Ethanol fuel in Brazil

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with ash. There has been less burning due to pressure from the public and health authorities, and as a result of the recent development of effective harvesting machines. In the mid 1990s, it was very common to experience quite dense ash rains in cities within the sugarcane's fields during harvest seasons. A 2001 state law banned burning in sugarcane fields in São Paulo state by 2021, and machines will gradually replace human labor as the means of harvesting cane, except where the abrupt terrain does not allow for mechanical harvesting. However, 150 out of 170 of São Paulo's sugar cane processing plants signed in 2007 a voluntary agreement with the state government to comply by 2014. Independent growers signed in 2008 the voluntary agreement to comply, and the deadline was extended to 2017 for sugar cane fields located in more abrupt terrain. By the 2009/10 harvest season more than 50% of the cane was collected in São Paulo with harvesting machines. Mechanization will reduce pollution from burning fields and has higher productivity than people, but also will create unemployment for these seasonal workers, many of them coming from the poorest regions of Brazil. Due to mechanization the number of temporary workers in the sugarcane plantations has already declined as each harvester machine replaces about 100 cane cutters a day and creates 30 jobs including operators and maintenance teams.

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sugarcane for usable biofuel. This includes energy from numerous inputs, including nitrogen, phosphate, potassium oxide, lime, seed, herbicides, insecticides, labor and diesel fuel. The industrial sector, which includes the milling and refining sugarcane and the production of ethanol fuel, uses 3.63 GJ of energy and generates 155.57 GJ of energy per hectare of sugarcane plantation. Scientists estimate that the potential power generated from the cogeneration of bagasse could range from 1,000 to 9,000 MW, depending on harvest and technology factors. In Brazil, this is about 3% of the total energy needed. The burning of bagasse can generate 18 kilowatt-hours, or 64.7 MJ per Mg of sugarcane. Distillery facilities require about 45 MJ to operate, leaving a surplus energy supply of 19.3 MJ, or 5.4 kWh. In terms of distribution, researchers calculates sugarcane ethanol's transport energy requirement to be 0.44 GJ per cubic-meter, thus one hectare of land would require 2.82 GJ of energy for successful transport and distribution. After taking all three sectors into account, the EROEI (Energy Return over Energy Invested) for sugarcane ethanol is about 8.

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explain 25–30% of total price rise. The study said that "large increases in biofuels production in the United States and Europe are the main reason behind the steep rise in global food prices" and also stated that "Brazil's sugar-based ethanol did not push food prices appreciably higher." The report argues that increased production of biofuels in these developed regions were supported by subsidies and tariffs on imports, and considers that without such policies, price increases worldwide would have been smaller. This research paper also concluded that Brazil's sugar cane–based ethanol has not raised sugar prices significantly, and recommends removing tariffs on ethanol imports by both the U.S. and EU, to allow more efficient producers such as Brazil and other developing countries, including many African countries, to produce ethanol profitably for export to meet the mandates in the EU and U.S.

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sugarcane yields in 29 years, as Brazilian average ethanol yields went from 2,024 liters per ha in 1975 to 5,917 liters per ha in 2004; allowing the efficiency of ethanol production to grow at a rate of 3.77% per year. Brazilian biotechnologies include the development of sugarcane varieties that have a larger sugar or energy content, one of the main drivers for high yields of ethanol per unit of planted area. The increase of the index total recoverable sugar (TRS) from sugarcane has been very significant, 1.5% per year in the period 1977 to 2004, resulting in an increase from 95 to 140 kg/ha. Innovations in the industrial process have allowed an increase in sugar extraction in the period 1977 to 2003. The average annual improvement was 0.3%; some mills have already reached extraction efficiencies of 98%.

586:. However, in 2010, and as a result of supply concerns and high ethanol fuel prices, the government mandated a temporary 90-day blend reduction from E25 to E20 beginning February 1, 2010. By mid March 2015 the government raised temporarily the ethanol blend in regular gasoline from 25% to 27%. The blend on premium gasoline was kept at 25% upon request by ANFAVEA, the Brazilian association of automakers, because of concerns about the effects on the higher blend on cars that were built for E25, as opposed to flex-fuel cars. The government approved the higher blend as an economic incentive for ethanol producers, due to an existing overstock of over 1 billion liters (264 million US gallons) of ethanol. The implementation of E27 is expected to allow the consumption of the overstock before the end of 2015. 1080: 960: 4191: 1116: 4051:, and a formal job with fringe benefits. Formal employment in Brazil accounts an average 45% across all sectors, while the sugarcane sector has a share of 72.9% formal jobs in 2007, up from 53.6% in 1992, and in the more developed sugarcane ethanol industry in São Paulo state formal employment reached 93.8% in 2005. Average wages in sugar cane and ethanol production are above the official minimum wage, but minimum wages may be insufficient to avoid poverty. The North-Northeast regions stands out for having much lower levels of education among workers and lower monthly income. The average number workers with 3 or less school years in Brazil is 58.8%, while in the Southeast this percentage is 46.2%, in the 2265:

total ethanol sales reached 22.2 billion liters while pure gasoline consumption was 22.7 billion liters, keeping the market share for each fuel close to 50 percent. The decrease in hydrous ethanol consumption was due mainly to high sugar prices in the international markets, which reached a 30-year high in 2010. This peak in sugar prices caused sugarcane processing plants to produce more sugar than ethanol, and as supply contracted, E100 prices increased to the point that several times during 2010 the price of hydrous ethanol was less than 30 percent cheaper than gasoline. Another factor that contributed to this shift was the increase sales of imported gasoline only vehicles that took place during 2010.

722: 3980: 2205: 1023:) and 27.1 billion litres (7.16 billion gallons) of ethanol are expected to be produced in 2008/09 harvest year, with most of the production being destined for the internal market, and only 4.2 billion liters (1.1 billion gallons) for exports, with an estimated 2.5 billion liters (660 million gallons) destined for the US market. Sugarcane cultivated area grew from 7 million to 7.8 million hectares of land from 2007 to 2008, mainly using abandoned pasture lands. In 2008 Brazil has 276 million hectares of arable land, 72% use for pasture, 16.9% for grain crops, and 2.8% for sugarcane, meaning that ethanol is just requiring approximately 1.5% of all arable land available in the country. 2273: 567: 1104: 3794: 2068:. This process is limited by a quota, set at 7% of U.S. ethanol consumption. Although direct U.S. exports fell in 2007, imports from four CBI countries almost doubled, increasing from 15.5% in 2006 to 25.8% in 2007, reflecting increasing re-exports to the U.S., thus partially compensating the loss of Brazilian direct exports to the U.S. This situation has caused some concerns in the United States, as it and Brazil are trying to build a partnership to increase ethanol production in Latin American and the Caribbean. As the U.S. is encouraging "new ethanol production in other countries, production that could directly compete with U.S.-produced ethanol". 1043:; poor sugarcane harvests due to unfavorable weather; high sugar prices in the world market that made more attractive to produce sugar rather than ethanol; a freeze imposed by the Brazilian government on the petrol and diesel prices. Brazilian ethanol fuel production in 2011 was 21.1 billion liters (5.6 billion U.S. liquid gallons), down from 26.2 billion liters (6.9 billion gallons) in 2010, while in 2012 the production of ethanol was 26% lower than in 2008. By 2012 a total of 41 ethanol plants out of about 400 have closed and the sugar-cane crop yields dropped from 115 tonnes per hectare in 2008 to 69 tonnes per hectare in 2012. 4064:

result of mechanization the workload per worker has increased from 4 to 6 ton per day in the eighties to 8 to 10 ton per day in the nineties, up to 12 to 15 ton per day in 2007. If the quota is not fulfilled, workers can be fired. Producers say this problem will disappear with greater mechanization in the next decade. Also, as mechanization of the harvesting is increasing and only feasible in flat terrain, more workers are being used in areas where conditions are not suitable for mechanized harvesting equipment, such as rough areas where the crops are planted irregularly, making working conditions harder and more hazardous.

787:. By December 2010 both Honda flexible-fuel motorcycles had reached cumulative sales of 515,726 units, representing an 18.1% market share of the Brazilian new motorcycle sales in 2010. Two other flex-fuel motorcycles manufactured by Honda were launched in October 2010 and January 2011, the CG 150 FAN and the Honda BIZ 125 Flex. During 2011 a total of 956,117 flex-fuel motorcycles were produced, raising its market share to 56.7%. Production reached the 2 million mark in August 2012. Flexible-fuel motorcycle production passed the 3 million-unit milestone in October 2013, and the 4 million mark in March 2015. 19: 1092: 3806: 3825: 617:, but mainly because of a shortage of ethanol fuel supply in the local market left thousands of vehicles in line at gas stations or out of fuel in their garages by mid-1989. As supply could not keep pace with the increasing demand required by the now significant ethanol-only fleet, the Brazilian government began importing ethanol in 1991. Since 1979 until December 2010 neat ethanol vehicles totaled 5.7 million units. The number of neat ethanol vehicles still in use was estimated between 2 and 3 million vehicles by 2003, and estimated at 1.22 million as of December 2011. 3817: 4011:

and/or food crop and sugar cane production takes place far from the major biomes in Brazil (Amazon Rain Forest, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest, Caatinga, Campos Sulinos and Pantanal)." However, "the indirect impacts from an increase of the area under sugar cane production are likely more severe. The most important indirect impact would be an expansion of the area agricultural land at the expense of cerrados. The cerrados are an important biodiversity reserve. These indirect impacts are difficult to quantify and there is a lack of practically applicable criteria and indicators."

