1505:. The government expects oil marketing companies such as Indian Oil Corp (IOC) and Hindustan Petroleum Corp Ltd (HPCL) to provide 20% ethanol-blended fuel from April 2023 onward. States like Maharashtra and Uttar Pradesh, where ethanol is in surplus, are expected to be the first to adopt the higher ethanol fuel blending rate. India is also prioritizing roll-out of vehicles compatible with ethanol-blended fuel. From March 2021, auto manufacturers are required to indicate the ethanol compatibility of new vehicles and engines must be optimally designed to use 20% ethanol-blended fuel. The government expects automakers to begin production of ethanol-blended fuel compliant vehicles before April 2022. However, environmentalists worry that India's increased target for ethanol blending could incentivise water-intensive crops such as sugarcane and rice, and suggest that the government should focus on lower-water intensity crops such as millets since India is already facing an acute water shortage.
1548:
improvement over the cost-effectiveness of hybrid electric. The improvement consists of using dual-fuel direct-injection of pure alcohol (or the azeotrope or E85) and gasoline, in any ratio up to 100% of either, in a turbocharged, high compression-ratio, small-displacement engine having performance similar to an engine having twice the displacement. Each fuel is carried separately, with a much smaller tank for alcohol. The high-compression (for higher efficiency) engine runs on ordinary gasoline under low-power cruise conditions. Alcohol is directly injected into the cylinders (and the gasoline injection simultaneously reduced) only when necessary to suppress 'knock' such as when significantly accelerating. Direct cylinder injection raises the already high octane rating of ethanol up to an effective 130. The calculated over-all reduction of gasoline use and CO
1332:
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1493:(no residual fuel or free oxygen in the exhaust) air-to-fuel ratio for any fuel mix. In newer models, the alcohol sensors have been removed, with the computer using only oxygen and airflow sensor feedback to estimate alcohol content. The engine control computer can also adjust (advance) the ignition timing to achieve a higher output without pre-ignition when it predicts that higher alcohol percentages are present in the fuel being burned. This method is backed up by advanced knock sensors – used in most high performance gasoline engines regardless of whether they are designed to use ethanol or not – that detect pre-ignition and detonation.
372:
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not easily produced, thus numerous such reports have been generated that are contradictory. For instance, a separate survey reports that production of ethanol from sugarcane, which requires a tropical climate to grow productively, returns from 8 to 9 units of energy for each unit expended, as compared to corn, which only returns about 1.34 units of fuel energy for each unit of energy expended. A 2006 University of
California Berkeley study, after analyzing six separate studies, concluded that producing ethanol from corn uses much less petroleum than producing gasoline.
1971:
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produces lower mileage than gasoline, and requires more frequent refueling. Actual performance may vary depending on the vehicle. Based on EPA tests for all 2006 E85 models, the average fuel economy for E85 vehicles was 25.56% lower than unleaded gasoline. The EPA-rated mileage of current United States flex-fuel vehicles should be considered when making price comparisons, but E85 is a high performance fuel, with an octane rating of about 94–96, and should be compared to premium. Ethanol is not suitable for most aircraft, according to the
85:
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claims that land for ethanol production is acquired through deforestation, while others have observed that areas currently supporting forests are usually not suitable for growing crops. In any case, farming may involve a decline in soil fertility due to reduction of organic matter, a decrease in water availability and quality, an increase in the use of pesticides and fertilizers, and potential dislocation of local communities. New technology enables farmers and processors to increasingly produce the same output using less inputs.
1426:
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2709:, by shifting the need for some foreign-produced oil to domestically produced energy sources. Production of ethanol requires significant energy, but current U.S. production derives most of that energy from coal, natural gas and other sources, rather than oil. Because 66% of oil consumed in the U.S. is imported, compared to a net surplus of coal and just 16% of natural gas (figures from 2006), the displacement of oil-based fuels to ethanol produces a net shift from foreign to domestic U.S. energy sources.
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electric motor driving the wheels, through a battery that handles peak power demands and stores regenerated energy. The vehicle would include a tank for a blend of water and ethanol, which is fed into an onboard reformer that splits it into pure hydrogen and carbon dioxide. According to Nissan, the liquid fuel could be an ethanol-water blend at a 55:45 ratio. Nissan expects to commercialize its technology by 2020.
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does not occur. The fuel mileage declines with increased water content. The increased solubility of water with higher ethanol content permits E30 and hydrated ethanol to be put in the same tank since any combination of them always results in a single phase. Somewhat less water is tolerated at lower temperatures. For E10 it is about 0.5% v/v at 21 °C and decreases to about 0.23% v/v at −34 °C.
38:
440:(petrol) for use in gasoline engines, but with high ethanol content only after engine modifications to meter increased fuel volume since pure ethanol contains only 2/3 the energy of an equivalent volume of pure gasoline. High percentage ethanol mixtures are used in some racing engine applications as the very high octane rating of ethanol is compatible with very high compression ratios.
2825:
880:, oil gas, and other sources. Two million short tons (1,786,000 long tons; 1,814,000 t) of petroleum-derived ethanol are produced annually. The principal suppliers are plants in the United States, Europe, and South Africa. Petroleum derived ethanol (synthetic ethanol) is chemically identical to bio-ethanol and can be differentiated only by radiocarbon dating.
824:
1367:), and to reduce ethanol higher emissions during cold weather, both the US and the European markets adopted E85 as the maximum blend to be used in their flexible fuel vehicles, and they are optimized to run at such a blend. At places with harsh cold weather, the ethanol blend in the US has a seasonal reduction to
2796:. The project considers alcohol fuels to be a solution to fuel shortages, environmental damage, and public health issues caused by traditional cooking in the developing world. Targeting poor and marginalized communities that face health issues from cooking over polluting fires, Gaia currently works in
5603:
Hill, Jason, Stephen
Polasky, Erik Nelson, David Tilman, Hong Huo, Lindsay Ludwig, James Neumann, Haochi Zheng, and Diego Bonta. "Climate change and health costs of air emissions from biofuels and gasoline. (SUSTAINABILITY SCIENCE)(Author abstract)." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of
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When condensed, this becomes a two-phase liquid mixture. The heavier phase, poor in the entrainer (benzene or cyclohexane), is stripped of the entrainer and recycled to the feed—while the lighter phase, with condensate from the stripping, is recycled to the second column. Another early method, called
997:
Currently, the first generation processes for the production of ethanol from corn use only a small part of the corn plant: the corn kernels are taken from the corn plant and only the starch, which represents about 50% of the dry kernel mass, is transformed into ethanol. Two types of second generation
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As ethanol yields improve or different feedstocks are introduced, ethanol production may become more economically feasible in the US. Currently, research on improving ethanol yields from each unit of corn is underway using biotechnology. Also, as long as oil prices remain high, the economical use of
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produced in the US: one unit of fossil-fuel energy is required to create 1.3 energy units from the resulting ethanol. The energy balance for sugarcane ethanol produced in Brazil is more favorable, with one unit of fossil-fuel energy required to create 8 from the ethanol. Energy balance estimates are
1230:
Recent research has demonstrated that complete dehydration prior to blending with gasoline is not always necessary. Instead, the azeotropic mixture can be blended directly with gasoline so that liquid-liquid phase equilibrium can assist in the elimination of water. A two-stage counter-current setup
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Converting biomass to electricity for charging electric vehicles may be a more "climate-friendly" transportation option than using biomass to produce ethanol fuel, according to an analysis published in
Science in May 2009. Researchers continue to search for more cost-effective developments in both
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An additional complication is that production requires tilling new soil which produces a one-off release of GHG that it can take decades or centuries of production reductions in GHG emissions to equalize. As an example, converting grass lands to corn production for ethanol takes about a century of
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Nissan plans to create a technology that uses liquid ethanol fuel as a source to generate hydrogen within the vehicle itself. The technology uses heat to reform ethanol into hydrogen to feed what is known as a solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC). The fuel cell generates electricity to supply power to the
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In June 2021, India brought forward to 2025 its target to implement a 20% ethanol-blended auto fuel. India's ethanol blending rate in fuel (at the time of this target revision) is 8%, which is set to increase to 10% by 2022 based on the 'Roadmap for ethanol blending in India 2020-25' released on 5
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production systems have been marketed to home and business users for many years, commercialized ethanol production systems designed for end-consumer use have lagged in the marketplace. In 2008, two different companies announced home-scale ethanol production systems. The AFS125 Advanced Fuel System
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and then harvest and ferment it, the algae grow in sunlight and produce ethanol directly, which is removed without killing the algae. It is claimed the process can produce 6,000 U.S. gallons per acre (5,000 imperial gallons per acre; 56,000 liters per hectare) per year compared with 400 US gallons
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The fraction of water that an ethanol-gasoline fuel can contain without phase separation increases with the percentage of ethanol. For example, E30 can have up to about 2% water. If there is more than about 71% ethanol, the remainder can be any proportion of water or gasoline and phase separation
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Large-scale farming is necessary to produce agricultural alcohol and this requires substantial amounts of cultivated land. University of
Minnesota researchers report that if all corn grown in the U.S. were used to make ethanol it would displace 12% of current U.S. gasoline consumption. There are
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ethanol (with up to 4% water), which causes vapor pressure to drop faster as compared to E85 vehicles. As a result, Brazilian flex vehicles are built with a small secondary gasoline reservoir located near the engine. During a cold start pure gasoline is injected to avoid starting problems at low
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All biomass goes through at least some of these steps: it needs to be grown, collected, dried, fermented, distilled, and burned. All of these steps require resources and an infrastructure. The total amount of energy input into the process compared to the energy released by burning the resulting
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Ethanol fermentation is not 100% selective with side products such as acetic acid and glycols. They are mostly removed during ethanol purification. Fermentation takes place in an aqueous solution. The resulting solution has an ethanol content of around 15%. Ethanol is subsequently isolated and
1314:
For E10 (10% ethanol and 90% gasoline), the increase in fuel consumption in unmodified vehicles is small (up to 2.8%) when compared to conventional gasoline, and even smaller (1–2%) when compared to oxygenated and reformulated blends. For E85 (85% ethanol), the effect becomes significant. E85
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Cellulosic ethanol production is a new approach that may alleviate land use and related concerns. Cellulosic ethanol can be produced from any plant material, potentially doubling yields, in an effort to minimize conflict between food needs vs. fuel needs. Instead of utilizing only the starch
1547:
study and an earlier paper published by the
Society of Automotive Engineers identified a method to exploit the characteristics of fuel ethanol substantially more efficiently than mixing it with gasoline. The method presents the possibility of leveraging the use of alcohol to achieve definite
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emission is 30%. The consumer cost payback time shows a 4:1 improvement over turbo-diesel and a 5:1 improvement over hybrid. The problems of water absorption into pre-mixed gasoline (causing phase separation), supply issues of multiple mix ratios and cold-weather starting are also avoided.
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molecules are strings of glucose molecules. It is also possible to generate ethanol out of cellulosic materials. That, however, requires a pretreatment that splits the cellulose into glucose molecules and other sugars that subsequently can be fermented. The resulting product is called
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10 imperial gallons). Strong incentives, coupled with other industry development initiatives, are giving rise to fledgling ethanol industries in countries such as
Germany, Spain, France, Sweden, China, Thailand, Canada, Colombia, India, Australia, and some Central American countries.
1243:, meaning it absorbs water vapor directly from the atmosphere. Because absorbed water dilutes the fuel value of the ethanol and may cause phase separation of ethanol-gasoline blends (which causes engine stall), containers of ethanol fuels must be kept tightly sealed. This high
890:. Agricultural feedstocks are considered renewable because they get energy from the sun using photosynthesis, provided that all minerals required for growth (such as nitrogen and phosphorus) are returned to the land. Ethanol can be produced from a variety of feedstocks such as
1489:) in North America and Europe, and up to 100% (E100) in Brazil. In older model years, their engine systems contained alcohol sensors in the fuel and/or oxygen sensors in the exhaust that provide input to the engine control computer to adjust the fuel injection to achieve
2601:
High-input annual grass. Used as feedstock for most bioethanol produced in US. Only kernels can be processed using available technology; development of commercial cellulosic technology would allow stover to be used and increase ethanol yield by 1,100 – 2,000 litres/ha.
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With increasing attention being paid to saving energy, many methods have been proposed that avoid distillation altogether for dehydration. Of these methods, a third method has emerged and has been adopted by the majority of modern ethanol plants. This new process uses
827:
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The
January 2006 Science article from UC Berkeley's ERG, estimated reduction from corn ethanol in GHG to be 13% after reviewing a large number of studies. In a correction to that article released shortly after publication, they reduce the estimated value to 7.4%. A
826:
832:
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of exactly how much carbon dioxide is produced in the manufacture of bioethanol is a complex and inexact process, and is highly dependent on the method by which the ethanol is produced and the assumptions made in the calculation. A calculation should include:
831:
2178:, is emitted during fermentation and combustion. This is canceled out by the greater uptake of carbon dioxide by the plants as they grow to produce the biomass. When produced by certain methods, ethanol releases less greenhouse gases than gasoline does.
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Low-input annual grass. Ethanol production possible using existing technology. Grows in tropical and temperate climates, but highest ethanol yield estimates assume multiple crops per year (possible only in tropical climates). Does not store well.
2214:
A study by atmospheric scientists at
Stanford University found that E85 fuel would increase the risk of air pollution deaths relative to gasoline by 9% in Los Angeles, US: a very large, urban, car-based metropolis that is a worst-case scenario.
829:
1604:. The main advantage of this technical approach is that it would be cheaper and easier to deploy the fueling infrastructure than setting up the one required to deliver hydrogen at high pressures, as each hydrogen fueling station cost
1449:), and since 1993 a federal law requires mixtures between 22% and 25% ethanol, with 25% required as of mid July 2011. In the United States all light-duty vehicles are built to operate normally with an ethanol blend of 10% (
2527:
Low-input perennial grass. Ethanol production depends on development of cellulosic technology. Breeding efforts underway to increase yields. Higher biomass production is possible with mixed species of perennial grasses.
1223:) to remove the adsorbed water. Two beds are often used so that one is available to adsorb water while the other is being regenerated. This dehydration technology can account for energy saving of 3,000 btus/gallon (840 k
2476:
Long-season annual grass. Used as feedstock for most bioethanol produced in Brazil. Newer processing plants burn residues not used for ethanol to generate electricity. Grows only in tropical and subtropical climates.
1518:
Since 1989 there have also been ethanol engines based on the diesel principle operating in Sweden. They are used primarily in city buses, but also in distribution trucks and waste collectors. The engines, made by
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and cellulose, are both made of sugars—and can, in principle, be converted to sugars for fermentation. Currently, only the sugar (e.g., sugar cane) and starch (e.g., corn) portions can be economically converted.
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is currently being phased out due to ground water contamination, hence ethanol becomes an attractive alternative additive. Current production methods include air pollution from the manufacturer of macronutrient
2712:
According to a 2008 analysis by Iowa State
University, the growth in US ethanol production has caused retail gasoline prices to be US$ 0.29 to US$ 0.40 per gallon lower than would otherwise have been the case.
1468:
Beginning with the model year 1999, an increasing number of vehicles in the world are manufactured with engines that can run on any fuel from 0% ethanol up to 100% ethanol without modification. Many cars and
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Sustainable
Ethanol: Biofuels, Biorefineries, Cellulosic Biomass, Flex-Fuel Vehicles, and Sustainable Farming for Energy Independence (Brief and comprehensive account of the history, evolution and future of
1379:) during the winter, it is recommended to install an engine heater system, both for gasoline and E85 vehicles. Sweden has a similar seasonal reduction, but the ethanol content in the blend is reduced to
2357:
1117:
obtained from breaking down plant cellulose to sugars and converting the sugars to ethanol. However, cellulosic ethanol is currently uneconomical and not practiced commercially. According to a 2006
1171:
ethanol, hydrous ethanol is not miscible in all ratios with gasoline, so the water fraction is typically removed in further treatment to burn in combination with gasoline in gasoline engines.
