438:
his model of endogenous oscillators entrained to external stimuli. To create artificial photoperiods, Bünning exposed plants to a light-dark cycle indicative of a specific season, such as the long days and short nights of summer. By entraining the plants to a spring or summer photoperiod, Bünning was able to induce flowering, even if the actual season were fall or winter. From his results, Bünning proposed that biological clocks have sensors for both light and dark, and their relationship aids photoperiodic timekeeping.
324:
442:
on photoperiodism to practical uses. In 1935 he demonstrated that plants with different inherent periods would become desynchronized in constant conditions. This work provided evidence for the dismissal of the "Factor X" hypothesis, which held that circadian rhythms were not endogenous, and were instead reliant on an unknown external stimulus, some "Factor X."
437:
with bean plants of different periods in 1935 demonstrated that the next generation had periods of intermediate durations, supporting the suggestion that circadian rhythms are heritable. Bünning also demonstrated that an artificial photoperiod can induce flowering at inappropriate times, supporting
450:
Bünning was the pioneer of the "Bünning
Hypothesis," later known as the External Coincidence model. This model proposed a circadian rhythm of photoperiodic photosensitivity in plants. As day length increases with the spring and summer seasons, for example, light hits a plant's photosensitive phase,
441:
His published works provided key synthesis of existing evidence for biological clocks across species, including plants, flies, and fungi. His 1958 work, "The
Physiological Clock", was hailed as a milestone in the field of chronobiology, and his later works on plant physiology helped apply his work
418:
Prior to Bünning’s work, the prevailing hypothesis on circadian rhythms was the "hourglass" hypothesis, which postulates that circadian rhythmicity within an organism is entirely driven by the external light-dark cycle and that an organism's "hourglass" is reset each day. Bünning, however, proposed
423:
proposes that circadian rhythmicity derives from an interaction between light and a circadian pacemaker, not external stimuli alone. The general premise of Bünning's hypothesis became a model for circadian time keeping across species off of which many chronobiologists, even into the present, base
414:
plants close their leaves at night, a movement that persists rhythmically in constant darkness. In 1875, Wilhelm
Pfeffer, Bünning’s role model, put forward that these movements might be controlled by an endogenous biological clock. This theory formed the foundation for Bünning’s later work.
312:. In 1936, Bünning published his model for plant photoperiodism, wherein he proposed that endogenous (internal) circadian rhythms enable plants to measure day length. Bünning's model of photoperiodism would go largely unnoticed by the scientific community until 1960 when he chaired the 1960
432:
In the early-1930s, Bünning proposed that organisms rely on a circadian rhythm of sensitivity to light to measure photoperiod. He demonstrated that plants open and close their leaves and insects eclose according to circadian rhythms, even in continuous light or darkness. His
469:
Bünning received many honors in his life both in the field of chronobiology and botany. In 1960, he chaired in the 25th Cold Spring Harbor
Symposium, "Biological Clocks". The next year, Bünning was elected Corresponding Member of the
264:, Germany to Heinrich Bünning and Hermine Bünning (born Winkler). A teacher of German, English, mathematics, and biology, Bünning's father was the primary academic influence on Erwin's early life, passing on to Erwin a passion for
371:
Over his career, Bünning published over 260 papers in the fields of plant physiology and general biology, as well as a very popular textbook on plant physiology. Bünning suffered by drinking
308:
opposed to the Nazis. Bünning's political beliefs created tension between him and some of his students. In response to this tension, Bünning left Jena for a lectureship at the East
Prussian
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363:, the man who postulated in 1875 that the orientation of plants in space changes with the time of day. Bünning would later publish a biography on Pfeffer.
300:
in
Germany in the early 1930s, Renner stood in open opposition to the Nazis, publicly defending Jewish scientists. Similarly, Bünning was considered a
912:
Saunders, D.S. (May 2011). "Deciphering time measurement: The role of circadian 'clock' genes and formal experimentation in insect photoperiodism".
525:
Bünning is considered by many to be the father of the field of chronobiology. His work on measuring the free-running period of plant rhythms and
483:
316:
Symposium on
Biological Clocks. There, Colin Pittendrigh drew attention to Bünning's work and named his 1936 model on plant photoperiodism the
276:
from
October 1925-July 1928, where he studied biology, chemistry, physics, and philosophy. Bünning earned his Doctorate of Philosophy from the
770:
Saunders, D (2005). "Erwin Bünning and Tony Lees, two giants of chronobiology, and the problem of time measurement in insect photoperiodism".