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employed in the sugarcane cultivation and industrialization, including 414,668 workers in the sugarcane fields, 439,573 workers in the sugar mills, and 128,363 workers in the ethanol distilleries. While employment in the ethanol distilleries grew 88.4% from 2000 to 2005, employment in the sugar fields just grew 16.2% as a direct result of expansion of mechanical harvest instead manual harvesting, which avoids burning the sugarcane fields before manual cutting and also increases productivity. The states with the most employment in 2005 were São Paulo (39.2%),

128: 2177: 621: 1512: 4091: 1064: 2164:, Brazilian ethanol producers hope this classification will contribute to lift import tariffs both in the U.S. and the rest of the world. Also they expect to increase exports to the U.S., as the blending mandate requires an increasing quota of advanced biofuels, which is not likely to be fulfilled with cellulosic ethanol, and then it would force blenders to import more Brazilian sugarcane-based ethanol, despite the existing 54¢ per gallon tariff on ethanol imported directly from Brazil, or duty-free from the 1664: 3554: 1047:

further; and for the first time since the 1990s, (corn) ethanol fuel was imported from the United States. The imports totaled around 1.5 billion litres in 2011–2012. The ethanol share in the transport fuel market decreased from 55% in 2008 to 35% in 2012. As a result of higher ethanol prices combined with government subsidies to keep gasoline price lower than the international market value, by November 2013 only 23% flex-fuel car owners were using ethanol regularly, down from 66% in 2009.

1164:. In São Paulo state an increase of 12% in sugar cane yield and 6.4% in sugar content is expected over the next decade. This advance combined with an expected 6.2% improvement in fermentation efficiency and 2% in sugar extraction, may increase ethanol yields by 29%, raising average ethanol productivity to 9,000 liters/ha. Approximately US$ 50 million has recently been allocated for research and projects focused on advancing the obtention of ethanol from sugarcane in São Paulo state. 3336: 1757: 2915: 4153:

from perfect" but it is the most favorable biofuel in the world in term of cost and greenhouse gas balance. The report discusses some existing problems and potential risks, and asks the Brazilian government for caution to avoid jeopardizing its environmental and social sustainability. The report also says that: "Rich countries spent up to $ 15 billion last year supporting biofuels while blocking cheaper Brazilian ethanol, which is far less damaging for global food security."

3422:. CBI provisions allow tariff-free access to the US market from ethanol produced from foreign feedstock (outside CBI countries) up to 7% of the previous year US consumption. Also additional quotas are allowed if the beneficiary countries produce at least 30% of the ethanol from local feedstocks up to an additional 35 million gallons (132.5 million liters). Thus, several countries have been importing hydrated ethanol from Brazil, processing it at local distilleries to 1604: 1880: 13194: 12685: 3612:(RFS2), despite the additional carbon emissions associated with ILUC. On February 3, 2010, EPA issued its final ruling regarding the RFS2 for 2010 and beyond, and determined that Brazilian ethanol produced from sugarcane complies with the applicable 50% GHG reduction threshold for the advanced fuel category. EPA's modelling shows that sugarcane ethanol from Brazil reduces greenhouse gas emissions as compared to gasoline by 61%, using a 30-year payback for 1634: 3352: 4259: 707:

Registrations of flex-fuel cars and light trucks represented 87.0% of all passenger and light duty vehicles sold in the country in 2012. Production passed the 20 million-unit mark in June 2013. By the end of 2014, flex-fuel cars represented 54% of the Brazilian registered stock of light-duty vehicles, while gasoline only vehicles represented 34.3%. As of June 2015, flex-fuel light-duty vehicle cumulative sales totaled 25.5 million units.

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tariff is not expect to have significant effects in the short term, because the Brazilian ethanol industry has been having trouble meeting its own domestic demand for ethanol during 2010 and 2011, and Brazil imported some corn ethanol from the U.S. The shortage in supply is due in part to high sugar prices, which make it more profitable for Brazilian producers to sell it as sugar than convert it to ethanol fuel. Also, as a result of the

4245: 3480:, the state-owned company in charge for applied research on agriculture, and responsible for most of the achievements in increasing sugarcane productivity during the last thirty years. Another 15 African countries have shown interest in receiving Brazilian technical aid to improve sugarcane productivity and to produce ethanol efficiently. Brazil also has bilateral cooperation agreements with several other countries in Europe and Asia. 1724: 1694: 4231: 1787: 1430: 2902: 4060:

workers has fluctuated, first declining and then increasing in recent years to about one-half of the total jobs in the sector, but in absolute terms the number of temporary workers has declined also. The sugarcane sector in the poorer Northeast region is more labor-intensive as production in this region represents only 18.6% of the country's total production but employs 44.3% of worker force in the sugarcane sector.

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America, concluding that the current biofuel support policies would reduce greenhouse gas emissions from transport fuel by no more than 0.8% by 2015, while Brazilian ethanol from sugar cane reduces greenhouse gas emissions by at least 80% compared to fossil fuels. The assessment calls on governments for more open markets in biofuels and feedstocks in order to improve efficiency and lower costs.

783:. The first flex motorcycle was launched by Honda in March 2009. Produced by its Brazilian subsidiary Moto Honda da Amazônia, the CG 150 Titan Mix is sold for around US$ 2,700. In order to avoid cold start problems, the fuel tank must have at least 20% of gasoline at temperatures below 15 °C (59 °F). In September 2009, Honda launched a second flexible-fuel motorcycle, the on-off road 12132: 4040: 4007:. Embrapa and UNICA have rebutted this concern explaining that 99.7% of sugarcane plantations are located at least 2,000 kilometres (1,200 mi) from the Amazonia, and expansion during the last 25 years took place in the Center-South region, also far away from the Amazonia, the Pantanal or the Atlantic forest. In São Paulo state growth took place in abandoned pasture lands. 179:

cumulative production of flex-fuel cars and light commercial vehicles reached the milestone of 10 million vehicles in March 2010, and the 20 million-unit milestone was reached in June 2013. As of June 2015, flex-fuel light-duty vehicle cumulative sales totaled 25.5 million units, and production of flex motorcycles totaled 4 million in March 2015.

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that would be needed to run the light vehicle fleet on pure gasoline alone. Monthly consumption of anhydrous ethanol for the mandatory E25 blend, together with hydrous ethanol used by flex vehicles, reached 1.432 billion liters, while pure gasoline consumption was 1.411 billion liters. Despite this volumetric parity, when expressed in terms of energy equivalent (

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dependence on imported fossil fuels coming from a dangerously small number of producer countries. All of this has been accomplished without compromising food security, which, on the contrary, has benefited from rising agricultural output ... We are setting up offices in developing countries interested in benefiting from Brazilian know-how in this field.

1384:, depending on the technology used and the use of harvest trash. One utility in São Paulo is buying more than 1% of its electricity from sugar mills, with a production capacity of 600 MW for self-use and 100 MW for sale. According to analysis from Frost & Sullivan, Brazil's sugarcane bagasse used for power generation has reached 3.0 1302:), called fermented wine. The yeast is recovered from this wine through a centrifuge. Making use of the different boiling points the alcohol in the fermented wine is separated from the main resting solid components. The remaining product is hydrated ethanol with a concentration of 96°GL, the highest concentration of ethanol that can be achieved via 1144:

inadequate for such cultures. By 2008 more than 500 sugarcane varieties are cultivated in Brazil, and 51 of them were released just during the last ten years. Four research programs, two private and two public, are devoted to further genetic improvement. Since the mid nineties, Brazilian biotechnology laboratories have developed

4213:), industrial grade ethanol, and alcohol for beverages. The foreground shows the receiving operation of the sugarcane harvest, immediately followed by the mill process, and in the right side of the background is located the distillation facility where ethanol is produced. This plant produces the electricity it needs from 714:, have increased ethanol consumption up to the point that by February 2008 a landmark in ethanol consumption was achieved when ethanol retail sales surpassed the 50% market share of the gasoline-powered fleet. This level of ethanol fuel consumption had not been reached since the end of the 1980s, at the peak of the 609:, low-interest loans for agro-industrial ethanol firms, and fixed gasoline and ethanol prices where hydrous ethanol sold for 59% of the government-set gasoline price at the pump. Subsidising ethanol production in this manner and setting an artificially low price established ethanol as an alternative to gasoline. 3846:

collected for ethanol production has decreased considerably during the previous years. The overuse of water resources seems a limited problem in general in São Paulo, particularly because of the relatively high rainfall, yet, some local problems may occur. Regarding water pollution due to sugarcane production,