1303:
Ethanol contains approximately 34% less energy per unit volume than gasoline, and therefore in theory, burning pure ethanol in a vehicle reduces range per unit measure by 34%, given the same
527: imp gal) with the United States of America and Brazil being the top producers, accounting for 62.2% and 25% of global production, respectively. US ethanol production reached 57.54
4324:
1207:, consists of adding a ternary component that increases ethanol's relative volatility. When the ternary mixture is distilled, it produces anhydrous ethanol on the top stream of the column.
2371:
because the amount of energy-intensive fertilisers and fungicides remain the same for higher output of usable material. The technology for producing cellulosic ethanol is currently in the
1268:
from Allard Research and Development is capable of producing both ethanol and biodiesel in one machine, while the E-100 MicroFueler from E-Fuel Corporation is dedicated to ethanol only.
5338:
1568:
allowed a compression ratio of 19.5 with fuels ranging from neat ethanol to E50. Thermal efficiency up to approximately that for a diesel was achieved. This would result in the
503: imp gal). From 2007 to 2008, the share of ethanol in global gasoline type fuel use increased from 3.7% to 5.4%. In 2011 worldwide ethanol fuel production reached 8.46
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1285:
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Fast-growing tree. Ethanol production depends on development of cellulosic technology. Completion of genomic sequencing project will aid breeding efforts to increase yields.
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by-products from grinding wheat and other crops, cellulosic ethanol production maximizes the use of all plant materials, including gluten. This approach would have a smaller
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sports car championship introduced E10 in the 2007 season to replace pure gasoline. In the 2008 season, E85 was allowed in the GT class and teams began switching to it.
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due to the large amount of arable land required for crops, as well as the energy and pollution balance of the whole cycle of ethanol production, especially from corn.
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Biofuels for Transport: Global Potential and Implications for Energy and Agriculture (Global view, includes country study cases of Brazil, China, India and Tanzania)
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to remove water from fuel ethanol. In this process, ethanol vapor under pressure passes through a bed of molecular sieve beads. The bead's pores are sized to allow
327:
4715:"Direct Injection Ethanol Boosted Gasoline Engines: Biofuel Leveraging for Cost Effective Reduction of Oil Dependence and CO2 Emissions. MIT Report PSFC/JA-06-16"
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with maximum (95.6% m/m (96.5% v/v) ethanol and 4.4% m/m (3.5% v/v) water). This mixture is called hydrous ethanol and can be used as a fuel alone, but unlike
1339:
flex-fuel has outside direct access to the secondary reservoir gasoline tank in the front right side; the corresponding fuel filler door is shown by the arrow.
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In many countries cars are mandated to run on mixtures of ethanol. All Brazilian light-duty vehicles are built to operate for an ethanol blend of up to 25% (
5183:
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Greater Transportation Energy and GHG Offsets from Bioelectricity Than Ethanol Campbell, et al. Science 22 May 2009: 1055–1057. DOI:10.1126/science.1168885
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temperatures. This provision is particularly necessary for users of Brazil's southern and central regions, where temperatures normally drop below 15
7739:
1403:) during the winter. An improved flex engine generation was launched in 2009 that eliminates the need for the secondary gas storage tank. In March 2009
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emissions in production and use for corn ethanol compared to gasoline and a 56% reduction for cane ethanol. Carmaker Ford reports a 70% reduction in CO
358:
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2266:. This graph assumes that all bioethanols are burnt in their country of origin and that previously existing cropland is used to grow the feedstock.
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the United States of America 106.6 (10 February 2009): 2077(6). Expanded Academic ASAP. Gale. BENTLEY UPPER SCHOOL LIBRARY (BAISL). 6 October 2009
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Stacey, Neil T.; Hadjitheodorou, Aristoklis; Glasser, David (19 September 2016). "Gasoline Preblending for Energy-Efficient Bioethanol Recovery".
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organization involved in the creation of a commercially viable household market for alcohol-based fuels in Ethiopia and other countries in the
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About 5% of the ethanol produced in the world in 2003 was actually a petroleum product. It is made by the catalytic hydration of ethylene with
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For each billion ethanol-equivalent gallons of fuel produced and combusted in the US, the combined climate-change and health costs are $ 469
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Policy document 01/08. See 4.3.1 Vapour pressure and bioethanol and Figure 4.3 for the relation between ethanol content and vapor pressure.
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639:. There has been considerable debate about how useful bioethanol is in replacing gasoline. Concerns about its production and use relate to
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studies were performed of ambient air in São Paulo, Brazil, and compared to Osaka, Japan, which does not burn ethanol fuel. Atmospheric
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of water while excluding ethanol. After a period of time, the bed is regenerated under vacuum or in the flow of inert atmosphere (e.g. N
1199:, which when distilled produces anhydrous ethanol in the column bottom, and a vapor mixture of water, ethanol, and cyclohexane/benzene.
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316:
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1523:, have a modified compression ratio, and the fuel (known as ED95) used is a mix of 93.6% ethanol and 3.6% ignition improver, and 2.8%
55:
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6326:
4116:
Sustainable Ethanol: Biofuels, Biorefineries, Cellulosic Biomass, Flex-Fuel Vehicles, and Sustainable Farming for Energy Independence
1527:. The ignition improver makes it possible for the fuel to ignite in the diesel combustion cycle. It is then also possible to use the
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2400:
million for corn ethanol depending on biorefinery heat source (natural gas, corn stover, or coal) and technology, but only $ 123–208
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584:
Since 1976 the Brazilian government has made it mandatory to blend ethanol with gasoline, and since 2007 the legal blend is around
4557:
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3958:
5894:
4248:
2190:, ethanol is a particulate-free burning fuel source that combusts with oxygen to form carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, water and
1155:
For the ethanol to be usable as a fuel, the yeast solids and the majority of the water must be removed. After fermentation, the
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1021:. Second generation processes can also be used with plants such as grasses, wood or agricultural waste material such as straw.
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Onuki, Shinnosuke; Koziel, Jacek A.; van Leeuwen, Johannes; Jenks, William S.; Grewell, David; Cai, Lingshuang (June 2008).
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levels are significantly increased, thereby increasing photochemical smog and aggravating medical problems such as asthma.
1592:, the fuel of choice by the other car manufacturers that have developed and commercialized fuel cell vehicles, such as the
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2051:(after the United States) and the world's largest exporter. Brazil's ethanol fuel program uses modern equipment and cheap
6472:
6413:
5654:
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4325:"Swedish comments on Euro 5/6 comitology version 4, 30 May 2007: Cold Temperature Tests For Flex Fuel Vehicles"
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436:(ICEs) is only possible if the engines are designed or modified for that purpose. Anhydrous ethanol can be blended with
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of mixer-settler tanks can achieve complete recovery of ethanol into the fuel phase, with minimal energy consumption.
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stock car series mandated a switch from gasoline to E15, a blend of Sunoco GTX unleaded racing fuel and 15% ethanol.
1453:). At the end of 2010 over 90 percent of all gasoline sold in the U.S. was blended with ethanol. In January 2011 the
1331:
566:
558:" (GGE) value of 1.5, i.e. to replace the energy of 1 volume of gasoline, 1.5 times the volume of ethanol is needed.
344:
224:
1380:
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585:
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589:
5084:"01.26.2006 – Ethanol can replace gasoline with significant energy savings, comparable impact on greenhouse gases"
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million for cellulosic ethanol depending on feedstock (prairie biomass, Miscanthus, corn stover, or switchgrass).
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Block, Ben, "Study: biofuels more efficient as electricity source. (EYE ON EARTH)(Brief article)" World Watch 22.
2417:, becomes viable. By-products such as straw or wood chips can be converted to ethanol. Fast growing species like
1163:, separates the ethanol, but its purity is limited to 95–96% due to the formation of a low-boiling water-ethanol
263:
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601:
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3346:(in Portuguese). ANFAVEA – Associação Nacional dos Fabricantes de Veículos Automotores (Brasil). Archived from
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to the mixture. When these components are added to the mixture, it forms a heterogeneous azeotropic mixture in
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per acre (330 imp gal/acre; 3,700 L/ha) for corn production. In 2015 the project was abandoned.
574:
17:
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for these very cold regions, though it is still sold as E85. At places where temperatures fall below −12
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5191:
4221:; et al. (2007). "Molar enthalpy of vaporization of ethanol–gasoline mixtures and their colloid state".
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is an example of an aircraft that has been specifically designed for use with ethanol fuel in some variants.
169:
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2059:) is used to produce heat and power. There are no longer light vehicles in Brazil running on pure gasoline.
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http://www.amis-outlook.org/fileadmin/user_upload/amis/docs/Market_monitor/AMIS_Market_Monitor_Issue_47.pdf
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for the fuel to evaporate and spark the ignition during cold weather (since ethanol tends to increase fuel
1344:
1196:
577:, and ethanol represented 10% of the U.S. gasoline fuel supply derived from domestic sources in 2011. Some
429:
6162:
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5348:. EU, RES Technology Marketing Campaign, European Biomass Industry Association EUBIA. 2007. Archived from
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Programa de Biocombustíveis no Brasil e na Colômbia: uma análise da implantação, resultados e perspectivas
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3344:"Anúario da Industria Automobilistica Brasileira 2011: Tabela 2.3 Produção por combustível – 1957/2010"
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can be grown on land not suitable for other cash crops and yield high levels of ethanol per unit area.
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W. Horn and F. Krupp. Earth: The Sequel: The Race to Reinvent Energy and Stop Global Warming. 2006, 85
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5264:"Atmospheric alcohols and aldehydes concentrations measured in Osaka, Japan and in Sao Paulo, Brazil"
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6336:, CEIHD Center for Entrepreneurship in International Health and Development. Retrieved 30 May 2010.
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3616:
3131:
3126:
3101:
2271:
1352:
1075:
of carbohydrates such as cellulose and starch into sugars. Saccharification of cellulose is called
3984:
371:
7954:
7913:
7719:
7682:
7115:
7100:
7085:
6465:
5925:
5313:
2981:
2736:
1625:
1320:
1204:
1184:
570:
3901:
8079:
7918:
7756:
7595:
7536:
7382:
7110:
7079:
7069:
6994:
6822:
6081:
5065:
3891:
This is shown for 25 °C (77 °F) in a gasoline-ethanol-water phase diagram, Fig 13 of
3682:
2503:
Low-input perennial grass. Ethanol production depends on development of cellulosic technology.
2044:
1276:
1098:
562:
293:
3741:
3272:
3209:
1359:
starting a cold engine becomes difficult. To avoid this problem at temperatures below 11
985:
In 2008 an alternative process to produce bio-ethanol from algae was announced by the company
8100:
7949:
7877:
7829:
7704:
7294:
7261:
7130:
5844:"Sorghum bicolor Sorghum, Common wild sorghum, Grain sorghum, Sudangrass PFAF Plant Database"
5843:
5561:
5241:"Effects of Ethanol (E85) vs. Gasoline Vehicles on Cancer and Mortality in the United States"
3071:
2725:
2318:
The graph on the right shows figures calculated by the UK government for the purposes of the
1498:
1478:
593:
578:
6391:
4968:"Assessment of greenhouse gas emissions in the production and use of fuel ethanol in Brazil"
3560:
2839:
Ethanol research focuses on alternative sources, novel catalysts and production processes.
1531:
of the diesel principle with ethanol. These engines have been used in the United Kingdom by
1183:
ethanol/water mixture. The first process, used in many early fuel ethanol plants, is called
8074:
7658:
7432:
7362:
7352:
7289:
7225:
7039:
7009:
5625:
5406:
5275:
5007:
4493:
1532:
1404:
1092:
1034:
664:
253:
199:
671:
and other sugars in the corn (or sugarcane or other crops) are converted into ethanol and
8:
7923:
7417:
7412:
7367:
7326:
7256:
6920:
5109:
4691:
2851:
2328:
2159:
1593:
1524:
410:
406:
283:
194:
6348:"INEOS Bio produces cellulosic ethanol from waste, at commercial scale – print-friendly"
5410:
5279:
4974:
4965:
1281:
98:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
7590:
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763:
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209:
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6187:
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4973:. Secretariat of the Environment, Government of the State of São Paulo. Archived from
4252:
2340:
emissions with bioethanol compared to petrol for one of their flexible-fuel vehicles.
59:
7996:
7862:
7709:
7633:
7565:
7490:
7282:
7159:
6859:
6751:
5624:. Brazil Institute of the Woodrow Wilson Center (updated to Jan 2011). Archived from
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5263:
4371:
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3933:
3865:
3792:
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3045:
2939:
2901:
2187:
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204:
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7887:
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One rationale given for extensive ethanol production in the U.S. is its benefit to
2508:
2368:
2259:
2247:
1212:
1134:
1068:
839:
608:
455:. World ethanol production for transport fuel tripled between 2000 and 2007 from 17
448:
219:
214:
161:
7141:
6635:
6003:
5478:
5339:"Bioethanol Production and Use Creating Markets for Renewable Energy Technologies"
3895:"Technical View on Biofuels for Transportation – Focus on Ethanol End-Use Aspects"
978:, as well as many types of cellulose waste and harvesting, whichever has the best
8064:
8054:
7944:
7580:
7397:
7372:
7240:
7230:
6900:
6762:
6712:
6333:
5523:
Soil Organic Matter, Its Nature, Its role in Soil Formation and in Soil Fertility
5397:
Joseph Fargione (29 February 2008). "Land Clearing and the Biofuel Carbon Debt".
5071:
4918:
4675:
3622:
2706:
2301:
The cost of transportation of the bioethanol from the factory to its point of use
2298:
The cost of the change in land use of the area where the fuel feedstock is grown.
1651:
1528:
1430:
1425:
1408:
873:
387:
5950:
4139:
4060:. Royal Automobile Association of South Australia. February 2004. Archived from
3379:
1666:
10 imperial gallons), accounting together for 87.1% of world production of 22.36
1411:, the first Brazilian flex fuel model without an auxiliary tank for cold start.
812:
7974:
7964:
7882:
7746:
7677:
7615:
7321:
7303:
7074:
7054:
7019:
5133:"Effects of Fuel Ethanol Use on Fuel-Cycle Energy and Greenhouse Gas Emissions"
4847:
4688:"Ethanol Producer Magazine – The Latest News and Data About Ethanol Production"
4234:
3116:
3061:
3051:
2995:
2882:
2767:
2729:
2690:
2175:
2171:
2047:
which has allowed the country to become the world's second largest producer of
1630:
The world's top ethanol fuel producers in 2011 were the United States with 13.9
1457:(EPA) issued a waiver to authorize up to 15% of ethanol blended with gasoline (
1441:
EPA's E15 label required to be displayed in all E15 fuel dispensers in the U.S.
1348:
672:
115:
5658:
4517:"2011 Ethanol Industry Outlook: Building Bridges to a More Sustainable Future"
3981:"Micro Fueler Is First Ethanol Kit for Brewing Backyard Biofuels on the Cheap"
3766:
3531:
123:
8094:
8069:
8001:
7979:
7839:
7751:
7648:
7600:
7570:
7531:
7059:
7024:
6910:
6576:
6369:
4277:"When is E85 not 85 percent ethanol? When it's E70 with an E85 sticker on it"
3869:
3797:. XVI SIMEA 2008 – Simpósio Internacional de Engenharia Automotiva. Sao Paolo
3413:
3111:
3086:
3076:
2967:
2916:
2557:
2254:
2223:
1502:
1490:
1308:
1029:
979:
857:
651:
640:
432:
are in use around the world. The use of pure hydrous or anhydrous ethanol in
268:
258:
7443:
5418:
4751:"A Gasoline Engine Concept for Improved Fuel Economy -The Lean Boost System"
3347:
1485:) are designed to be flexible-fuel vehicles using ethanol blends up to 85% (
1041:
7959:
7804:
7789:
7724:
7665:
7653:
7422:
7341:
6949:
6852:
6722:
6517:
6497:
5426:
4452:"Volks lança sistema que elimina tanquinho de gasolina para partida a frio"
4006:
3096:
3040:
3004:
2833:
2781:
2263:
2231:
2227:
2164:
1597:
1482:
1247:
with water means that ethanol cannot be efficiently shipped through modern
1160:
1076:
1056:
931:
273:
6414:"Nano-spike catalysts convert carbon dioxide directly into ethanol | ORNL"
6139:
5500:
4087:
3153:"Towards Sustainable Production and Use of Resources: Assessing Bio fuels"
2732:
adopted a 10% ethanol blend for the 2006 season, and a 98% blend in 2007.
