958:
cannot treat or cure any chronic disease or other illnesses. Much of the research on the use of essential oils for health purposes has serious methodological errors. In a systemic review of 201 published studies on essential oils as alternative medicines, only 10 were found to be of acceptable methodological quality, and even these 10 were still weak in reference to scientific standards. Use of essential oils may cause harm including allergic reactions and skin irritation; After receiving a facial at an all-natural salon, a person experienced severe skin irritation, which highlighted the potential dangers of using "clean" beauty products marketed as being made from natural ingredients. This incident underscores the misconception that natural compounds are always safe, revealing a growing awareness within the beauty industry about the risks associated with essential oils, which can lead to allergic reactions and skin damage; there has been at least one case of death.
970:. In case studies, certain oils have been shown to have a variety of deterring effects on pests, specifically insects and select arthropods. These effects may include repelling, inhibiting digestion, stunting growth, decreasing rate of reproduction, or death of pests that consume the oil. However, the molecules within the oils that cause these effects are normally non-toxic for mammals. These specific actions of the molecules allow for widespread use of these "green" pesticides without harmful effects to anything else other than pests. Essential oils that have been investigated include rose, lemon grass, lavender, thyme, peppermint, basil, cedarwood, and eucalyptus.
3903:
3888:. Steam-distilled eucalyptus oil is used throughout Asia, Africa, Latin America and South America as a primary cleaning/disinfecting agent added to soaped mop and countertop cleaning solutions; it also possesses insect and limited vermin control properties. Note, however, there are hundreds of species of eucalyptus, and perhaps some dozens are used to various extents as sources of essential oils. Not only do the products of different species differ greatly in characteristics and effects, but also the products of the very same tree can vary grossly.
1080:
4398:
372:
64:
806:
946:
898:
5565:
978:, which is currently marketed as the most effective mosquito repellent. Although essential oils are effective as pesticides when first applied in uses such as mosquito repellent applied to the skin, it is only effective in the vapor stage. Since this stage is relatively short-lived, creams and polymer mixtures are used in order to elongate the vapor period of effective repellency.
670:
in the same extractor by merely lowering the extraction temperature, will separate the waxes from the essential oils. This lower temperature process prevents the decomposition and denaturing of compounds. When the extraction is complete, the pressure is reduced to ambient and the carbon dioxide reverts to a gas, leaving no residue.
4121:
produced oils. Not only are pesticides present in trace quantities, but also the oils themselves are used in tiny quantities and usually in high dilutions. Where there is a concern about pesticide residues in food essential oils, such as mint or orange oils, the proper criterion is not solely whether
340:
in which healing effects are ascribed to aromatic compounds. Aromatherapy may be useful to induce relaxation, but there is not sufficient evidence that essential oils can effectively treat any condition. Improper use of essential oils may cause harm including allergic reactions, inflammation and skin
957:
in which healing effects are ascribed to the aromatic compounds in essential oils and other plant extracts. Aromatherapy may be useful to induce relaxation, but there is not sufficient evidence that essential oils can effectively treat any condition. Scientific research indicates that essential oils
669:
residues in the product and the loss of some "top notes" when steam distillation is used. It does not yield an absolute directly. The supercritical carbon dioxide will extract both the waxes and the essential oils that make up the concrete. Subsequent processing with liquid carbon dioxide, achieved
3958:
of essential oil is related to its level or grade of purity, and to the toxicity of specific chemical components of the oil. Many essential oils are designed exclusively for their aroma-therapeutic quality; these essential oils generally should not be applied directly to the skin in their undiluted
4075:
are ideal, as they resist essential oils, are long enough to enter deep vessels, and have fine graduations, facilitating quality control. Unlike traditional pipettes, which have difficulty handling viscous fluids, the chemistry syringe, also known as a positive displacement pipette, has a seal and
981:
In any form, using essential oils as green pesticides rather than synthetic pesticides has ecological benefits such as decreased residual actions. In addition, increased use of essential oils as pest control could have not only ecological, but economical benefits as the essential oil market
973:
Although they may not be the perfect replacement for all synthetic pesticides, essential oils have prospects for crop or indoor plant protection, urban pest control, and marketed insect repellents, such as bug spray. Certain essential oils have been shown in studies to be comparable, if not
678:
Estimates of total production of essential oils are difficult to obtain. One estimate, compiled from data in 1989, 1990, and 1994 from various sources, gives the following total production, in tonnes, of essential oils for which more than 1,000 tonnes were produced.
528:(distillation apparatus) over water. As the water is heated, the steam passes through the plant material, vaporizing the volatile compounds. The vapors flow through a coil, where they condense back to liquid, which is then collected in the receiving vessel.
907:
Taken by mouth, many essential oils can be dangerous in high concentrations. Typical effects begin with a burning feeling, followed by salivation. Different essential oils may have drastically different pharmacology. Some act as local anesthetic
3846:
plants, is used in food and drink for flavoring, in perfumes and toiletries for fragrance, and in animal care products. However, national and international surveys identified balsam of Peru among the "top five" allergens most commonly causing
4866:
Aizpurua-Olaizola O, Ormazabal M, Vallejo A, Olivares M, Navarro P, Etxebarria N, Usobiaga A (2015-01-01). "Optimization of supercritical fluid consecutive extractions of fatty acids and polyphenols from Vitis vinifera grape wastes".
4047:, an abnormal breast tissue growth in prepubescent boys. The European Commission's Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety dismissed the claims against tea tree oil as implausible, but did not comment on lavender oil. In 2018, a
588:). Due to the relatively large quantities of oil in citrus peel and low cost to grow and harvest the raw materials, citrus-fruit oils are cheaper than most other essential oils. Lemon or sweet orange oils are obtained as
3917:. However, studies have shown it can be estrogenic and antiandrogenic, causing problems for prepubescent boys and pregnant women, in particular. Lavender essential oil is also used as an insect repellent.
6132:
A suspected link between abnormal breast growth in young boys and the use of lavender and tea tree oils has been given new weight, after a study found eight chemicals contained in the oils interfere with
4100:
standards for medicinal oils should be heeded. Some oils can be toxic to some domestic animals, cats in particular. The internal use of essential oils can pose hazards to pregnant women, as some can be
4071:. Essential oils can be aggressive toward rubbers and plastics, so care must be taken in choosing the correct handling equipment. Glass syringes are often used, but have coarse volumetric graduations.
4521:, known as Avicenna in Europe, was first to derive the fragrance of flowers from distillation, while the earliest recorded mention of the techniques and methods used to produce essential oils may be
927:
In
Australia essential oils (mainly eucalyptus) have been increasingly causing cases of poisoning, mostly of children. In the period 2014–2018, there were 4,412 poisoning incidents reported in
603:
Most flowers contain too little volatile oil to undergo expression, but their chemical components are too delicate and easily denatured by the high heat used in steam distillation. Instead, a
4134:, but care must be taken when selecting quality and brand. Sensitivity to certain smells may cause pregnant women to have adverse side effects with essential oil use, such as headache,
1137:
In relation with their food applications, although these oils have been used throughout history as food preservatives, it was in the 20th century when essential oils were considered as
4000:
Essential oil use in children can pose a danger when misused because of their thin skin and immature livers. This might cause them to be more susceptible to toxic effects than adults.
6483:
3997:
to determine the hazards and handling requirements of particular oils. Even certain therapeutic-grade oils can pose potential threats to individuals with epilepsy or pregnant women.
3338:. However, actual deployment is rare because much higher concentrations are required in real foods. Some or all of this lower effectiveness is due to large differences between
4624:
652:
to precipitate out. The precipitates are then filtered out and the ethanol is removed from the remaining solution by evaporation, vacuum purge, or both, leaving behind the
6643:
Rimal V, Shishodia S, Srivastava PK, Gupta S, Mallick AI (2021). "Synthesis and characterization of Indian essential oil Carbon Dots for interdisciplinary applications".
4547:
Rather than refer to essential oils themselves, modern works typically discuss specific chemical compounds of which the essential oils are composed, such as referring to
4811:
341:
irritation. Children may be particularly susceptible to the toxic effects of improper use. Essential oils can be poisonous if ingested or absorbed through the skin.
6323:
3967:. If ingested or rubbed into the skin, essential oils can be highly poisonous, causing confusion, choking, loss of muscle coordination, difficulty in breathing,
6094:
644:, is used to extract the fragrant oil from the concrete. The alcohol solution is chilled to −18 °C (0 °F) for more than 48 hours which causes the
5200:
982:
diversifies and popularity increases among organic farmers and environmentally conscious consumers. As of 2012 some EOs are authorized, and in use, in the
4051:
report on a study stated that tea tree and lavender oils contain eight substances that when tested in tissue culture experiments, increasing the level of
4962:
4138:, and nausea. Pregnant women often report an abnormal sensitivity to smells and taste, and essential oils can cause irritation and nausea when ingested.
816:
6284:
6344:
6319:
5531:
4367:
1090:
4130:
Some essential oils may contain impurities and additives that may be harmful to pregnant women. Certain essential oils are safe to use during
5245:
4955:
Turpentine (Turpentine Oil, Wood
Turpentine, Sulfate Turpentine, Sulfite Turpentine) [8006-64-2]: Review of Toxicological Literature
4374:
of the relevant plants are standardized. The rest of the standards with regards to this topic can be found in the section of ICS 71.100.60
6348:
5609:
5714:
4506:, cedarwood, juniper berry and cinnamon in ancient Egypt may have contained essential oils. In 1923, when archaeologists opened Pharaoh
5582:
4122:
the material is organically produced, but whether it meets the government standards based on actual analysis of its pesticide content.
6041:
Diaz A, Luque L, Badar Z, Kornic S, Danon M (2016). "Prepubertal gynecomastia and chronic lavender exposure: report of three cases".
5322:
Regnault-Roger C, Vincent C, Arnason JT (2012-01-07). "Essential Oils in Insect
Control: Low-Risk Products in a High-Stakes World".
4012:
of each essential oil is different. Many of the common essential oils, such as tea tree, lavender, and citrus oils, are classed as
2881:
207:
4157:
is intended as a guideline only, and reported values can vary widely due to differences in tested species and testing conditions.
5737:
4632:
4739:
Posadzki P, Alotaibi A, Ernst E (2012). "Adverse effects of aromatherapy: A systematic review of case reports and case series".
640:
Although highly fragrant, concretes contain large quantities of non-fragrant waxes and resins. Often, another solvent, such as
6633:
6614:
6595:
6576:
6522:
6497:
6466:
6437:
6410:
6380:
6195:
5949:
5810:
5783:
5747:
5708:
5507:
4850:
4819:
4059:. Some of the substances are found in "at least 65 other essential oils". The study did not include animal or human testing.
4462:
877:
444:
4153:
or median lethal dose for common oils; this is the dose required to kill half the members of a tested animal population. LD
4434:
849:
416:
6427:
5886:
4481:
4441:
3946:. Steam-distilled rose oil is known as "rose otto", while the solvent extracted product is known as "rose absolute".
1124:
856:
463:
423:
6085:
835:
401:
5548:
4013:
5689:"Diagnosis of Side Effects of Dental Materials, with Special Emphasis on Delayed and Immediate Allergic Reactions"
4953:
4117:
residues in essential oils, particularly those used therapeutically, means many practitioners of aromatherapy buy
5799:
Linskens H, Adams R, Crespo M, Jackson J, Deans S, Dobson H, Dunlop P, Erdelmeier C, Ghosh A, Hammond E (2012).
4910:
4043:
essential oils. Two published sets of case reports suggest that lavender oil may be implicated in some cases of
4448:
4419:
4415:
863:
430:
397:
393:
17:
5833:
Batish DR, Singh HP, Kohlia RK, Kaur S (10 December 2008). "Eucalyptus essential oil as a natural pesticide".
3452:
5059:
Bleasel N, Tate B, Rademaker M (2002). "Allergic contact dermatitis following exposure to essential oils".
1142:
1138:
612:
200:
4430:
845:
412:
6244:"A Longitudinal Descriptive Study of Self-reported Abnormal Smell and Taste Perception in Pregnant Women"
5324:
4382:
4089:
264:—the characteristic fragrance of the plant from which it is derived. The term "essential" used here does
5965:
Kaddu S, Kerl H, Wolf P (2001). "Accidental bullous phototoxic reactions to bergamot aromatherapy oil".