3545:, the total amount of energy input into the process compared to the energy released by burning the resulting ethanol fuel. This balance considers the full cycle of producing the fuel, as cultivation, transportation and production require energy, including the use of oil and fertilizers. A comprehensive 155:) by volume in the entire country, but with leeway to the Executive to set different percentages of ethanol within pre-established boundaries. In 2003 these limits were set at a minimum of 20% and a maximum of 25%. Since July 1, 2007, the mandatory blend is 25% of anhydrous ethanol and 75% gasoline or 4184:

under conditions of increased demand in a market with low grain stocks. The study also concluded that expansion of biofuel production was not a relevant factor and also that there is no correlation between Brazilian sugarcane cultivated area and average grain prices, as on the contrary, the spread of

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The manual harvesting of sugarcane has been associated with hardship and poor working conditions. In this regard, the study commissioned by the Dutch government confirmed that the main problem is indeed related to manual cane harvesting. A key problem in working conditions is the high work load. As a

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The total number of permanent employees in the sector fell by one-third between 1992 and 2003, in part due to the increasing reliance on mechanical harvesting, especially from the richer and more mature sugarcane producers of São Paulo state. During the same period, the share of temporary or seasonal

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Basin. The installation of new ethanol production plants will not be permitted on these locations, and only existing plants and new ones with environmental licensed already approved before September 17, 2009, will be allowed to remain operating in these sensitive areas. According to the new criteria,

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The impact assessment regarding future changes in land use, forest protection and risks on biodiversity conducted as part of the study commissioned by the Dutch government concluded that "the direct impact of cane production on biodiversity is limited, because cane production replaces mainly pastures

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government concluded that "it is very difficult to determine the indirect effects of further land use for sugar cane production (i.e. sugar cane replacing another crop like soy or citrus crops, which in turn causes additional soy plantations replacing pastures, which in turn may cause deforestation),

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Regarding this concern, previous studies conducted in Brazil have shown there are 355 million ha of arable land in Brazil, of which only 72 million ha are in use. Sugarcane is only taking 2% of arable land available, of which ethanol production represented 55% in 2008. Embrapa estimates that there is

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the ethanol production sector maintains more than 600 schools, 200 nursery centers and 300 day care units, as legislation requires that 1% of the net sugar cane price and 2% of the net ethanol price must be devoted to medical, dental, pharmaceutical, sanitary, and educational services for sugar cane

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losses to sugar cane." Other authors have also questioned these indirect effects, as cattle pastures are displaced to the cheaper land near the Amazon. Studies rebutting this concern claim that land devoted to free grazing cattle is shrinking, as density of cattle on pasture land increased from 1.28

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emissions are significantly higher, and although both aldehydes occur naturally and are frequently found in the open environment, additional emissions may be important because of their role in smog formation. However, more research is required to establish the extent and direct consequences, if any,

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Brazil's ethanol and biodiesel programmes are a benchmark for alternative and renewable fuel sources. Partnerships are being established with developing countries seeking to follow Brazil's achievements—a 675m-tonne reduction of greenhouse-gas emissions, a million new jobs and a drastic reduction in

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exchange rate to the US dollar was close to its most recent minimum, the average gasoline retail price at the pump in Brazil reached US$ 6.00 per gallon. The price ratio between gasoline and ethanol fuel has been well above 30 percent during this period for most states, except during low sugar cane

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government in 2006 to evaluate the sustainability of Brazilian bioethanol "there are also substantial gains possible in the efficiency of electricity use and generation: The electricity used for distillery operations has been estimated at 12.9 kWh/tonne cane, with a best available technology rate of

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with 2% of total production. The harvest season in the North-Northeast region goes from September to March, and the average productivity in this region is lower than the South-Central region. Due to the difference in the two main harvest seasons, Brazilian statistics for sugar and ethanol production

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content of sugarcane. Ethanol yield has grown 3.77% per year since 1975 and productivity gains have been based on improvements in the agricultural and industrial phases of the production process. Further improvements on best practices are expected to allow in the short to mid-term an average ethanol

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A report released by Oxfam in June 2008 criticized biofuel policies of rich countries as neither a solution to the climate crisis nor the oil crisis, while contributing to the food price crisis. The report concluded that from all biofuels available in the market, Brazilian sugarcane ethanol is "far

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Advancements in fertilizers and natural pesticides have all but eliminated the need to burn fields. Sugarcane fields are traditionally burned just before harvest to avoid harm to the workers, by removing the sharp leaves and killing snakes and other harmful animals, and also to fertilize the fields

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This evaluation also found that consumption of agrochemicals for sugar cane production is lower than in citric, corn, coffee and soybean cropping. Disease and pest control, including the use of agrochemicals, is a crucial element in all cane production. The study found that development of resistant

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Another benefit of bioethanol is the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions as compared to gasoline, because as much carbon dioxide is taken up by the growing plants as is produced when the bioethanol is burnt, with a zero theoretical net contribution. Several studies have shown that sugarcane-based

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By 2008 consumption of ethanol fuel by the Brazilian fleet of light vehicles, as pure ethanol and in gasohol, is replacing gasoline at the rate of about 27,000 cubic meters per day, and by February 2008 the combined consumption of anhydrous and hydrated ethanol fuel surpassed 50 percent of the fuel

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During 2014 Brazil produced 23.4 billion liters (6.19 billion U.S. liquid gallons) of ethanol fuel, however, during that year Brazil imported ethanol from the United States, ranking as the second largest U.S. export market in 2014 after Canada, and representing about 13% of total American exports.

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agrees with the World Bank report regarding the negative effects of subsidies and trade restrictions, but found that the impact of biofuels on food prices are much smaller. The OECD study is also critical of the limited reduction of GHG emissions achieved from biofuels produced in Europe and North

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research report published in July 2008 found that from June 2002 to June 2008 "biofuels and the related consequences of low grain stocks, large land use shifts, speculative activity and export bans" accounted for 70–75% of total price rises. The study found that higher oil prices and a weak dollar

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frontier into the Amazonian forests, particularly due to displacement of cattle ranching. "Sugarcane ethanol and soybean biodiesel each contribute to nearly half of the projected indirect deforestation of 121,970 km by 2020, creating a carbon debt that would take about 250 years to be repaid using

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a barrel. However, Brazilian gasoline taxes are high, around 54 percent, while ethanol fuel taxes are lower and vary between 12% and 30%, depending on the state. As of October 2008 the average price of E25 gasoline was $ 4.39 per gallon while the average price for ethanol was US$ 2.69 per gallon.

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approved an amendment to the economic development bill to repeal both the tax credit and the tariff on ethanol, and though this bill has an uncertain future, it is considered a signal that the tax credits will not be renew when they expire at the end of 2011. The eventual elimination of the import

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Flexible fuel cars were 22% of the car sales in 2004, 73% in 2005, 87.6% in July 2008, and reached a record 94% in August 2009. The cumulative production of flex-fuel cars and light commercial vehicles reached the milestone of 10 million vehicles in March 2010, and 15 million in January 2012.

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After reaching more than 4 million cars and light trucks running on pure ethanol by the late 1980s, representing one-third of the country's motor vehicle fleet, ethanol production and sales of ethanol-only cars tumbled due to several factors. First, gasoline prices fell sharply as a result of

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and agronomic practices, resulting in the most efficient agricultural technology for sugarcane cultivation in the world. Efforts have been concentrated in increasing the efficiency of inputs and processes to optimize output per hectare of feedstock, and the result has been a threefold increase of

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A supply shortage took place for several months during 2010 and 2011, and prices climbed to the point that ethanol fuel was no longer attractive for owners of flex-fuel vehicles; the government reduced the minimum ethanol blend in gasoline to reduce demand and keep ethanol fuel prices from rising

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lands, as it has been the historical trend in São Paulo state. Also, productivity is expected to improve even further based on current biotechnology research, genetic improvement, and better agronomic practices, thus contributing to reduce land demand for future sugarcane cultures. This trend is

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commissioned by the State of São Paulo found that Brazilian sugarcane-based ethanol has a favorable energy balance, varying from 8.3 for average conditions to 10.2 for best practice production. This means that for average conditions one unit of fossil-fuel energy is required to create 8.3 energy

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For the first time since 2003 sales of hydrous ethanol fell in 2010, with a decrease of 8.5 percent as compared to 2009. Total consumption of both hydrous and anhydrous ethanol fell by 2.9 percent while gasoline consumption increased by 17.5 percent. Despite the reduction in ethanol consumption,

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that run on any proportion of hydrous ethanol and gasoline have been gaining popularity. These have electronic sensors that detect the type of fuel and adjust the engine combustion to match, so users can choose the cheapest available fuel. Sales of flex fuel vehicles reached 9.3 million by

1235:, the fiber residue. The main objective of the milling process is to extract the largest possible amount of sucrose from the cane, and a secondary but important objective is the production of bagasse with a low moisture content as boiler fuel, as bagasse is burned for electricity generation (see 955:

of sugarcane per year, and there are 25 plants under construction expected to be on line by 2009 that will add an additional capacity of crushing 50 million tons of sugarcane per year. The typical plant costs approximately US$ 150 million and requires a nearby sugarcane plantation of 30,000