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487:
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the next year (1946), where he stayed until his retirement in 1971. At Tübingen, Bünning entered into the workspace of his role model
1445:
583:
Interference of
Moonlight with the Photoperiodic Measurement of Time by Plants, and their Adaptive Reaction (1969, With Ilse Moser)
451:
triggering a physiological or behavioral response. The Bünning
Hypothesis proposed that light has two functions for an organism:
1405:
475:
509:
In 1973 Bünning won the Charles Reid Barnes Life Membership Award for "meritorious work in plant biology." The Universities of
1455:
529:
with cross-breeding strains of plants with different periods aided in the development of that field. Bünning was invited by
474:. During his life he was also elected honorary member of the Japanese Botanical Society, the German Botanical Society, the
869:
Pittendrigh, Colin (1964). "The Entrainment of Circadian Oscillations by Light and Their Role as Photoperiodic Clocks".
398:
Changes in the positioning of plant leaves over the course of the day were observed as early as the 4th century B.C. by
407:
305:
1101:
850:
1410:
1216:"Mammalian Photoperiodic System: Formal Properties and Neuroendocrine Mechanisms of Photoperiodic Time Measurement"
518:
980:
491:
479:
1154:"Circadian Surfaces and the Diversity of Possible Roles of Circadian Organization in Photoperiodic Induction"
313:
273:
92:
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that biological clocks are endogenous and synchronize to daily stimuli. Unlike in the hourglass hypothesis,
343:(Tropical Rainforests). Upon his return to Germany in 1939, Bünning was conscripted in the German military (
495:
471:
280:
in May 1929. During this time, Bünning married his wife Eleonore; the two would later have four children.
309:
187:
538:
503:
522:
269:
87:
1460:
356:
202:
348:
192:
381:
499:
1117:
Pittendrigh, Colin (1993). "Temporal Organization: Reflections of a Darwinian Clock -Watcher".
1005:
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268:. Bünning received his primary education in Hamburg from 1912-1925. Bünning then attended the
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197:
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1395:
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239:. From these contributions, Bünning is considered a co-founder of chronobiology along with
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2. Light triggers photoinductive responses during certain phases of the circadian cycle.
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406:’s historian. This phenomenon, however, was not researched further until 1729 when
232:
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619:
236:
107:
1348:
Chandrashekaran, M. K. (December 20, 1985). "Erwin Bünning--An Appreciation".
655:
1389:
1065:
Bonner, James (June 1994). "Erwin Bünning (23 January 1906-4 October 1990)".
714:
609:
411:
296:, then one of Germany's largest botanical institutes. During the rise of the
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161:
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347:). Military authorities appointed Bünning as an associate professor at the
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Biological clocks; Chairman's Address; Cold Spring Harbor Symposium (1960)
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described Bünning as one of the greatest botanists of the 20th century.
64:
1021:"Time to flower: interplay between photoperiod and the circadian clock"
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Die endogene Tagesperiodik als Grundlage der photoperiodischen Reaktion
434:
327:
Bünning spent most of his academic career at the University of Tübingen
297:
229:
1078:
845:. New Delhi: New Age International (P) Ltd., Publishers. p. 450.
478:, and the Swiss Botanical Society. He became an elected member of the
587:
Wilhelm Pfeffer: Apotheker, Chemiker, Botaniker, Physiologe 1845–1920
551:
Uber die Erblichkeit der Tagesperiodizitat bei den Phaseolus-Blattern
455:
376:
301:
221:
882:
571:(In the North Sumatran Forests : Travels of a Biologist, 1949)
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and died on 4 October 1990 in Tübingen, Germany, after contracting
494:. In addition, he was elected a Foreign Associate of the American
336:
261:
46:
42:
950:
Went, F.W (1958). "The Mechanism of Photoperiodism in plants".
