795:
655:
612:
551:University of Salzburg
502:
481:
471:Analysis of Sensations
446:
404:
359:philosopher of science
165:Stereokinetic stimulus
3848:Historians of science
3798:Historians of physics
3592:The Poverty of Theory
3212:Philosophy of science
3101:Uncertainty principle
2619:. London: Routledge.
1151:
1118:, an optical illusion
1052:
977:
969:Ernst von Glasersfeld
871:
836:
811:
806:philosophy of science
785:
771:Philosophy of science
653:
606:
587:non-acoustic function
567:schlieren photography
541:Professional research
479:
3873:Scientists from Brno
3808:Atheist philosophers
3600:The Scientific Image
3271:Structuration theory
3234:Qualitative research
3135:Criticism of science
3130:Critical rationalism
3066:Problem of induction
2638:(in German). Berlin.
2560:Ernst Mach's Science
2428:Einstein and Culture
1781:Bunnin & Yu 2008
1214:Mach, Ernst (1905).
1199:Mach, Ernst (1901).
1188:Mach, Ernst (1900).
1177:Mach, Ernst (1873).
1161:Mach, Ernst (1886).
996:University of Vienna
790:(City Hall Park) in
786:Bust of Mach in the
571:Jamin interferometer
507:University of Vienna
379:theory of relativity
357:in his honour. As a
201:University of Vienna
104:University of Vienna
3818:Austrian socialists
3576:One-Dimensional Man
3024:Geisteswissenschaft
3007:Confirmation holism
2735:Works by Ernst Mach
2717:Works by Ernst Mach
2707:: Mach, Ernst, in:
2579:John T. Blackmore:
2526:John Blackmore and
2192:1985SHPSA..16..387H
1831:, pp. 235â255.
1735:, pp. 764â780.
1616:1983AnRFM..15....1R
1567:, pp. 183â199.
1340:Knowledge and Error
1257:1887AnP...268..277M
1031:semicircular canals
1021:discovered how the
813:The goal which it (
509:, where he studied
367:American pragmatism
338:[ÉÊnstËmax]
253:Andrija MohoroviÄiÄ
3853:Optical physicists
3823:Ballistics experts
3651:Hans-Georg Gadamer
3452:Alexander Bogdanov
3328:Positivismusstreit
3123:Post-behavioralism
3087:history of science
2939:Principal concepts
2895:Logical positivism
1496:, pp. 39â57)
1322:with S.J.B. Sugden
1157:
1130:, the car used by
1055:
1007:Gestalt psychology
980:
953:general relativity
913:logical positivism
849:Alexander Bogdanov
796:
656:
654:Ernst Mach in 1905
613:
547:University of Graz
482:
363:logical positivism
192:University of Graz
3843:Fluid dynamicists
3803:Austrian atheists
3745:
3744:
3732:
3731:
3728:
3727:
3626:Theodor W. Adorno
3442:Richard Avenarius
3318:Werturteilsstreit
3279:
3278:
3227:Sense-data theory
2925:Polish positivism
2900:Positivist school
2721:Project Gutenberg
2626:978-1-134-26301-1
2588:Everdell, William
2551:978-0-7923-7122-9
2503:978-0-7139-9387-5
2482:978-0-8176-4940-1
2438:978-1-59102-316-6
2397:978-1-4614-0914-4
2326:978-1-4464-1820-8
2302:978-0-19-280672-7
2277:978-0-387-95180-5
2221:Annals of Science
2130:10.1159/000085076
2080:978-0-9623311-4-5
2061:978-0-470-99721-5
1999:978-0-7923-1853-8
1970:978-0-19-514592-2
1304:(1): 1â32. 1903.
941:centrifugal force
911:philosophers and
897:Richard Avenarius
885:Empirio-criticism
799:Empirio-criticism
619:recognizing only
300:
299:
235:Doctoral students
172:Scientific career
149:Empirio-criticism
3880:
3721:
3707:
3631:Gaston Bachelard
3552:Truth and Method
3536:World Hypotheses
3416:The Two Cultures
3331:
3321:
3311:
3296:
3295:
3285:
3284:
3027:
2981:Unity of science
2890:Legal positivism
2849:
2848:
2834:
2827:
2820:
2811:
2810:
2768:
2759:Zalta, Edward N.