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A report commissioned by the United Nations, based on a detailed review of published research up to mid-2009 as well as the input of independent experts worldwide, found that ethanol from sugar cane as produced in Brazil "in some circumstances does better than just 'zero emission.' If grown and

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process to produce ethanol instead of surplus electricity, or the use of advanced boiler and turbine technology to increase the electricity yield, or a higher use of excess bagasse and harvest trash currently left behind in the fields, that together with various other efficiency improvements in

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in 2007, and it is expected to reach 12.2 GW in 2014. The analysis also found that sugarcane bagasse cogeneration accounts for 3% of the total Brazilian energy matrix. The energy is especially valuable to utilities because it is produced mainly in the dry season when hydroelectric dams are

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As sugar and ethanol share the same feedstock and their industrial processing is fully integrated, formal employment statistics are usually presented together. In 2000 there were 642,848 workers employed by these industries, and as ethanol production expanded, by 2005 there were 982,604 workers

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is 76,4%. Therefore, earnings in the Center-South are not surprisingly higher than those in the North-Northeast for comparable levels of education. In 2005 sugarcane harvesting workers in the Center-South region received an average wage 58.7% higher than the average wage in the North-Northeast

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these biofuels instead of fossil fuels." The analysis also showed that intensification of cattle ranching, combined with efforts to promote high-yielding oil crops are required to achieve effective carbon savings from biofuels in Brazil, "while still fulfilling all food and bioenergy demands".

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Energy-use associated with the production of sugarcane ethanol derives from three primary sources: the agricultural sector, the industrial sector, and the distribution sector. In the agricultural sector, 35.98 GJ of energy are used to plant, maintain, and harvest one hectare (10,000 m) of

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mandatory blend. The additional processing required to convert hydrated into anhydrous ethanol increases the cost of the fuel, as in 2007 the average producer price difference between the two was around 14% for São Paulo State. This production price difference, though small, contributes to the

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and, as German submarine attacks threatened oil supplies, the mandatory blend became as high as 50% in 1943. After the end of the war cheap oil caused gasoline to prevail, and ethanol blends were only used sporadically, mostly to take advantage of sugar surpluses, until the seventies, when the

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of all new cars and light vehicles sold in 2013. By mid-2010 there were 70 flex models available in the market, and as of December 2013, a total of 15 car manufacturers produce flex-fuel engines, dominating all light vehicle segments except sports cars, off-road vehicles and minivans. The

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Discussion Paper 2009-15. "The authors found that for some countries in Central Africa and Latin America ethanol can represent a large industry, at least relative to current exports. The list of the relative importance of biofuels (sugarcane ethanol in particular and replicating the Brazilian

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Also unhealthy working conditions and even cases of slavery and deaths from overwork (cane cutting) have been reported, but these are likely worst-case examples. Even though sufficiently strict labor laws are present in Brazil, enforcement is weak. Displacement and seasonal labor also implies

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government in 2006 to evaluate the sustainability of Brazilian bioethanol concluded that there is sufficient water to supply all foreseeable long-term water requirements for sugarcane and ethanol production. Also, and as a result of legislation and technological progress, the amount of water

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from the light vehicle fleet over the next 25 years despite an expected increase in the number of kilometers traveled. Furthermore, the study found that if bioethanol's market share of the gasoline-powered vehicle market reaches 80% in 2030, this switch from gasoline "could deliver more than

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maintained the benefits granted by the CBI, and CAFTA provisions established country-specific shares for Costa Rica and El Salvador within the overall quota. An initial annual allowance was established for each country, with gradually increasing annual levels of access to the US market. The

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Biotechnology research and genetic improvement have led to the development of strains that are more resistant to disease, bacteria, and pests, and also have the capacity to respond to different environments, thus allowing the expansion of sugarcane cultivation to areas previously considered

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that is applied to ethanol no matter its country of origin. Exports of Brazilian ethanol to the U.S. reached a total of US$ 1 billion in 2006, an increase of 1,020% over 2005 (US$ 98 million), but fell significantly in 2007 due to sharp increases in American ethanol production from

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The Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) that the American and Brazilian presidents signed in March 2007 may bring Brazil and the United States closer on energy policy, but it is not clear whether there has been substantive progress implementing the three pillars found in that agreement.

2232:, Brazilian consumers are frequently advised by the media to use more alcohol than gasoline in their mix only when ethanol prices are 30% lower or more than gasoline, as ethanol price fluctuates heavily depending on the harvest yields and seasonal fluctuation of sugarcane harvest. 950:

There were 378 ethanol plants operating in Brazil by July 2008, 126 dedicated to ethanol production and 252 producing both sugar and ethanol. There are 15 additional plants dedicated exclusively to sugar production. These plants have an installed capacity of crushing 538 million

1992:

Brazil is the world's largest exporter of ethanol. In 2007 it exported 933.4 million gallons (3,532.7 million liters), representing almost 20% of its production, and accounting for almost 50% of the global exports. Since 2004 Brazilian exporters have as their main customers the

4076:

workers. In practice more than 90% of the mills provide health and dental care, transportation and collective life insurance, and over 80% provide meals and pharmaceutical care. However, for the temporary low wage workers in cane cutting these services may not be available.

4031:

92.5% of the Brazilian territory is not suitable for sugarcane plantation. The government considers that the suitable areas are more than enough to meet the future demand for ethanol and sugar in the domestic and international markets foreseen for the next decades.

2225:

December 2009, representing 39% of the passenger vehicle fleet. By mid-2010 there were 70 flex models available in the market and production by December 2010 reached more than 12.5 million flex vehicles including more than 500 thousand flex fuel motorcycles.

2830:

that is applied to ethanol no matter its country of origin. In 2011 the U.S. Congress decided not to extend the tariff and the tax credit, and as a result both ended on December 31, 2011. During these three decades the ethanol industry was awarded an estimated

1397:

9.6 kWh/tonne cane. For electricity generation the efficiency could be increased from 18 kWh/tonne cane presently, to 29.1 kWh/tonne cane maximum. The production of surplus electricity could in theory be increased from 5.3 kWh/tonne cane to 19 kWh/tonne cane."

159:. The lower limit was reduced to 18% in April 2011 due to recurring ethanol supply shortages and high prices that take place between harvest seasons. By mid March 2015 the government raised temporarily the ethanol blend in regular gasoline from 25% to 27%. 3854:

sugar cane varieties is a crucial aspect of disease and pest control and is one of the primary objectives of Brazil's cane genetic improvement programs. Disease control is one of the main reasons for the replacement of a commercial variety of sugar cane.

2874:

technology in order to make possible a profitable ethanol production. These three plants will produce 100 million gallons (378.5 million liters) of ethanol within five years. By 2009 two other sugarcane ethanol production projects are being developed in

10656: 1184:

of sugarcane in Brazil is done through a very integrated production chain, allowing sugar production, industrial ethanol processing, and electricity generation from byproducts. The typical steps for large-scale production of sugar and ethanol include

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In order to guarantee a sustainable development of ethanol production, in September 2009 the government issued by decree a countrywide agroecological land use zoning to restrict sugarcane growth in or near environmentally sensitive areas such as the

1175:

extracted from sugarcane accounts for little more than 30% of the chemical energy stored in the harvested parts of the mature plant; 35% is in the leaves and stem tips, which are left in the fields during harvest, and 35% are in the fibrous material

1135:, the state-owned company in charge for applied research on agriculture, together with research developed by state institutes and universities, especially in the State of São Paulo, have allowed Brazil to become a major innovator in the fields of 3877:

Two studies published in 2008 questioned the benefits estimated in previous assessments regarding the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions from sugarcane-based ethanol, as the authors consider that previous studies did not take into account the

490:

exported to Europe by the Portuguese settlers. The first use of sugarcane ethanol as a fuel in Brazil dates back to the late 1920s and early 1930s, with the introduction of the automobile in the country. Ethanol fuel production peaked during

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seven times greater than ethanol produced from corn. Brazilian distillers are able to produce ethanol for 22 cents per liter, compared with the 30 cents per liter for corn-based ethanol. U.S. corn-derived ethanol costs 30% more because the

13557: 3922:

enough agricultural land available to increase at least 30 times the existing sugarcane plantation without endangering sensitive ecosystems or taking land destined for food crops. Most future growth is expected to take place on abandoned

1159:

fixation, with the most promising plant varieties showing yields three times the national average in soils of very low fertility, thus avoiding nitrogenous fertilization. There is also research for the development of second-generation or

4110:, have expressed fears that the marketplace will convert crops to fuel for the rich, while the poor starve and biofuels cause environmental problems. Environmental groups have raised concerns about this trade-off for several years. The 182:

The success of "flex" vehicles, together with the mandatory E25 blend throughout the country, allowed ethanol fuel consumption in the country to achieve a 50% market share of the gasoline-powered fleet in February 2008. In terms of

3971:(UNICA) commented that this study and other calculations of land-use impacts are missing a key factor, the fact that in Brazil "cattle production and pasture has been intensifying already and is projected to do so in the future". 3588:

ethanol reduces greenhouse gases by 86 to 90% if there is no significant land use change, and ethanol from sugarcane is regarded the most efficient biofuel currently under commercial production in terms of GHG emission reduction.