1311:, the engine can be made more efficient by raising its compression ratio.
7809:
7523:
7500:
7357:
6895:
6847:
6842:
6827:
6613:
6586:
6547:
6532:
6507:
4762:
3294:"Will High-Ethanol Gasoline Ruin Your Car Engine? What to Know About E15"
3056:
2878:
2863:
2763:
2750:
2418:
2344:
annual savings to make up for the GHG released from the initial tilling.
2311:
1470:
1336:
1307:, compared to burning pure gasoline. However, since ethanol has a higher
1244:
1240:
1192:
1060:
911:
883:
850:
807:
767:
656:
288:
278:
246:
236:
5819:"Lombardy Poplar Facts – Guide To Lombardy Poplar Care in the Landscape"
4387:
Ano 2, No. 3 (every article is presented in both English and Portuguese)
4061:
1572:
of a neat ethanol vehicle to be about the same as one burning gasoline.
1437:
1101:
of the sugar. Microbial fermentation currently only works directly with
6756:
6692:
6537:
6502:
5216:. Environmental Science & Technology. 18 April 2007. Archived from
4322:
3250:
3009:
2816:, and is in the planning stage of projects in several other countries.
2813:
2789:
2721:
2607:
2483:
2457:
2208:
2202:
to reduce carbon monoxide emissions in the United States. The additive
1462:
1400:
1376:
1364:
1216:
1180:
1145:
1072:
1009:
to convert the plant cellulose into ethanol while the second type uses
903:
899:
891:
597:
414:
305:
300:
241:
231:
3372:"Licenciamento total de automóveis e comerciais leves por combustível"
2242:
1047:
The basic steps for large-scale production of ethanol are: microbial (
7989:
7984:
7969:
7794:
7766:
7761:
7551:
7546:
7482:
7427:
7150:
6880:
6796:
6697:
6522:
6481:
5923:
4966:
M. Macedo Isaias; Lima Verde Leal; J. Azevedo Ramos da Silva (2004).
4590:
3717:
3020:
2871:
2867:
2866:. Other potential feedstocks are municipal waste, recycled products,
2844:
2414:
2199:
2191:
2052:
1635:
1520:
1386:
Brazilian flex fuel vehicles can operate with ethanol mixtures up to
1264:
1168:
1164:
1010:
939:
887:
869:
816:
747:
624:
612:
452:
383:
4883:, Ethanol Industry Overlook 2010, pp. 2 and 22. 2010. Archived from
4274:
3324:(in Portuguese). Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento
2975:
1140:
8059:
7854:
7844:
6780:
6745:
6670:
6660:
6603:
4785:"Economical, High-Efficiency Engine Technologies for Alcohol Fuels"
2921:. 2008 ASABE Annual International Meeting. Providence, Rhode Island
2918:
Ethanol production, purification, and analysis techniques: a review
2797:
2378:
1589:
1458:
1450:
1446:
947:
865:
861:
846:
759:
444:
437:
422:
376:
5619:"Brazil Institute Special Report: The Global Dynamics of Biofuels"
5001:"Brazil Institute Special Report: The Global Dynamics of Biofuels"
4586:"EPA allows 15% ethanol in gasoline, but only for late-model cars"
3199:"Accelerating Industry Innovation – 2012 Ethanol Industry Outlook"
2693:
emissions assuming no land use change (using existing crop lands).
2310:
The benefits due to the production of useful bi-products, such as
2294:
Such a calculation may or may not consider the following effects:
1179:
There are three dehydration processes to remove the water from an
7928:
7908:
7778:
7643:
7513:
7251:
6687:
6681:
6630:
6512:
6489:
6254:"ALMS Corvettes going green with E85 fuel in 2008 – USATODAY.com"
6082:"Triticum aestivum Bread Wheat, Common wheat PFAF Plant Database"
5875:. International Crops Research Institute for the SemiArid Tropics
4941:"Industry Statistics: Annual World Ethanol Production by Country"
4162:"Changes in Gasoline IV, sponsored by Renewable Fuels Foundation"
3959:"Home Mini-Refinery Makes Ethanol & Biodiesel Simultaneously"
3298:
3025:
2961:
2874:
2801:
2632:
2533:
2056:
2048:
1474:
1396:
1391:
1372:
1360:
1188:
1159:
is heated so that the ethanol evaporates. This process, known as
1156:
1014:
986:
975:
935:
907:
895:
668:
632:
418:
402:
189:
179:
4113:
3374:[Total automobiles and light-trucks registered by fuel]
2894:
2304:
The efficiency of the bioethanol compared with standard gasoline
1129:
119:
Summary of the main ethanol blends used around the world in 2013
8049:
7799:
6733:
6665:
6581:
6527:
6445:
5924:
G. C. Rains; J. S. Cundiff; G. E. Welbaum (12 September 1997).
5006:. Brazil Institute of the Woodrow Wilson Center. Archived from
3586:"(grainscouncil.com, Biofuels_study 268 kB pdf, footnote, p 6)"
2859:
2847:
2805:
2743:
1581:
1149:
1106:
1018:
999:
971:
955:
927:
915:
743:
712:
628:
184:
133:
5895:"RP INVESTOR TO PUT UP PIONEERING SWEET SORGHUM ETHANOL PLANT"
5769:"Landscaping with Miscanthus sinensis (Japanese Silver Grass)"
3410:"Motos flex foram as mais vendidas em 2009 na categoria 150cc"
2843:
produced ethanol from vegetative material and wood waste. The
6707:
6650:
6640:
6593:
5159:"Energy and Greenhouse Gas Emissions Effects of Fuel Ethanol"
4998:
2855:
2840:
2809:
2657:
2582:
2216:
1643:
1224:
1121:
report, cellulosic ethanol could be important in the future.
1102:
1048:
1003:
990:
967:
963:
959:
951:
943:
923:
836:
636:
616:
443:
The first production car running entirely on ethanol was the
6450:
3273:"Alternative Fuels Data Center – Fuel Properties Comparison"
6675:
6645:
6370:"Ethanol production using genetically engineered bacterium"
6004:"What's the most energy-efficient crop source for ethanol?"
4749:
Stokes, J.; Lake, T. H.; Osborne, R. J. (16 October 2000).
4401:(in Portuguese and English). Gazeta do Povo. Archived from
4275:
Ethanol Promotion; Information Council (27 February 2007).
4118:. Prairie Oak Publishing, Maryville, Missouri. p. 42.
3847:
3704:
O. R. Inderwildi; D. A. King (2009). "Quo Vadis Biofuels".
3196:
2914:
2824:
2203:
1319:, as well as some motorbikes and small engines, though the
1316:
1063:(requirements vary, see Ethanol fuel mixtures, below), and
919:
877:
620:
398:
6156:"Ethanol Can Contribute to Energy and Environmental Goals"
5973:"What Kind of Fertilizer Is Best for Planting Sweet Corn?"
4814:"Nissan takes a different approach to fuel cells: ethanol"
4476:
3703:
1461:) to be sold only for cars and light pickup trucks with a
708:
purified by a combination of adsorption and distillation.
7819:
6655:
4840:"Industry Statistics: 2010 World Fuel Ethanol Production"
4713:
Cohn, D.R.; Bromberg, L.; Heywood, J.B. (20 April 2005),
2222:
Brazil burns significant amounts of ethanol biofuel. Gas
1486:
1356:
380:
6392:"Air Pollution Rules Relaxed for U.S. Ethanol Producers"
4370:(in Portuguese and English). August 2008. Archived from
2933:
1535:
but the use of bioethanol fuel is now being phased out.
886:
is usually obtained from the conversion of carbon-based
451:. Ethanol is commonly made from biomass such as corn or
6141:
Ethanol as Fuel: An Environmental and Economic Analysis
5947:"ICRISAT develops sweet sorghum for ethanol production"
5130:
4323:
Vägverket (Swedish Road Administration) (30 May 2007).
3892:
3683:"New Enzyme for More Efficient Corn Ethanol Production"
2766:. As of 2010, small quantities of ethanol are used in
2332:
overview article (2007) puts the figures at 22% less CO
2307:
The amount of carbon dioxide produced at the tail pipe.
1564:
In a 2008 study, complex engine controls and increased
5867:
5175:
2700:
2250:
of corn bioethanol grown in the US and burnt in the UK
1067:(optional). Prior to fermentation, some crops require
573:). Most cars on the road today in the U.S. can run on
4454:(in Portuguese). UNICA. 12 March 2009. Archived from
2287:
The cost of transporting the feedstock to the factory
998:
processes are under development. The first type uses
4757:. SAE Technical Paper Series. Vol. 1. Sae.org.
2957:
2387:
2290:
The cost of processing the feedstock into bioethanol
770:
in the presence of a catalyst and high temperature.
4712:
2384:cellulosic ethanol and advanced vehicle batteries.
6210:"Ethanol Lowers Gas Prices 29–40 Cents Per Gallon"
4870:"2009 Global Ethanol Production (Million Gallons)"
4782:
3662:"Hard Lessons From the Great Algae Biofuel Bubble"
1083:). Enzymes are used to convert starch into sugar.
6302:"Rocket Racing League Unveils New Flying Hot Rod"
5616:
5364:
5362:
4999:Daniel Budny and Paulo Sotero, ed. (April 2007).
4748:
4361:"Here comes the 'Flex' vehicles third generation"
4251:. The Royal Society. January 2008. Archived from
3729:
3727:
2753:championship uses Shell E85 for its racing fuel.
2038:
1251:, like liquid hydrocarbons, over long distances.
1227:/L) compared to earlier azeotropic distillation.
142: Corn used for Ethanol fuel (bushels) (left)
8092:
5794:"Growing Switchgrass – How To Plant Switchgrass"
5682:
5501:"Brazil's ethanol push could eat away at Amazon"
4807:
4805:
4616:"India targets 20% ethanol-blended fuel by 2025"
4399:"Bosch investe na segunda geração do motor flex"
4249:"Sustainable biofuels: prospects and challenges"
4217:
3636:"Algae farm in Mexico to produce ethanol in '09"
3517:, National Book Company, Portland, Oregon, p.499
3369:
3192:
3190:
3188:
3186:
3184:
2430:Annual yield (liters/hectare, US gal/acre)
2379:Using biomass for electricity instead of ethanol
127:Corn vs Ethanol production in the United States
6813:Bioconversion of biomass to mixed alcohol fuels
6232:"Texas Students Win National Auto Repair Crown"
5926:"Sweet Sorghum for a Piedmont Ethanol Industry"
5396:
4555:
3927:"Water Phase Separation in Oxygenated Gasoline"
3491:"Deforestation diesel – the madness of biofuel"
3016:Bioconversion of biomass to mixed alcohol fuels
2900:. Prairie Oak Publishing, Maryville, Missouri.
1326:
1234:
600:that regularly use neat ethanol fuel (known as
5870:"Sweet sorghum: A Water Saving BioEnergy Crop"
5678:
5676:
5657:(in Portuguese). Veja Magazine. Archived from
5547:
5359:
5238:
5038:
4428:(in Portuguese). Editora Abril. Archived from
4396:
4029:"U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA)"
3983:. PopularMechanics. 8 May 2008. Archived from
3724:
1508:
1258:
1013:to convert the whole plant to either a liquid
148: Percent of corn used for Ethanol (right)
7473:
7459:
6965:
6466:
6030:"Sugar beets ~ a reliable source of biofuel?"
5744:"modern_production_of_ethanolEthanol_general"
5648:
5646:
5446:
5444:
4943:. Renewable Fuels Association. Archived from
4911:"2007 and 2008 World Fuel Ethanol Production"
4802:
4304:. Interesting Energy Facts. 23 September 2008
3790:
3530:. Oilcrash.com. 14 March 2005. Archived from
3251:"Gasoline Gallon Equivalent (GGE) Definition"
3181:
2407:
2135:† experimental, not in commercial production
655:Structure of ethanol molecule. All bonds are
352:
6979:
6327:"Impact of Improved Stoves and Fuels on IAP"
6294:
5868:Belum V S Reddy; Kumar, A Ashok; Ramesh, S.
5043:. Ngm.nationalgeographic.vom. Archived from
4902:
4862:
4577:
4211:
3197:Renewable Fuels Association (6 March 2012).
2354:Indirect land use change impacts of biofuels
715:to produce carbon dioxide, water, and heat:
7893:Hydrogen internal combustion engine vehicle
6394:. Environmental News Service. 12 April 2007
5673:
5652:
5450:
5108:. Oregon.gov. 27 March 2009. Archived from
4831:
4114:J. Goettemoeller; A. Goettemoeller (2007).
3314:
2895:J. Goettemoeller; A. Goettemoeller (2007).
2776:
2055:as feedstock, and the residual cane-waste (
1044:, the most common way is via fermentation.
758:Ethanol is also produced industrially from
7466:
7452:
6972:
6958:
6473:
6459:
6131:
5643:
5441:
4583:
4444:
4417:
4353:
4109:
4107:
4105:
3457:
3432:
3401:
3363:
3336:
2728:auto race with an ethanol-fueled car. The
1692:(millions of U.S. liquid gallons per year)
1685:Annual fuel ethanol production by country
798:Most ethanol is produced by fermentation.
359:
345:
317:Nuclear power proposed as renewable energy
6818:Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage
6032:. University of Maryland. 21 October 2016
5612:
5610:
5455:. University of Minnesota. Archived from
5368:
5301:
5299:
5297:
5184:"Study warns of health risk from ethanol"
5034:
5032:
5030:
5028:
4644:"The importance of the PM's ethanol push"
4492:
4477:Julieta Andrea Puerto Rico (8 May 2008).
3791:Volpato Filho, Orlando (September 2008).
3554:"World Fuel Ethanol Analysis and Outlook"
3407:
3322:"Portaria Nº 143, de 27 de Junho de 2007"
2759:Championship runs on neat ethanol, E100.
2358:Issues relating to biofuels Fuel vs. food
2157:"). Figures compiled in a 2007 report by
1576:Fuel cells powered by an ethanol reformer
1042:various ways ethanol fuel can be produced
7065:Environmentally healthy community design
6345:
6137:
5719:"How to Propagate & Grow Sugar Cane"
5534:
5369:Rosenthal, Elisabeth (8 February 2008).
5181:
5059:
4959:
4811:
4423:
4268:
4007:"Alternative Fuels Data Center: Ethanol"
3740:. Worldenergyoutlook.org. Archived from
3633:
3378:(in Portuguese). ANFAVEA. Archived from
2823:
2253:
2241:
1619:
1436:
1424:
1330:
1275:
1139:
1128:
1028:
845:
822:
811:
650:
370:
122:
114:
4992:
4837:
4662:
4610:
4608:
4549:
4509:
4102:
4021:
3999:
3817:"Modern Corn Ethanol plant description"
3237:AMIS Market Monitor No. 48 – May 2017,
3145:
2762:Ethanol fuel may also be utilized as a
711:During combustion, ethanol reacts with
611:that can be produced from agricultural
561:Ethanol-blended fuel is widely used in
14:
8093:
6320:
6274:
6144:. U.C. Berkeley, Chemical Engineering.
6052:"Crimean Red Winter Triticum aestivum"
6022:
5998:
5996:
5994:
5607:
5294:
5261:
5025:
4908:
4790:. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
4544:See pages 2–3, 10–11, 19–20, and 26–27
4494:10.11606/D.86.2007.tde-07052008-115336
4390:
4296:
4294:
4086:. US EPA. 7 March 2011. Archived from
3659:
3048:(potential ethanol competitor biofuel)
2938:. London, UK: Earthscan Publications.