5266:
Nerio LS, Olivero-Verbel J, Stashenko E (2010-01-01). "Repellent activity of essential oils: A review".
5150:"Essential oil exposures in Australia: analysis of cases reported to the NSW Poisons Information Centre"
6295:
1040:
824:
5370:
Regnault-Roger C (1997-02-01). "The potential of botanical essential oils for insect pest control".
4076:
piston arrangement which slides inside the pipette, wiping the essential oil off the pipette wall.
3342:
and foods in chemistry (especially lipid content), viscosity, and duration of inoculation/storage.
1106:
382:
292:
6697:
4408:
820:
542:
386:
193:
5220:
5013:
Trattner A, David M, Lazarov A (2008). "Occupational contact dermatitis due to essential oils".
3902:
4604:
4594:
3624:
3492:
3383:
1017:
350:
229:
111:
101:
91:
34:
5800:
5771:
5688:
6400:
4378:
3409:
1433:
1243:
1236:
1223:
6652:
5842:
5605:"Improving the Efficacy of Essential Oils as Antimicrobials in Foods: Mechanisms of Action"
5456:
5275:
4701:
Lee MS, Choi JC (2012). "Aromatherapy for health care: an overview of systematic reviews".
4559:
4495:
4455:
2709:
2118:
1570:
1250:
1046:
954:
870:
654:
621:
585:
569:
552:, or plant water essence, which may be sold as another fragrant product. Hydrosols include
437:
337:
302:
273:
269:
97:
41:
4789:
4562:
that uses essential oils and other aromatic compounds. Oils are volatilized, diluted in a
8:
6098:
5600:
5118:
3371:
2571:
2451:
1006:
949:
Essential oils are used in aromatherapy as part of, for example, essential oil diffusers.
748:
662:
176:
171:
55:
6656:
5846:
5460:
5279:
6676:
6066:
5644:
5623:
5604:
5525:
5480:
5429:
5395:
5337:
5187:
5130:
5084:
5038:
4147:
4068:
3297:
1447:
1102:
1098:
921:
831:
284:
143:
5468:
4088:
flavoring agents for use in foods, beverages, and confectioneries according to strict
3217:
6680:
6668:
6629:
6610:
6591:
6572:
6518:
6493:
6462:
6433:
6406:
6376:
6265:
6224:
6191:
6168:
6058:
6023:
5982:
5945:
5939:
5922:
5882:
5806:
5779:
5743:
5704:
5636:
5628:
5513:
5503:
5472:
5417:
5387:
5349:
5341:
5299:
5291:
5191:
5179:
5171:
5134:
5122:
5076:
5072:
5030:
5026:
4992:
4892:
4884:
4846:
4756:
4718:
4676:
4548:
3994:
3316:
3249:
3032:
1869:
1715:
1701:
1662:
1557:
595:
Before the discovery of distillation, all essential oils were extracted by pressing.
549:
233:
6070:
5648:
5484:
5433:
5399:
5088:
5042:
4714:
924:. Menthol and some others produce a feeling of cold followed by a sense of burning.
276:, which are so called because they are nutritionally required by a living organism.
6660:
6458:
6255:
6216:
6158:
6147:"Australian Tea Tree (Melaleuca Alternifolia) Oil Poisoning in Three Purebred Cats"
6050:
6013:
5974:
5912:
5850:
5696:
5618:
5464:
5379:
5333:
5287:
5283:
5161:
5114:
5068:
5022:
4984:
4876:
4748:
4710:
4666:
4072:
3273:
3197:
3074:
1688:
1649:
1354:
288:
6538:
305:
oil extraction, resin tapping, wax embedding, and cold pressing. They are used in
6370:
5854:
5700:
4988:
4118:
3987:
3942:
3747:
3653:
3594:
3269:
3245:
3225:
3184:
3171:
2702:
2430:
1675:
1609:
1583:
1544:
1461:
1420:
1367:
1022:
928:
909:
706:
537:
5805:. Molecular Methods of Plant Analysis. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. p. 105.
6664:
6489:
6163:
6146:
6102:
5447:
Isman MB (2000-09-12). "Plant essential oils for pest and disease management".
4371:
3964:
3936:
3879:
3837:
3673:
3502:
3339:
3331:
3277:
3261:
3253:
2980:
2953:
2867:
2641:
1729:
1315:
1052:
1034:
1028:
1012:
997:
983:
695:
493:
71:
45:
5383:
3324:
6691:
6672:
6228:
6220:
6115:
5632:
5569:
5517:
5476:
5391:
5345:
5295:
5175:
4924:
It is unclear from the source what period of time the quoted figures include.
4888:
4671:
4654:
4589:
4522:
4514:
4102:
4097:
3694:
3402:
3389:
3164:
3157:
3144:
3088:
3045:
2939:
2924:
2911:
2319:
1855:
1385:
1190:
760:
666:
509:
318:
166:
87:
6260:
6243:
5978:
5881:
N. Groom. New
Perfume Handbook. Springer Science & Business Media, 1997
5105:
Isaksson M, Brandão FM, Bruze M, Goossens A (2000). "Short
Communications".
4880:
252:, or simply as the oil of the plant from which they were extracted, such as
6429:
Studies in
Islamic Civilization: The Muslim Contribution to the Renaissance
6269:
6062:
6054:
6027:
5986:
5926:
5640:
5353:
5303:
5183:
5126:
5080:
5034:
4996:
4896:
4760:
4722:
4680:
4555:
4499:
4056:
4044:
4036:
4028:
3897:
3704:
3668:
3646:
3289:
2610:
2359:
2306:
1407:
940:
917:
521:
485:
361:
333:
280:
253:
6343:
6318:
6172:
4752:
3388:
Essential oils are derived from sections of plants. Some plants, like the
3285:
6083:
6018:
6001:
5917:
5900:
5792:
4865:
4563:
4507:
4009:
3983:
3852:
3639:
3574:
3559:
3523:
3507:
3265:
3101:
2854:
2735:
2722:
2333:
2131:
1596:
913:
225:
138:
5940:
Debboun, Mustapha, Frances, Stephen P., Strickman, Daniel, eds. (2014).
5662:
3305:
966:
Research has shown that some essential oils have potential as a natural
5166:
5149:
4584:
4579:
4537:
4529:
4422: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
3863:
3848:
3820:
3786:
3658:
3604:
3564:
3462:
3351:
2654:
2628:
2397:
2278:
2041:
1755:
1518:
1341:
1301:
834:
if you can. Unsourced or poorly sourced material may be challenged and
717:
634:
565:
561:
553:
481:
157:
128:
260:
is essential in the sense that it contains the essence of the plant's
4843:
The
Aromatherapy Handbook: The Secret Healing Power Of Essential Oils
4567:
4533:
4131:
4114:
4093:
3968:
3842:
3678:
3619:
3599:
3579:
3457:
3419:
3229:
3216:
The most commonly used essential oils with antimicrobial action are:
3006:
2967:
2105:
1966:
1945:
1931:
1883:
1828:
1284:
1001:
993:
988:
967:
782:
589:
489:
477:
322:
310:
297:
261:
181:
148:
133:
4494:
The resins of aromatics and plant extracts were retained to produce
4397:
371:
6368:
5201:"Essential oil poisoning calls on the rise, children most affected"
4599:
4518:
4052:
4040:
4024:
3955:
3931:
3926:
3815:
3800:
3728:
3709:
3614:
3554:
3544:
3513:
3497:
3487:
3433:
3414:
3359:
3335:
3309:
3293:
3257:
3241:
3233:
3114:
3019:
2993:
2828:
2689:
2558:
2464:
2437:
2383:
2236:
2212:
2174:
1993:
1979:
1812:
1504:
1474:
1254:
1212:
1177:
557:
306:
63:
4498:
and scented preparations, such as perfumes and incense, including
268:
mean indispensable or usable by the human body, as with the terms
27:
Hydrophobic liquid containing volatile aroma compounds from plants
6432:. International Institute of Islamic Thought (IIIT). p. 70.
6372:
Handbook of
Essential Oils: Science, Technology, and Applications
5568:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
4541:
4135:
4105:
in dose 0.5–10 mL, and thus should not be used during pregnancy.
3972:
3960:
3914:
3884:
Most eucalyptus oil on the market is produced from the leaves of
3805:
3721:
3699:
3584:
3482:
3438:
3367:
3363:
3281:
3221:
3127:
2841:
2597:
2584:
2417:
2346:
2160:
2144:
2067:
1636:
1623:
1491:
1164:
1062:
641:
604:
584:
peel oils are expressed mechanically or cold-pressed (similar to
525:
326:
6569:
Handbook of
Essential Oils: Science, Technology and Applications
6485:
4570:
or diffuser, heated over a candle flame, or burned as incense.
945:
6084:
Scientific Committee on Consumer Products (December 16, 2008),
6002:"Prepubertal Gynecomastia Linked to Lavender and Tea Tree Oils"
5901:"Prepubertal Gynecomastia Linked to Lavender and Tea Tree Oils"
5686:
5583:"Wieviel Prozent Blausäure enthält natürliches Bittermandelöl?"
5418:"Essential Oils as Green Pesticides: Potential and Constraints"
3907:
3867:
3810:
3771:
3733:
3477:
3445:
3237:
2490:
2477:
2028:
1952:
1799:
1769:
1742:
1531:
727:
616:
608:
581:
497:
6211:"Management of severe nausea and vomiting in pregnant women".
916:(cough suppressing) effect. Many essential oils, particularly
548:
The recondensed water is referred to as a hydrosol, hydrolat,
531:
Most oils are distilled in a single process. One exception is
6642:
6515:
Casarett and Doull's Toxicology: The Basic Science of Poisons
4503:
3776:
3766:
3761:
3714:
3687:
3663:
3634:
3629:
3569:
3549:
3539:
3467:
3426:
3066:
2898:
2503:
2254:
2054:
1841:
1328:
1271:
771:
737:
649:
630:
237:
5321:
5317:
5315:
5313:
5265:
5104:
6626:
Essential Oil Safety: A Guide for Health Care Professionals
6588:
Advanced Aromatherapy: The Science of Essential Oil Therapy
4526:
4085:
3976:
3793:
3781:
3754:
3740:
3609:
3589:
3532:
3518:
3472:
2760:
2092:
1782:
975:
517:
513:
505:
501:
314:
6512:
6369:
K. Husnu Can Baser, Gerhard Buchbauer (28 December 2009).
6116:"More evidence essential oils 'make male breasts develop'"
5798:
4741:
The International Journal of Risk & Safety in Medicine
6609:(Reprint ed.). Essex: The C.W. Daniel Company, Ltd.
6566:
6241:
6190:. Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation.
5310:
4510:’s tomb, they found 50 alabaster jars of essential oils.
4048:
645:
626:
257:
5999:
5898:
5500:
Essential oils in food preservation, flavor and safety
4655:"Dispensable and indispensable amino acids for humans"
4361:
3993:
Industrial users of essential oils should consult the
6455:
E. J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913–1936
5832:
4816:
NAHA – National Association for Holistic Aromatherapy
4738:
3913:
Lavender oil has long been used in the production of
661:
Supercritical carbon dioxide is used as a solvent in
496:
are distilled. Raw plant material, consisting of the
6513:
Klaassen CD, Amdur MO, Casarett LJ, Doull J (1991).
6482:
Gilman AG, Rall TW, Nies AS, Taylor P, eds. (1990).
6481:
6040:
5058:
5012:
3990:, increasing vulnerability of the skin to sunlight.
6402:
Essential Oils: Ancient Medicine for a Modern World
5871:. Vol. 8 (4th ed.). Longmans Green. 1947.
5246:"Essential Oils May Be Wreaking Havoc on Your Skin"
4963:
National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences
4631:(online, American English ed.). Archived from
3959:form. Some can cause severe irritation, provoke an
6362:
6242:Nordin S, Broman DA, Olofsson JK, Wulff M (2004).
5687:Arenholt-Bindslev D, Jolanki R, Kanerva L (2009).
5415:
5411:
5409:
4845:. Century Publishing CO. Ltd. pp. Chapter 3.