2746:
2745:
2730:Internet Archive
2680:
2671:
2662:
2653:
2647:
2639:
2630:
2609:Hentschel, Klaus
2604:
2595:
2555:
2507:
2486:
2463:
2442:
2421:
2419:
2417:
2411:Aerospaceweb.org
2401:
2372:
2363:
2361:
2350:
2348:
2346:
2330:
2319:. Random House.
2306:
2281:
2257:
2244:
2211:
2170:
2162:"Henri Poincaré"
2156:
2155:on 21 July 2011.
2154:
2148:. Archived from
2115:
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2014:
2003:
1974:
1950:
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1855:Oxford Reference
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1391:Mach's principle
1321:
1283:
1268:
1236:
1221:
1210:
1195:
1184:
1168:
1112:, a lunar crater
1059:optical illusion
1023:sense of balance
949:Mach's principle
880:
863:Russian Machists
815:physical science
765:Mach's principle
685:Arbeiter-Zeitung
625:Ludwig Boltzmann
517:with the thesis
497:
463:Heinrich Gomperz
441:
399:
340:
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239:Heinrich Gomperz
224:Doctoral advisor
218:
136:Mach's principle
72:
69:19 February 1916
47:18 February 1838
35:
21:
20:
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3724:
3680:
3646:Paul Feyerabend
3641:Wilhelm Dilthey
3614:
3491:
3430:
3347:
3290:
3275:
3222:Ramsey sentence
3177:Instrumentalism
3106:
3084:
3082:paradigm shifts
3075:
3012:Critical theory
2990:
2986:Verificationism
2934:
2930:Russian Machism
2878:
2843:
2838:
2801:: entry in the
2743:
2705:Klaus Hentschel
2689:
2684:
2641:
2640:
2627:
2552:
2528:Klaus Hentschel
2519:Erik C. Banks:
2515:
2513:Further reading
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1955:Barbour, Julian
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1386:Mach reflection
1361:
1207:F. A. Brockhaus
1146:
1097:
1047:
1039:Friedrich Goltz
1015:
992:Friedrich Hayek
989:
961:
931:relative motion
901:Joseph Petzoldt
881:
878:
823:most economical
801:
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413:Austrian Empire
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375:Albert Einstein
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243:Ottokar Tumlirz
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145:bucket argument
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3111:Related topics
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3017:Falsifiability
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3009:
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3002:Antipositivism
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2687:External links
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960:
957:
945:
944:
933:
923:
891:and radically
876:
800:
797:
772:
769:
747:is called the
744:
737:
732:speed of sound
695:
692:
677:House of Lords
672:
669:
594:Mach principle
579:oblique effect
555:psycho-physics
542:
539:
527:Doppler effect
421:Czech Republic
391:
388:
386:
383:
298:
297:
285:Wolfgang Pauli
282:
279:
278:
274:
273:
265:
264:
260:
259:
256:
255:
250:
246:
245:
236:
232:
231:
226:
220:
219:
210:
204:
203:
189:
185:
184:
179:
175:
174:
168:
167:
153:Oblique effect
113:
112:Known for
109:
108:
101:
97:
96:
93:
89:
88:
75:
73:(aged 78)
67:
63:
62:
49:
43:
41:
37:
36:
28:
27:
24:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3885:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3756:
3755:
3753:
3740:
3735:
3720:
3719:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3706:
3705:
3700:
3698:
3695:
3693:
3690:
3689:
3687:
3683:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3661:György Lukåcs
3659:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3623:
3621:
3617:
3610:
3609:
3605:
3602:
3601:
3597:
3594:
3593:
3589:
3586:
3585:
3581:
3578:
3577:
3573:
3570:
3569:
3565:
3562:
3561:
3557:
3554:
3553:
3549:
3546:
3545:
3541:
3538:
3537:
3533:
3530:
3529:
3525:
3522:
3521:
3517:
3514:
3513:
3509:
3506:
3505:
3501:
3500:
3498:
3494:
3488:
3487:Vienna Circle
3485:
3483:
3482:Berlin Circle