2045:Brazil has had an ethanol fuel program
594:flex-fuel automobiles and light trucks
7447:
6953:
6454:
5685:"Por que a cana é melhor que o milho"
5453:"Ethanol fuel presents a corn-undrum"
5371:"Biofuels Deemed a Greenhouse Threat"
4933:
4690:. Ethanolproducer.com. Archived from
4638:
4636:
4334:. European Commission. Archived from
3784:
3467:[2011 Motorcycle Production]
2347:
6886:Cellulosic ethanol commercialization
4605:
4558:"A Bit More Ethanol in the Gas Tank"
4194:"Ethanol – Facts About Fuels – RACQ"
3794:Gasoline C made with Hydrous Ethanol
3160:United Nations Environment Programme
1455:U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
1347:present a problem to achieve enough
581:are able to use up to 100% ethanol.
78:
60:move details into the article's body
31:
6406:
5991:
5479:"Lula calls for ethanol investment"
5156:
5076:
4556:Matthew L. Wald (13 October 2010).
4470:
4316:
4291:
2701:Reduced petroleum imports and costs
2320:Renewable transport fuel obligation
1355:). When vapor pressure is below 45
479: imp gal) to more than 52
379:SportCombi BioPower was the second
24:
7202:waste-water treatment technologies
5617:D. Budny; P. Sotero (April 2007).
5537:"Biofuels: An advisable strategy?"
4633:
4506:PhD Dissertation Thesis, pp. 81–82
3706:Energy & Environmental Science
3685:. Green Car Congress. 30 June 2005
2652:Grown as ethanol crop in Nigeria.
2155:energy returned on energy invested
2138:†† depending on production method
1105:. Two major components of plants,
615:. It can be made from very common
447:, introduced in 1978 in Brazil by
25:
8112:
7700:Electric motorcycles and scooters
7187:agricultural wastewater treatment
6435:
5901:. 25 October 2006. Archived from
5683:M. H. Tachinardi (13 June 2008).
5451:D. Morrison (18 September 2006).
5131:M. Wang; C. Saricks; D. Santini.
3634:LaMonica, Martin (12 June 2008).
3370:Renavam/Denatran (January 2012).
3162:. 16 October 2009. Archived from
2934:The Worldwatch Institute (2007).
2683:Source (except those indicated):
2677:Grown as ethanol crop in France.
2627:Grown as ethanol crop in France.
2388:Health costs of ethanol emissions
2284:The cost of growing the feedstock
2237:
2067:
1689:Top 10 countries/regional blocks
1280:The first ethanol powered car, a
551: imp gal) in May 2017.
7140:
6934:
6933:
6384:
6362:
6339:
6268:
6246:
6224:
6202:
6180:
6148:
6099:
6074:
6044:
5965:
5949:. 12 August 2004. Archived from
5939:
5917:
5887:
5861:
5555:"Industrial & Environmental"
5503:. Associated Press. 7 March 2007
5239:M. Z. Jacobson (14 March 2007).
5182:Davidson, Keay (18 April 2007).
4368:Revista Brasileira de BioEnergia
3771:University of Illinois Extension
3528:"The dirty truth about biofuels"
2988:
2974:
2960:
2181:
1969:
1940:
1911:
1880:
1851:
1820:
1789:
1758:
1727:
1414:
168:
83:
36:
7747:Plug-in hybrid electric vehicle
7268:List of energy storage projects
7192:industrial wastewater treatment
7045:Environmental impact assessment
7015:Environmental impact assessment
5836:
5811:
5786:
5761:
5736:
5711:
5694:(in Portuguese). Archived from
5597:
5588:
5579:
5528:
5515:
5493:
5471:
5390:
5331:
5255:
5232:
5206:
5150:
5124:
5098:
4812:Voelcker, John (14 June 2016).
4776:
4742:
4706:
4680:
4397:Agência Estado (10 June 2008).
4241:
4186:
4154:
4132:
4076:
4050:
3973:
3951:
3919:
3893:Päivi Aakko; Nils-Olof Nylund.
3885:
3876:
3862:10.1021/acs.energyfuels.6b01591
3841:
3809:
3759:
3697:
3675:
3653:
3627:
3610:
3578:
3546:
3520:
3507:
3483:
2888:
2687:444 (7 December 2006): 673–676.
2396:million for gasoline, $ 472–952
2230:was 160% higher in Brazil, and
1588:powered by ethanol rather than
1298:
1197:vapor–liquid-liquid equilibrium
1124:
1086:
328:Topics by country and territory
7629:Battery electric multiple unit
4670:Scania PRESSInfo, 21 May 2007
4584:Fred Meier (13 October 2010).
3660:Wesoff, Eric (19 April 2017).
3591:. 18 July 2008. Archived from
3299:NBC 5 Dallas-Fort Worth (KXAS)
3286:
3265:
3243:
3231:
2062:
2039:Brazilian ethanol fuel program
1174:
864:. It can also be obtained via
13:
1:
7730:Neighborhood Electric Vehicle
6480:
6372:. Azom.com. 23 September 2010
6161:. Ethanol.org. Archived from
6138:M. Turon (25 November 1998).
6112:. Ethanol.org. Archived from
5653:J. Duailibi (27 April 2008).
5288:10.1016/S1352-2310(01)00136-4
5214:"Clearing the air on ethanol"
5138:. Argonne National Laboratory
3408:Abraciclo (27 January 2010).
3280:Alternative Fuels Data Center
3138:
2716:
2246:UK government calculation of
2149:ethanol fuel is known as the
1433:price table for use in Brazil
1024:
413:. It is most often used as a
132: Total corn production (
8019:Who Killed the Electric Car?
7815:Common ethanol fuel mixtures
3559:. Meti.go.jp. Archived from
3465:"Produção Motocicletas 2011"
3440:"Produção Motocicletas 2010"
3036:Common ethanol fuel mixtures
2742:In 2011, the three national
2258:Graph of UK figures for the
2163:point to modest results for
1421:Common ethanol fuel mixtures
1327:Cold start during the winter
1286:Brazilian Aerospace Memorial
1235:Post-production water issues
646:
586:25% ethanol and 75% gasoline
430:common ethanol fuel mixtures
7:
8033:Revenge of the Electric Car
7624:Battery-electric locomotive
7050:Environmental impact design
6916:Issues relating to biofuels
6906:Energy return on investment
5106:"oregon.gov, biomass forum"
4915:Renewable Fuels Association
4881:Renewable Fuels Association
4844:Renewable Fuels Association
4524:Renewable Fuels Association
3735:"World Energy Outlook 2006"
3206:Renewable Fuels Association
3092:Issues relating to biofuels
2953:
2819:
2186:Compared with conventional
2144:Ethanol fuel energy balance
1584:announced plans to develop
1509:Other engine configurations
1259:Consumer production systems
1119:International Energy Agency
575:blends of up to 15% ethanol
556:gasoline gallon equivalency
434:internal combustion engines
333:Marketing and policy trends
10:
8117:
7408:High-performance buildings
6346:Jim Lane (1 August 2013).
6212:. Renewableenergyworld.com
4783:M. Brusstar; M. Bakenhus.
4483:(Thesis) (in Portuguese).
4235:10.1016/j.fuel.2006.08.008
3471:(in Portuguese). ABRACICLO
3445:(in Portuguese). ABRACICLO
3226:See pp. 3, 8, 10 22 and 23
3082:Gasoline gallon equivalent
2413:other feedstocks, such as
2408:Efficiency of common crops
2351:
2269:
2141:
1998:
1967:
1938:
1909:
1878:
1849:
1818:
1787:
1756:
1725:
1623:
1539:Dual-fuel direct-injection
1418:
1383:during the winter months.
1271:
1090:
805:
801:
596:and 1.5 million flex-fuel
541: U.S. gal; 12.66
8042:
8026:What Is the Electric Car?
8010:
7937:
7901:
7873:Hydrogen-powered aircraft
7853:
7777:
7609:
7579:
7522:
7499:
7481:
7475:Alternative fuel vehicles
7403:Heat recovery ventilation
7388:Environmental remediation
7313:
7216:
7149:
7138:
7005:Climate smart agriculture
6987:
6929:
6891:Energy content of biofuel
6873:
6805:
6721:
6612:
6488:
6256:. Usatoday30.usatoday.com
5748:energyresourcefulness.org
5560:. Bio.org. Archived from
5535:D. Russi (7 March 2007).
4485:Universidade de São Paulo
3961:. Gas2.0. 4 November 2008
3932:. Epa.gov. Archived from
2862:can produce ethanol from
2681:
2198:requires the addition of
1684:
1566:exhaust gas recirculation
755:, indicating its source.
517: U.S. gal; 1.86
92:This article needs to be
7735:Plug-in electric vehicle
7715:Gyro flywheel locomotive
7693:Battery electric vehicle
7393:Glass in green buildings
7337:sustainable architecture
6981:Environmental technology
6865:Thermal depolymerization
6838:Industrial biotechnology
5070:8 September 2015 at the
4426:"Volkswagen Polo E-Flex"
3132:United States energy law
3127:Timeline of alcohol fuel
3102:Low-carbon fuel standard
3012:, a gasoline replacement
2777:Replacement cooking fuel
2724:qualified third for the
2272:Low-carbon fuel standard
1353:enthalpy of vaporization
607:Bioethanol is a form of
588:(E25). By December 2011
469: U.S. gal; 3.7
7955:Hybrid electric vehicle
7919:Liquid nitrogen vehicle
7914:Hybrid electric vehicle
7720:Hybrid electric vehicle
7683:Electric platform truck
6833:Fischer–Tropsch process
6823:Biomass heating systems
5419:10.1126/science.1152747
5268:Atmospheric Environment
5188:San Francisco Chronicle
4424:Q. Rodas (March 2009).
4302:"Ethanol fuel and cars"
2982:Renewable energy portal
2737:American Le Mans Series
2373:commercialization stage
1626:Ethanol fuel by country
1321:Embraer EMB 202 Ipanema
1205:extractive distillation
1187:and consists of adding
1185:azeotropic distillation
1097:Ethanol is produced by
571:Ethanol fuel by country
569:, and Europe (see also
493: U.S. gal; 11
8080:Zero-emissions vehicle
7596:Compressed-air vehicle
7537:Solar-powered aircraft
7383:Environmental movement
7080:Sustainability science
7070:Public interest design
6995:Appropriate technology
4755:SAE Paper 2001-01-2901
4526:. 2011. Archived from
2852:genetically engineered
2836:
2771:rocket-racing aircraft
2433:Greenhouse-gas savings
2267:
2251:
1442:
1434:
1340:
1295:
1152:
1137:
1133:Ethanol plant in West
1099:microbial fermentation
1037:
853:
843:
820:
660:
579:flexible-fuel vehicles
391:
390:in the Swedish market.
294:Tidal stream generator
150:
120:
7950:Flexible-fuel vehicle
7878:Hydrogen-powered ship
7830:Flexible-fuel vehicle
7705:Electric kick scooter
7262:hydrogen technologies
7176:Solid waste treatment
5977:homeguides.sfgate.com
5655:"Ele é o falso vilão"
4722:MIT Energy Initiative
4674:20 March 2009 at the
3072:Flexible-fuel vehicle
2827:
2726:1927 Indianapolis 500
2448:hardiness zone limit
2257:
2245:
1670:10 U.S. gallons (8.46
1654:) and Brazil with 5.6
1620:Experience by country
1499:World Environment Day
1440:
1428:
1419:Further information:
1334:
1279:
1143:
1132:
1113:There is interest in
1032:
849:
835:
815:
654:
641:increased food prices
374:
126:
118:
8075:Wind-powered vehicle
7659:Battery electric bus
7433:Water heat recycling
7363:Efficient energy use
7353:Conservation biology
7290:Sustainable lighting
7226:Efficient energy use
7040:Environmental Design
7010:Environmental design
6332:25 July 2011 at the
5708:Print edition pp. 73
5459:on 22 September 2007
5355:on 28 November 2007.
4850:on 24 September 2015
4763:10.4271/2000-01-2902
4533:on 28 September 2011
3747:on 28 September 2007
3396:Carta de ANFAVEA 308
1658:10 U.S. gallons (2.1
1501:) by Prime Minister
1473:(a class containing
1405:Volkswagen do Brasil
1093:Ethanol fermentation
1035:Claremont, Minnesota
665:ethanol fermentation
554:Ethanol fuel has a "
386:model introduced by
254:Marine current power
200:Crosswind kite power
7924:Natural gas vehicle
7418:Nature conservation
7413:Land rehabilitation
7368:Energy conservation
7257:carbon-neutral fuel
7165:dispersion modeling
6921:Sustainable biofuel
6119:on 13 February 2012
5953:on 15 December 2007
5905:on 12 February 2008
5567:on 12 February 2006
5411:2008Sci...319.1235F
5405:(5867): 1235–1238.
5319:on 24 November 2016
5280:2001AtmEn..35.3075N
5262:Nguyen, H. (2001).
5039:Joel K. Bourne Jr.
4058:"Ethanol in Petrol"
3169:on 22 November 2009
2329:National Geographic
2160:National Geographic
2075:
1594:Hyundai Tucson FCEV
1429:Hydrated ethanol ×
1335:The Brazilian 2008
1282:Chrysler Dodge 1800
1040:Although there are
989:. Rather than grow
411:alcoholic beverages
405:, the same type of
284:Sustainable biofuel
195:Carbon-neutral fuel
156:Part of a series on
7591:Compressed-air car
7557:List of prototypes
7236:Energy development
7218:Sustainable energy
7207:water purification
7171:Industrial ecology
6168:on 6 February 2012
5979:. 18 December 2018
5823:Gardening Know How
5798:Gardening Know How
5481:. BBC. 4 June 2007
5376:The New York Times
5243:. ACS Publications
5220:on 27 October 2008
4563:The New York Times
4458:on 6 December 2012
4405:on 10 January 2009
3939:on 9 February 2015
3907:on 3 December 2007
3850:Energy & Fuels
3621:9 May 2008 at the
3534:on 4 December 2009
3420:on 5 December 2012
3385:on 31 January 2012
3282:. 29 October 2014.
3031:Cellulosic ethanol
2837:
2614:714-900 gal/acre
2348:Change in land use
2268:
2262:of bioethanol and
2252:
2126:Cellulosic ethanol
2073:
1586:fuel cell vehicles
1559:thermal efficiency
1465:of 2001 or newer.
1443:
1435:
1341:
1296:
1153:
1138:
1115:cellulosic ethanol
1081:cellulosic ethanol
1038:
854:
844:
821:
753:cellulosic ethanol
661:
590:Brazil had a fleet
392:
210:Geothermal heating
151:
121:
8088:
8087:
7997:Electric aircraft
7863:Fuel cell vehicle
7710:Fuel cell vehicle
7634:Electric aircraft
7566:Electric aircraft
7491:Fuel cell vehicle
7441:
7440:
7278:commercialization
6947:
6946:
6860:Sabatier reaction
6442:Biofuels: Ethanol
6350:. Biofuels Digest
6188:"Energy INFOcard"
6107:"Energy Security"
6062:on 6 October 2019
6010:. 8 February 2006
5543:on 29 March 2008.
5274:(18): 3075–3083.
5112:on 28 August 2011
4818:Green Car Reports
4377:on 3 October 2008
4341:on 3 October 2008
4255:on 5 October 2008
4142:. Fueleconomy.gov
4125:978-0-9786293-0-4
4038:on 21 August 2008
4009:. Afdc.energy.gov
3856:(10): 8286–8291.
3829:on 7 October 2011
3412:(in Portuguese).
3067:Ethanol from coal
2945:978-1-84407-422-8
2907:978-0-9786293-0-4
2828:Ethanol plant in
2698:
2697:
2694:
2589:330–424 gal/acre
2564:270–750 gal/acre
2540:400–640 gal/acre
2515:330–810 gal/acre
2464:727–870 gal/acre
2437:
2234:was 260% higher.
2211:such as ammonia.