11702: 4130:

on the Right to Food, called biofuels a "crime against humanity", a claim he had previously made in October 2007, when he called for a 5-year ban for the conversion of land for the production of biofuels. Also in April 2008, the

3909:

being converted for sugarcane ethanol production. The biofuel carbon debt on converted Cerrado is estimated to be repaid in 17 years, the least amount of time of the scenarios that were analyzed, as for example, ethanol from US

3643:

found that "Brazil's transport sector has a lower carbon intensity compared to that of most other countries because of its widespread use of ethanol as a fuel for vehicles." The study also concluded that despite the already low

2104:(CBO) found that the costs to American taxpayers of using a biofuel to reduce gasoline consumption by one gallon are $ 1.78 for corn ethanol and $ 3.00 for cellulosic ethanol. In a similar way, and without considering potential 4149:, and a problem restricted to U.S. ethanol produced from maize. The Brazilian President has also claimed on several occasions that his country's sugar cane–based ethanol industry has not contributed to the food price crises. 1313:

vehicles in the country. Further dehydration is normally done by addition of chemicals, up to the specified 99.7°GL in order to produce anhydrous ethanol, which is used for blending with pure gasoline to obtain the country's

3669:

one-third of total emissions reduction targeted for the transport sector over the period" (2008–2030). The study also concluded that by increasing Brazilian ethanol exports to attend the increasing international demand for

1267:

is used to separate the sugar from molasses, and the crystals are washed by addition of steam, after which the crystals are dried by an airflow. Upon cooling, sugar crystallizes out of the syrup. From this point, the sugar

59:. Brazil and the United States have led the industrial production of ethanol fuel for several years, together accounting for 85 percent of the world's production in 2017. Brazil produced 26.72 billion liters (7.06 billion 9022:

Brazilian gasoline is among the most expensive in the world. The price of US$ 6.00 per gallon results from the Brazilian average price of R$ 2.50 per liter converted at an exchange rate of R$ 1.575 per USD by late July

3308:. (2) Assuming no land use change. (3) Estimate is for U.S. consumption and sugarcane ethanol is imported from Brazil. Emissions from sea transport are included. Both estimates include land transport within the U.S. (4) 772:", the local bus operator, to introduced a fleet of 50 ethanol-powered ED95 buses by May 2011. The local government objective is for the city's entire bus fleet, which is made of 15,000 diesel-powered buses, to use only 3417:

Even though the U.S. has imposed a US$ 0.54 tariff on every gallon of imported ethanol since 1980, the Caribbean nations and Central American countries are exempt from such duties based on the benefits granted by the

12044:

Disclaimer: This work was published under the responsibility of the Secretary-General of the OECD. The views expressed and conclusions reached do not necessarily correspond to those of the governments of OECD member

13567: 13537: 13400: 2249:

supply between harvests and for states located far away from the ethanol production centers. According to Brazilian producers, ethanol can remain competitive if the price of oil does not fall below US$ 30 a barrel.

2075:

per gallon in order to encourage domestic ethanol production and protect the budding ethanol industry in the United States. Historically, this tariff was intended to offset the 45 cent per gallon blender's federal

3724:

were reduced through the 1980s as the amount of ethanol blended in the fuel was increased, and these additives were eliminated by 1991. The addition of ethanol blends instead of lead to gasoline lowered the total

2821:

must first be converted to sugar before being distilled into alcohol. Despite this cost differential in production, the U.S. did not import more Brazilian ethanol because of U.S. trade barriers corresponding to a

5530: 3435:

expectation is that using Brazilian technology for refining sugar cane–based ethanol, such countries could become net exporters to the United States in the short-term. In August 2007, Brazil's president toured

10284: 12221: 11919: 10666: 13562: 9122: 2131:

per gallon blender's credit have been the subject of contentious debate in Washington, D.C., with ethanol interest groups and politicians staking positions on both sides of the issue. On June 16, 2011, the

1376:, allowing most sugar-ethanol plants to be energetically self-sufficient and even sell surplus electricity to utilities. By 2000, the total amount of sugarcane bagasse produced per year was 50 million tons/ 13477: 8600: 3776:. However, the present ambient concentrations of aldehyde, in São Paulo city are below the reference levels recommended as adequate to human health found in the literature. Other concern is that because 3591:

However, two studies published in 2008 are critical of previous assessments of greenhouse gas emissions reduction, as the authors considered that previous studies did not take into account the effect of

10163: 8160: 8128: 500:

resulted in gasoline shortages and awareness of the dangers of oil dependence. As a response to this crisis, the Brazilian government began promoting bioethanol as a fuel. The National Alcohol Program -

13542: 3523:

Ethanol produced from sugarcane provides energy that is renewable and less carbon intensive than oil. Bioethanol reduces air pollution thanks to its cleaner emissions, and also contributes to mitigate

2100:

Center for Agricultural and Rural Development found that removing the U.S. import tariff would result in less than 5% of the United States' ethanol being imported from Brazil. Also a 2010 study by the

543:. The Brazilian government made mandatory the blending of ethanol fuel with gasoline, fluctuating from 1976 until 1992 between 10% and 22%. Due to this mandatory minimum gasoline blend, pure gasoline ( 8067: 6687: 8461: 551:) in the entire country. This law also authorized the Executive to set different percentages of ethanol within pre-established boundaries; and since 2003 these limits were fixed at a maximum of 25% ( 11968: 3745:

Program started, when gasoline was the only fuel in use, CO emissions were higher than 50 g/km driven; they had been reduced to less than 5.8 g/km in 1995. Several studies have also shown that

1450:

sugarcane farming and the distribution chain have the potential to allow further efficiency increases, translating into higher yields, lower production costs, and also further improvements in the

13320: 10189: 11946:

Policy Research Working Paper No. 4682. Disclaimer: This paper reflects the findings, interpretation, and conclusions of the authors, and do not necessarily represent the views of the World Bank

8195: 151:

ethanol with gasoline, fluctuating between 10% and 22%. and requiring just a minor adjustment on regular gasoline engines. In 1993 the mandatory blend was fixed by law at 22% anhydrous ethanol (

13390: 7643: 8667: 6869: 13492: 13410: 13255: 13532: 12154: 13482: 2235:

Since 2005, ethanol prices have been very competitive without subsidies, even with gasoline prices kept constant in local currency since mid-2005, at a time when oil was just approaching

2228:

Due to the lower energy content of ethanol fuel, full flex-fuel vehicles get fewer miles per gallon. Ethanol price has to be 25–30% cheaper per gallon to reach the break even point. As a

605:) was launched to the market in July 1979. The Brazilian government provided three important initial drivers for the ethanol industry: guaranteed purchases by the state-owned oil company 11710: 9195: 7491: 9162: 4139:, stated that "While many worry about filling their gas tanks, many others around the world are struggling to fill their stomachs. And it's getting more and more difficult every day." 11867: 9520:"Draft Attachment B: Public Hearing to Consider Adoption of a Proposed Regulation to Implement the Low Carbon Fuel Standard - Staff's Suggested Modifications to the Original Proposal" 3593: 13585: 6178: 1380:

out of more than 300 million tons of harvested sugarcane. Several authors estimated a potential power generation from the use of sugarcane bagasse ranging from 1,000 to 9,000

655:

1.6 Total Flex, the first commercial flexible-fuel vehicle capable of running on any blend of gasoline and ethanol. By 2010 manufacturers that build flexible fuel vehicles include

13547: 1239:), allowing the plant to be self-sufficient in energy and to generate electricity for the local power grid. The cane juice or garapa is then filtered and treated by chemicals and 13602: 13590: 13580: 13527: 13497: 11599: 3757:, taking advantage of the higher ethanol blends and maximizing the benefits of the higher oxygen content of ethanol, resulting in lower emissions and improving fuel efficiency. 3636:, particularly the "more emission-efficient" sugarcane ethanol from Brazil, which would have to be imported to assure the environmental viability of the EU's biofuels mandate. 11338: 5531:"Portaria No. 7 de 11 de Janeiro de 2010 do Ministério de Estado da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento e Resolução No. 1 do Conselho Interministeriarl do Açúcar e do Álcool" 5273: 13552: 12212: 10688: 3628:

for biofuel is less efficient, as sugarcane can lead to emissions reductions of between 70% and well over 100% when substituted for gasoline. A 2010 study commissioned by the

10625: 7577:

Click link Preço ao produtor no Estado de São Paulo - Etanol anidro e etanol hidratado to download the Excel spreadsheet with producer prices of both types of ethanol by year

4748: 2284:

by state. Red and orange show states with average prices below the break even range. Ethanol price should be between 25 and 30% cheaper than gasoline to compensate its lower

13522: 13395: 13330: 13265: 12630: 6497: 5649:

This paper was originally presented in the XVI International Synposium on Alcohol Fuels, and augmented or slightly revised with the addition of new information in 2006–2008.