3480:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3462:Eugen DĂŒhring
3460:
3458:
3457:Auguste Comte
3455:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3439:
3437:
3433:
3426:
3425:
3421:
3418:
3417:
3413:
3410:
3409:
3405:
3402:
3401:
3397:
3394:
3393:
3389:
3386:
3385:
3381:
3378:
3377:
3373:
3370:
3369:
3365:
3362:
3361:
3357:
3356:
3354:
3352:Contributions
3350:
3343:
3340:
3337:
3334:
3330:
3329:
3324:
3320:
3319:
3314:
3310:
3309:
3304:
3303:
3301:
3297:
3293:
3286:
3282:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3266:Structuralism
3264:
3262:
3259:
3255:
3252:
3251:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3214:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3207:Phenomenalism
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3142:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3124:
3121:
3120:
3119:
3118:Behavioralism
3116:
3115:
3113:
3109:
3102:
3099:
3096:
3093:
3092:
3090:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3046:Human science
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3026:
3025:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2999:
2997:
2993:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2971:Pseudoscience
2969:
2967:
2966:Justification
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2943:
2941:
2937:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2887:
2885:
2881:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2856:
2854:
2850:
2846:
2842:
2835:
2830:
2828:
2823:
2821:
2816:
2815:
2812:
2806:
2805:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2784:
2779:
2777:
2773:
2770:
2766:
2765:
2760:
2756:
2752:
2748:
2740:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2711:
2706:
2703:
2700:
2697:
2694:
2691:
2690:
2678:
2673:
2669:
2664:
2660:
2655:
2651:
2645:
2637:
2632:
2628:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2597:
2593:
2589:
2585:
2582:
2578:
2575:
2571:
2568:
2564:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2547:
2543:
2542:
2536:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2522:
2518:
2517:
2505:
2499:
2495:
2494:
2488:
2484:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2444:
2440:
2434:
2430:
2429:
2423:
2412:
2408:
2403:
2399:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2380:
2374:
2370:
2365:
2362:. Holden-Day.
2360:
2359:
2352:
2341:
2337:
2332:
2328:
2322:
2318:
2317:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2289:
2283:
2279:
2273:
2269:
2268:
2263:
2259:
2256:
2255:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2172:
2169:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2112:
2107:
2103:
2101:90-277-0016-8
2097:
2093:
2092:
2086:
2082:
2076:
2072:
2067:
2063:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2022:9780520018495
2018:
2013:
2012:
2005:
2001:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1982:
1976:
1972:
1966:
1962:
1961:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1939:
1926:
1921:
1914:
1909:
1902:
1897:
1890:
1885:
1878:
1873:
1864:
1856:
1852:
1846:
1837:
1830:
1825:
1818:
1813:
1806:
1801:
1794:
1789:
1782:
1777:
1770:
1765:
1758:
1753:
1746:
1741:
1734:
1729:
1721:
1714:
1706:
1699:
1692:
1687:
1679:
1672:
1665:
1664:Yourgrau 2005
1660:
1653:
1652:Anderson 1998
1648:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1594:
1592:
1590:
1588:
1586:
1578:
1573:
1566:
1561:
1554:
1549:
1542:
1537:
1530:
1525:
1518:
1513:
1509:
1495:
1491:
1485:
1478:
1473:
1466:
1460:
1458:
1450:
1444:
1437:
1433:
1427:
1423:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1392:
1389:
1387:
1384:
1382:
1379:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1371:Mach (kernel)
1369:
1367:
1364:
1363:
1353:
1350:
1347:
1344:
1341:
1338:
1335:
1332:
1329:
1328:
1324:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1294:
1292:
1288:
1285:
1281:
1280:
1274:
1272:
1271:Peter Slacher
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1247:(in German).