2188:unleaded gasoline
2133:
2132:
2115:Sugarcane ethanol
2043:Since the 1970s,
2036:
2035:
1693:
1602:Honda FCX Clarity
1529:energy efficiency
1144:Ethanol plant in
1033:Ethanol plant in
833:
369:
368:
205:Geothermal energy
113:
112:
77:
76:
56:length guidelines
16:(Redirected from
8108:
7888:Hydrogen vehicle
7868:Hydrogen economy
7835:Methanol economy
7688:Electric vehicle
7639:Electric bicycle
7611:Electric battery
7509:Electric bicycle
7468:
7461:
7454:
7445:
7444:
7378:Energy recycling
7299:electric vehicle
7273:Renewable energy
7247:alternative fuel
7197:sewage treatment
7181:Waste management
7144:
7035:Energy recycling
7030:Electric vehicle
7000:Clean technology
6974:
6967:
6960:
6951:
6950:
6937:
6936:
6781:Pongamia pinnata
6475:
6468:
6461:
6452:
6451:
6429:
6428:
6426:
6424:
6410:
6404:
6403:
6401:
6399:
6388:
6382:
6381:
6379:
6377:
6366:
6360:
6359:
6357:
6355:
6343:
6337:
6324:
6318:
6317:
6315:
6313:
6298:
6292:
6291:
6289:
6287:
6272:
6266:
6265:
6263:
6261:
6250:
6244:
6243:
6241:
6239:
6228:
6222:
6221:
6219:
6217:
6206:
6200:
6199:
6197:
6195:
6184:
6178:
6177:
6175:
6173:
6167:
6160:
6152:
6146:
6145:
6135:
6129:
6128:
6126:
6124:
6118:
6111:
6103:
6097:
6096:
6094:
6092:
6078:
6072:
6071:
6069:
6067:
6058:. Archived from
6048:
6042:
6041:
6039:
6037:
6026:
6020:
6019:
6017:
6015:
6000:
5989:
5988:
5986:
5984:
5969:
5963:
5962:
5960:
5958:
5943:
5937:
5936:
5934:
5932:
5921:
5915:
5914:
5912:
5910:
5891:
5885:
5884:
5882:
5880:
5874:
5865:
5859:
5858:
5856:
5854:
5840:
5834:
5833:
5831:
5829:
5815:
5809:
5808:
5806:
5804:
5790:
5784:
5783:
5781:
5779:
5765:
5759:
5758:
5756:
5754:
5740:
5734:
5733:
5731:
5729:
5715:
5709:
5707:
5705:
5703:
5680:
5671:
5670:
5668:
5666:
5650:
5641:
5640:
5638:
5636:
5630:
5623:
5614:
5605:
5601:
5595:
5592:
5586:
5583:
5577:
5576:
5574:
5572:
5566:
5559:
5551:
5545:
5544:
5539:. Archived from
5532:
5526:
5521:Kononova, M. M.
5519:
5513:
5512:
5510:
5508:
5497:
5491:
5490:
5488:
5486:
5475:
5469:
5468:
5466:
5464:
5448:
5439:
5438:
5394:
5388:
5387:
5385:
5383:
5366:
5357:
5356:
5354:
5343:
5335:
5329:
5328:
5326:
5324:
5318:
5312:. Archived from
5311:
5303:
5292:
5291:
5259:
5253:
5252:
5250:
5248:
5236:
5230:
5229:
5227:
5225:
5210:
5204:
5203:
5201:
5199:
5190:. Archived from
5179:
5173:
5172:
5170:
5168:
5163:
5154:
5148:
5147:
5145:
5143:
5137:
5128:
5122:
5121:
5119:
5117:
5102:
5096:
5095:
5093:
5091:
5080:
5074:
5063:
5057:
5056:
5054:
5052:
5036:
5023:
5022:
5020:
5018:
5012:
5005:
4996:
4990:
4989:
4987:
4985:
4979:
4972:
4963:
4957:
4956:
4954:
4952:
4937:
4931:
4930:
4928:
4926:
4917:. Archived from
4906:
4900:
4899:
4897:
4895:
4889:
4874:
4866:
4860:
4859:
4857:
4855:
4846:. Archived from
4835:
4829:
4828:
4826:
4824:
4809:
4800:
4799:
4797:
4795:
4789:
4780:
4774:
4773:
4771:
4769:
4746:
4740:
4739:
4738:
4736:
4730:
4724:, archived from
4719:
4710:
4704:
4703:
4701:
4699:
4684:
4678:
4666:
4660:
4659:
4657:
4655:
4640:
4631:
4630:
4628:
4626:
4612:
4603:
4602:
4600:
4598:
4581:
4575:
4574:
4572:
4570:
4553:
4547:
4542:
4540:
4538:
4532:
4521:
4513:
4507:
4505:
4503:
4501:
4496:
4474:
4468:
4467:
4465:
4463:
4448:
4442:
4441:
4439:
4437:
4421:
4415:
4414:
4412:
4410:
4394:
4388:
4386:
4384:
4382:
4376:
4365:
4357:
4351:
4350:
4348:
4346:
4340:
4329:
4320:
4314:
4313:
4311:
4309:
4298:
4289:
4288:
4286:
4284:
4272:
4266:
4264:
4262:
4260:
4245:
4239:
4238:
4219:Roman M. Balabin
4215:
4209:
4208:
4206:
4204:
4190:
4184:
4183:
4181:
4179:
4174:on 2 August 2012
4173:
4167:. Archived from
4166:
4158:
4152:
4151:
4149:
4147:
4136:
4130:
4129:
4111:
4100:
4099:
4097:
4095:
4080:
4074:
4073:
4071:
4069:
4054:
4048:
4047:
4045:
4043:
4037:
4031:. Archived from
4025:
4019:
4018:
4016:
4014:
4003:
3997:
3996:
3994:
3992:
3977:
3971:
3970:
3968:
3966:
3955:
3949:
3948:
3946:
3944:
3938:
3931:
3923:
3917:
3916:
3914:
3912:
3906:
3900:. Archived from
3899:
3889:
3883:
3880:
3874:
3873:
3845:
3839:
3838:
3836:
3834:
3828:
3822:. Archived from
3821:
3813:
3807:
3806:
3804:
3802:
3788:
3782:
3781:
3779:
3777:
3763:
3757:
3756:
3754:
3752:
3746:
3739:
3731:
3722:
3721:
3718:10.1039/b822951c
3701:
3695:
3694:
3692:
3690:
3679:
3673:
3672:
3670:
3668:
3657:
3651:
3650:
3648:
3646:
3631:
3625:
3614:
3608:
3607:
3605:
3603:
3597:
3590:
3582:
3576:
3575:
3573:
3571:
3566:on 28 March 2016
3565:
3558:
3550:
3544:
3543:
3541:
3539:
3524:
3518:
3511:
3505:
3504:
3502:
3500:
3495:
3487:
3481:
3480:
3478:
3476:
3470:
3461:
3455:
3454:
3452:
3450:
3444:
3436:
3430:
3429:
3427:
3425:
3416:. Archived from
3405:
3399:
3394:
3392:
3390:
3384:
3377:
3367:
3361:
3359:
3357:
3355:
3340:
3334:
3333:
3331:
3329:
3318:
3312:
3311:
3309:
3307:
3290:
3284:
3283:
3277:
3269:
3263:
3262:
3260:
3258:
3247:
3241:
3235:
3229:
3224:
3222:
3220:
3214:
3208:. Archived from
3203:
3194:
3179:
3178:
3176:
3174:
3168:
3157:
3149:
3122:Renewable energy
3107:Methanol economy
2998:
2993:
2992:
2991:
2984:
2979:
2978:
2970:
2965:
2964:
2949:
2930:
2928:
2926:
2911:
2794:developing world
2786:non-governmental
2757:Stock Car Brasil
2682:
2612:6678-8419 L/ha,
2436:
2424:
2423:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2369:carbon footprint
2278:
2260:carbon intensity
2248:carbon intensity
2076:
2072:
1975:
1973:
1972:
1946:
1944:
1943:
1917:
1915:
1914:
1886:
1884:
1883:
1857:
1855:
1854:
1826:
1824:
1823:
1795:
1793:
1792:
1764:
1762:
1761:
1733:
1731:
1730:
1691:
1682:
1681:
1677:
1674:10 liters; 1.862
1673:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1652:imperial gallons
1649:
1641:
1633:
1611:
1607:
1294:
1213:molecular sieves
1135:Burlington, Iowa
1069:saccharification
834:
609:renewable energy
592:of 14.8 million
547:
546:
537:
536:
531:10 liters (15.20
530:
523:
522:
513:
512:
506:
499:
498:
489:
488:
482:
475:
474:
465:
464:
458:
361:
354:
347:
225:Run-of-the-river
220:Hydroelectricity
215:Geothermal power
172:
162:Renewable energy
153:
152:
147:
141:
131:
108:
105:
99:
87:
86:
79:
72:
69:
63:
54:Please read the
40:
39:
32:
21:
8116:
8115:
8111:
8110:
8109:
8107:
8106:
8105:
8091:
8090:
8089:
8084:
8065:Wave power ship
8055:Ram air turbine
8038:
8006:
7945:Bi-fuel vehicle
7933:
7897:
7849:
7773:
7613:
7605:
7582:
7581:Compressed-air
7575:
7518:
7495:
7477:
7472:
7442:
7437:
7398:Green computing
7373:Energy recovery
7309:
7241:Energy recovery
7231:Electrification
7212:
7158:Air pollution (
7145:
7136:
6983:
6978:
6948:
6943:
6925:
6901:Energy forestry
6869:
6801:
6763:Jatropha curcas
6724:
6717:
6625:Camelina sativa
6615:
6608:
6484:
6479:
6438:
6433:
6432:
6422:
6420:
6412:
6411:
6407:
6397:
6395:
6390:
6389:
6385:
6375:
6373:
6368:
6367:
6363:
6353:
6351:
6344:
6340:
6334:Wayback Machine
6325:
6321:
6311:
6309:
6308:. 26 April 2010
6300:
6299:
6295:
6285:
6283:
6273:
6269:
6259:
6257:
6252:
6251:
6247:
6237:
6235:
6230:
6229:
6225:
6215:
6213:
6208:
6207:
6203:
6193:
6191:
6186:
6185:
6181:
6171:
6169:
6165:
6158:
6154:
6153:
6149:
6136:
6132:
6122:
6120:
6116:
6109:
6105:
6104:
6100:
6090:
6088:
6080:
6079:
6075:
6065:
6063:
6056:One Green World
6050:
6049:
6045:
6035:
6033:
6028:
6027:
6023:
6013:
6011:
6002:
6001:
5992:
5982:
5980:
5971:
5970:
5966:
5956:
5954:
5945:
5944:
5940:
5930:
5928:
5922:
5918:
5908:
5906:
5899:Manila Bulletin
5893:
5892:
5888:
5878:
5876:
5872:
5866:
5862:
5852:
5850:
5842:
5841:
5837:
5827:
5825:
5817:
5816:
5812:
5802:
5800:
5792:
5791:
5787:
5777:
5775:
5767:
5766:
5762:
5752:
5750:
5742:
5741:
5737:
5727:
5725:
5717:
5716:
5712:
5701:
5699:
5681:
5674:
5664:
5662:
5651:
5644:
5634:
5632:
5628:
5621:
5615:
5608:
5602:
5598:
5593:
5589:
5584:
5580:
5570:
5568:
5564:
5557:
5553:
5552:
5548:
5533:
5529:
5520:
5516:
5506:
5504:
5499:
5498:
5494:
5484:
5482:
5477:
5476:
5472:
5462:
5460:
5449:
5442:
5395:
5391:
5381:
5379:
5367:
5360:
5352:
5341:
5337:
5336:
5332:
5322:
5320:
5316:
5309:
5305:
5304:
5295:
5260:
5256:
5246:
5244:
5237:
5233:
5223:
5221:
5212:
5211:
5207:
5197:
5195:
5180:
5176:
5166:
5164:
5161:
5155:
5151:
5141:
5139:
5135:
5129:
5125:
5115:
5113:
5104:
5103:
5099:
5089:
5087:
5082:
5081:
5077:
5072:Wayback Machine
5064:
5060:
5050:
5048:
5047:on 3 March 2008
5037:
5026:
5016:
5014:
5010:
5003:
4997:
4993:
4983:
4981:
4977:
4970:
4964:
4960:
4950:
4948:
4947:on 8 April 2008
4939:
4938:
4934:
4924:
4922:
4921:on 8 April 2008
4907:
4903:
4893:
4891:
4890:on 18 July 2011
4887:
4872:
4868:
4867:
4863:
4853:
4851:
4836:
4832:
4822:
4820:
4810:
4803:
4793:
4791:
4787:
4781:
4777:
4767:
4765:
4747:
4743:
4734:
4732:
4728:
4717:
4711:
4707:
4697:
4695:
4686:
4685:
4681:
4676:Wayback Machine
4667:
4663:
4653:
4651:
4648:Hindustan Times
4642:
4641:
4634:
4624:
4622:
4614:
4613:
4606:
4596:
4594:
4582:
4578:
4568:
4566:
4554:
4550:
4536:
4534:
4530:
4519:
4515:
4514:
4510:
4499:
4497:
4475:
4471:
4461:
4459:
4450:
4449:
4445:
4435:
4433:
4432:on 7 March 2009
4422:
4418:
4408:
4406:
4395:
4391:
4380:
4378:
4374:
4363:
4359:
4358:
4354:
4344:
4342:
4338:
4327:
4321:
4317:
4307:
4305:
4300:
4299:
4292:
4282:
4280:
4279:. AutoblogGreen
4273:
4269:
4258:
4256:
4247:
4246:
4242:
4216:
4212:
4202:
4200:
4192:
4191:
4187:
4177:
4175:
4171:
4164:
4160:
4159:
4155:
4145:
4143:
4138:
4137:
4133:
4126:
4112:
4103:
4093:
4091:
4090:on 25 June 2009
4082:
4081:
4077:
4067:
4065:
4056:
4055:
4051:
4041:
4039:
4035:
4027:
4026:
4022:
4012:
4010:
4005:
4004:
4000:
3990:
3988:
3979:
3978:
3974:
3964:
3962:
3957:
3956:
3952:
3942:
3940:
3936:
3929:
3925:
3924:
3920:
3910:
3908:
3904:
3897:
3890:
3886:
3881:
3877:
3846:
3842:
3832:
3830:
3826:
3819:
3815:
3814:
3810:
3800:
3798:
3789:
3785:
3775:
3773:
3765:
3764:
3760:
3750:
3748:
3744:
3737:
3733:
3732:
3725:
3702:
3698:
3688:
3686:
3681:
3680:
3676:
3666:
3664:
3658:
3654:
3644:
3642:
3632:
3628:
3623:Wayback Machine
3615:
3611:
3601:
3599:
3598:on 18 July 2008
3595:
3588:
3584:
3583:
3579:
3569:
3567:
3563:
3556:
3552:
3551:
3547:
3537:
3535:
3526:
3525:
3521:
3513:Youngquist, W.
3512:
3508:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3489:
3488:
3484:
3474:
3472:
3468:
3463:
3462:
3458:
3448:
3446:
3442:
3438:
3437:
3433:
3423:
3421:
3406:
3402:
3388:
3386:
3382:
3375:
3368:
3364:
3353:
3351:
3342:
3341:
3337:
3327:
3325:
3320:
3319:
3315:
3305:
3303:
3302:. 12 April 2022
3292:
3291:
3287:
3275:
3271:
3270:
3266:
3256:
3254:
3249:
3248:
3244:
3236:
3232:
3218:
3216:
3212:
3201:
3195:
3182:
3172:
3170:
3166:
3155:
3151:
3150:
3146:
3141:
3136:
2994:
2989:
2987:
2980:
2973:
2966:
2959:
2956:
2946:
2924:
2922:
2908:
2891:
2822:
2779:
2719:
2707:energy security
2703:
2688:
2588:
2587:3100–4000 L/ha,
2563:
2562:2500–7000 L/ha,
2539:
2538:3700–6000 L/ha,
2514:
2513:3100–7600 L/ha,
2490:
2463:
2462:6800–8000 L/ha,
2440:Cold hardiness
2435:vs. petrol
2434:
2410:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2390:
2381:
2360:
2350:
2339:
2335:
2314:or electricity.