4348:(in Portuguese) (Second ed.). Berlendis & Vertecchia, São Paulo: UNICA – União da Agroindústria Canavieira do Estado de São Paulo. CDD-338.173610981. Archived from 2048:

import relative high quantities of Brazilian ethanol, but not much is destined for domestic consumption. These countries reprocess the product, usually converting Brazilian

776:

by 2018. The first ethanol-powered buses were delivered in May 2011, and the 50 ethanol-powered ED95 buses are scheduled to begin regular service in São Paulo in June 2011.

11388: 9554: 13517: 13512: 13507: 13305: 10814:"Analysis Finds That First-Generation Biofuel Use of Up to 5.6% in EU Road Transport Fuels Delivers Net GHG Emissions Benefits After Factoring in Indirect Land Use Change" 5537: 5177: 13487: 6657: 4737:"The author considers that ethanol can be a transport solution for Brazil, but one that only can be replicated in other tropical countries, from Africa to the Caribbean." 3604:(CARB) included the impact of indirect land use changes (ILUC) as part of the lifecycle analysis of crop-based biofuels. Brazilian sugarcane ethanol meets both the ruled 13502: 13425: 13370: 13340: 13260: 93:

Brazil's 40-year-old ethanol fuel program is based on the most efficient agricultural technology for sugarcane cultivation in the world, uses modern equipment and cheap

90:. In recent years however, later-generation biofuels have sprung up which use crops that are explicitly grown for fuel production and are not suitable for use as food. 13457: 13405: 13380: 13355: 13315: 13300: 13270: 5982: 4198: 3955:

found that the planned expansion of biofuel plantations (sugarcane and soybean) in Brazil up to 2020 will have a small direct land-use impact on carbon emissions, but

1148:

varieties, still non commerciallized. Identification of 40,000 cane genes was completed in 2003 and there are a couple dozen research groups working on the functional

110: 10908: 10295: 8787: 6779: 5240: 3914:

was estimated to have a 93-year payback time. The study conclusion is that the net effect of biofuel production via clearing of carbon-rich habitats is to increase CO

13472: 13467: 13420: 13360: 13335: 13325: 13280: 11930: 9095: 9065: 7161: 3905:

than the annual greenhouse gas (GHG) reductions that these biofuels would provide by displacing fossil fuels. Among others, the study analyzed the case of Brazilian

9126: 6315: 13375: 13365: 13345: 13290: 13275: 7876: 6442: 4614: 3390:. The two countries also agreed to share technology and set international standards for biofuels. The Brazilian sugar cane technology transfer will permit various 784: 752:

city in November 2009. Based on the satisfactory results obtained during the 3-year trial operation of the two buses, in November 2010 the municipal government of

3616:. By September 2010 five Brazilian sugarcane ethanol mills have been approved by the EPA to export their ethanol in the U.S. under the advanced biofuel category. 13462: 13350: 13295: 6974: 1227:, sugarcane is washed, chopped, and shredded by revolving knives; the feedstock is fed to and extracted by a set of mill combinations to collect a juice, called 8699: 8465: 13385: 13310: 12250: 11032: 10167: 8167: 8135: 6139: 78:

technology and its enormous amount of arable land available; while according to other authors it is a solution only for some countries in the tropical zone of

12267: 11134: 6838: 6204: 5421: 2842:

Sugarcane cultivation requires a tropical or subtropical climate, with a minimum of 600 mm (24 in) of annual rainfall. Sugarcane is one of the most

8074: 8046:

De Oliveira, Marcelo E. Dias de, Burton E. Vaughan & Edward J. Rykiel Jr.; "Ethanol as Fuel: Energy, Carbon dioxide Balances, and Ecological Footprint".

7828: 6691: 6559: 5563: 5390: 10193: 7731: 6872:[Honda commemorates 3 million flexible-fuel motorcycles produced with FlexOne special edition] (in Portuguese). Notícias Automotivas. Archived from 5727: 10817: 10442: 7958: 6474: 6118: 5628: 5312: 12017: 8840: 6719: 6527: 5455: 1107:

Variation of ethanol prices to producers in 2007 reflecting the harvest season supply. Yellow is for anhydrous ethanol and green is for hydrated ethanol (

10439:"EPA Proposes New Regulations for Renewable Fuel Standard to Implement Requirements of EISA; GHG Reduction and Indirect Land Use Change Effects Included" 8351: 710:

The rapid adoption and commercial success of "flex" vehicles, as they are popularly known, together with the mandatory blend of alcohol with gasoline as

11457: 8615: 999:(5%). These two regions have been responsible for 90% of Brazil's ethanol production since 2005 and the harvest season goes from April to November. The 12625: 12397: 9981: 8202: 7593: 6873: 5144: 7654: 3995:

Other criticism have focused on the potential for clearing rain forests and other environmentally valuable land for sugarcane production, such as the

2208:

Historical variation of ethanol production by region from 1990/91 to 2006/07 (harvest year). Light green is the production for the State of São Paulo.

5812: 9954: 6289: 1368:

was burnt in the plant to provide the energy required for the industrial part of the process. Today, the Brazilian best practice uses high-pressure

12279: 11834: 11418: 5338: 12290: 12085: 10718: 9247: 6608: 3882:. The authors found a "biofuel carbon debt" is created when Brazil and other developing countries convert land in undisturbed ecosystems, such as 13071: 11249: 10352:

This graph assumes that all bioethanols are burnt in their country of origin and that previously existing cropland is used to grow the feedstock.

7499: 4145:

gave a strong rebuttal, calling these claims "fallacies resulting from commercial interests", and putting the blame instead on U.S. and European

12273: 11562: 11370: 10777: 6470: 2862:. The first three plants to produce sugarcane-based ethanol are expected to go online in Louisiana by mid-2009. Sugar mill plants in Lacassine, 10038: 9722: 9318: 5048: 4929: 4520: 3837:

Ethanol production has also raised concerns regarding water overuse and pollution, soil erosion and possible contamination by excessive use of

11165: 10403: 10007: 9822: 9172: 7336: 5785: 5076: 3477: 10074: 8948: 8257: 6012: 5211: 3107: 11871: 10328: 6754: 11529: 10540: 5693: 5484: 3872: 3174: 7760: 7046: 6812: 5011:"Lei Nº 8.723, de 28 de Outubro de 1993. Dispõe sobre a redução de emissão de poluentes por veículos automotores e dá outras providências" 2846:

in the plant kingdom, able to convert up to 2% of incident solar energy into biomass. Sugarcane production in the United States occurs in

12327: 6934: 6182: 5203: 8580: 8542: 12572: 11674: 11346: 10843: 5895: 4293: 3605: 3309: 74:

to date." However, some authors consider that the successful Brazilian ethanol model is sustainable only in Brazil due to its advanced

12402: 11603: 10465: 10363: 6899: 6341: 3809:

Sugar cane harvest loading operation for transport to the sugar/ethanol processing plant, without previous burning of the plantation,

547:) is no longer sold in the country. A federal law was passed in October 1993 establishing a mandatory blend of 22% anhydrous ethanol ( 13076: 9878: 9351: 9036: 7930:

Sustainable Ethanol: Biofuels, Biorefineries, Cellulosic Biomass, Flex-Fuel Vehicles, and Sustainable Farming for Energy Independence

5283: 3684:

A 2009 study published in Energy Policy found that the use of ethanol fuel in Brazil has allowed to avoid over 600 million tons of CO

2085:. As shown in the table, the United States remains the largest single importer of Brazilian ethanol exports, though collectively the 1309:, and by national specification can contain up to 4.9% of water by volume. This hydrous ethanol is the fuel used by ethanol-only and 12209: 11990: 10696: 9785: 9748: 6416: 13245: 13230: 11893: 8732: 4861: 2241: 174:). Introduced in the market in 2003, flex vehicles became a commercial success, dominating the passenger vehicle market with a 94% 9448: 8313: 8230: 6505: 3820:

Mechanized sugarcane harvesting operation. Use of harvesting machines avoids the need for burning the plantation, São Paulo state.

748:) bus began operations in São Paulo city in December 2007 as a one-year trial project. A second ED95 trial bus began operating in 12194: 11392: 9565: 9519: 5759: 4422: 4047:

Sugarcane has had an important social contribution to some of the poorest people in Brazil by providing income usually above the

8606: 6841:[Two million flex motorcycles produced by Honda are proof of the technology acceptance in the country] (in Portuguese). 5596: 5204:"Brazil Passenger Vehicle Market Statistics: International comparative assessment of technology adoption and energy consumption" 3898:

production, and to crop production when agricultural land is diverted to biofuel production. This land use change releases more

1405:

Brazil has several experimental programs for the production of electricity using sugar cane ethanol as fuel. A joint venture of

147:

There are no longer any light vehicles in Brazil running on pure gasoline. Since 1976 the government made it mandatory to blend

11311: 11109: 10633: 6665: 5859:(in Portuguese). ANFAVEA - Associação Nacional dos Fabricantes de Veículos Automotores (Brasil). pp. 62–64. Archived from 5856: 5660: 4056:

region. The main social problems are related to cane cutters which do most of the low-paid work related to ethanol production.