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1233:
1228:
1227:
1226:
1219:
1218:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1203:
1197:
1193:
1192:
1186:
1182:
1181:
1175:
1172:
1166:
1165:
1159:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1129:
1126:
1123:
1122:Mach diamonds
1120:
1117:
1114:
1111:
1108:
1106:, an asteroid
1105:
1102:
1101:
1100:
1092:
1090:
1086:
1085:B. F. Skinner
1081:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1070:physiological
1066:
1064:
1060:
1051:
1042:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1010:
1008:
1003:
1001:
1000:Vienna Circle
997:
993:
984:
976:
972:
970:
966:
956:
954:
950:
942:
938:
934:
932:
929:in favour of
928:
924:
921:
920:
919:
916:
914:
910:
909:Vienna Circle
904:
902:
898:
894:
890:
886:
875:
870:
868:
864:
860:
859:
854:
850:
846:
840:
834:
830:
826:
824:
820:
816:
810:
807:
793:
789:
784:
778:
768:
766:
762:
758:
757:hydrodynamics
754:
750:
743:
736:
733:
729:
725:
721:
720:Peter Salcher
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
691:
688:
686:
682:
678:
668:
666:
662:
652:
648:
646:
645:atomic theory
642:
638:
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
617:phenomenalism
610:
605:
601:
599:
598:Philipp Frank
595:
590:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
562:
560:
556:
552:
548:
538:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
491:
487:
478:
474:
472:
468:
467:phenomenalist
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
382:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
353:is named the
352:
351:that of sound
348:
344:
339:
331:
330:
322:
304:
294:
290:
286:
280:
275:
271:
266:
261:
257:
254:
251:
247:
244:
240:
237:
233:
230:
227:
225:
221:
214:
211:
209:
205:
202:
197:
193:
190:
186:
183:
180:
176:
173:
169:
166:
162:
158:
157:Relationalism
154:
150:
146:
142:
139:Criticism of
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
120:Mach diamonds
117:
114:
110:
105:
102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
85:German Empire
82:
78:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
42:
38:
34:
29:
22:
19:
3606:
3598:
3590:
3582:
3574:
3566:
3558:
3550:
3542:
3534:
3526:
3518:
3510:
3502:
3476:
3422:
3414:
3406:
3398:
3390:
3382:
3374:
3366:
3358:
3342:Science wars
3140:Epistemology
3071:Reflectivism
3031:Hermeneutics
2914:
2883:Declinations
2859:Antihumanism
2852:Perspectives
2802:
2782:
2781:Ernst Mach:
2762:
2755:"Ernst Mach"
2751:Pojman, Paul
2709:
2676:
2667:
2658:
2635:
2616:
2613:"Ernst Mach"
2600:
2591:
2580:
2573:
2566:
2559:
2540:
2531:
2520:
2492:
2472:
2451:
2447:
2427:
2414:. Retrieved
2410:
2378:
2368:
2357:
2343:. Retrieved
2339:
2336:"Ernst Mach"
2315:
2286:
2270:. Springer.
2266:
2253:
2227:(1): 73â91.
2224:
2220:
2183:
2179:
2165:
2150:the original
2121:
2117:
2090:
2070:
2051:
2010:
1980:
1959:
1946:
1943:Anderson, J.
1920:
1908:
1901:Ratliff 1965
1896:
1889:Ratliff 1975
1884:
1872:
1863:
1854:
1851:"Ernst Mach"
1845:
1836:
1829:Riegler 2011
1824:
1812:
1800:
1793:Penrose 2016
1788:
1776:
1764:
1752:
1740:
1728:
1719:
1713:
1704:
1698:
1686:
1677:
1671:
1659:
1647:
1635:. Retrieved
1607:
1603:
1572:
1560:
1548:
1541:Sonnert 2005
1536:
1524:
1512:
1494:Wolters 2012
1489:
1484:
1477:Barbour 2001
1472:
1464:
1443:
1426:
1406:Visual space
1366:Energeticism
1351:
1345:
1339:
1333:
1326:
1301:
1297:
1286:
1278:
1248:
1244:
1231:
1224:
1216:
1201:
1190:
1179:
1170:
1163:
1153:La mécanique
1152:
1144:Bibliography
1098:
1087:'s strongly
1082:
1077:
1069:
1067:
1056:
1019:Josef Breuer
1016:
1004:
990:
981:
962:
946:
917:
915:in general.
