43:
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773:) and ĂŽle aux Coudres (salinity below 10 PSU). The mechanisms of estuarine circulation associated with this environment make it a privileged site of primary and secondary production which shelters many fish nurseries. High environmental turbidity provides shelter against predators while larvae are maintained under optimum temperature and salinity conditions. Large variations in salinity and turbidity result in a wide variety of physicochemical conditions and planktonic communities on the river.
694:
476:
448:
397:
95:
70:
724:, stretches from Tadoussac to Labrador, the National road is one of the best places in the world to observe marine mammals. There, the two bodies of water that mix off the coast of Tadoussac give the Maritime Estuary characteristics that distinguish it from other reaches of the St. Lawrence: nutrient-rich surface waters throughout the summer and upwellings of deep, cold water that favour the formation of
600:
438:
enters the waters of the
Estuary, where the most difficult manoeuvres of the voyage begin: reefs, shoals, diagonal currents, fog and the presence of shallow channels, often narrow and winding, not to mention winter and ice and its unpredictable and fearsome storms. Throughout its history, the estuary
505:
Starting with lake Saint-Pierre, the ecological conditions of the St. Lawrence underwent a radical change. The slow and continuous advance of the great mass of fresh water gradually gives way to the regime of the upflow tide, where twice every twenty-four hours the shores undergo a short alternation
768:
The zone of contact between fresh and salt water corresponds to a region of high concentrations of suspended matter causing a zone of maximum turbidity (MTZ) of a length that can vary from 70 to 120 kilometres (43 to 75 mi), depending on the flow of the river. This zone of maximum turbidity is
377:
Among the deepest and largest estuaries in the world, the St. Lawrence maritime estuary extends nearly 250 km before it widens at Point-des-Monts into the Gulf of St. Lawrence. This enclosed sea is connected to the
Atlantic Ocean by Cabot Strait and the Strait of Belle-Isle.
852:
The coastline of Pointe des Monts on the North Shore and the city of Matane, opposite, in the Gaspé Peninsula, are the points that serve as the boundary between the estuary of the St. Lawrence River upstream, and the much wider Gulf of St. Lawrence,
509:
The waters of the streams and rivers that flow into the river differ from those of the St. Lawrence in terms of temperature, chemical composition and suspended solids. The main rivers of the fluvial estuary, on the south shore, are the
920:
The one million square kilometre region includes the
Canadian portion of the watersheds of rivers that flow into the St. Lawrence River from east of Montreal, into the Gulf of St. Lawrence and into the Atlantic
1234:
Regional landscape units The regional landscape unit is a territory of the order of a thousand square kilometers relatively homogeneous with regard to relief, altitude, geomorphology, hydrography and vegetation
685:, melts, and marine invasions, ice movements level the Appalachian Mountains. The large layers of sediment in the territory are the legacy of tectonic movements combined whit glacial and interglacial periods.
1722:, Fiheries and Oceans Canada, government scientific basis for the conservation and sustainable management of marine resources and aquatic ecosystems, marine environment protection and safe navigation.
1415:
The estuary is home to belugas all year round. In summer, the estuary also hosts rorquals and other species of toothed whales that benefit from the abundance of krill, capelin and other small fish.
1709:
Corporation of Pilots of the Lower St. LawrenceLawrence, the expert training, precise knowledge and practical experience required of pilots are therefore indispensable for navigating this river.
650:
gradient, are such that a large amount of suspended solids is trapped and forms a muddy plug (turbidity zone). At ebb tide, the average water flow reaches 90,000 m3/s (fresh and salt water) in
568:
Extends along seven kilometres of shoreline in the St. Lawrence River's fluvial estuary, the
Grondines and Sainte-Anne-de-la-PĂ©rade swamp is one of the last, large, treed swamps on the river.
560:, the currents of the rising tide (flood) reverse the direction of the river's flow. The result is an increasingly homogeneous stirring and mixing of fresh water from different sources.
1202:
The diversity and number of birds that frequent the area's agricultural, forest and coastal lands are impressive — more than 100 bird species have been recorded in the area.
1070:
The pilot station of the
Corporation des pilotes du Bas-Saint-Laurent occupies the northern part of the cove, a 61-metre-long wharf that allows boarding the pilot boat.
1753:
1370:
579:, from 2008 to 2012, three plants characteristic of the St. Lawrence freshwater estuary and in a precarious situation were monitored annually: Victorin's gentian (
519:
1679:"Identification guide for marine fishes of the estuary and northern Gulf of St. Lawrence and sampling protocols used during trawl surveys between 2004 and 2008"
959:
1157:
1338:
1186:
704:
Among the deepest and largest estuaries in the world, running for about 300 km, the maritime
Estuary of the St. Lawrence extends from the mouth of
1293:
The immense Saint
Lawrence estuary emerges on the second part of the course, a veritable anti-chamber prior to the open ocean and the Atlantic.