2161: 10517: 7013: 5364: 5010: 3572:

ethanol from sugarcane is the most efficient biofuel currently under commercial production in terms of GHG emission reduction.

105:(output energy/input energy), which varies from 8.3 for average conditions to 10.2 for best practice production. In 2010, the 7937: 4796: 4730: 4696: 4574: 4436: 4381: 4177: 4119: 3431: 12204: 8925: 8025: 5112: 4367: 70:

economy and the biofuel industry leader, a policy model for other countries; and its sugarcane ethanol "the most successful

13144: 12294: 10920: 10725: 10692: 10367: 9684: 8898: 8765: 5248: 4902: 4756: 4752: 3597: 2220:), as the mixture of 25% anhydrous ethanol with gasoline is mandatory in the entire country. Since 2003, dual-fuel ethanol 2153: 2071:

The U.S., potentially the largest market for Brazilian ethanol imports, currently imposes a tariff on Brazilian ethanol of

741: 106: 9099: 9069: 6292:[Average age of Brazilian motorvehicles rises again while sales are falling] (in Portuguese). Revista Auto Esporte 12731: 11142: 9287: 8291: 7555: 7197: 6846: 6319: 6212: 3927:

demonstrated by the increases in agricultural production that took place in São Paulo state between 1990 and 2004, where

1982: 1272:

process continues to produce different grades of sugar, and the molasses continue a separate process to produce ethanol.

10576: 9849: 7887: 7525: 6367: 5571: 12698: 9928: 9656: 8795: 8436: 8103: 7692:"A Energia da Cana-de-Açúcar – Doze estudos sobre a agroindústria da cana-de-açúcar no Brasil e a sua sustentabilidade" 6787: 6258: 6153: 6061: 1079: 959: 11760: 10603: 8817: 8707: 7691: 6985: 4343: 563:

harvest and the levels of ethanol production from sugarcane, resulting in blend variations even within the same year.

13415: 12514: 12180: 10490: 9488:"Proposed Regulation to Implement the Low Carbon Fuel Standard. Volume I: Staff Report: Initial Statement of Reasons" 8848: 8480: 7864: 7839: 6727: 6537: 5875: 4345:

A Energia da Cana-de-Açúcar – Doze estudos sobre a agroindústria da cana-de-açúcar no Brasil e a sua sustentabilidade

4318: 4217:

residuals from sugar cane left over by the milling process, and it sells the surplus electricity to public utilities.

4127: 2142: 200: 11030: 10248: 8562: 8359: 5990: 5393:[Honda reaches 4 million flexible-fuel motorcycles produced in Brazil] (in Portuguese). Revista Auto Esporte 2145:, the expansion of the Brazilian ethanol industry has not been able keep up pace with the accelerated growth of the 1323:) used in Brazil, not only with regard to local gasoline prices but also as compared to other countries such as the 1290:

The resulting molasses are treated to become a sterilized molasse free of impurities, ready to be fermented. In the

559:) by volume. Since then, the government has set the percentage of the ethanol blend according to the results of the 512:), launched in 1975, was a nationwide program financed by the government to phase out automobile fuels derived from 12258: 5425: 3938:

Also regarding the potential negative impacts of land use changes on carbon emissions, a study commissioned by the

204: 12245: 7843: 6563: 3652:

emissions within the Brazilian transport sector in 2008, and mainly originate in the growing use of private cars,

2812:

Brazil's sugar cane-based industry is more efficient than the U.S. corn-based industry. Sugar cane ethanol has an

1115: 589:

After testing in government fleets with several prototypes developed by the local carmakers, and compelled by the

12362: 12320: 8335:

The U.S. tax credit was reduced from 51 to 45 cents by the 2008 Farm Bill and went into effect on January 1, 2009

7739: 5737: 5309:"Automakers in Brazil Hit 10M Flex-Fuel Vehicle Mark; Brazilian Sugarcane Association Urges Global Dissemination" 4827: 4398: 4308: 3979: 3948:

heads of cattle/ha to 1.41 from 2001 to 2005, and further improvements are expected in cattle feeding practices.

2792: 2204: 721: 12200:

Biofuels: The Promise and the Risks. The World Bank's World Development Report 2008: Agriculture for Development

12092: 12056: 8489:, Center for Agricultural and Rural Development, Iowa State University. July 20, 2010. Retrieved August 24, 2010 5857:"Anúario da Industria Automobilistica Brasileira 2010: Tabelas 2.1-2.2-2.3 Produção por combustível - 1957/2009" 5636: 4173: 3749:

has benefit with significantly less air pollution thanks to ethanol's cleaner emissions. Furthermore, Brazilian

3364: 745: 12407: 12028: 9958: 9659:(in Portuguese). ANFAVEA - Associação Nacional dos Fabricantes de Veículos Automotores (Brasil). Archived from 9494: 6261:(in Portuguese). ANFAVEA - Associação Nacional dos Fabricantes de Veículos Automotores (Brasil). Archived from 5459: 4373: 3738: 3601: 3138: 1298:. Fermentation time varies from four to twelve hours resulting in an alcohol content of 7–10% by total volume ( 583: 156: 8871: 5145:"Perspectivas de un Programa de Biocombustibles en América Central: Proyecto Uso Sustentable de Hidrocarburos" 2782:: Agência Nacional do Petróleo (ANP). Average retail prices for week of October 26, 2008, to November 1, 2008. 12567: 11584: 11465: 10873:

Pacca, Sergio; Sergio, José R. (November 2009). "Historical carbon budget of the brazilian ethanol program".

9255: 8612: 5934:(in Portuguese). ANFAVEA - Associação Nacional dos Fabricantes de Veículos Automotores (Brasil). January 2011 9323: 7604: 7403: 5151: 4773:

production system) is headed by Suriname, Guyana, Bolivia, Paraguay, DR of Congo, and Cameroon. See pp. 5–6"

3673:, its trade partners will benefit from reduced CHG emissions. However, for this opportunity to be realized, 2272: 2056:

ethanol, and then re-export it to the United States, gaining value-added and avoiding the 2.5% duty and the

1039:

Since 2009 the Brazilian ethanol industry has experienced a crisis due to multiple causes. They include the

566: 13223: 12828: 12604: 12521: 9905: 8002: 6115:"Kia introduces new Flex-Fuel Soul Flex at Brazilian Motor Show; boosts output and lowers fuel consumption" 4392: 4368:

Neves, Marcos Fava; Mairun Junqueira Alves Pinto; Marco Antonio Conejero; Vinicius Gustavo Trombin (2011).

4283: 3255:

As % of total gas stations in the country. Brazil by December 2007. U.S. by July 2010. (170,000 total)

2213: 1973: 1103: 703:. In 2013, Ford launched the first flex fuel car with direct injection: the Focus 2.0 Duratec Direct Flex. 544: 540: 210: 4975: 4971:

Programa de Biocombustíveis no Brasil e na Colômbia: uma análise da implantação, resultados e perspectivas

4969: 4142: 3484: 3379: 3356: 3340: 2826:

of 54-cent per gallon, first imposed in 1980, but kept to offset the 45-cent per gallon blender's federal

643:

Confidence on ethanol-powered vehicles was restored only with the introduction in the Brazilian market of

13174: 13164: 13091: 12635: 12562: 12445: 12435: 12430: 11733: 8518: 7521: 7050: 7017: 6981: 6941: 6903: 3793: 3536: 3513: 3411: 2863: 2285: 2101: 1194: 12883: 11841: 11429: 9555:"Another Inconvenient Truth: How biofuel policies are deepening poverty and accelerating climate change" 3632:

found that emission reduction effects of first-generation biofuels are positive, even after discounting

3275:

As % of total consumption on a volumetric basis. Brazil as of April 2008. U.S. as of December 2011.

531:

was the first modern automobile launched to the market capable of running only on hydrous ethanol fuel (

13629: 12688: 12504: 12455: 12344: 12313: 12096: 10729: 9657:"Anúario da Industria Automobilistica Brasileira 2011: Tabela 2.3 Produção por combustível - 1957/2010" 8899:"UNICA: venda de veículos flex no Brasil cresce 13,9% em 2009 e frota ultrapassa 9 milhões de unidades" 6259:"Anúario da Industria Automobilistica Brasileira 2012: Tabela 2.3 Produção por combustível - 1957/2012" 6235: 5928: 4644: 4278: 3879: 3693: 3419: 2501: 2165: 2090: 2065: 1544: 976: 11506: 9389:"Use of U.S. Croplands for Biofuels Increases Greenhouse Gases Through Emissions from Land-Use Change" 5308: 3741:

significantly. The use of ethanol-only vehicles has also reduced CO emissions drastically. Before the

2123:

After being renewed several times, the tax credit is set to expire on December 31, 2011, and both the

1127:

A key aspect for the development of the ethanol industry in Brazil was the investment in agricultural

1011:

For the 2008/09 harvest it is expected that about 44% of the sugarcane will be used for sugar, 1% for

13149: 12857: 12589: 11367: 10788: 9755: 4303: 3360: 3162: 2843: 2589: 1252: 13027: 12239: 10045: 10011: 9328: 8486: 4933: 4527: 3439:

and several countries in Central America and the Caribbean to promote Brazilian ethanol technology.