6623:
6506:
6000:Henley DV, Lipson N, Korach KS, Bloch CA (2007).
5899:Henley DV, Lipson N, Korach KS, Bloch CA (2007).
5598:
5594:
5592:
5213:
3392:, are sources of several types of essential oil.
6689:
6585:
5147:
6539:"Aromatherapy: Uses, benefits, oils, and risks"
6188:Minimising pesticide residues in essential oils
5406:
5221:"Aromatherapy: The Best Essential Oil Diffuser"
3334:and have been evaluated for food incorporation
6345:International Organization for Standardization
6320:International Organization for Standardization
6151:Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation
5967:Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology
5589:
5369:
4566:and used in massage, diffused in the air by a
830:Please review the contents of the section and
6604:
6324:"ISO 4720:2002 Essential oils – Nomenclature"
6144:
5964:
5958:
5680:
5100:
5098:
5054:
5052:
5008:
5006:
1087:The examples and perspective in this article
201:
6398:
6394:
6392:
6095:Directorate-General for Health and Consumers
5691:. In Schmalz G, Arenholt-Bindslev D (eds.).
5610:Annual Review of Food Science and Technology
5549:"CFR - Code of Federal Regulations Title 21"
4784:
4782:
4780:
4778:
4776:
4774:
4772:
4770:
4734:
4732:
3975:, and possibly severe allergic reactions or
6571:. CRC Press, Boca Raton, London, New York.
6446:
5776:Conn's Current Therapy 2014: Expert Consult
4975:Larson D, Jacob SE (2012). "Tea Tree Oil".
4974:
3982:Some essential oils, including many of the
3906:Lavender essential oil sold at a market in
615:is used to extract the oils. Extracts from
400:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
232:(easily evaporated at normal temperatures)
5530:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
5095:
5049:
5003:
4945:
4932:
4930:
4911:"ISO TC 54 Business Plan – Essential oils"
4016:, as they have a flash point of 50–60 °C.
619:and other hydrophobic solvents are called
279:Essential oils are generally extracted by
208:
194:
6389:
6259:
6162:
6017:
5916:
5729:
5622:
5543:
5541:
5165:
4767:
4729:
4670:
4482:Learn how and when to remove this message
3851:allergic reactions in people referred to
1125:Learn how and when to remove this message
464:Learn how and when to remove this message
325:food and drink, and for adding scents to
5944:(2nd ed.). CRC Press. p. 362.
5869:Thorpe's Dictionary of Applied Chemistry
5769:
5243:
4790:"Essential oils: Poisonous when misused"
3901:
944:
673:
625:, which are a mixture of essential oil,
6475:
6452:
6425:
6285:"Toxicology of essential oils reviewed"
5861:
4936:
4927:
4700:
14:
6690:
6185:
5538:
5497:
5416:Koul O, Suresh W, Dhaliwal GS (2008).
4951:
4517:over centuries. The Persian physician
934:
6282:
5735:
5446:
5365:
5363:
5261:
5259:
5148:Lee KA, Harnett JE, Cairns R (2019).
5141:
4840:
4696:
4694:
4692:
4690:
4652:
4108:
4067:Exposure to essential oils may cause
3362:) with water. They can be diluted in
3358:) compounds that are immiscible (not
2786:Rose (otto of roses, attar of roses)
598:
6567:Baser, K.H.C., G. Buchbauer (2010).
6312:
5693:Biocompatibility of Dental Materials
5119:10.1034/j.1600-0536.2000.043001041.x
4420:adding citations to reliable sources
4391:
3211:
2182:Schott and Endl., and other spp. of
1820:Schott and Endl., and other spp. of
1149:GRAS substances according to the FDA
1073:
1010:oil as a fungicide and bactericide,
799:
795:
398:adding citations to reliable sources
365:
5774:. In Bope ET, Kellerman RD (eds.).
5061:Australasian Journal of Dermatology
4812:"How Are Essential Oils Extracted?"
4792:. US National Capital Poison Center
4362:Standardization of derived products
961:
476:Most common essential oils such as
240:. Essential oils are also known as
24:
6560:
6337:
5624:10.1146/annurev-food-032818-121727
5372:Integrated Pest Management Reviews
5360:
5338:10.1146/annurev-ento-120710-100554
5256:
4809:
4687:
4551:rather than "oil of wintergreen".
3330:Some essential oils are effective
665:extraction. This method can avoid
332:Essential oils are often used for
62:
25:
6709:
5717:from the original on May 18, 2016
4513:Essential oils have been used in
3873:
3866:is an essential oil derived from
3832:
2678:Petitgrain mandarin or tangerine
1905:Dog grass (quackgrass, triticum)
329:and household cleaning products.
6399:Jordan Rubin (17 January 2017).
5563:
5073:10.1046/j.1440-0960.2002.00598.x
5027:10.1111/j.1600-0536.2007.01275.x
4396:
4370:published ISO 4720 in which the
3934:is produced from the petals of
3840:, an essential oil derived from
3377:
1078:
896:
804:
370:
33:For the Midnight Oil album, see
6607:The Directory of Essential Oils
6531:
6419:
6276:
6235:
6204:
6179:
6138:
6108:
6077:
6034:
6006:New England Journal of Medicine
5993:
5933:
5905:New England Journal of Medicine
5892:
5875:
5826:
5763:
5655:
5575:
5491:
5440:
5237:
4968:
4715:10.1016/j.maturitas.2011.12.018
4407:needs additional citations for
4084:Some essential oils qualify as
4031:activity have been reported by
4019:
4003:
3891:
1934:(esdragol, esdragon, tarragon)
1159:Botanical name of plant source
974:exceeding, in effectiveness to
355:
5288:10.1016/j.biortech.2009.07.048
4903:
4859:
4834:
4803:
4646:
4617:
4146:The following table lists the
1571:Cassia bark, Padang or Batavia
1069:
832:add the appropriate references
637:(oil-soluble) plant material.
541:) which is purified through a
13:
1:
6043:J. Pediatr. Endocrinol. Metab
5835:Forest Ecology and Management
5469:10.1016/S0261-2194(00)00079-X
5244:Schiffer J (March 11, 2021).
4610:
4141:
3858:
1141:(GRAS) by the United States’
1066:as insecticides are pending.
575:
344:
6405:. Destiny Image Publishers.
6145:Bischoff K, Guale F (1998).
5855:10.1016/j.foreco.2008.08.008
5778:. Elsevier Health Sciences.
5742:. Elsevier Health Sciences.
5701:10.1007/978-3-540-77782-3_14
5669:. DrugBank. 11 December 2021
5154:Medical Journal of Australia
4989:10.1097/DER.0b013e31823e202d
4342:, oil extracted from leaves
4125:
4079:
4055:and decreasing the level of
2781:L., and vars. of these spp.
1448:Camomile (chamomile) flowers
1434:Camomile (chamomile) flowers
1143:Food and Drug Administration
1139:Generally Recognized as Safe
1050:; and approvals for oils of
613:supercritical carbon dioxide
7:
6349:"71.100.60: Essential oils"
6283:Dweck AC (September 2009).
5422:Biopesticides International
5325:Annual Review of Entomology
4952:Haneke KE (February 2002),
4573:
4554:Essential oils are used in
4383:United States Pharmacopoeia
4090:good manufacturing practice
4062:
3949:
3920:
3350:Essential oils are usually
3345:
1218:Hibiscus moschatus Moench.
1101:, discuss the issue on the
817:reliable medical references
10:
6714:
6665:10.1007/s13204-021-01737-3
6624:Tisserand, Robert (1995).
6488:(8th ed.). New York:
6164:10.1177/104063879801000223
5942:Insect Repellents Handbook
4387:
4376:
3924:
3895:
3877:
3684:
3529:
3399:
3381:
2753:Xanthoxylum clava-herculis
953:Aromatherapy is a form of
938:
359:
348:
287:. Other processes include
31:
6628:. Churchill Livingstone.
6586:Schnaubelt, Kurt (1999).
6517:. New York: McGraw-Hill.
5695:. Springer. p. 352.
4939:Actions and Uses of Drugs
4629:Oxford English Dictionary
4014:Class 3 Flammable Liquids
3148:
3049:
2765:
2693:
2614:
2534:
2518:
2421:
2137:Helichrysum augustifolium
1972:Trigonella foenum-graecum
1936:
1887:
1388:(free from prussic acid)
1227:
1041:Trialeurodes vaporariorum
1026:oil (only in France) for
823:or relies too heavily on
6543:www.medicalnewstoday.com
6221:10.1211/cp.2013.11131205
5802:Essential Oils and Waxes
5498:Preedy VR (2015-09-28).
5225:simplerandsmarter.com.au
4659:The Journal of Nutrition
4308:, extracted from leaves
2516:Orange, bitter, flowers
592:of the citrus industry.
321:and other products, for
40:Not to be confused with
6087:Opinion on tea tree oil
5979:10.1067/mjd.2001.116226
5384:10.1023/A:1018472227889
4881:10.1111/1750-3841.12715
4869:Journal of Food Science
2548:Orange, sweet, flowers
1791:Lam. and other spp. of
1292:L. and related spp. of
912:and, thereby, exert an
543:fractional distillation
6605:Sellar, Wanda (2001).
6590:. Healing Arts Press.
6426:Essa A, Ali O (2010).
6055:10.1515/jpem-2015-0248
5553:www.accessdata.fda.gov
5268:Bioresource Technology
4672:10.1093/jn/130.7.1835S
4595:List of essential oils
4325:, extracted from bark
3963:and, over time, prove
3910:
3384:List of essential oils
3165:Violet leaves absolute
2834:Rosmarinus officinalis
2810:Pelargonium graveolens
2267:Lemon balm (see balm)
2081:Horehound (hoarhound)
2021:Pelargonium graveolens
2006:Geranium, East Indian
1858:(orange, bitter peel)
1663:Cinnamon bark, Chinese
1436:, German or Hungarian
1018:plant growth regulator
950:
351:Extraction (fragrance)
67:
35:Essential Oils (album)
6261:10.1093/chemse/bjh040
4753:10.3233/JRS-2012-0568
4496:traditional medicines
4379:British Pharmacopoeia
4377:Further information:
3905:
3025:Artemisia dracunculus
2956:(blackthorn berries)
2527:Orange, bitter, peel
2444:Saccharum officinarum
2243:Lavandula officinalis
2218:Lavandula officinalis
2152:L. and other spp. of
1938:Artemisia dracunculus
1694:Cinnamomum zeylanicum
1689:Cinnamon leaf, Ceylon
1676:Cinnamon bark, Saigon
1655:Cinnamomum zeylanicum
1650:Cinnamon bark, Ceylon
1629:Anthriscus cerefolium
1440:Matricaria chamomilla
1362:(Mill.) J. W. Moore.
1229:Angelica archangelica
948:
674:Production quantities
66:
6122:. BBC. 18 March 2018
6019:10.1056/NEJMoa064725
5918:10.1056/NEJMoa064725
5772:"Contact Dermatitis"
5770:Yiannias JA (2013).
5739:Clinical Dermatology
5205:University of Sydney
4560:alternative medicine
4416:improve this article
3192:Hook. f. and Thoms.
2715:Chimaphila umbellata
2603:Petroselinum crispum
2553:Orange, sweet, peel
2124:Hyssopus officinalis
1893:Taraxacum laevigatum
1889:Taraxacum officinale
1722:Cinnamomum loureirii
1681:Cinnamomum loureirii
1589:Cinnamomum loureirii
1558:Cassia bark, Chinese
1511:Elettaria cardamomum
1469:Hook. f. and Thoms.
1265:Angostura trifoliata
1193:, free from cyanide
1107:create a new article
1099:improve this article
1089:may not represent a
1047:Solanum lycopersicum
955:alternative medicine
586:olive oil extraction
570:orange blossom water
394:improve this section
338:alternative medicine
274:essential fatty acid
270:essential amino acid
42:essential fatty acid
6657:2021ApNan..11.1225R
6645:Applied Nanoscience
6213:Clinical Pharmacist
6099:European Commission
5847:2008ForEM.256.2166B
5461:2000CrPro..19..603I
5280:2010BiTec.101..372N
5207:. December 9, 2019.