1280:
1267:
Monitoring was carried out between Saint-Augustin-de-Desmaures and ĂŽle aux Grues, at 10 sites where at least one of these taxa was present.
1784:
The expert training, precise knowledge and practical experience required of pilots are therefore indispensable for navigating this river.
1214:
608:
62:
1082:
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The river, which the
Amerindians had called "the walking way," was the only communication and transportation route for the pioneers.
260:
1749:
1098:
Interest in working at sea, Excellent spatial perception, Ability to work in crisis situations and under unforeseen circumstances,
1591:"Retention of White Perch and Striped Bass Larvae: Biological-Physical Interactions in Chesapeake Bay Estuarine Turbidity Maximum"
1713:
488:
189:
1694:
Important source of information on the status of marine resources harvested in the estuary and northern Gulf of St. Lawrence.
697:
1142:(in French). Organisme de concertation pour l’eau des bassins versants de la rivière Nicolet (Copernic). pp. 14 of 75.
1136:
615:
Running for about 195 km, the middle estuary of the St. Lawrence extends, according to the authors, from the eastern tip of
246:
874:
87:
1677:
C. Nozères; D. Archambault; P.-M. Chouinard; J. Gauthier; R. Miller; E. Parent; P. Schwab; L. Savard; J.-D. Dutil (2010).
1455:
1670:
1326:Île d'Orléans is located in the upper estuary of the St. Lawrence River, three miles downstream from the city of Quebec
467:
experts in navigating specific sectors of the River ensure the safe efficient passage of the vessels under their care.
542:
1398:
1224:(in French). Ministry of Forests, Wildlife and Parks - Forest Inventories Directorate. 7 July 2021. pp. 7 of 16
42:
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The middle estuary is mainly characterized by the mixing of freshwater-influenced waters with salt water and high
604:
1678:
1550:"Critical periods and growth-dependent survival of larvae of an estuarine fish, the rainbow smelt Osmerus mordax"
1144:
The effect of the tides is faintly perceptible in Lake Saint-Pierre, the last freshwater basin before the estuary
534:
17:
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The beluga whale frequents different habitats depending on the season and progression of ice breakup and freeze.
1247:
1348:(in French). Regional Consultation Table (TCR) of the South of the Middle Estuary. 2019-01-17. pp. 3 of 11
988:
1746:, Nouvelles des sciences, Institut Maurice Lamontagne, Centre de recherche en science de la mer, 10 pages (Fr)
1728:
Table de concertation régionale du sud de l’estuaire moyen du fleuve Saint-Laurent, groupes de travail :
1806:
780:), but many other species are present. An identification guide for marine fishes of the estuary and northern
1801:
620:
483:
Running for about 160 km, the fluvial estuary or estuarine section of the river extends from the outlet of
1684:(in English and French). Regional Science Branch Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Maurice Lamontagne Institute
907:
728:. Those organisms rise towards the surface near the shore, providing vast food stores for whales as large
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557:
409:
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The abundance of food in the Marine Park's ecosystems attracts many species of birds, whales and seals.
1018:
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Betula papyrifera
Marshall. — Bouleau à papier. — Bouleau blanc, Bouleau à canot. — (Canoë birch).
552:
The waters retain their distinctiveness over a relatively long course before mixing. Those in the
416:
627:. This estuary section widens rapidly from a few kilometres to 10 km, then to 20 km upstream of
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keep their properties up to 25 km downstream from the mouth of the Saint-Maurice. Downstream of
495:
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events have shaped the landscape of the territory on the south shore of the middle estuary.
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8:
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The width of the Lower
Estuary varies from 24 km to Tadoussac 50 km to Pointe-des-Monts
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canoe provided these hunting peoples with the mobility essential to this way of life.
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The estuarine section is the portion of the river under the power of freshwater tides
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In Canada, the most popular bark for canoe construction has come from the paper birch
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The average depth of the main channel varies from 13 to 40 m, with pools of 21 m in
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Study several geomorphological events have shaped the landscape of the territory
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1137:"Portrait and diagnosis of the Orphan Basin Zone of southern Lake Saint-Pierre"
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705:
682:
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576:
530:
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After crossing the Gulf of St. Lawrence, the itinerary of the first Europeans:
234:
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Grandes Eaux, pilot vessels at their homeport, Anse aux Basques, Les Escoumins
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1257:(in French). La Société Provancher d'histoire naturelle du Canada. p. 10
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732:, as many others variety of whales and seals. It is home to the southernmost
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405:
1638:"Trophic coupling across the St. Lawrence River estuarine transition zone"
1316:(in English and French). Cahiers de géographie du Québec. pp. 2 of 19
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conditions, mainly the reversal of tidal currents and the increase in the
951:
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460:
225:
1473:
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1636:
Winkler, G; Dodson, Jj; Bertrand, N; Thivierge, D; Vincent, Wf (2003).