905:
884:
883:
872:
856:
842:
837:
831:
827:
822:
818:
812:
802:
753:aerodynamics
741:
734:
708:polarization
700:interference
697:
689:
681:Viktor Adler
674:
661:Vaterstetten
657:
614:
591:
563:
544:
523:habilitation
518:
483:
470:
393:
371:Isaac Newton
302:
301:
212:
188:Institutions
171:
77:Vaterstetten
71:(1916-02-19)
18:
3868:Positivists
3833:Empiricists
3763:1916 deaths
3758:1838 births
3697:Objectivity
3666:Karl Popper
3656:Thomas Kuhn
3636:Mario Bunge
3387:(1879â1884)
3322:(1909â1959)
3056:Metaphysics
3036:Historicism
2951:Demarcation
2946:Consilience
2869:Rationalism
2460:2318/141997
2249:Lenin, V.I.
1925:Chiesa 1994
1757:Steila 2013
1637:23 February
1610:(1): 1â29.
1137:Mach number
1132:Speed Racer
1078:geometrical
851:. In 1908,
788:Rathauspark
749:Mach number
704:diffraction
609:shadowgraph
355:Mach number
347:shock waves
293:Ludwig Mach
161:Shock waves
124:Mach number
92:Citizenship
3752:Categories
3477:Ernst Mach
3472:Ernst Laas
3447:A. J. Ayer
3435:Proponents
3254:Philosophy
3051:Humanities
2995:Antitheses
2864:Empiricism
2841:Positivism
2790:Ernst Mach
2416:24 October
1769:Lenin 1909
1745:Scott 2003
1565:Baatz 1992
1413:References
1376:Mach bands
1116:Mach bands
1063:Mach bands
1045:Psychology
1013:Physiology
893:empiricist
889:positivist
847:, such as
728:shock wave
724:projectile
716:supersonic
712:refraction
637:Max Planck
621:sensations
583:Mach bands
521:, and his
390:Early life
25:Ernst Mach
3718:Verstehen
3704:Phronesis
3692:Knowledge
3676:Max Weber
3496:Criticism
3244:Sociology
3182:Modernism
3160:pluralism
3145:anarchism
3041:Historism
2961:Induction
2874:Scientism
2644:cite book
2345:19 August
2241:0003-3790
2208:0039-3681
1817:Pais 2005
1805:Mach 1919
1632:0066-4189
1517:Mach 1919
1504:Citations
1381:Mach disk
1318:0026-9662
1128:Mach Five
1104:3949 Mach
1089:inductive
1035:inner ear
987:Influence
867:solipsism
794:, Austria
761:cosmology
535:acoustics
495:âčSee Tfdâș
486:gymnasium
451:socialist
439:âčSee Tfdâș
419:, in the
415:(part of
397:âčSee Tfdâș
385:Biography
343:physicist
263:Signature
182:Physicist
132:Mach wave
116:Mach band
100:Education
3739:Category
3155:nihilism
3150:idealism
3080:Related
2956:Evidence
2739:LibriVox
2611:(2013).
2590:(1997).
2530:(eds.):
2313:(2016).
2251:(1909),
2146:30875633
2138:15832015
2039:4466579M
1957:(2001).
1359:See also
1336:s (1926)
1289:(1895);
1080:spaces.
877:â
845:Marxists
833:omitted.
819:simplest
777:Machismo
671:Politics
503:Kremsier
490:KromÄĆĂĆŸ
459:Buddhism
405:Chirlitz
198:(Prague)
95:Austrian
3619:Critics
3344:(1990s)
3338:(1980s)
3332:(1960s)
3312:(1890s)
3165:realism
3097:(1830s)
3085:in the
2792:at the
2761:(ed.).
2728:at the
2188:Bibcode
1935:Sources
1612:Bibcode
1253:Bibcode
1095:Eponyms
1061:called
1033:of the
1029:in the
1027:a fluid
937:inertia
694:Physics
663:, near
627:at the
581:and of
575:gestalt
511:physics
455:atheist
453:and an
409:Moravia
334:German:
81:Bavaria
55:Moravia
3611:(1986)
3603:(1980)
3595:(1978)
3587:(1968)
3579:(1964)
3571:(1963)
3563:(1962)
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