2277:The calculation
2276:
2274:
2240:
2184:
2146:
2140:
2085:Energy balance
2074:Energy balance
2070:
2065:
2041:
1970:
1968:
1941:
1939:
1912:
1910:
1881:
1879:
1852:
1850:
1821:
1819:
1790:
1788:
1759:
1757:
1728:
1726:
1699:
1690:
1688:
1686:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1647:
1639:
1631:
1628:
1622:
1609:
1605:
1551:
1511:
1431:gasoline type C
1423:
1417:
1329:
1301:
1288:
1274:
1261:
1237:
1222:
1177:
1127:
1095:
1089:
1027:
874:calcium carbide
823:
810:
804:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
738:
734:
730:
726:
722:
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
649:
544:
542:
534:
532:
528:
520:
518:
510:
508:
507:10 liters (2.23
504:
496:
494:
486:
484:
480:
472:
470:
462:
460:
456:
365:
149:
145:
143:
139:
137:
129:
109:
103:
100:
97:
88:
84:
73:
67:
64:
53:
50:may be too long
45:This article's
41:
37:
28:
27:Type of biofuel
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
8114:
8104:
8103:
8086:
8085:
8083:
8082:
8077:
8072:
8067:
8062:
8057:
8052:
8046:
8044:
8040:
8039:
8037:
8036:
8029:
8022:
8014:
8012:
8008:
8007:
8005:
8004:
7999:
7994:
7993:
7992:
7987:
7977:
7975:Plug-in hybrid
7972:
7967:
7965:Hybrid vehicle
7962:
7957:
7952:
7947:
7941:
7939:
7935:
7934:
7932:
7931:
7926:
7921:
7916:
7911:
7905:
7903:
7899:
7898:
7896:
7895:
7890:
7885:
7883:Hydrogen train
7880:
7875:
7870:
7865:
7859:
7857:
7851:
7850:
7848:
7847:
7842:
7837:
7832:
7827:
7822:
7817:
7812:
7807:
7802:
7797:
7792:
7786:
7784:
7775:
7774:
7772:
7771:
7770:
7769:
7764:
7759:
7749:
7744:
7743:
7742:
7732:
7727:
7722:
7717:
7712:
7707:
7702:
7697:
7696:
7695:
7685:
7680:
7678:Electric truck
7675:
7674:
7673:
7663:
7662:
7661:
7651:
7646:
7641:
7636:
7631:
7626:
7620:
7618:
7607:
7606:
7604:
7603:
7598:
7593:
7587:
7585:
7577:
7576:
7574:
7573:
7568:
7563:
7562:
7561:
7560:
7559:
7549:
7544:
7539:
7528:
7526:
7520:
7519:
7517:
7516:
7511:
7505:
7503:
7497:
7496:
7494:
7493:
7487:
7485:
7479:
7478:
7471:
7470:
7463:
7456:
7448:
7439:
7438:
7436:
7435:
7430:
7425:
7420:
7415:
7410:
7405:
7400:
7395:
7390:
7385:
7380:
7375:
7370:
7365:
7360:
7355:
7350:
7344:
7339:
7334:
7329:
7324:
7317:
7315:
7311:
7310:
7308:
7307:
7304:hybrid vehicle
7301:
7295:Transportation
7292:
7287:
7286:
7285:
7280:
7270:
7265:
7259:
7254:
7249:
7243:
7238:
7233:
7228:
7222:
7220:
7214:
7213:
7211:
7210:
7204:
7199:
7194:
7189:
7183:
7178:
7173:
7168:
7162:
7155:
7153:
7147:
7146:
7139:
7137:
7135:
7134:
7128:
7123:
7118:
7113:
7108:
7103:
7098:
7093:
7088:
7082:
7077:
7075:Sustainability
7072:
7067:
7062:
7057:
7055:Green building
7052:
7047:
7042:
7037:
7032:
7027:
7022:
7020:Eco-innovation
7017:
7012:
7007:
7002:
6997:
6991:
6989:
6985:
6984:
6977:
6976:
6969:
6962:
6954:
6945:
6944:
6942:
6941:
6930:
6927:
6926:
6924:
6923:
6918:
6913:
6908:
6903:
6898:
6893:
6888:
6883:
6877:
6875:
6871:
6870:
6868:
6867:
6862:
6857:
6856:
6855:
6850:
6840:
6835:
6830:
6825:
6820:
6815:
6809:
6807:
6803:
6802:
6800:
6799:
6794:
6789:
6784:
6777:
6766:
6759:
6754:
6752:Chinese tallow
6749:
6742:
6737:
6729:
6727:
6719:
6718:
6716:
6715:
6710:
6705:
6700:
6695:
6690:
6685:
6678:
6673:
6668:
6663:
6658:
6653:
6648:
6643:
6638:
6633:
6628:
6620:
6618:
6610:
6609:
6607:
6606:
6601:
6599:Water hyacinth
6596:
6591:
6590:
6589:
6579:
6574:
6573:
6572:
6567:
6557:
6556:
6555:
6545:
6540:
6535:
6530:
6525:
6520:
6515:
6510:
6505:
6500:
6494:
6492:
6486:
6485:
6478:
6477:
6470:
6463:
6455:
6449:
6448:
6437:
6436:External links
6434:
6431:
6430:
6405:
6383:
6361:
6338:
6319:
6293:
6267:
6245:
6223:
6201:
6179:
6147:
6130:
6098:
6073:
6043:
6021:
5990:
5964:
5938:
5916:
5886:
5860:
5835:
5810:
5785:
5760:
5735:
5710:
5698:on 7 July 2008
5672:
5642:
5631:on 28 May 2008
5606:
5596:
5587:
5578:
5546:
5527:
5514:
5492:
5470:
5440:
5389:
5358:
5330:
5293:
5254:
5231:
5205:
5194:on 16 May 2012
5174:
5149:
5123:
5097:
5086:. Berkeley.edu
5075:
5058:
5024:
5013:on 28 May 2008
4991:
4980:on 28 May 2008
4958:
4932:
4901:
4861:
4830:
4801:
4775:
4741:
4731:on 2 June 2013
4705:
4679:
4661:
4632:
4604:
4576:
4548:
4508:
4469:
4443:
4416:
4389:
4352:
4315:
4290:
4267:
4240:
4210:
4185:
4153:
4131:
4124:
4101:
4075:
4064:on 9 June 2007
4049:
4020:
3998:
3972:
3950:
3918:
3884:
3875:
3840:
3808:
3783:
3758:
3723:
3696:
3674:
3652:
3626:
3609:
3577:
3545:
3519:
3506:
3482:
3456:
3431:
3400:
3362:
3350:on 31 May 2013
3335:
3313:
3285:
3264:
3242:
3230:
3215:on 14 May 2012
3180:
3143:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3117:P-series fuels
3114:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3062:Ethanol effect
3059:
3054:
3052:Dimethyl ether
3049:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3007:
3001:
3000:
2999:
2996:Ecology portal
2985:
2971:
2955:
2952:
2951:
2950:
2944:
2931:
2912:
2906:
2890:
2887:
2883:carbon dioxide
2877:, wood chips,
2821:
2818:
2778:
2775:
2730:IndyCar Series
2718:
2715:
2702:
2699:
2696:
2695:
2679:
2678:
2675:
2672:
2669:
2666:
2660:
2654:
2653:
2650:
2647:
2644:
2641:
2635:
2629:
2628:
2625:
2622:
2619:
2616:
2610:
2604:
2603:
2599:
2596:
2593:
2590:
2585:
2579:
2578:
2574:
2571:
2568:
2565:
2560:
2554:
2553:
2550:
2547:
2544:
2541:
2536:
2530:
2529:
2525:
2522:
2519:
2516:
2511:
2505:
2504:
2501:
2498:
2495:
2492:
2487:
2479:
2478:
2474:
2471:
2468:
2465:
2460:
2454:
2453:
2450:
2444:
2438:
2431:
2428:
2409:
2406:
2389:
2386:
2380:
2377:
2349:
2346:
2337:
2333:
2316:
2315:
2308:
2305:
2302:
2299:
2292:
2291:
2288:
2285:
2239:
2238:Carbon dioxide
2236:
2183:
2180:
2176:greenhouse gas
2172:Carbon dioxide
2151:energy balance
2142:Main article:
2131:
2130:
2127:
2124:
2120:
2119:
2116:
2113:
2109:
2108:
2105:
2102:
2098:
2097:
2094:
2091:
2087:
2086:
2083:
2080:
2071:
2069:
2068:Energy balance
2066:
2064:
2061:
2040:
2037:
2034:
2033:
2030:
2027:
2024:
2021:
2018:
2015:
2012:
2011:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1993:
1992:
1989:
1986:
1983:
1980:
1977:
1966:
1962:
1961:
1958:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1948:
1937:
1933:
1932:
1929:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1919:
1908:
1904:
1903:
1900:
1897:
1894:
1891:
1888:
1877:
1873:
1872:
1869:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1859:
1848:
1844:
1843:
1840:
1837:
1834:
1831:
1828:
1817:
1813:
1812:
1809:
1806:
1803:
1800:
1797:
1786:
1782:
1781:
1778:
1775:
1772:
1769:
1766:
1755:
1751:
1750:
1747:
1744:
1741:
1738:
1735:
1724:
1720:
1719:
1716:
1713:
1710:
1707:
1704:
1703:Country/region
1701:
1695:
1694:
1662:10 liters; 4.7
1624:Main article:
1621:
1618:
1580:In June 2016,
1578:
1577:
1562:
1561:
1549:
1541:
1540:
1516:
1515:
1510:
1507:
1416:
1413:
1349:vapor pressure
1345:ethanol blends
1328:
1325:
1300:
1297:
1273:
1270:
1260:
1257:
1236:
1233:
1220:
1176:
1173:
1126:
1123:
1091:Main article:
1088:
1085:
1026:
1023:
932:sweet potatoes
806:Main article:
803:
800:
796:
795:
791:
787:
783:
779:
775:
741:
740:
736:
732:
728:
724:
720:
705:
704:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
673:carbon dioxide
648:
645:
459:10 liters (4.5
417:, mainly as a
367:
366:
364:
363:
356:
349:
341:
338:
337:
336:
335:
330:
322:
321:
320:
319:
311:
310:
309:
308:
303:
298:
297:
296:
286:
281:
276:
271:
266:
261:
256:
251:
250:
249:
244:
239:
229:
228:
227:
217:
212:
207:
202:
197:
192:
187:
182:
174:
173:
165:
164:
158:
157:
144:
138:
128:
111:
110:
91:
89:
82:
75:
74:
44:
42:
35:
26:
18:Ethanol (fuel)
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8113:
8102:
8099:
8098:
8096:
8081:
8078:
8076:
8073:
8071:
8070:Windmill ship
8068:
8066:
8063:
8061:
8058:
8056:
8053:
8051:
8048:
8047:
8045:
8041:
8035:
8034:
8030:
8028:
8027:
8023:
8021:
8020:
8016:
8015:
8013:
8011:Documentaries
8009:
8003:
8002:Electric boat
8000:
7998:
7995:
7991:
7988:
7986:
7983:
7982:
7981:
7980:Solar vehicle
7978:
7976:
7973:
7971:
7968:
7966:
7963:
7961:
7958:
7956:
7953:
7951:
7948:
7946:
7943:
7942:
7940:
7938:Multiple-fuel
7936:
7930:
7927:
7925:
7922:
7920:
7917:
7915:
7912:
7910:
7907:
7906:
7904:
7900:
7894:
7891:
7889:
7886:
7884:
7881:
7879:
7876:
7874:
7871:
7869:
7866:
7864:
7861:
7860:
7858:
7856:
7852:
7846:
7843:
7841:
7840:Methanol fuel
7838:
7836:
7833:
7831:
7828:
7826:
7823:
7821:
7818:
7816:
7813:
7811:
7808:
7806:
7803:
7801:
7798:
7796:
7793:
7791:
7788:
7787:
7785:
7783:
7780:
7776:
7768:
7765:
7763:
7760:
7758:
7755:
7754:
7753:
7752:Solar vehicle
7750:
7748:
7745:
7741:
7738:
7737:
7736:
7733:
7731:
7728:
7726:
7723:
7721:
7718:
7716:
7713:
7711:
7708:
7706:
7703:
7701:
7698:
7694:
7691:
7690:
7689:
7686:
7684:
7681:
7679:
7676:
7672:
7669:
7668:
7667:
7664:
7660:
7657:
7656:
7655:
7652:
7650:
7649:Electric boat
7647:
7645:
7642:
7640:
7637:
7635:
7632:
7630:
7627:
7625:
7622:
7621:
7619:
7617:
7612:
7608:
7602:
7601:Tesla turbine
7599:
7597:
7594:
7592:
7589:
7588:
7586:
7584:
7578:
7572:
7571:Electric boat
7569:
7567:
7564:
7558:
7555:
7554:
7553:
7550:
7548:
7545:
7543:
7540:
7538:
7535:
7534:
7533:
7532:Solar vehicle
7530:
7529:
7527:
7525:
7521:
7515:
7512:
7510:
7507:
7506:
7504:
7502:
7498:
7492:
7489:
7488:
7486:
7484:
7480:
7476:
7469:
7464:
7462:
7457:
7455:
7450:
7449:
7446:
7434:
7431:
7429:
7426:
7424:
7421:
7419:
7416:
7414:
7411:
7409:
7406:
7404:
7401:
7399:
7396:
7394:
7391:
7389:
7386:
7384:
7381:
7379:
7376:
7374:
7371:
7369:
7366:
7364:
7361:
7359:
7356:
7354:
7351:
7348:
7347:New Classical
7345:
7343:
7340:
7338:
7335:
7333:
7330:
7328:
7325:
7323:
7319:
7318:
7316:
7312:
7305:
7302:
7300:
7296:
7293:
7291:
7288:
7284:
7281:
7279:
7276:
7275:
7274:
7271:
7269:
7266:
7263:
7260:
7258:
7255:
7253:
7250:
7248:
7244:
7242:
7239:
7237:
7234:
7232:
7229:
7227:
7224:
7223:
7221:
7219:
7215:
7208:
7205:
7203:
7200:
7198:
7195:
7193:
7190:
7188:
7184:
7182:
7179:
7177:
7174:
7172:
7169:
7166:
7163:
7161:
7157:
7156:
7154:
7152:
7148:
7143:
7132:
7129:
7127:
7124:
7122:
7121:refurbishment
7119:
7117:
7114:
7112:
7109:
7107:
7104:
7102:
7099:
7097:
7094:
7092:
7089:
7087:
7084:Sustainable (
7083:
7081:
7078:
7076:
7073:
7071:
7068:
7066:
7063:
7061:
7060:Green vehicle
7058:
7056:
7053:
7051:
7048:
7046:
7043:
7041:
7038:
7036:
7033:
7031:
7028:
7026:
7025:Ecotechnology
7023:
7021:
7018:
7016:
7013:
7011:
7008:
7006:
7003:
7001:
6998:
6996:
6993:
6992:
6990:
6986:
6982:
6975:
6970:
6968:
6963:
6961:
6956:
6955:
6952:
6940:
6932:
6931:
6928:
6922:
6919:
6917:
6914:
6912:
6911:Food vs. fuel
6909:
6907:
6904:
6902:
6899:
6897:
6894:
6892:
6889:
6887:
6884:
6882:
6879:
6878:
6876:
6872:
6866:
6863:
6861:
6858:
6854:
6851:
6849:
6846:
6845:
6844:
6841:
6839:
6836:
6834:
6831:
6829:
6826:
6824:
6821:
6819:
6816:
6814:
6811:
6810:
6808:
6804:
6798:
6795:
6793:
6790:
6788:
6785:
6783:
6782:
6778:
6776:
6775:
6771:
6767:
6765:
6764:
6760:
6758:
6755:
6753:
6750:
6748:
6747:
6743:
6741:
6738:
6736:
6735:
6731:
6730:
6728:
6726:
6720:
6714:
6711:
6709:
6706:
6704:
6701:
6699:
6696:
6694:
6691:
6689:
6686:
6684:
6683:
6679:
6677:
6674:
6672:
6669:
6667:
6664:
6662:
6659:
6657:
6654:
6652:
6649:
6647:
6644:
6642:
6639:
6637:
6634:
6632:
6629:
6627:
6626:
6622:
6621:
6619:
6617:
6611:
6605:
6602:
6600:
6597:
6595:
6592:
6588:
6585:
6584:
6583:
6580:
6578:
6575:
6571:
6568:
6566:
6563:
6562:
6561:
6558:
6554:
6553:vegetable oil
6551:
6550:
6549:
6546:
6544:
6541:
6539:
6536:
6534:
6531:
6529:
6526:
6524:
6521:
6519:
6516:
6514:
6511:
6509:
6506:
6504:
6501:
6499:
6496:
6495:
6493:
6491:
6487:
6483:
6476:
6471:
6469:
6464:
6462:
6457:
6456:
6453:
6447:
6443:
6440:
6439:
6419:
6415:
6409:
6393:
6387:
6371:
6365:
6349:
6342:
6335:
6331:
6328:
6323:
6307:
6303:
6297:
6282:
6278:
6271:
6255:
6249:
6233:
6227:
6211:
6205:
6190:. Eia.doe.gov
6189:
6183:
6164:
6157:
6151:
6143:
6142:
6134:
6115:
6108:
6102:
6087:
6083:
6077:
6061:
6057:
6053:
6047:
6031:
6025:
6009:
6005:
5999:
5997:
5995:
5978:
5974:
5968:
5952:
5948:
5942:
5927:
5920:
5904:
5900:
5896:
5890:
5871:
5864:
5849:
5845:
5839:
5824:
5820:
5814:
5799:
5795:
5789:
5774:
5770:
5764:
5749:
5745:
5739:
5724:
5723:Garden Guides
5720:
5714:
5697:
5693:
5691:
5686:
5679:
5677:
5661:on 6 May 2008
5660:
5656:
5649:
5647:
5627:
5620:
5613:
5611:
5600:
5591:
5582:
5563:
5556:
5550:
5542:
5538:
5531:
5524:
5518:
5502:
5496:
5480:
5474:
5458:
5454:
5447:
5445:
5436:
5432:
5428:
5424:
5420:
5416:
5412:
5408:
5404:
5400:
5393:
5378:
5377:
5372:
5365:
5363:
5351:
5347:
5340:
5334:
5315:
5308:
5302:
5300:
5298:
5289:
5285:
5281:
5277:
5273:
5269:
5265:
5258:
5242:
5235:
5219:
5215:
5209:
5193:
5189:
5185:
5178:
5160:
5153:
5134:
5127:
5111:
5107:
5101:
5085:
5079:
5073:
5069:
5066:
5062:
5046:
5042:
5035:
5033:
5031:
5029:
5009:
5002:
4995:
4976:
4969:
4962:
4946:
4942:
4936:
4920:
4916:
4912:
4905:
4886:
4882:
4878:
4871:
4865:
4849:
4845:
4841:
4838:F.O. Lichts.