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Our team is composed of members from the Pekuakamiulnuatsh First Nation
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420:
23:
Body of water at the mouth of the St. Lawrence river, in Quebec, Canada
1248:"Monitoring of 3 rare plants from the St. Lawrence freshwater estuary"
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435:
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475:
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1511:"Observations in the turbidity maximum of the St. Lawrence Estuary"
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367:
366:. The waters coming from the north shore of the St. Lawrence and
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678:
427:
1756:, at the meeting with the Quebec fishing industry in Montreal,
1371:"Network of observation sites along the Whale Route (Route 138)"
1331:
491:; the portion of the river under the power of freshwater tides.
348:
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140:
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926:
875:"A river, estuaries, a gulf, the great hydrographic divisions"
599:
725:
401:
830:
828:
933:
335:
stretches from west to east for 655 km, from the outlet of
884:(in French). Atlas environnemental du Saint-Laurent. 1991
825:
1456:"Saguenay–St Lawrence Marine Park Management Plan 2010"
1060:(in French). Commission de Toponymie Quebec. 1968-12-05
966:(in French). florelaurentienne.com. pp. 150 of 925
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located between Île d'Orléans (salinity greater than 0
479:
Lake Saint-Pierre, lighthouse, shoreline, Pointe-du-Lac
1772:
981:
1363:
1026:
La Fédération des sociétés d'histoire du Québec, 2000
1497:
Among the deepest and largest estuaries in the world
1155:
957:
1149:
700:, Maritime estuary of St. Lawrence River, Tadoussac
1281:"A four part course between Quebec and Saint Malo"
1187:"The Grondines and Sainte-Anne-de-la-PĂ©rade Swamp"
1048:
1046:
439:or St. Lawrence River is not easily domesticated.
1773:"Corporation of Pilots of the Lower St. Lawrence"
1128:
1793:
1509:Silverberg, Norman; Sundby, Bjørn (1979-04-01).
1508:
1420:
905:
1215:"Ecological classification of Quebec territory"
1043:
94:
69:
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910:(in English and French). Canadian Encyclopedia
1391:
1278:
1134:
1115:Sustainable development, Environment and Park
842:(in French). Government of Quebec. 1968-12-05
1547:
1304:
1016:
960:"The birch bark canoe, an exceptional reign"
677:explain the nature and configuration of the
583:ssp. victorinii), Victorin's water-hemlock (
1589:North, E. W.; Houde, E. D. (October 2001).
1075:
712:to Pointe-des-Monts where the Gulf begins.
549:rivers and several secondary watercourses.
1588:
1481:"The Estuary and the Gulf of St. Lawrence"
339:to Pointe-des-Monts, where it becomes the
1716:, Fiheries and Oceans Canada, 2024, p. 66
1653:
1565:
1433:. Fisheries and Oceans Canada. 2010-03-21
587:var. victorinii) and Parker's Buckwheat (
354:The estuary is divided into 3 parts: the
692:
598:
474:
446:
395:
1028:(in French). Histoire Québec. p. 6
1794:
1019:"Navigation on the St. Lawrence River"
681:. Ice and interglacial periods led to
442:
1744:1998 -Année internationale des océans
1714:St. Lawrence River and Saguenay Fiord
1083:"Marine Pilot, main tasks and duties"
776:An emblematic species is the beluga (
363:
908:"Great Lakes-St. Lawrence Watershed"
419:was largely based on birch, and the
355:
1339:"A coastal landscape with history!"
688:
673:responsible for the genesis of the
359:
13:
1712:Canadian Tide and Current Tables,
1515:Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences
1487:. Government of Canada. 2023-08-01
1458:. Government of Canada. 2020-12-09
1399:"Whales of the St. Lawrence river"
758:
715:
470:
14:
1818:
1734:Qualité de l’eau et contamination
1703:
1386:Whale-watching sites for everyone
1135:Manon Couture (21 October 2010).
934:"Amerindian Museum of Mashteuiat"
743:, an enclosed sea leading to the
739:This section is connected to the
720:Along the shore, the Whale Route
698:Saguenay–St. Lawrence Marine Park
594:
1754:Minister of Fisheries and Oceans
1158:"St. Lawrence Estuarine Section"
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609:Saint-Laurent-de-l'Île-d'Orléans
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86:
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41:
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1541:
1502:
1307:"The toponymy of Île d'Orléans"
1103:
1642:Marine Ecology Progress Series
1554:Marine Ecology Progress Series
1548:Sirois, P; Dodson, Jj (2000).