4340:Cinnamomum camphora
4323:Cinnamomum camphora
4306:Cinnamomum camphora
4241:Indian frankincense
3886:Eucalyptus globulus
3372:polyethylene glycol
3107:Polianthes tuberosa
3077:, wild or creeping
2986:Lavandula latifolia
2695:Pimenta officinalis
2410:Melissa (see balm)
2403:Ilex paraguariensis
2312:Citrus aurantifolia
2288:Cymbopogon lexuosus
2284:Cymbopogon citratus
2271:Melissa officinalis
2247:Lavandula latifolin
2229:Lavandula latifolia
2150:Jasminum officinale
2034:Zingiber officinale
1986:Alpinia officinarum
1946:Estragon (tarragon)
1920:Sambucus canadensis
1876:Galipea officinalis
1856:Curaçao orange peel
1584:Cassia bark, Saigon
1576:Cinnamomum burmanni
1480:Capsicum frutescens
1450:, Roman or English
1308:Melissa officinalis
1290:Ferula assa-foetida
1261:Galipea officinalis
1183:Pimenta officinalis
1007:Syzygium aromaticum
935:Use in aromatherapy
749:Eucalyptus globulus
663:supercritical fluid
177:Polyunsaturated fat
172:Monounsaturated fat
6461:. pp. 1011–.
6453:Houtsma M (1993).
6186:Menary RC (2008).
5250:The New York Times
5167:10.5694/mja2.50403
5107:Contact Dermatitis
5015:Contact Dermatitis
4937:Sapeika N (1963).
4219:Boswellia carterii
4109:Pesticide residues
4073:Chemistry syringes
4069:contact dermatitis
3995:safety data sheets
3965:toxic to the liver
3911:
3510:(Scented geranium)
3137:Vanilla tahitensis
3133:Vanilla planifolia
2917:Satureia hortensis
2887:Salvia officinalis
2860:Salvia officinalis
2801:Rose fruit (hips)
2647:Myroxylon pereirae
2577:Cymbopogon martini
2496:Myristica fragrans
2390:Majorana hortensis
2365:Myristica fragrans
2167:Juniperus communis
2010:Cymbopogon martini
1959:Foeniculum vulgare
1834:Coriandrum sativum
1370:(bergamot orange)
1321:Myroxylon pereirae
951:
922:contact dermatitis
599:Solvent extraction
293:solvent extraction
234:chemical compounds
228:liquid containing
224:is a concentrated
68:
6635:978-0-443-05260-6
6616:978-0-85207-346-9
6597:978-0-89281-743-6
6578:978-1-4200-6315-8
6524:978-0-07-105239-9
6499:978-0-08-040296-3
6468:978-90-04-09790-2
6439:978-1-56564-350-5
6412:978-0-7684-1188-1
6382:978-1-4200-6316-5
6197:978-1-74151-709-5
5951:978-1-4665-5355-2
5841:(12): 2166–2174.
5812:978-3-642-84023-4
5785:978-0-323-22572-4
5749:978-0-323-08037-8
5736:Habif TP (2009).
5710:978-3-540-77782-3
5509:978-0-12-416644-8
5455:(8–10): 603–608.
4852:978-0-85207-215-8
4653:Reeds PJ (2000).
4549:methyl salicylate
4492:
4491:
4484:
4466:
4359:
4358:
4251:Boswellia serrata
3961:allergic reaction
3828:
3827:
3250:bicyclogermacrene
3212:As antimicrobials
3209:
3208:
3012:Citrus reticulata
2999:Tamarindus indica
2904:Ceratonia siliqua
2710:Pipsissewa leaves
2682:Citrus reticulata
2667:Petitgrain lemon
2376:Citrus reticulata
2339:Ceratonia siliqua
2085:Marrubium vulgare
1789:Erythroxylum coca
1735:Cymbopogon nardus
1708:Cinnamomum cassia
1668:Cinnamomum cassia
1642:Cichorium intybus
1563:Cinnamomum cassia
1524:Ceratonia siliqua
1277:Pimpinella anisum
1135:
1134:
1127:
1109:, as appropriate.
905:
904:
881:
796:Uses and cautions
791:
790:
550:herbal distillate
524:, is put into an
474:
473:
466:
448:
218:
217:
16:(Redirected from
6705:
6684:
6651:(4): 1225–1239.
6639:
6620:
6601:
6582:
6554:
6553:
6551:
6550:
6535:
6529:
6528:
6510:
6504:
6503:
6479:
6473:
6472:
6450:
6444:
6443:
6423:
6417:
6416:
6396:
6387:
6386:
6366:
6360:
6359:
6357:
6355:
6341:
6335:
6334:
6332:
6330:
6316:
6310:
6309:
6307:
6306:
6300:
6294:. Archived from
6289:
6280:
6274:
6273:
6263:
6239:
6233:
6232:
6208:
6202:
6201:
6183:
6177:
6176:
6166:
6142:
6136:
6135:
6129:
6127:
6112:
6106:
6105:
6092:
6081:
6075:
6074:
6038:
6032:
6031:
6021:
5997:
5991:
5990:
5962:
5956:
5955:
5937:
5931:
5930:
5920:
5896:
5890:
5879:
5873:
5872:
5865:
5859:
5858:
5830:
5824:
5823:
5821:
5819:
5796:
5790:
5789:
5767:
5761:
5760:
5758:
5756:
5733:
5727:
5726:
5724:
5722:
5684:
5678:
5677:
5675:
5674:
5663:"Balsam of Peru"
5659:
5653:
5652:
5626:
5596:
5587:
5586:
5579:
5573:
5567:
5566:
5562:
5560:
5559:
5545:
5536:
5535:
5529:
5521:
5495:
5489:
5488:
5444:
5438:
5437:
5413:
5404:
5403:
5367:
5358:
5357:
5319:
5308:
5307:
5263:
5254:
5253:
5241:
5235:
5234:
5232:
5231:
5217:
5211:
5208:
5198:Lay summary in:
5195:
5169:
5145:
5139:
5138:
5102:
5093:
5092:
5056:
5047:
5046:
5010:
5001:
5000:
4972:
4966:
4965:
4960:
4949:
4943:
4942:
4934:
4925:
4923:
4921:
4920:
4915:
4907:
4901:
4900:
4863:
4857:
4856:
4841:Ryman D (1984).
4838:
4832:
4831:
4829:
4827:
4818:. Archived from
4807:
4801:
4800:
4798:
4797:
4786:
4765:
4764:
4736:
4727:
4726:
4698:
4685:
4684:
4674:
4665:(7): 1835S–40S.
4650:
4644:
4643:
4641:
4640:
4621:
4525:(1188–1248), an
4487:
4480:
4476:
4473:
4467:
4465:
4424:
4400:
4392:
4160:
4159:
3988:photosensitizers
3397:
3396:
3302:)-linalool oxide
3274:methyl cinnamate
3203:Curcuma zedoaria
3172:Wild cherry bark
3091:(see dog grass)
3081:Thymus serpyllum
2931:Satureia montana
2899:St. John's bread
2736:Prickly ash bark
2660:Citrus aurantium
2520:Citrus aurantium
2483:Citrus aurantium
2478:Neroli, bigarade
2241:Hybrids between
2225:Lavender, spike
2111:Monarda punctata
1909:Agropyron repens
1862:Citrus aurantium
1602:Apium graveolens
1454:Anthemis nobilis
1413:Aniba rosaeodora
1396:Prunus armeniaca
1392:Prunus amygdalus
1374:Citrus aurantium
1360:Pimenta racemosa
1355:Bay (myrcia oil)
1334:Ocimum basilicum
1201:Prunus armeniaca
1197:Prunus amygdalus
1153:
1152:
1130:
1123:
1119:
1116:
1110:
1082:
1081:
1074:
962:Use as pesticide
910:counterirritants
900:
899:
891:
888:
882:
880:
839:
808:
807:
800:
684:
683:
469:
462:
458:
455:
449:
447:
406:
374:
366:
210:
203:
196:
74:
52:
51:
49:
38:
21:
6713:
6712:
6708:
6707:
6706:
6704:
6703:
6702:
6688:
6687:
6636:
6617:
6598:
6579:
6563:
6561:Further reading
6558:
6557:
6548:
6546:
6537:
6536:
6532:
6525:
6511:
6507:
6500:
6480:
6476:
6469:
6457:. Vol. 4.
6451:
6447:
6440:
6424:
6420:
6413:
6397:
6390:
6383:
6367:
6363:
6353:
6351:
6342:
6338:
6328:
6326:
6317:
6313:
6304:
6302:
6298:
6287:
6281:
6277:
6248:Chemical Senses
6240:
6236:
6210:
6209:
6205:
6198:
6184:
6180:
6143:
6139:
6125:
6123:
6114:
6113:
6109:
6090:
6082:
6078:
6039:
6035:
5998:
5994:
5963:
5959:
5952:
5938:
5934:
5897:
5893:
5880:
5876:
5867:
5866:
5862:
5831:
5827:
5817:
5815:
5813:
5797:
5793:
5786:
5768:
5764:
5754:
5752:
5750:
5734:
5730:
5720:
5718:
5711:
5685:
5681:
5672:
5670:
5667:go.drugbank.com
5661:
5660:
5656:
5599:Rao J, Chen B,
5597:
5590:
5581:
5580:
5576:
5564:
5557:
5555:
5547:
5546:
5539:
5523:
5522:
5510:
5496:
5492:
5449:Crop Protection
5445:
5441:
5414:
5407:
5368:
5361:
5320:
5311:
5264:
5257:
5242:
5238:
5229:
5227:
5219:
5218:
5214:
5199:
5146:
5142:
5103:
5096:
5057:
5050:
5011:
5004:
4973:
4969:
4958:
4950:
4946:
4941:. A.A. Balkema.
4935:
4928:
4918:
4916:
4913:
4909:
4908:
4904:
4875:(1): E101–107.
4864:
4860:
4853:
4839:
4835:
4825:
4823:
4822:on 11 June 2013
4808:
4804:
4795:
4793:
4788:
4787:
4768:
4737:
4730:
4709:(71): 257–260.
4699:
4688:
4651:
4647:
4638:
4636:
4625:"essential oil"
4623:
4622:
4618:
4613:
4576:
4532:(Muslim Spain)
4488:
4477:
4471:
4468:
4431:"Essential oil"
4425:
4423:
4413:
4401:
4390:
4385:
4372:botanical names
4364:
4283:Roman chamomile
4235:Boswellia sacra
4175:
4169:
4156:
4151:
4144:
4128:
4111:
4082:
4065:
4022:
4006:
3952:
3943:Rosa centifolia
3929:
3923:
3900:
3894:
3882:
3876:
3861:
3835:
3386:
3380:
3348:
3321:)-caryophyllene
3270:methyl chavicol
3246:geranyl acetate
3226:eugenol acetate
3218:β-caryophyllene
3214:
3190:Cananga odorata
3177:Prunus serotina
3051:Thymus vulgaris
2771:Rosa centifolia
2728:Punica granatum
2642:Peruvian balsam
2634:Mentha piperita
2605:(Mill.) Mansf.
2590:Capsicum annuum
2536:Citrus sinensis
2470:Citrus paradisi
2431:Menthyl acetate
2352:Humulus lupulus
2190:Laurel berries
2098:Humulus lupulus
2047:Citrus paradisi
2017:Geranium, rose
1900:Dandelion root
1848:Cuminum cyminum
1785:(decocainized)
1616:Prunus serotina
1550:Croton eluteria
1545:Cascarilla bark
1484:Capsicum annuum
1467:Cananga odorata
1426:Theobroma cacao
1380:Wright et Arn.
1170:Medicago sativa
1131:
1120:
1114:
1111:
1096:
1083:
1079:
1072:
1023:Citrus sinensis
964:
943:
937:
929:New South Wales
901:
897:
892:
886:
883:
846:"Essential oil"
840:
829:
825:primary sources
809:
805:
798:
707:Mentha arvensis
676:
601:
578:
538:Cananga odorata
470:
459:
453:
450:
413:"Essential oil"
407:
405:
391:
375:
364:
358:
353:
347:
256:. An essential
214:
75:
70:
50:
39:
32:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6711:
6701:
6700:
6698:Essential oils
6686:
6685:
6640:
6634:
6621:
6615:
6602:
6596:
6583:
6577:
6562:
6559:
6556:
6555:
6530:
6523:
6505:
6498:
6474:
6467:
6445:
6438:
6418:
6411:
6388:
6381:
6361:
6336:
6311:
6275:
6254:(5): 391–402.