4834:
4819:
4815:
4808:
4806:
4786:
4779:
4764:
4760:
4756:
4752:
4745:
4727:
4723:
4716:
4709:
4694:on 4 May 2009
4693:
4689:
4683:
4677:
4673:
4669:
4665:
4650:. 6 June 2021
4649:
4645:
4639:
4637:
4621:
4617:
4611:
4609:
4593:
4592:
4587:
4580:
4565:
4564:
4559:
4552:
4545:
4529:
4525:
4518:
4512:
4495:
4490:
4486:
4482:
4481:
4473:
4457:
4453:
4447:
4431:
4427:
4420:
4404:
4400:
4393:
4373:
4369:
4362:
4356:
4337:
4333:
4326:
4319:
4303:
4297:
4295:
4278:
4271:
4254:
4250:
4244:
4236:
4232:
4228:
4224:
4220:
4214:
4199:
4195:
4189:
4170:
4163:
4157:
4141:
4140:"EPA Mileage"
4135:
4127:
4121:
4117:
4110:
4108:
4106:
4089:
4085:
4079:
4063:
4059:
4053:
4034:
4030:
4024:
4008:
4002:
3987:on 9 May 2008
3986:
3982:
3976:
3960:
3954:
3935:
3928:
3922:
3903:
3896:
3888:
3879:
3871:
3867:
3863:
3859:
3855:
3851:
3844:
3825:
3818:
3812:
3796:
3795:
3787:
3772:
3768:
3762:
3743:
3736:
3730:
3728:
3719:
3715:
3711:
3707:
3700:
3684:
3678:
3663:
3656:
3641:
3637:
3630:
3624:
3620:
3617:
3613:
3594:
3587:
3581:
3562:
3555:
3549:
3533:
3529:
3523:
3516:
3510:
3492:
3486:
3466:
3460:
3441:
3435:
3419:
3415:
3411:
3404:
3397:
3381:
3373:
3366:
3349:
3345:
3339:
3323:
3317:
3301:
3300:
3295:
3289:
3281:
3274:
3268:
3252:
3246:
3240:
3234:
3227:
3211:
3207:
3200:
3193:
3191:
3189:
3187:
3185:
3165:
3161:
3154:
3148:
3144:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3112:Methanol fuel
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3087:Hydrogen fuel
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3077:Food vs. fuel
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3002:
2997:
2986:
2983:
2977:
2972:
2969:
2968:Energy portal
2963:
2958:
2947:
2941:
2937:
2932:
2920:
2919:
2913:
2909:
2903:
2899:
2893:
2892:
2886:
2884:
2880:
2876:
2873:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2857:
2853:
2849:
2846:
2842:
2835:
2831:
2830:Turner County
2826:
2817:
2815:
2811:
2807:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2765:
2760:
2758:
2754:
2752:
2747:
2745:
2740:
2738:
2733:
2731:
2727:
2723:
2714:
2710:
2708:
2692:
2689:– Savings of
2686:
2680:
2676:
2673:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2664:277 gal/acre
2661:
2659:
2656:
2655:
2651:
2648:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2639:410 gal/acre
2636:
2634:
2631:
2630:
2626:
2623:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2605:
2600:
2597:
2594:
2591:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2580:
2575:
2572:
2569:
2566:
2561:
2559:
2558:Sweet sorghum
2556:
2555:
2551:
2548:
2545:
2542:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2531:
2526:
2523:
2520:
2517:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2506:
2502:
2499:
2496:
2493:
2491:780 gal/acre
2488:
2486:
2485:
2481:
2480:
2475:
2472:
2469:
2466:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2455:
2451:
2449:
2445:
2443:
2439:
2432:
2429:
2426:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2416:
2405:
2385:
2376:
2374:
2370:
2364:
2359:
2355:
2345:
2341:
2331:
2330:
2323:
2321:
2313:
2309:
2306:
2303:
2300:
2297:
2296:
2295:
2289:
2286:
2283:
2282:
2281:
2273:
2265:
2261:
2256:
2249:
2244:
2235:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2224:chromatograph
2220:
2218:
2212:
2210:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2196:Clean Air Act
2193:
2189:
2182:Air pollution
2179:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2166:
2162:
2161:
2156:
2152:
2145:
2139:
2136:
2128:
2125:
2123:United States
2122:
2121:
2117:
2114:
2111:
2110:
2106:
2103:
2100:
2099:
2095:
2092:
2090:United States
2089:
2088:
2084:
2081:
2078:
2077:
2060:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2031:
2028:
2025:
2022:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2001:
1995:
1994:
1990:
1987:
1984:
1981:
1978:
1964:
1963:
1959:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1949:
1935:
1934:
1930:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1920:
1906:
1905:
1901:
1898:
1895:
1892:
1889:
1875:
1874:
1870:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1860:
1846:
1845:
1841:
1838:
1835:
1832:
1829:
1815:
1814:
1810:
1807:
1804:
1801:
1798:
1784:
1783:
1779:
1776:
1773:
1770:
1767:
1753:
1752:
1748:
1745:
1742:
1739:
1736:
1734:United States
1722:
1721:
1717:
1714:
1711:
1708:
1705:
1702:
1697:
1696:
1683:
1680:
1653:
1645:
1637:
1627:
1617:
1613:
1610:US$ 2 million
1606:US$ 1 million
1603:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1575:
1574:
1573:
1571:
1567:
1560:
1556:
1555:
1554:
1546:
1538:
1537:
1536:
1534:
1533:Reading Buses
1530:
1526:
1522:
1513:
1512:
1506:
1504:
1503:Narendra Modi
1500:
1494:
1492:
1491:stochiometric
1488:
1484:
1483:pickup trucks
1480:
1476:
1472:
1466:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1439:
1432:
1427:
1422:
1415:Fuel mixtures
1412:
1410:
1407:launched the
1406:
1402:
1398:
1393:
1389:
1384:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1338:
1333:
1324:
1322:
1318:
1312:
1310:
1309:octane rating
1306:
1292:
1287:
1283:
1278:
1269:
1266:
1256:
1252:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1232:
1228:
1226:
1218:
1214:
1208:
1206:
1200:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1172:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1151:
1147:
1142:
1136:
1131:
1122:
1120:
1116:
1111:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1094:
1084:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1045:
1043:
1036:
1031:
1022:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1005:
1001:
995:
992:
988:
983:
981:
980:well-to-wheel
977:
973:
969:
965:
961:
957:
953:
949:
945:
941:
937:
933:
929:
925:
921:
917:
913:
909:
905:
901:
897:
893:
889:
885:
881:
879:
875:
871:
867:
863:
859:
858:sulfuric acid
852:
848:
841:
838:
818:
814:
809:
799:
773:
772:
771:
769:
765:
761:
756:
754:
749:
745:
718:
717:
716:
714:
709:
678:
677:
676:
674:
670:
666:
658:
653:
644:
642:
638:
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
605:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
582:
580:
576:
572:
568:
567:United States
564:
559:
557:
552:
550:
540:
526:
516:
502:
492:
483:10 liters (14
478:
468:
454:
450:
446:
441:
439:
435:
431:
426:
424:
421:additive for
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
403:ethyl alcohol
400:
396:
389:
385:
382:
378:
373:
362:
357:
355:
350:
348:
343:
342:
340:
339:
334:
331:
329:
326:
325:
324:
323:
318:
315:
314:
313:
312:
307:
304:
302:
299:
295:
292:
291:
290:
287:
285:
282:
280:
277:
275:
272:
270:
269:Osmotic power
267:
265:
264:Ocean thermal
262:
260:
259:Marine energy
257:
255:
252:
248:
245:
243:
240:
238:
235:
234:
233:
230:
226:
223:
222:
221:
218:
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208:
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198:
196:
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188:
186:
183:
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178:
177:
176:
175:
171:
167:
166:
163:
160:
159:
155:
154:
135:
125:
117:
107:
95:
90:
81:
80:
71:
61:
57:
51:
49:
43:
34:
33:
30:
19:
8101:Ethanol fuel
8031:
8024:
8017:
7960:Hybrid train
7825:Ethanol fuel
7824:
7805:Butanol fuel
7790:Alcohol fuel
7725:Hybrid train
7666:Electric car
7654:Electric bus
7423:Permaculture
7342:New Urbanism
7314:Conservation
7106:food systems
7091:architecture
6779:
6773:
6769:
6761:
6744:
6740:Big bluestem
6732:
6725:energy crops
6680:
6623:
6559:
6421:. Retrieved
6417:
6408:
6396:. Retrieved
6386:
6374:. Retrieved
6364:
6352:. Retrieved
6341:
6322:
6310:. Retrieved
6305:
6296:
6284:. Retrieved
6280:
6275:Fox Sports.
6270:
6258:. Retrieved
6248:
6236:. Retrieved
6226:
6214:. Retrieved
6204:
6192:. Retrieved
6182:
6170:. Retrieved
6163:the original
6150:
6140:
6133:
6121:. Retrieved
6114:the original
6101:
6089:. Retrieved
6085:
6076:
6064:. Retrieved
6060:the original
6055:
6046:
6034:. Retrieved
6024:
6012:. Retrieved
6007:
5981:. Retrieved
5976:
5967:
5955:. Retrieved
5951:the original
5941:
5929:. Retrieved
5919:
5907:. Retrieved
5903:the original
5898:
5889:
5877:. Retrieved
5863:
5851:. Retrieved
5847:
5838:
5826:. Retrieved
5822:
5813:
5801:. Retrieved
5797:
5788:
5776:. Retrieved
5773:Gardenia.net
5772:
5763:
5751:. Retrieved
5747:
5738:
5726:. Retrieved
5722:
5713:
5700:. Retrieved
5696:the original
5688:
5663:. Retrieved
5659:the original
5633:. Retrieved
5626:the original
5599:
5590:
5581:
5569:. Retrieved
5562:the original
5549:
5541:the original
5530:
5522:
5517:
5505:. Retrieved
5495:
5483:. Retrieved
5473:
5461:. Retrieved
5457:the original
5402:
5398:
5392:
5380:. Retrieved
5374:
5350:the original
5345:
5333:
5321:. Retrieved
5314:the original
5271:
5267:
5257:
5245:. Retrieved
5234:
5222:. Retrieved
5218:the original
5208:
5196:. Retrieved
5192:the original
5187:
5177:
5165:. Retrieved
5152:
5140:. Retrieved
5126:
5114:. Retrieved
5110:the original
5100:
5088:. Retrieved
5078:
5061:
5049:. Retrieved
5045:the original
5015:. Retrieved
5008:the original
4994:
4982:. Retrieved
4975:the original
4961:
4949:. Retrieved
4945:the original
4935:
4923:. Retrieved
4919:the original
4909:F.O. Licht.
4904:
4892:. Retrieved
4885:the original
4864:
4852:. Retrieved
4848:the original
4833:
4821:. Retrieved
4817:
4792:. Retrieved
4778:
4766:. Retrieved
4754:
4744:
4733:, retrieved
4726:the original
4721:
4708:
4696:. Retrieved
4692:the original
4682:
4664:
4652:. Retrieved
4647:
4623:. Retrieved
4619:
4595:. Retrieved
4589:
4579:
4567:. Retrieved
4561:
4551:
4543:
4535:. Retrieved
4528:the original
4511:
4498:. Retrieved
4479:
4472:
4460:. Retrieved
4456:the original
4446:
4434:. Retrieved
4430:the original
4419:
4409:23 September
4407:. Retrieved
4403:the original
4392:
4381:23 September
4379:. Retrieved
4372:the original
4367:
4355:
4345:23 September
4343:. Retrieved
4336:the original
4332:ec.europa.eu
4331:
4318:
4308:23 September
4306:. Retrieved
4281:. Retrieved
4270:
4259:27 September
4257:. Retrieved
4253:the original
4243:
4226:
4222:
4213:
4201:. Retrieved
4197:
4188:
4176:. Retrieved
4169:the original
4156:
4144:. Retrieved
4134:
4115:
4092:. Retrieved
4088:the original
4078:
4066:. Retrieved
4062:the original
4052:
4040:. Retrieved
4033:the original
4023:
4011:. Retrieved
4001:
3989:. Retrieved
3985:the original
3975:
3963:. Retrieved
3953:
3941:. Retrieved
3934:the original
3921:
3909:. Retrieved
3902:the original
3887:
3878:
3853:
3849:
3843:
3831:. Retrieved
3824:the original
3811:
3799:. Retrieved
3793:
3786:
3774:. Retrieved
3770:
3761:
3749:. Retrieved
3742:the original
3709:
3705:
3699:
3687:. Retrieved
3677:
3665:. Retrieved
3655:
3643:. Retrieved
3639:
3629:
3612:
3600:. Retrieved
3593:the original
3580:
3568:. Retrieved
3561:the original
3548:
3536:. Retrieved
3532:the original
3522:
3515:Geodestinies
3514:
3509:
3497:. Retrieved
3485:
3473:. Retrieved
3459:
3447:. Retrieved
3434:
3422:. Retrieved
3418:the original
3403:
3395:
3387:. Retrieved
3380:the original
3365:
3352:. Retrieved
3348:the original
3338:
3326:. Retrieved
3316:
3304:. Retrieved
3297:
3288:
3279:
3267:
3255:. Retrieved
3253:. energy.gov
3245:
3233:
3225:
3217:. Retrieved
3210:the original
3171:. Retrieved
3164:the original
3147:
3097:Liquid fuels
3041:Corn ethanol
3005:Alcohol fuel
2935:
2923:. Retrieved
2917:
2896:
2889:Bibliography
2838:
2834:South Dakota
2782:Project Gaia
2780:
2761:
2755:
2749:Australia's
2748:
2741:
2734:
2720:
2711:
2704:
2684:
2663:
2638:
2613:
2482:
2447:
2441:
2411:
2391:
2382:
2365:
2361:
2342:
2327:
2324:
2317:
2293:
2275:
2264:fossil fuels
2232:Acetaldehyde
2228:Formaldehyde
2221:
2213:
2185:
2170:
2165:corn ethanol
2158:
2150:
2147:
2137:
2134:
2093:Corn ethanol
2042:
1687:(2007–2011)
1636:U.S. gallons
1629:
1614:
1598:Toyota Mirai
1579:
1570:fuel economy
1563:
1542:
1517:
1514:ED95 engines
1495:
1471:light trucks
1467:
1444:
1385:
1342:
1313:
1305:fuel economy
1302:
1299:Fuel economy
1262:
1253:
1238:
1229:
1209:
1201:
1178:
1161:distillation
1154:
1125:Distillation
1112:
1096:
1087:Fermentation
1077:cellulolysis
1057:distillation
1053:fermentation
1046:
1039:
1007:fermentation
996:
984:
982:assessment.