1279:Kate Jennings (19 July 2008).
254: • coordinates
183: • coordinates
1:
1730:Érosion et submersion côtière
1156:Frère Marie-Victorin (1935).
958:Frère Marie-Victorin (1935).
818:
391:
147:Physical characteristics
1720:Maurice Lamontagne Institute
1485:Fischeries and Oceans Canada
1191:Nature Conservancy of Canada
1164:(in French). pp. 53, 54
662:Over the millennia, several
522:rivers, on the north shore:
293: • elevation
7:
1740:, etc. depuis 2014 (French)
1017:Alain Franck (2000-11-02).
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573:Saint-Augustin-de-Desmaures
506:of emersion and immersion.
315: • location
242: • location
167: • location
10:
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1760:Info Oceans, 4 pages (Fr)
1758:Speech September 10, 1998.
1738:Accès au fleuve et marinas
993:Canadian Museum of History
840:Toponymy Quebec Commission
380:
15:
989:"Bark Canoe Construction"
906:Historica Canada (2024).
882:Atlas of the St. Lawrence
736:population in the world.
605:Transat Quebec Saint-Malo
603:Passage of couriers from
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33:Estuaire du Saint-Laurent
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1726:Conseil du Saint-Laurent
1376:. 2010-05-21. p. 12
1346:Conseil du Saint-Laurent
563:
1255:Le Naturaliste canadien
1246:Hélène Gilbert (2013).
784:was completed in 2008.
631:and the archipelago of
417:First Nations in Canada
410:Saguenay–Lac-Saint-Jean
995:. Government of Canada
701:
623:, to the mouth of the
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116:Saint Lawrence of Rome
1305:Jean Poirier (1962).
1162:florelaurentienne.com
964:florelaurentienne.com
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675:Appalachian Mountains
602:
554:Rivière des Outaouais
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370:come mainly from the
205:46.27139°N 72.63472°W
1807:Saint Lawrence River
782:Gulf of St. Lawrence
753:Strait of Belle-Isle
741:Gulf of St. Lawrence
642:(turbid water). The
621:Saint-Jean-Port-Joli
581:Gentianopsis virgata
496:Trois-Rivières-Ouest
387:Gulf of St. Lawrence
341:Gulf of St. Lawrence
333:St. Lawrence Estuary
321:Saint Lawrence River
297:0 m (0 ft)
231:Gulf of St. Lawrence
160:Saint Lawrence River
47:Maritime section at
29:St. Lawrence Estuary
1802:Estuaries of Canada
1222:Quebec Gouvernement
1058:Quebec Gouvernement
726:Euphausiids. -Krill
443:St. Lawrence Pilots
415:The culture of the
272: /
210:46.27139; -72.63472
201: /
1655:10.3354/meps251059
1567:10.3354/meps203233
1428:"The Beluga Whale"
1054:"Anse aux Basques"
836:"Pointe des Monts"
702:
671:tectonic movements
613:
589:Eriocaulon parkeri
481:
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413:
383:St. Lawrence River
102:Show map of Canada
77:Show map of Quebec
16:For homonymy, see
813:Rivers portal
801:Canada portal
485:lake Saint-Pierre
404:, Ilnu Museum in
337:Lake Saint Pierre
330:
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276:49.317°N 67.383°W
172:Lake Saint-Pierre
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471:Fluvial estuary
465:maritime pilots
463:, St. Lawrence
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372:Canadian Shield
356:fluvial estuary
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1560:: 233–245.
1120:27 November
853:downstream.
846:20 February
722:(Route 138)
683:glaciations
547:Montmorency
535:Sainte-Anne
524:St. Maurice
500:Quebec City
489:RCM L'Islet
461:Great Lakes
400:Birch bark
279: /
208: /
35:(in French)
1796:Categories
1601:(5): 756.
819:References
436:navigators
421:Birch bark
392:Navigation
319:below the
193:46°16′17″N
1664:0171-8630
1648:: 59–73.
1595:Estuaries
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558:Grondines
527:Champlain
516:Chaudière
512:BĂ©cancour
432:fishermen
306:Discharge
196:72°38′5″W
112:Etymology
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788:See also
764:Habitats
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679:bedrock
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459:to the
428:whalers
267:67°23′W
264:49°19′N
127:Country
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1380:11 May
936:. 2024
921:Ocean.
358:, the
349:Canada
345:Quebec
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156:Source
141:Quebec
131:Canada
1682:(PDF)
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564:Flora
455:From
402:canoe
343:, in
226:Mouth
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