6234:
6203:
6196:
6178:
6137:
6107:
6103:European Union
6076:
6049:(1): 103–107.
6033:
5992:
5957:
5950:
5932:
5911:(5): 479–485.
5891:
5874:
5860:
5825:
5811:
5791:
5784:
5762:
5748:
5728:
5709:
5679:
5654:
5617:(1): 365–387.
5603:(2019-03-25).
5588:
5574:
5537:
5508:
5490:
5439:
5405:
5359:
5332:(1): 405–424.
5309:
5274:(1): 372–378.
5255:
5236:
5212:
5210:
5209:
5160:(3): 132–133.
5140:
5094:
5048:
5002:
4967:
4944:
4926:
4902:
4858:
4851:
4833:
4802:
4766:
4728:
4686:
4645:
4615:
4614:
4612:
4609:
4608:
4607:
4602:
4597:
4592:
4587:
4582:
4575:
4572:
4558:, a branch of
4490:
4489:
4404:
4402:
4395:
4389:
4386:
4363:
4360:
4357:
4356:
4354:
4351:
4348:
4344:
4343:
4337:
4334:
4331:
4327:
4326:
4320:
4317:
4314:
4313:Yellow camphor
4310:
4309:
4303:
4300:
4297:
4293:
4292:
4290:
4287:
4284:
4280:
4279:
4277:
4274:
4271:
4267:
4266:
4264:
4261:
4258:
4254:
4253:
4248:
4245:
4242:
4238:
4237:
4232:
4229:
4226:
4222:
4221:
4216:
4213:
4210:
4206:
4205:
4203:
4200:
4197:
4193:
4192:
4190:
4187:
4184:
4180:
4179:
4176:
4173:
4170:
4167:
4164:
4154:
4149:
4143:
4140:
4127:
4124:
4113:Concern about
4110:
4107:
4103:abortifacients
4081:
4078:
4064:
4061:
4029:antiandrogenic
4021:
4018:
4005:
4002:
3954:The potential
3951:
3948:
3937:Rosa damascena
3925:Main article:
3922:
3919:
3896:Main article:
3893:
3890:
3880:Eucalyptus oil
3878:Main article:
3875:
3874:Eucalyptus oil
3872:
3860:
3857:
3838:Balsam of Peru
3834:
3833:Balsam of Peru
3831:
3830:
3829:
3826:
3825:
3824:
3823:
3818:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3797:
3796:
3790:
3789:
3784:
3779:
3774:
3769:
3764:
3758:
3757:
3751:
3750:
3744:
3743:
3737:
3736:
3731:
3725:
3724:
3718:
3717:
3712:
3707:
3702:
3697:
3691:
3690:
3683:
3682:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3666:
3661:
3656:
3650:
3649:
3643:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3536:
3535:
3528:
3527:
3526:
3521:
3516:
3511:
3505:
3500:
3495:
3490:
3485:
3480:
3475:
3470:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3449:
3448:
3442:
3441:
3436:
3430:
3429:
3423:
3422:
3417:
3412:
3406:
3405:
3382:Main article:
3379:
3376:
3347:
3344:
3340:culture medium
3332:antimicrobials
3278:methyl eugenol
3254:cinnamaldehyde
3213:
3210:
3207:
3206:
3200:
3194:
3193:
3187:
3181:
3180:
3174:
3168:
3167:
3161:
3160:
3154:
3153:
3147:
3145:Violet flowers
3141:
3140:
3130:
3124:
3123:
3117:
3111:
3110:
3104:
3098:
3097:
3092:
3085:
3084:
3078:
3071:
3070:
3063:
3062:
3048:
3042:
3041:
3035:
3029:
3028:
3022:
3016:
3015:
3009:
3003:
3002:
2996:
2990:
2989:
2983:
2981:Spike lavender
2977:
2976:
2973:Mentha spicata
2970:
2964:
2963:
2960:Prunus spinosa
2957:
2950:
2949:
2943:
2935:
2934:
2928:
2921:
2920:
2914:
2912:Savory, summer
2908:
2907:
2901:
2895:
2894:
2891:lavandulifolia
2884:
2878:
2877:
2874:Salvia triloba
2871:
2864:
2863:
2857:
2851:
2850:
2847:Crocus sativus
2844:
2838:
2837:
2831:
2825:
2824:
2818:
2814:
2813:
2807:
2806:Rose geranium
2803:
2802:
2798:
2797:
2793:
2792:
2788:
2787:
2783:
2782:
2775:Rosa damascena
2764:
2757:
2756:
2738:
2732:
2731:
2725:
2719:
2718:
2712:
2706:
2705:
2699:
2698:
2692:
2686:
2685:
2679:
2675:
2674:
2673:(L.) Burm. f.
2668:
2664:
2663:
2657:
2651:
2650:
2644:
2638:
2637:
2631:
2625:
2624:
2623:Pepper, white
2620:
2619:
2613:
2607:
2606:
2600:
2594:
2593:
2587:
2581:
2580:
2574:
2568:
2567:
2561:
2555:
2554:
2550:
2549:
2545:
2544:
2543:Orange, sweet
2540:
2539:
2533:
2529:
2528:
2524:
2523:
2517:
2513:
2512:
2506:
2500:
2499:
2493:
2487:
2486:
2480:
2474:
2473:
2467:
2461:
2460:
2454:
2448:
2447:
2441:
2434:
2433:
2427:
2426:
2420:
2414:
2413:
2411:
2407:
2406:
2400:
2394:
2393:
2387:
2380:
2379:
2373:
2369:
2368:
2362:
2356:
2355:
2349:
2343:
2342:
2336:
2330:
2329:
2323:
2316:
2315:
2309:
2303:
2302:
2301:(L.) Burm. f.
2296:
2292:
2291:
2281:
2275:
2274:
2268:
2264:
2263:
2262:(L.) Burm. f.
2257:
2251:
2250:
2239:
2233:
2232:
2226:
2222:
2221:
2215:
2209:
2208:
2202:
2201:Laurel leaves
2198:
2197:
2194:Laurus nobilis
2191:
2187:
2186:
2180:Cola acuminata
2177:
2171:
2170:
2164:
2157:
2156:
2147:
2141:
2140:
2134:
2128:
2127:
2121:
2115:
2114:
2108:
2102:
2101:
2095:
2089:
2088:
2082:
2078:
2077:
2071:
2064:
2063:
2057:
2051:
2050:
2044:
2038:
2037:
2031:
2025:
2024:
2018:
2014:
2013:
2007:
2003:
2002:
1996:
1990:
1989:
1983:
1976:
1975:
1969:
1963:
1962:
1956:
1949:
1948:
1942:
1941:
1935:
1928:
1927:
1924:Sambucus nigra
1917:
1916:Elder flowers
1913:
1912:
1906:
1902:
1901:
1897:
1896:
1886:
1880:
1879:
1873:
1866:
1865:
1859:
1852:
1851:
1845:
1838:
1837:
1831:
1825:
1824:
1818:Cola acuminata
1815:
1809:
1808:
1802:
1796:
1795:
1786:
1779:
1778:
1772:
1766:
1765:
1762:Salvia sclarea
1759:
1752:
1751:
1745:
1739:
1738:
1732:
1726:
1725:
1719:
1712:
1711:
1705:
1698:
1697:
1691:
1685:
1684:
1678:
1672:
1671:
1665:
1659:
1658:
1652:
1646:
1645:
1639:
1633:
1632:
1626:
1620:
1619:
1613:
1606:
1605:
1599:
1593:
1592:
1586:
1580:
1579:
1573:
1567:
1566:
1560:
1554:
1553:
1547:
1541:
1540:
1534:
1528:
1527:
1521:
1515:
1514:
1508:
1501:
1500:
1494:
1488:
1487:
1477:
1471:
1470:
1464:
1458:
1457:
1451:
1444:
1443:
1437:
1430:
1429:
1423:
1417:
1416:
1410:
1404:
1403:
1400:Prunus persica
1389:
1382:
1381:
1371:
1364:
1363:
1357:
1351:
1350:
1347:Laurus nobilis
1344:
1338:
1337:
1331:
1325:
1324:
1318:
1316:Balsam of Peru
1312:
1311:
1305:
1297:
1296:
1287:
1281:
1280:
1274:
1268:
1267:
1258:
1247:
1246:
1240:
1239:
1233:
1232:
1226:
1220:
1219:
1216:
1209:
1208:
1205:Prunus persica
1194:
1187:
1186:
1180:
1174:
1173:
1167:
1161:
1160:
1157:
1133:
1132:
1093:of the subject
1091:worldwide view
1086:
1084:
1077:
1071:
1068:
1035:Cucurbita pepo
1029:Bemisia tabaci
1013:Mentha spicata
998:citronella oil
984:European Union
963:
960:
939:Main article:
936:
933:
903:
902:
895:
893:
887:September 2010
812:
810:
803:
797:
794:
793:
792:
789:
788:
785:
779:
778:
775:
768:
767:
764:
756:
755:
752:
744:
743:
740:
734:
733:
730:
724:
723:
720:
714:
713:
710:
702:
701:
698:
692:
691:
688:
675:
672:
600:
597:
577:
574:
472:
471:
378:
376:
369:
357:
354:
349:Main article:
346:
343:
319:air fresheners
285:by using steam
216:
215:
213:
212:
205:
198:
190:
187:
186:
185:
184:
179:
174:
169:
161:
160:
154:
153:
152:
151:
146:
141:
136:
131:
123:
122:
118:
117:
116:
115:
105:
95:
82:
81:
77:
76:
72:Sandalwood oil
69:
59:
58:
46:fragrance oils
26:
18:Essential oils
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6710:
6699:
6696:
6695:
6693:
6682:
6678:
6674:
6670:
6666:
6662:
6658:
6654:
6650:
6646:
6641:
6637:
6631:
6627:
6622:
6618:
6612:
6608:
6603:
6599:
6593:
6589:
6584:
6580:
6574:
6570:
6565:
6564:
6544:
6540:
6534:
6526:
6520:
6516:
6509:
6501:
6495:
6491:
6487:
6486:
6478:
6470:
6464:
6460:
6456:
6449:
6441:
6435:
6431:
6430:
6422:
6414:
6408:
6404:
6403:
6395:
6393:
6384:
6378:
6375:. CRC Press.
6374:
6373:
6365:
6350:
6346:
6340:
6325:
6321:
6315:
6301:on 2011-07-18
6297:
6293:
6292:Personal Care
6286:
6279:
6271:
6267:
6262:
6257:
6253:
6249:
6245:
6238:
6230:
6226:
6222:
6218:
6214:
6207:
6199:
6193:
6189:
6182:
6174:
6170:
6165:
6160:
6157:(2): 208–10.
6156:
6152:
6148:
6141:
6134:
6121:
6117:
6111:
6104:
6100:
6096:
6089:
6088:
6080:
6072:
6068:
6064:
6060:
6056:
6052:
6048:
6044:
6037:
6029:
6025:
6020:
6015:
6012:(5): 479–85.
6011:
6007:
6003:
5996:
5988:
5984:
5980:
5976:
5973:(3): 458–61.
5972:
5968:
5961:
5953:
5947:
5943:
5936:
5928:
5924:
5919:
5914:
5910:
5906:
5902:
5895:
5889:, pp. 184-186
5888:
5887:9780751404036
5884:
5878:
5870:
5864:
5856:
5852:
5848:
5844:
5840:
5836:
5829:
5814:
5808:
5804:
5803:
5795:
5787:
5781:
5777:
5773:
5766:
5751:
5745:
5741:
5740:
5732:
5716:
5712:
5706:
5702:
5698:
5694:
5690:
5683:
5668:
5664:
5658:
5650:
5646:
5642:
5638:
5634:
5630:
5625:
5620:
5616:
5612:
5611:
5606:
5602:
5601:McClements DJ
5595:
5593:
5584:
5578:
5571:
5570:public domain
5554:
5550:
5544:
5542:
5533:
5527:
5519:
5515:
5511:
5505:
5502:. Amsterdam.