882:
855:
797:
757:
742:
710:
706:
662:
657:single bonds
606:
583:
560:
553:
548:
538:
524:
514:
500:
490:
476:
466:
442:
427:
409:as found in
395:Ethanol fuel
394:
393:
274:Solar energy
101:
93:
65:
48:lead section
46:
29:
7810:Biogasoline
7524:Solar power
7501:Human power
7358:Ecoforestry
7116:procurement
7101:development
7086:agriculture
6896:Energy crop
6843:Pellet fuel
6828:Biorefinery
6792:Switchgrass
6636:Coconut oil
6614:Energy from
6548:Cooking oil
6533:Biogasoline
6508:Babassu oil
6423:11 November
6234:. Motor.com
4894:12 February
4879:, cited in
4735:23 November
4198:racq.com.au
3424:10 February
3057:Energy crop
2925:16 February
2879:switchgrass
2864:corn stover
2768:lightweight
2764:rocket fuel
2751:V8 Supercar
2662:2591 L/ha,
2637:3835 L/ha,
2509:Switchgrass
2442:zone limit
2419:switchgrass
2312:cattle feed
2209:fertilizers
2063:Environment
2017:World Total
1525:denaturants
1409:Polo E-Flex
1390:, which is
1337:Honda Civic
1289: [
1245:miscibility
1241:hygroscopic
1239:Ethanol is
1193:cyclohexane
1175:Dehydration
1061:dehydration
1055:of sugars,
912:switchgrass
884:Bio-ethanol
851:Switchgrass
808:Energy crop
768:double bond
598:motorcycles
401:containing
289:Tidal power
279:Solar power
247:Small hydro
237:Micro hydro
7327:insulation
7320:Building (
7283:transition
7126:technology
7111:industries
6806:Technology
6787:Salicornia
6770:Miscanthus
6693:Sugar beet
6565:cellulosic
6538:Bioliquids
6518:Biobutanol
6312:20 January
6286:20 January
6281:FOX Sports
6260:20 January
6238:20 January
5957:14 January
5931:14 January
5909:14 January
5879:14 January
5571:20 January
5507:14 January
5485:14 January
5463:14 January
5382:20 January
5307:"Part One"
5247:14 January
5224:14 January
5090:20 January
5051:20 January
5041:"Biofuels"
4877:F.O. Licht
4794:5 December
4698:20 January
4597:14 October
4569:14 October
4229:(3): 323.
4084:"EPA Info"
4042:9 February
4013:20 January
3965:4 November
3943:20 January
3911:14 January
3751:20 January
3712:(4): 343.
3689:14 January
3645:18 October
3570:20 January
3475:21 January
3449:5 February
3389:21 January
3360:pp. 62–63.
3354:22 January
3257:12 October
3173:24 October
3139:References
3010:Biobutanol
2868:rice hulls
2858:genes and
2814:Madagascar
2790:non-profit
2784:is a U.S.
2722:Leon Duray
2717:Motorsport
2608:Sugar beet
2489:7300 L/ha,
2484:Miscanthus
2458:Sugar cane
2352:See also:
2270:See also:
2200:oxygenates
2032:13,101.70
1612:to build.
1557:Increased
1463:model year
1217:adsorption
1181:azeotropic
1146:Piracicaba
1073:hydrolysis
1065:denaturing
1025:Production
904:sugar beet
900:miscanthus
892:sugar cane
817:Sugar cane
613:feedstocks
415:motor fuel
306:Wind power
301:Wave power
242:Pico hydro
232:Hydropower
104:April 2023
68:April 2023
7990:Solar bus
7985:Solar car
7970:Multifuel
7795:Biodiesel
7767:Solar bus
7762:Solar car
7552:Solar car
7547:Solar bus
7483:Fuel cell
7428:Recycling
7151:Pollution
7131:transport
6881:Agflation
6774:giganteus
6703:Sunflower
6698:Sugarcane
6616:foodstock
6523:Biodiesel
6482:Bioenergy
6306:Space.com
6216:27 August
6194:27 August
6172:27 August
6123:27 August
6091:6 October
6066:6 October
6014:6 October
5983:6 October
5853:6 October
5828:6 October
5803:6 October
5778:6 October
5753:6 October
5728:6 October
5435:206510225
5346:eubia.org
5323:27 August
5157:M. Wang.
5116:27 August
4768:27 August
4591:USA Today
4500:5 October
4283:24 August
4178:27 August
4146:27 August
4094:27 August
3870:0887-0624
3767:"Ethanol"
3602:27 August
3538:27 August
3499:27 August
3328:5 October
3021:Biodiesel
2872:sugarcane
2854:with cow
2845:bacterium
2543:51%–100%
2452:Comments
2415:cellulose
2192:aldehydes
2104:Biodiesel
2053:sugarcane
2029:17,335.20
2026:19,534.99
2023:22,946.87
2020:22,356.09
1976:Australia
1780:5,019.20
1749:6,485.00
1743:10,938.00
1740:13,231.00
1737:13,900.00
1399:(59
1375:(10
1363:(52
1265:biodiesel
1249:pipelines
1169:anhydrous
1165:azeotrope
1011:pyrolysis
940:sunflower
910:, grain,
888:feedstock
870:acetylene
764:hydration
748:cellulose
647:Chemistry
625:sugarcane
453:sugarcane
384:flexifuel
58:and help
8095:Category
8060:Vactrain
8043:See also
7855:Hydrogen
7845:Wood gas
7757:aircraft
6939:Category
6874:Concepts
6757:Duckweed
6746:Camelina
6723:Non-food
6671:Rapeseed
6661:Palm oil
6604:Wood gas
6577:Methanol
6570:mixtures
6490:Biofuels
6418:ornl.gov
6376:23 April
6330:Archived
6277:"NASCAR"
6086:pfaf.org
6036:5 August
5848:pfaf.org
5702:6 August
5692:Magazine
5427:18258862
5068:Archived
4925:17 April
4854:30 April
4672:Archived
4537:30 April
4462:12 March
4436:12 March
4203:23 March
4068:29 April
3667:5 August
3640:cnet.com
3619:Archived
3219:18 March
2954:See also
2898:ethanol)
2820:Research
2798:Ethiopia
2668:No data
2643:No data
2618:No data
2592:10%–20%
2567:No data
2518:37%–73%
2494:37%–73%
2467:87%–96%
2079:Country
1947:Colombia
1858:Thailand
1805:1,039.52
1802:1,176.88
1799:1,199.31
1777:6,472.20
1774:6,577.89
1771:6,921.54
1768:5,573.24
1746:9,235.00
1590:hydrogen
1475:minivans
974:, other
948:molasses
928:potatoes
866:ethylene
862:catalyst
760:ethylene
739:O + heat
727:OH + 3 O
699:OH+ 2 CO
619:such as
445:Fiat 147
438:gasoline
428:Several
423:gasoline
377:Saab 9-3
136:) (left)
7929:Propane
7909:Autogas
7779:Biofuel
7644:Pedelec
7514:Pedelec
7332:natural
7252:biofuel
7185:Water (
7160:control
6988:General
6688:Soybean
6682:Sorghum
6631:Cassava
6560:Ethanol
6543:Biomass
6513:Bagasse
6498:Alcohol
6398:26 June
6354:15 June
5407:Bibcode
5399:Science
5276:Bibcode
4823:16 June
4654:13 June
4625:13 June
3833:10 July
3801:10 July
3776:10 July
3026:Biomass
2875:bagasse
2860:enzymes
2802:Nigeria
2633:Cassava
2101:Germany
2057:bagasse
2049:ethanol
1902:211.30
1842:486.00
1811:570.30
1543:A 2004
1392:hydrous
1272:Engines
1189:benzene
1015:bio-oil
1000:enzymes
987:Algenol
976:biomass
936:cassava
908:sorghum
896:bagasse
872:, from
860:as the
842:harvest
840:biomass
819:harvest
802:Sources
766:of the
669:glucose
663:During
633:cassava
419:biofuel
407:alcohol
190:Biomass
180:Biofuel
134:bushels
94:updated
8050:Maglev
7902:Others
7800:Biogas
7583:engine
7245:Fuel (
7096:design
6734:Arundo
6666:Potato
6582:Stover
6528:Biogas
6446:Curlie
5525:, 1961
5433:
5425:
5198:7 July
5167:7 July
5142:7 July
4122:
3868:
3398:pp. 4.
3306:2 July
2942:
2904:
2848:E.coli
2812:, and
2806:Brazil
2744:NASCAR
2685:Nature
2534:Poplar
2402:
2398:
2394:
2194:. The
2112:Brazil
2006:247.27
1991:26.40
1974:
1960:74.90
1945:
1931:52.80
1916:
1899:237.70
1896:290.59
1893:356.63
1890:462.30
1887:Canada
1885:
1871:79.20
1865:435.20
1856:
1839:501.90
1836:541.55
1833:541.55
1830:554.76
1825:
1808:733.60
1794:
1765:Brazil
1763:
1732:
1698:World
1646:; 1.16
1644:liters
1600:, and
1582:Nissan
1521:Scania
1497:June (
1263:While
1150:Brazil
1107:starch
1103:sugars
1019:syngas
972:cotton
956:stover
916:barley
744:Starch
731:→ 2 CO
713:oxygen
703:+ heat
629:potato
565:, the
563:Brazil
185:Biogas
146:
140:
130:
7616:motor
7542:boats
7322:green
6853:stove
6708:Wheat
6651:Maize
6641:Grape
6594:Straw
6503:Algae
6166:(PDF)
6159:(PDF)
6117:(PDF)
6110:(PDF)
6008:Grist
5873:(PDF)
5690:Época
5665:3 May
5635:3 May
5629:(PDF)
5622:(PDF)
5565:(PDF)
5558:(PDF)
5431:S2CID
5353:(PDF)
5342:(PDF)
5317:(PDF)
5310:(PDF)
5162:(PDF)
5136:(PDF)
5017:3 May
5011:(PDF)
5004:(PDF)
4984:9 May
4978:(PDF)
4971:(PDF)
4951:2 May
4888:(PDF)
4873:(PDF)
4788:(PDF)
4729:(PDF)
4718:(PDF)
4531:(PDF)
4520:(PDF)
4375:(PDF)
4364:(PDF)
4339:(PDF)
4328:(PDF)
4172:(PDF)
4165:(PDF)
4036:(PDF)
3991:8 May
3937:(PDF)
3930:(PDF)
3905:(PDF)
3898:(PDF)
3827:(PDF)
3820:(PDF)
3745:(PDF)
3738:(PDF)
3596:(PDF)
3589:(PDF)
3564:(PDF)
3557:(PDF)
3494:(PDF)
3469:(PDF)
3443:(PDF)
3414:UNICA
3383:(PDF)
3376:(PDF)
3276:(PDF)
3213:(PDF)
3202:(PDF)
3167:(PDF)
3156:(PDF)
2856:rumen
2850:when
2841:INEOS
2810:Haiti
2658:Wheat
2427:Crop
2217:Ozone
2153:(or "
2129:2–36
2082:Type
1999:Other
1988:26.40
1985:56.80
1982:66.04
1979:87.20
1957:79.30
1954:83.21
1928:66.00
1925:91.67
1918:India
1868:89.80
1827:China
1718:2007
1343:High
1293:]
1284:, at
1079:(see
1049:yeast
1017:or a
1004:yeast
991:algae
968:straw
964:wheat
960:grain
944:fruit
924:kenaf
837:Maize
786:O → C
735:+ 3 H
691:→ 2 C
617:crops
7740:List
7671:List
7614:and
6848:mill
6797:Wood
6676:Rice
6646:Hemp
6587:corn
6425:2016
6400:2009
6378:2012
6356:2014
6314:2015
6288:2015
6262:2015
6240:2015
6218:2011
6196:2011
6174:2011
6125:2011
6093:2019
6068:2019
6038:2024
6016:2019
5985:2019
5959:2008
5933:2008
5911:2008
5881:2008
5855:2019
5830:2019
5805:2019
5780:2019
5755:2019
5730:2019
5704:2008
5667:2008
5637:2008
5573:2015
5509:2008
5487:2008
5465:2008
5423:PMID
5384:2015
5325:2011
5249:2008
5226:2008
5200:2009
5169:2009
5144:2009
5118:2011
5092:2015
5053:2015
5019:2008
4986:2008
4953:2008
4927:2010
4896:2011
4856:2011
4825:2016
4796:2022
4770:2011
4737:2014
4700:2015
4656:2021
4627:2021
4620:ICIS
4599:2010
4571:2010
4539:2011
4502:2008
4464:2003
4438:2003
4411:2008
4383:2008
4347:2008
4310:2008
4285:2008
4261:2008
4223:Fuel
4205:2020
4180:2011
4148:2011
4120:ISBN
4096:2011
4070:2007
4044:2016
4015:2015
3993:2008
3967:2008
3945:2015
3913:2008
3866:ISSN
3835:2008
3803:2017
3778:2017
3753:2015
3691:2008
3669:2017
3647:2022
3604:2011
3572:2015
3540:2011
3501:2011
3477:2012
3451:2011
3426:2010
3391:2012
3356:2012
3330:2008
3308:2022
3259:2011
3221:2012
3175:2009
2940:ISBN
2927:2013
2902:ISBN
2881:and
2735:The
2583:Corn
2446:Hot
2356:and
2204:MTBE
2174:, a
2107:2.5
2096:1.3
1715:2008
1712:2009
1709:2010
1706:2011
1700:rank
1638:(5.3
1481:and
1479:SUVs
1388:E100
1317:RACQ
1157:mash
1002:and
952:corn
920:hemp
878:coal
746:and
637:corn
635:and
621:hemp
602:E100
449:Fiat
399:fuel
388:Saab
375:The
7820:E85
7782:ICE
6713:Yam
6656:Oat
6444:at
5415:doi
5403:319
5284:doi
4759:doi
4489:doi
4231:doi
3858:doi
3714:doi
3046:DMF
2691:GHG
2674:12
2649:13
2646:10
2624:10
2573:12
2473:13
1650:10
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1634:10
1608:to
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