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sympathizer, a stance likely influenced by Bünning's father, a
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166:
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Fifty years of research in the wake of Wilhelm Pfeffer (1977)
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in 1978, to conduct the Biological Oscillation workshop in
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521:(1977) conferred honorary doctorates on him, as did the
351:. After the war, Bünning became a full professor at the
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339:. His observations on the islands resulted in the book
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Foreign associates of the National Academy of Sciences
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220:(23 January 1906 – 4 October 1990) was a German
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In den Waldern Nordsumatras: Reisebuch eines Biologen
224:. His most famous contributions were to the field of
1336:
1466:
Members of the German Academy of Sciences at Berlin
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642:
1067:Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society
656:"Biological rhythms research: A personal account"
563:Entwicklungs und Bewegungsphysiologie der Pflanze
1387:
331:In 1938, Bünning spent a year traveling through
1158:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
715:"Erwin Bünning(1906-1990): A centennial homage"
712:
653:
458:for the synchronization of biological rhythms.
1431:Academic staff of the University of Strasbourg
1426:Academic staff of the University of Königsberg
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484:Heidelberg Academy for Sciences and Humanities
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1207:
288:In 1930, Bünning took an assistantship under
1441:Academic staff of the University of Tübingen
1096:. Singapore: World Scientific. p. 297.
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379:. Following his death, the German newspaper
1436:Academic staff of the University of Cologne
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488:Bavarian Academy of Sciences and Humanities
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1092:Kung, Shain-dow; Yang, Shang-Fa (1998).
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592:Pfeffer's views on rhythms (1975, With
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260:Bünning was born on 23 January 1906 in
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1094:Discoveries in Plant Biology, Volume 1
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1152:Pittendrigh, Colin (September 1972).
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1416:Humboldt University of Berlin alumni
1323:American Society of Plant Biologists
1298:American Society of Plant Biologists
1294:"Awards and Funding - Past Awardees"
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971:. Harvard University Press. p.
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228:, where he proposed a model for the
1131:10.1146/annurev.ph.55.030193.000313
1019:Johannson, Mikael (November 2014).
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713:Chandrashekaran, M K (April 2006).
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577:("The Physiological Clock", 1958)
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502:, and an Honorary Fellow of the
410:provided experimental data that
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841:Datta, Subhash Chandra (1994).
408:Jean-Jacques d'Ortous de Mairan
1421:University of Göttingen alumni
1406:20th-century German biologists
1025:Journal of Experimental Botany
958:
926:10.1016/j.jinsphys.2011.01.013
784:10.1016/j.jinsphys.2004.12.002
498:(1968), Foreign Member of the
480:American Philosophical Society
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1:
1456:20th-century German botanists
1319:"Awards and Funding - Awards"
1220:Journal of Biological Rhythms
810:"XXV: Biological Clocks 1960"
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355:in 1945 before moving to the
93:Humboldt University of Berlin
914:Journal of Insect Physiology
772:Journal of Insect Physiology
496:National Academy of Sciences
472:Botanical Society of America
16:German biologist (1906–1990)
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1119:Annual Review of Physiology
814:CSHL Digital Photo Archives
654:Chandrashekaran, M (1998).
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1233:10.1177/074873001129001980
965:Moore-Ede, Martin (1984).
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504:Indian Academy of Sciences
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310:University of Königsberg
256:Early life and education
193:University of Strasbourg
188:University of Königsberg
1411:Scientists from Hamburg
1214:Goldman, Bruce (2001).
996:Saunders, D.S. (2002).
968:The Clocks that Time Us
871:The American Naturalist
523:University of Göttingen
500:Royal Society of London
270:University of Göttingen
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88:University of Göttingen
1268:Plant Science Bulletin
1179:10.1073/pnas.69.9.2734
722:Journal of Biosciences
663:Journal of Biosciences
575:Die physiologische Uhr
357:University of Tübingen
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203:University of Tübingen
1274:(4): 3. December 1961
545:Selected publications
531:M. K. Chandrashekaran
382:Schwäbisches Tagblatt
367:Later life and legacy
353:University of Cologne
341:Tropische Regenwalder
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198:University of Cologne
1004:. Elsevier. p.
435:crossing experiments
421:Bünning's hypothesis
278:University of Berlin
274:University of Berlin
237:plant photoperiodism
108:plant photoperiodism
1170:1972PNAS...69.2734P
594:M K Chandrashekaran
404:Alexander the Great
1038:10.1093/jxb/eru441
734:10.1007/BF02705230
675:10.1007/bf02709165
394:Historical context
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318:Bünning hypothesis
314:Cold Spring Harbor
294:University of Jena
183:University of Jena
1356:(24): 1271, 1272.
625:Colin Pittendrigh
615:Circadian rhythms
389:Key contributions
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