5501:
5494:
5486:
5482:
5478:
5474:
5470:
5466:
5462:
5458:
5454:
5450:
5443:
5435:
5431:
5427:
5423:
5419:
5412:
5410:
5401:
5397:
5393:
5389:
5385:
5381:
5377:
5373:
5366:
5364:
5355:
5351:
5347:
5343:
5339:
5335:
5331:
5327:
5326:
5318:
5316:
5314:
5305:
5301:
5297:
5293:
5289:
5285:
5281:
5277:
5273:
5269:
5262:
5260:
5251:
5247:
5240:
5226:
5222:
5216:
5206:
5202:
5197:
5196:
5193:
5189:
5185:
5181:
5177:
5173:
5168:
5163:
5159:
5155:
5151:
5144:
5136:
5132:
5128:
5124:
5120:
5116:
5112:
5108:
5101:
5099:
5090:
5086:
5082:
5078:
5074:
5070:
5066:
5062:
5055:
5053:
5044:
5040:
5036:
5032:
5028:
5024:
5020:
5016:
5009:
5007:
4998:
4994:
4990:
4986:
4982:
4978:
4971:
4964:
4957:
4956:
4948:
4940:
4933:
4931:
4912:
4906:
4898:
4894:
4890:
4886:
4882:
4878:
4874:
4870:
4862:
4854:
4848:
4844:
4837:
4821:
4817:
4813:
4806:
4791:
4785:
4783:
4781:
4779:
4777:
4775:
4773:
4771:
4762:
4758:
4754:
4750:
4747:(3): 147–61.
4746:
4742:
4735:
4733:
4724:
4720:
4716:
4712:
4708:
4704:
4697:
4695:
4693:
4691:
4682:
4678:
4673:
4668:
4664:
4660:
4656:
4649:
4635:on 2014-08-09
4634:
4630:
4626:
4620:
4616:
4606:
4603:
4601:
4598:
4596:
4593:
4591:
4590:Fragrance oil
4588:
4586:
4583:
4581:
4578:
4577:
4571:
4569:
4565:
4561:
4557:
4552:
4550:
4545:
4543:
4539:
4535:
4531:
4530:Al-Andalusian
4528:
4524:
4523:Ibn al-Baitar
4520:
4516:
4515:folk medicine
4511:
4509:
4505:
4501:
4497:
4486:
4483:
4475:
4472:November 2021
4464:
4461:
4457:
4454:
4450:
4447:
4443:
4440:
4436:
4433: –
4432:
4428:
4427:Find sources:
4421:
4417:
4411:
4410:
4405:This section
4403:
4399:
4394:
4393:
4384:
4380:
4375:
4373:
4369:
4355:
4352:
4349:
4346:
4345:
4341:
4338:
4335:
4332:
4329:
4328:
4324:
4321:
4318:
4315:
4312:
4311:
4307:
4304:
4301:
4298:
4296:White camphor
4295:
4294:
4291:
4288:
4285:
4282:
4281:
4278:
4275:
4272:
4269:
4268:
4265:
4262:
4259:
4256:
4255:
4252:
4249:
4246:
4243:
4240:
4239:
4236:
4233:
4230:
4227:
4224:
4223:
4220:
4217:
4214:
4211:
4208:
4207:
4204:
4201:
4198:
4195:
4194:
4191:
4188:
4185:
4182:
4181:
4177:
4171:
4165:
4162:
4161:
4158:
4152:
4139:
4137:
4133:
4123:
4120:
4116:
4106:
4104:
4099:
4098:Pharmacopoeia
4095:
4091:
4087:
4077:
4074:
4070:
4060:
4058:
4054:
4050:
4046:
4042:
4038:
4034:
4030:
4026:
4017:
4015:
4011:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3991:
3989:
3985:
3980:
3978:
3974:
3970:
3966:
3962:
3957:
3947:
3945:
3944:
3939:
3938:
3933:
3928:
3918:
3916:
3909:
3904:
3899:
3889:
3887:
3881:
3871:
3869:
3865:
3856:
3854:
3850:
3845:
3844:
3839:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3798:
3795:
3792:
3791:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3759:
3756:
3753:
3752:
3749:
3746:
3745:
3742:
3739:
3738:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3726:
3723:
3720:
3719:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3692:
3689:
3686:
3685:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3652:
3651:
3648:
3645:
3644:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3537:
3534:
3531:
3530:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3450:
3447:
3444:
3443:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3431:
3428:
3425:
3424:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3407:
3404:
3401:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3394:
3393:
3391:
3390:bitter orange
3385:
3378:Raw materials
3375:
3373:
3369:
3365:
3361:
3357:
3353:
3343:
3341:
3337:
3333:
3328:
3326:
3322:
3320:
3314:
3312:
3307:
3303:
3301:
3295:
3291:
3287:
3283:
3279:
3275:
3271:
3267:
3263:
3259:
3255:
3251:
3247:
3243:
3239:
3235:
3231:
3227:
3223:
3219:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3195:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3182:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3169:
3166:
3163:
3162:
3159:
3158:Violet leaves
3156:
3155:
3151:
3150:Viola odorata
3146:
3143:
3142:
3139:J. W. Moore.
3138:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3125:
3121:
3120:Curcuma longa
3118:
3116:
3113:
3112:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3099:
3096:
3095:Elymus repens
3093:
3090:
3087:
3086:
3082:
3079:
3076:
3073:
3072:
3068:
3065:
3064:
3060:
3056:
3052:
3047:
3044:
3043:
3039:
3038:Thea sinensis
3036:
3034:
3031:
3030:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3017:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3004:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2991:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2978:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2965:
2961:
2958:
2955:
2952:
2951:
2947:
2946:Schinus molle
2944:
2942:
2941:
2940:Schinus molle
2937:
2936:
2932:
2929:
2926:
2923:
2922:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2909:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2896:
2892:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2882:Sage, Spanish
2880:
2879:
2875:
2872:
2869:
2866:
2865:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2852:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2839:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2826:
2822:
2819:
2816:
2815:
2811:
2808:
2805:
2804:
2800:
2799:
2796:Rose flowers
2795:
2794:
2790:
2789:
2785:
2784:
2780:
2776:
2772:
2768:
2762:
2759:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2733:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2720:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2707:
2704:
2701:
2700:
2696:
2691:
2688:
2687:
2683:
2680:
2677:
2676:
2672:
2669:
2666:
2665:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2652:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2639:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2626:
2622:
2621:
2617:
2612:
2611:Pepper, black
2609:
2608:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2595:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2582:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2569:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2556:
2552:
2551:
2547:
2546:
2542:
2541:
2538:(L.) Osbeck.
2537:
2531:
2530:
2526:
2525:
2521:
2515:
2514:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2501:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2488:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2475:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2462:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2449:
2445:
2442:
2439:
2436:
2435:
2432:
2429:
2428:
2424:
2419:
2416:
2415:
2412:
2409:
2408:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2395:
2391:
2388:
2385:
2382:
2381:
2377:
2374:
2371:
2370:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2357:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2344:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2331:
2327:
2324:
2321:
2318:
2317:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2304:
2300:
2297:
2294:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2276:
2272:
2269:
2266:
2265:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2234:
2230:
2227:
2224:
2223:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2210:
2206:
2203:
2200:
2199:
2195:
2192:
2189:
2188:
2185:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2172:
2168:
2165:
2162:
2159:
2158:
2155:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2142:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2129:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2116:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2103:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2090:
2086:
2083:
2080:
2079:
2075:
2072:
2069:
2066:
2065:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2052:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2039:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2026:
2022:
2019:
2016:
2015:
2011:
2008:
2005:
2004:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1991:
1987:
1984:
1981:
1978:
1977:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1964:
1960:
1957:
1954:
1951:
1950:
1947:
1944:
1943:
1939:
1933:
1930:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1918:
1915:
1914:
1910:
1907:
1904:
1903:
1899:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1885:
1882:
1881:
1877:
1874:
1871:
1868:
1867:
1863:
1860:
1857:
1854:
1853:
1849:
1846:
1843:
1840:
1839:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1826:
1823:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1810:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1797:
1794:
1790:
1787:
1784:
1781:
1780:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1767:
1763:
1760:
1758:(clary sage)
1757:
1754:
1753:
1749:
1746:
1744:
1741:
1740:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1727:
1723:
1720:
1717:
1716:Cinnamon leaf
1714:
1713:
1709:
1706:
1703:
1702:Cinnamon leaf
1700:
1699:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1686:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1673:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1660:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1648:
1647:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1634:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1621:
1617:
1614:
1611:
1608:
1607:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1594:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1581:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1568:
1564:
1561:
1559:
1556:
1555:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1542:
1538:
1537:Daucus carota
1535:
1533:
1530:
1529:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1516:
1512:
1509:
1506:
1505:Cardamom seed
1503:
1502:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1472:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1459:
1455:
1452:
1449:
1446:
1445:
1441:
1438:
1435:
1432:
1431:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1418:
1414:
1411:
1409:
1406:
1405:
1402:(L.) Batsch.
1401:
1397:
1393:
1390:
1387:
1386:Bitter almond
1384:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1372:
1369:
1366:
1365:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1352:
1348:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1339:
1335:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1326:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1313:
1309:
1306:
1303:
1299:
1298:
1295:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1282:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1269:
1266:
1262:
1259:
1256:
1252:
1249:
1248:
1245:
1244:Angelica stem
1242:
1241:
1238:
1237:Angelica seed
1235:
1234:
1230:
1225:
1224:Angelica root
1222:
1221:
1217:
1214:
1211:
1210:
1207:(L.) Batsch.
1206:
1202:
1198:
1195:
1192:
1191:Bitter almond
1189:
1188:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1175:
1171:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1162:
1158:
1155:
1154:
1151:
1150:
1146:
1144:
1140:
1129:
1126:
1118:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1094:
1092:
1085:
1076:
1075:
1067:
1065:
1064:
1059:
1055:
1054:
1049:
1048:
1043:
1042:
1037:
1036:
1031:
1030:
1025:
1024:
1019:
1015:
1014:
1009:
1008:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
990:
985:
979:
977:
971:
969:
959:
956:
947:
942:
932:
930:
925:
923:
919:
915:
911:
894:
890:
879:
876:
872:
869:
865:
862:
858:
855:
851:
848: –
847:
843:
842:Find sources:
837:
833:
827:
826:
822:
818:
813:This section
811:
802:
801:
786:
784:
781:
780:
776:
773:
770:
769:
765:
763:
762:
761:Litsea cubeba
758:
757:
753:
751:
750:
746:
745:
741:
739:
736:
735:
731:
729:
726:
725:
721:
719:
716:
715:
711:
709:
708:
704:
703:
699:
697:
694:
693:
689:
686:
685:
682:
681:
680:
671:
668:
667:petrochemical
664:
659:
657:
656:
651:
647:
643:
642:ethyl alcohol
638:
636:
632:
628:
624:
623:
618:
614:
610:
606:
596:
593:
591:
587:
583:
573:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
546:
544:
540:
539:
534:
529:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
468:
465:
457:
454:November 2022
446:
443:
439:
436:
432:
429:
425:
422:
418:
415: –
414:
410:
409:Find sources:
403:
399:
395:
389:
388:
384:
379:This section
377:
373:
368:
367:
363:
352:
342:
339:
335:
330:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
299:
294:
290:
286:
282:
277:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
246:ethereal oils
243:
242:volatile oils
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
222:essential oil
211:
206:
204:
199:
197:
192:
191:
189:
188:
183:
180:
178:
175:
173:
170:
168:
167:Saturated fat
165:
164:
163:
162:
159:
156:
155:
150:
147:
145:
142:
140:
137:
135:
132:
130:
127:
126:
125:
124:
120:
119:
113:
109:
108:Essential oil
106:
103:
99:
98:Macerated oil
96:
93:
89:
88:Vegetable oil
86:
85:
84:
83:
79:
78:
73:
65:
61:
60:
57:
54:
53:
47:
43:
36:
30:
19:
6648:
6644:
6625:
6606:
6587:
6568:
6547:. Retrieved
6545:. 2017-03-20
6542:
6533:
6514:
6508:
6484:
6477:
6454:
6448:
6428:
6421:
6401:
6371:
6364:
6352:. Retrieved
6339:
6327:. Retrieved
6314:
6303:. Retrieved
6296:the original
6291:
6278:
6251:
6247:
6237:
6212:
6206:
6187:
6181:
6154:
6150:
6140:
6131:
6124:. Retrieved
6119:
6110:
6086:
6079:
6046:
6042:
6036:
6009:
6005:
5995:
5970:
5966:
5960:
5941:
5935:
5908:
5904:
5894:
5877:
5868:
5863:
5838:
5834:
5828:
5818:December 29,
5816:. Retrieved
5801:
5794:
5775:
5765:
5753:. Retrieved
5738:
5731:
5719:. Retrieved
5692:
5682:
5671:. Retrieved
5666:
5657:
5614:
5608:
5577:
5556:. Retrieved
5552:
5499:
5493:
5452:
5448:
5442:
5428:(1): 63–84.
5425:
5421:
5378:(1): 25–34.
5375:
5371:
5329:
5323:
5271:
5267:
5249:
5239:
5228:. Retrieved
5224:
5215:
5204:
5157:
5153:
5143:
5110:
5106:
5067:(3): 211–3.
5064:
5060:
5021:(5): 282–4.
5018:
5014:
4980:
4976:
4970:
4954:
4947:
4938:
4917:. Retrieved
4905:
4872:
4868:
4861:
4842:
4836:
4824:. Retrieved
4820:the original
4815:
4805:
4794:. Retrieved
4744:
4740:
4706:
4702:
4662:
4658:
4648:
4637:. Retrieved
4633:the original
4628:
4619:
4556:aromatherapy
4553:
4546:
4512:
4500:frankincense
4493:
4478:
4469:
4459:
4452:
4445:
4438:
4426:
4414:Please help
4409:verification
4406:
4365:
4339:
4322:
4305:
4250:
4234:
4225:Frankincense
4218:
4209:Frankincense
4196:Lemon myrtle
4145:
4129:
4112:
4083:
4066:
4057:testosterone
4045:gynecomastia
4037:tea tree oil
4032:
4023:
4020:Gynecomastia
4007:
4004:Flammability
3999:
3992:
3981:
3953:
3941:
3935:
3930:
3912:
3898:Lavender oil
3892:Lavender oil
3885:
3883:
3862:
3841:
3836:
3705:Frankincense
3387:
3356:"oil-loving"
3355:
3354:(literally:
3349:
3329:
3318:
3310:
3299:
3290:viridiflorol
3215:
3202:
3198:Zedoary bark
3189:
3176:
3149:
3136:
3132:
3119:
3106:
3094:
3080:
3058:
3055:Thymus zygis
3054:
3050:
3037:
3024:
3011:
2998:
2985:
2972:
2959:
2954:Sloe berries
2945:
2938:
2930:
2916:
2903:
2893:(Vahl) Gams
2890:
2886:
2873:
2859:
2846:
2833:
2820:
2817:Rose leaves
2809:
2779:Rosa gallica
2778:
2774:
2770:
2766:
2752:
2748:
2744:
2740:
2727:
2714:
2703:Pimenta leaf
2694:
2681:
2671:Citrus limon
2670:
2659:
2646:
2633:
2616:Piper nigrum
2615:
2602:
2589:
2576:
2563:
2535:
2532:Orange leaf
2519:
2508:
2495:
2482:
2469:
2456:
2443:
2422:
2402:
2389:
2375:
2364:
2351:
2338:
2325:
2311:
2299:Citrus limon
2298:
2287:
2283:
2270:
2260:Citrus limon
2259:
2246:
2242:
2228:
2217:
2204:
2193:
2183:
2179:
2166:
2153:
2149:
2136:
2123:
2110:
2097:
2084:
2073:
2059:
2046:
2033:
2020:
2009:
1998:
1985:
1971:
1958:
1937:
1923:
1919:
1911:(L.) Beauv.
1908:
1892:
1888:
1875:
1861:
1847:
1833:
1821:
1817:
1804:
1793:Erythroxylum
1792:
1788:
1774:
1761:
1747:
1743:Citrus peels
1734:
1721:
1707:
1693:
1680:
1667:
1654:
1641:
1631:(L.) Hoffm.
1628:
1615:
1610:Cherry, wild
1601:
1588:
1575:
1562:
1549:
1536:
1523:
1510:
1496:
1483:
1479:
1466:
1453:
1439:
1425:
1412:
1408:Bois de rose
1399:
1395:
1391:
1377:
1373:
1359:
1346:
1333:
1320:
1307:
1293:
1289:
1276:
1264:
1260:
1228:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1182:
1169:
1156:Common name
1148:
1147:
1136:
1121:
1112:
1088:
1061:
1057:
1051:
1045:
1039:
1033:
1027:
1021:
1011:
1005:
987:
980:
972:
965:
952:
941:Aromatherapy
926:
920:, may cause
918:tea tree oil
906:
884:
874:
867:
860:
853:
841:
821:verification
814:
759:
747:
705:
696:Sweet orange
677:
660:
653:
639:
633:, and other
620:
602:
594:
579:
547:
536:
532:
530:
486:tea tree oil
475:
460:
451:
441:
434:
427:
420:
408:
392:Please help
380:
362:Distillation
356:Distillation
336:, a form of
334:aromatherapy
331:
296:
281:distillation
278:
265:
254:oil of clove
249:
245:
241:
221:
219:
107:
29:
5113:(1): 41–2.
4983:(1): 48–9.
4564:carrier oil
4508:Tutankhamun
4257:Ylang-ylang
4163:Common Name
4119:organically
4096:standards.
4010:flash point
3984:citrus peel
3853:dermatology
3640:Wintergreen
3575:Lemon grass
3560:Common sage
3524:Ylang-ylang
3508:Pelargonium
3325:γ-terpinene
3266:1,8-cineole
3185:Ylang-ylang
2745:Zanthoxylum
2741:Xanthoxylum
2723:Pomegranate
2509:Allium cepa
2398:Mate, yerba
2334:Locust bean
2295:Lemon peel
1999:Pelargonium
1982:(galangal)
1597:Celery seed
1507:(cardamon)
1497:Carum carvi
1070:Use in food
1058:C. sinensis
914:antitussive
815:needs more
533:ylang-ylang
250:aetheroleum
226:hydrophobic
139:Cooking oil
6549:2022-02-16
6305:2011-01-05
5673:2021-12-15
5558:2018-12-08
5230:2016-05-15
4977:Dermatitis
4919:2006-09-14
4810:Shutes J.
4796:2017-12-01
4639:2014-07-21
4611:References
4605:Volatility
4585:Enfleurage
4580:Aroma lamp
4538:pharmacist
4442:newspapers
4336:>5 g/kg
4319:>5 g/kg
4302:>5 g/kg
4299:>5 g/kg
4289:>5 g/kg
4286:>5 g/kg
4276:>5 g/kg
4273:>5 g/kg
4263:>5 g/kg
4260:>5 g/kg
4247:>2 g/kg
4244:>2 g/kg
4231:>2 g/kg
4228:>2 g/kg
4215:>5 g/kg
4212:>5 g/kg
4189:>2 g/kg
4142:Toxicology
4025:Estrogenic
3986:oils, are
3864:Garlic oil
3859:Garlic oil
3849:patch test
3821:Sandalwood
3787:Nutmeg oil
3659:Grapefruit
3605:Peppermint
3565:Eucalyptus
3463:Clary sage
3366:like pure
3352:lipophilic
2791:Rose buds
2749:americanum
2655:Petitgrain
2649:Klotzsch.
2629:Peppermint
2440:(extract)
2279:Lemongrass
2245:Chaix and
2163:(berries)
2132:Immortelle
2042:Grapefruit
1891:Weber and
1730:Citronella
1704:, Chinese
1519:Carob bean
1376:L. subsp.
1342:Bay leaves
1323:Klotzsch.
1302:lemon balm
857:newspapers
718:Peppermint
635:lipophilic
590:byproducts
576:Expression
566:clary sage
562:lemon balm
554:rose water
494:eucalyptus
482:peppermint
424:newspapers
360:See also:
345:Production
289:expression
158:Components
129:Drying oil
56:Plant oils
6681:232145772
6673:2190-5509
6329:April 23,
6229:2053-6178
6133:hormones.
5633:1941-1413
5526:cite book
5518:922581414
5477:0261-2194
5392:1353-5226
5346:0066-4170
5296:0960-8524
5192:207940224
5176:0025-729X
5135:221576846
4889:1750-3841
4703:Maturitas
4568:nebulizer
4534:physician
4366:In 2002,
4353:0.32 g/kg
4350:2.80 g/kg
4333:3.80 g/kg
4316:3.73 g/kg
4270:Cedarwood
4202:2.25 g/kg
4199:2.43 g/kg
4172:Dermal LD
4132:pregnancy
4126:Pregnancy
4115:pesticide
4094:flavorist
4080:Ingestion
4035:study of
3969:pneumonia
3855:clinics.
3843:Myroxylon
3679:Tangerine
3620:Spearmint
3600:Patchouli
3580:Melaleuca
3458:Chamomile
3420:Sassafras
3286:α-thujone
3230:carvacrol
3135:Andr. or
3007:Tangerine
2968:Spearmint
2927:, winter
2767:Rosa alba
2763:absolute
2751:Mill. or
2572:Palmarosa
2405:St. Hil.
2372:Mandarin
2314:Swingle.
2106:Horsemint
1967:Fenugreek
1932:Estragole
1884:Dandelion
1844:(cummin)
1829:Coriander
1775:Trifolium
1718:, Saigon
1285:Asafetida
1263:Hancock,
1251:Angostura
1115:June 2024
1103:talk page
1016:oil as a
1002:herbicide
994:fungicide
992:oil as a
989:Melaleuca
968:pesticide
783:Spearmint
728:Cedarwood
622:concretes
490:patchouli
381:does not
323:flavoring
311:cosmetics
298:sfumatura
262:fragrance
182:Trans fat
149:Biodiesel
134:Oil paint
6692:Category
6490:Pergamon
6354:June 14,
6270:15201206
6215:. 2013.
6126:18 March
6120:BBC News
6071:19454282
6063:26353172
6028:17267908
5987:11511848
5927:17267908
5755:March 6,
5721:March 5,
5715:Archived
5649:58656780
5641:30653350
5485:39469817
5434:85741148
5400:39007186
5354:21942843
5304:19729299
5184:31709543
5127:10902588
5089:46674505
5081:12121401
5043:10674102
5035:18416758
4997:22653070
4897:25471637
4761:22936057
4723:22285469
4681:10867060
4600:Tincture
4574:See also
4519:Ibn Sina
4063:Handling
4053:estrogen
4041:lavender
4033:in vitro
3973:seizures
3956:toxicity
3950:Toxicity
3932:Rose oil
3927:Rose oil
3921:Rose oil
3816:Rosewood
3801:Agarwood
3748:Valerian
3729:Galangal
3710:Labdanum
3654:Bergamot
3625:Tea tree
3615:Rosemary
3595:bergamot
3555:Cinnamon
3545:Bay leaf
3514:Plumeria
3498:Marjoram
3488:Lavender
3453:Cannabis
3434:Allspice
3415:Cinnamon
3364:solvents
3360:miscible
3346:Dilution
3336:in vitro
3306:α-pinene
3294:limonene
3258:geranial
3242:geraniol
3234:linalool
3115:Turmeric
3102:Tuberose
3089:Triticum
3069:, white
3059:gracilis
3020:Tarragon
3014:Blanco.
2994:Tamarind
2870:, Greek
2829:Rosemary
2684:Blanco.
2564:Origanum
2559:Origanum
2465:Naringin
2457:Brassica
2438:Molasses
2392:Moench.
2386:, sweet
2384:Marjoram
2378:Blanco.
2322:flowers
2286:DC. and
2237:Lavandin
2213:Lavender
2175:Kola nut
2154:Jasminum
1994:Geranium
1955:, sweet
1878:Hancock
1870:Cusparia
1813:Cola nut
1737:Rendle.
1475:Capsicum
1394:Batsch,
1378:bergamia
1368:Bergamot
1255:cusparia
1213:Ambrette
1199:Batsch,
1178:Allspice
1097:You may
655:absolute
607:such as
558:lavender
478:lavender
307:perfumes
303:absolute
283:, often
230:volatile
6653:Bibcode
6173:9576358
5843:Bibcode
5457:Bibcode
5276:Bibcode
4826:16 June
4542:chemist
4456:scholar
4388:History
4330:Hot oil
4186:14 g/kg
4166:Oral LD
4136:vertigo
3915:perfume
3806:Camphor
3722:Rhizome
3700:Copaiba
3695:Benzoin
3585:Oregano
3483:Jasmine
3446:Flowers
3439:Juniper
3427:Berries
3368:ethanol
3313:-cymene
3282:camphor
3222:eugenol
3128:Vanilla
3061:Boiss.
3053:L. and
2889:subsp.
2842:Saffron
2812:L'Her.
2777:Mill.,
2697:Lindl.
2690:Pimenta
2598:Parsley
2585:Paprika
2579:Stapf.
2498:Houtt.
2452:Mustard
2418:Menthol
2367:Houtt.
2347:Lupulin
2290:Stapf.
2161:Juniper
2145:Jasmine
2068:Hickory
2060:Psidium
2023:L'Her.
2012:Stapf.
1988:Hance.
1980:Galanga
1922:L. and
1710:Blume.
1670:Blume.
1637:Chicory
1624:Chervil
1612:, bark
1578:Blume.
1565:Blume.
1513:Maton.
1492:Caraway
1482:L. and
1462:Cananga
1415:Ducke.
1398:L., or
1215:(seed)
1203:L., or
1185:Lindl.
1165:Alfalfa
1145:(FDA).
1063:Tagetes
871:scholar
836:removed
700:12,000
690:Tonnes
605:solvent
560:water,
526:alembic
498:flowers
438:scholar
402:removed
387:sources
327:incense
6679:
6671:
6632:
6613:
6594:
6575:
6521:
6496:
6465:
6436:
6409:
6379:
6268:
6227:
6194:
6171:
6069:
6061:
6026:
5985:
5948:
5925:
5885:
5809:
5782:
5746:
5707:
5647:
5639:
5631:
5516:
5506:
5483:
5475:
5432:
5398:
5390:
5352:
5344:
5302:
5294:
5190:
5182:
5174:
5133:
5125:
5087:
5079:
5041:
5033:
4995:
4895:
4887:
4849:
4759:
4721:
4679:
4458:
4451:
4444:
4437:
4429:
4347:Cassia
4178:Notes
3908:France
3868:garlic
3772:Celery
3734:Ginger
3674:Orange
3533:Leaves
3503:Orange
3493:Manuka
3478:Hyssop
3410:Cassia
3238:thymol
3205:Rosc.
3179:Ehrh.
2988:Vill.
2925:Savory
2717:Nutt.
2491:Nutmeg
2472:Macf.
2423:Mentha
2320:Linden
2249:Vill.
2231:Vill.
2220:Chaix
2205:Laurus
2119:Hyssop
2049:Macf.
2036:Rosc.
2029:Ginger
1961:Mill.
1953:Fennel
1805:Coffea
1800:Coffee
1770:Clover
1748:Citrus
1724:Nees.
1696:Nees.
1683:Nees.
1657:Nees.
1618:Ehrh.
1591:Nees.
1552:Benn.
1532:Carrot
1300:Balm (
1294:Ferula
1257:bark)
1060:, and
1053:Thymus
873:
866:
859:
852:
844:
787:1,300
777:2,000
774:(leaf)
766:2,000
754:2,070
742:2,300
732:2,600
722:3,200
712:4,800
650:lipids
631:resins
617:hexane
609:hexane
582:citrus
568:, and
502:leaves
492:, and
440:
433:
426:
419:
411:
238:plants
6677:S2CID
6459:Brill
6299:(PDF)
6288:(PDF)
6091:(PDF)
6067:S2CID
5645:S2CID
5481:S2CID
5430:S2CID
5396:S2CID
5188:S2CID
5131:S2CID
5085:S2CID
5039:S2CID
4959:(PDF)
4914:(PDF)
4504:myrrh
4463:JSTOR
4449:books
3811:Cedar
3794:Woods
3777:Cumin
3767:Buchu
3762:Anise
3755:Seeds
3741:Roots
3715:Myrrh
3688:Resin
3664:Lemon
3635:Tsuga
3630:Thyme
3570:Guava
3550:Buchu
3540:Basil
3468:Clove
3262:neral
3075:Thyme
3067:Thyme
3057:var.
3046:Thyme
2823:spp.
2566:spp.
2504:Onion
2459:spp.
2425:spp.
2328:spp.
2326:Tilia
2255:Lemon
2207:spp.
2076:spp.
2074:Carya
2070:bark
2062:spp.
2055:Guava
2001:spp.
1872:bark
1842:Cumin
1807:spp.
1777:spp.
1756:Clary
1750:spp.
1421:Cacao
1329:Basil
1272:Anise
1105:, or
1000:as a
878:JSTOR
864:books
772:Clove
738:Lemon
646:waxes
627:waxes
580:Most
520:, or
518:seeds
514:roots
445:JSTOR
431:books
315:soaps
236:from
80:Types
6669:ISSN
6630:ISBN
6611:ISBN
6592:ISBN
6573:ISBN
6519:ISBN
6494:ISBN
6463:ISBN
6434:ISBN
6407:ISBN
6377:ISBN
6356:2009
6331:2009
6266:PMID
6225:ISSN
6192:ISBN
6169:PMID
6128:2018
6059:PMID
6024:PMID
5983:PMID
5946:ISBN
5923:PMID
5883:ISBN
5820:2017
5807:ISBN
5780:ISBN
5757:2014
5744:ISBN
5723:2014
5705:ISBN
5637:PMID
5629:ISSN
5532:link
5514:OCLC
5504:ISBN
5473:ISSN
5388:ISSN
5350:PMID
5342:ISSN
5300:PMID
5292:ISSN
5180:PMID
5172:ISSN
5123:PMID
5077:PMID
5031:PMID
4993:PMID
4893:PMID
4885:ISSN
4847:ISBN
4828:2019
4757:PMID
4719:PMID
4677:PMID
4540:and
4527:Arab
4435:news
4381:and
4183:Neem
4092:and
4086:GRAS
4039:and
4027:and
4008:The
3977:coma
3940:and
3782:Flax
3669:Lime
3647:Peel
3610:Pine
3590:rose
3519:Rose
3473:Hops
3403:Bark
3370:and
2868:Sage
2855:Sage
2821:Rosa
2773:L.,
2769:L.,
2761:Rose
2743:(or
2360:Mace
2307:Lime
2184:Cola
2139:DC.
2093:Hops
1895:DC.
1822:Cola
1783:Coca
1038:and
976:DEET
850:news
819:for
648:and
522:peel
510:bark
506:wood
417:news
385:any
383:cite
144:Fuel
121:Uses
112:list
102:list
92:list
6661:doi
6256:doi
6217:doi
6159:doi
6051:doi
6014:doi
6010:356
5975:doi
5913:doi
5909:356
5851:doi
5839:256
5697:doi
5619:doi
5465:doi
5380:doi
5334:doi
5284:doi
5272:101
5162:doi
5158:212
5115:doi
5069:doi
5023:doi
4985:doi
4877:doi
4749:doi
4711:doi
4667:doi
4663:130
4418:by
4368:ISO
4049:BBC
3152:L.
3122:L.
3109:L.
3083:L.
3040:L.
3033:Tea
3027:L.
3001:L.
2975:L.
2962:L.
2948:L.
2933:L.
2919:L.
2906:L.
2876:L.
2862:L.
2849:L.
2836:L.
2755:L.
2730:L.
2662:L.
2636:L.
2618:L.
2592:L.
2522:L.
2511:L.
2485:L.
2446:L.
2354:L.
2341:L,
2273:L.
2196:L.
2169:L.
2126:L.
2113:L.
2100:L.
2087:L.
1974:L.
1940:L.
1926:I.
1864:L.
1850:L.
1836:L.
1764:L.
1644:L.
1604:L.
1539:L.
1526:L.
1499:L.
1486:L.
1456:L.
1442:L.
1428:L.
1349:L.
1336:L.
1310:L.
1279:L.
1231:L.
1172:L.
1044:on
1032:on
687:Oil
611:or
396:by
272:or
266:not
258:oil
220:An
44:or
6694::
6675:.
6667:.
6659:.
6649:11
6647:.
6541:.
6492:.
6391:^
6347:.
6322:.
6290:.
6264:.
6252:29
6250:.
6246:.
6223:.
6167:.
6155:10
6153:.
6149:.
6130:.
6118:.
6101::
6097::
6093:,
6065:.
6057:.
6047:29
6045:.
6022:.
6008:.
6004:.
5981:.
5971:45
5969:.
5921:.
5907:.
5903:.
5849:.
5837:.
5713:.
5703:.
5665:.
5643:.
5635:.
5627:.
5615:10
5613:.
5607:.
5591:^
5551:.
5540:^
5528:}}
5524:{{
5512:.
5479:.
5471:.
5463:.
5453:19
5451:.
5424:.
5420:.
5408:^
5394:.
5386:.
5374:.
5362:^
5348:.
5340:.
5330:57
5328:.
5312:^
5298:.
5290:.
5282:.
5270:.
5258:^
5248:.
5223:.
5203:.
5186:.
5178:.
5170:.
5156:.
5152:.
5129:.
5121:.
5111:43
5109:.
5097:^
5083:.
5075:.
5065:43
5063:.
5051:^
5037:.
5029:.
5019:58
5017:.
5005:^
4991:.
4981:23
4979:.
4961:,
4929:^
4891:.
4883:.
4873:80
4871:.
4814:.
4769:^
4755:.
4745:24
4743:.
4731:^
4717:.
4705:.
4689:^
4675:.
4661:.
4657:.
4627:.
4544:.
4536:,
4502:,
4174:50
4168:50
4155:50
4150:50
4148:LD
3979:.
3971:,
3870:.
3374:.
3327:.
3323:,
3315:,
3308:,
3304:,
3296:,
3292:,
3288:,
3284:,
3280:,
3276:,
3272:,
3268:,
3264:,
3260:,
3256:,
3252:,
3248:,
3244:,
3240:,
3236:,
3232:,
3228:,
3224:,
3220:,
2747:)
1304:)
1056:,
1020:;
1004:,
996:,
986::
931:.
838:.
658:.
629:,
572:.
564:,
556:,
545:.
516:,
512:,
508:,
504:,
500:,
488:,
484:,
480:,
317:,
313:,
309:,
301:,
295:,
291:,
248:,
244:,
6683:.
6663::
6655::
6638:.
6619:.
6600:.
6581:.
6552:.
6527:.
6502:.
6471:.
6442:.
6415:.
6385:.
6358:.
6333:.
6308:.
6272:.
6258::
6231:.
6219::
6200:.
6175:.
6161::
6073:.
6053::
6030:.
6016::
5989:.
5977::
5954:.
5929:.
5915::
5857:.
5853::
5845::
5822:.
5788:.
5759:.
5725:.
5699::
5676:.
5651:.
5621::
5585:.
5572:.
5561:.
5534:)
5520:.
5487:.
5467::
5459::
5436:.
5426:4
5402:.
5382::
5376:2
5356:.
5336::
5306:.
5286::
5278::
5252:.
5233:.
5194:.
5164::
5137:.
5117::
5091:.
5071::
5045:.
5025::
4999:.
4987::
4922:.
4899:.
4879::
4855:.
4830:.
4799:.
4763:.
4751::
4725:.
4713::
4707:3
4683:.
4669::
4642:.
4485:)
4479:(
4474:)
4470:(
4460:·
4453:·
4446:·
4439:·
4412:.
3319:E
3317:(
3311:p
3300:Z
3298:(
1253:(
1128:)
1122:(
1117:)
1113:(
1095:.
889:)
885:(
875:·
868:·
861:·
854:·
828:.
535:(
467:)
461:(
456:)
452:(
442:·
435:·
428:·
421:·
404:.
390:.
209:e
202:t
195:v
114:)
110:(
104:)
100:(
94:)
90:(
48:.
37:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