570:

Historical trend of Brazilian production of light vehicles by type of fuel, neat ethanol (alcohol),

13123: 13096: 12162: 12158: 12142: 12113:

Most of the text, graphs and tables included in the report are presented in Portuguese and English.

11169: 10413: 10015: 9826: 7346: 5789: 5084: 4328: 4273: 4052: 3988: 3828:

Typical vehicle used for harvest transport to the sugar/ethanol processing plant at São Paulo state

3700:, the main Brazilian ethanol industry organization, estimated that just the use of ethanol fuel in 3670: 3582: 3313: 2109: 1455: 1128: 1000: 980: 117: 18: 9791:(in Portuguese). Agência Nacional do Petróleo, Gás Natural e Biocombustíveis. 2008. Archived from 8952: 8264: 6114: 6016: 2261:

by the transport sector in 2008, while gasoline represented 23.3 percent and diesel 49.2 percent.

101:) is used to produce heat and power, which results in a very competitive price and also in a high 13216: 12724: 12496: 11625: 10438: 10335: 9008: 8876: 8409: 7269: 6635: 6612: 5838: 5512: 4823: 4684: 4298: 4264: 4115: 3609: 3115: 3111: 3080: 2254: 2240:

This differential in taxation favors ethanol fuel consumption, and by the end of July 2008, when

2157: 1285: 1040: 474:

Note: The 2010 reduction from E25 to E20 was temporary and took place between February and April.

184: 12150: 11536: 10550: 9040: 6839:"Dois milhões de motos flex produzidas pela Honda comprovam boa aceitação da tecnologia no País" 6038: 5701: 5495: 3716:

The widespread use of ethanol brought several environmental benefits to urban centers regarding

3229:

estimates that in 2009 only 504,297 flex-fuel vehicles were regularly fueled with E85 in the US.

1091: 13081: 12670: 9221: 8974: 8613:

Grassley, Conrad work to extend ethanol tax incentives to build energy security and create jobs

8603:

U.S. Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources. July 14, 2010. Retrieved August 24, 2010

8511: 8387: 8161:"Exportações Brasileira de Álcool (NCM: 2207.10.00 e 2207.20.10) realizadas em 2005 - Por País" 8129:"Exportações Brasileira de Álcool (NCM: 2207.10.00 e 2207.20.10) realizadas em 2006 - Por País" 8068:"Exportações Brasileira de Álcool (NCM: 2207.10.00 e 2207.20.10) realizadas em 2007 - Por País" 7341: 7054: 6393: 4859: 4716: 4688: 4675: 4313: 3824: 3805: 3224:

All fleets as of December 2011. The Brazilian fleet includes 1.5 million flex fuel motorcycles.

2617: 2397: 1190: 12284: 10813: 6945: 4566: 4558: 4176:

regarding the effects of biofuels on grain prices. concluded that the major driver behind the

4068:

physical and cultural disruption of multifunctional family farms and traditional communities.

3624:

out of the atmosphere, rather than adding it." In contrast, the report found that U.S. use of

3430:. American farmers have complained about this loophole to legally bypass the tariff. The 2005 779:

Another innovation of the Brazilian flexible-fuel technology was the development of flex-fuel

13624: 12531: 12526: 12417: 11785: 8577: 8556: 8539: 8321: 6586: 6368:"São Paulo joins EU's BEST project with pure ethanol bus trial; over 400 in operation so far" 4323: 4072: 3750: 3661: 3657: 3546: 2221: 2146: 2097: 1310: 730: 644: 632: 571: 163: 114: 26: 10851: 9582:

Oxfam Briefing Paper 114, figure 2 pp.8 - Download available in English, French and Spanish.

7903:

See Table I – Specifications for AEAC and AEHC at "Anexo: Regulamente Técnico ANP Nº 7/2005.

5903: 4862:"Assessment of greenhouse gas emissions in the production and use of fuel ethanol in Brazil" 4722: 3984: 3816: 3810: 12640: 12450: 11258: 10993: 10882: 10371: 9613: 9400: 8632: 8003:"Frost: Brazil Turns to Sugarcane Bagasse Power Generation to Reduce Hydropower Dependence" 7835: 7446: 7235: 6907: 6528:"Substituição de diesel por etanol: vantagem que novos ônibus trazem à cidade de São Paulo" 6345: 4984: 4146: 3952: 1345: 1291: 1281: 598: 11315: 10754: 9882: 5494:(in Portuguese and English). Ministério de Minas e Energia do Brasil. 2009. Archived from 4751:. Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs and Sustainability Science Program, 4206: 2661: 1358: 1152:, still on the experimental phase, but commercial results are expected within five years. 984: 8: 13444: 13179: 12655: 12645: 12599: 12352: 11994: 9792: 9759: 9487: 6420: 3798: 3629: 3460:

Brazil has also extended its technical expertise to several African countries, including

3142: 2441: 2022: 1669: 505: 127: 12226: 11808: 11648: 11262: 11195: 10997: 10886: 10106: 9617: 9404: 8498: 7553: 7450: 7195: 5150:(in Spanish). Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL). Archived from 4898: 4868: 3746: 3382:, were seeking to promote the production and use of sugar cane–based ethanol throughout 2176: 1051:

Production recovered since 2015, and Brazil produced 26.72 billion liters (7.06 billion

13197: 12998: 12823: 12811: 12717: 12557: 12372: 11281: 11244: 11083: 11058: 11017: 10545: 9637: 9455: 9426: 7982: 7472: 7131: 7104: 6688:"Nova Honda NXR 150 Bros Mix é a 1ª On-Off Road com tecnologia bicombustível do Brasil" 6088: 6066: 5632: 5178:"Brazil's flex-fuel car production rises, boosting ethanol consumption to record highs" 4760: 4712: 4619: 4288: 3653: 3645: 3550:

units from the resulting ethanol. These findings have been confirmed by other studies.

2471: 2258: 1299: 1220: 1181: 1161: 1012: 664: 620: 590: 188: 13045: 10964: 10909:"Carros flex: uso de etanol já evitou emissão de mais de 83 milhões de toneladas de CO 9526: 6089:"Livina, primeiro carro flex da Nissan chega com preços entre R$ 46.690 e R$ 56.690" 5763: 4867:. Secretariat of the Environment, Government of the State of São Paulo. Archived from 4442: 3692:

began. The study also concluded that the neutralization of the carbon released due to

13118: 13010: 12660: 12594: 12481: 12382: 12336: 11578: 11286: 11088: 11059:"Climate change, biofuels and eco-social impacts in the Brazilian Amazon and Cerrado" 11009: 9641: 9629: 9418: 7986: 7972: 7933: 7860: 7464: 7371: 7136: 5732: 5600: 5241:"Etanol: Carros flex representam 92% das vendas de março, último mês de IPI reduzido" 4792: 4726: 4692: 4570: 4432: 4377: 4209:. This industrial plant is set up to produce sugar, ethanol fuel (both anhydrous and 4103: 4023: 3754: 3701: 3427: 2867: 2749: 2485: 2281: 2193: 1350: 1320: 602: 532: 171: 66:

Between 2006 and 2008, Brazil was considered to have the world's first "sustainable"

37: 12476: 11135:"Câmara de Ribeirão rejeita lei inconstitucional pelo final da queima nos canaviais" 11021: 10329:"Carbon and Sustainability Reporting Within the Renewable Transport Fuel Obligation" 9430: 8492: 8487:

Costs and Benefits to Taxpayers, Consumers, and Producers from U.S. Ethanol Policies

8166:(in Portuguese). Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento. Archived from 8134:(in Portuguese). Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento. Archived from 8073:(in Portuguese). Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento. Archived from 7563: 7476: 7316: 7299: 7205: 6238:(in Portuguese). Ministério de Desenvolvimento, Indústria e Comércio Exterior (MDIC) 5963:[Brazilian fleet of light vehicles (Otto cycle)] (in Portuguese). UNICA Data 5860: 5664: 4090: 2677: 2647: 988: 582:

Since July 2007 the mandatory blend is 25% of anhydrous ethanol and 75% gasoline or

13050: 12961: 12801: 12584: 12579: 11868:"Another Inconvenient Truth: Biofuels are not the answer to climate or fuel crisis" 11835:"Another Inconvenient Truth: Biofuels are not the answer to climate or fuel crisis" 11276: 11266: 11078: 11070: 11001: 10984: 10890: 9621: 9408: 9167: 7962: 7454: 7311: 7126: 7116: 7021: 5960: 5367:[Flex engines require more efficiency] (in Portuguese). Automotive Business 5014: 4979: 4749:"Certification Strategies, Industrial Development and a Global Market for Biofuels" 4181: 3561: 3414:

tariff-free trade with the U.S. thanks to existing concessionary trade agreements.

3391: 3321: 3145: 1406: 539:

The first phase of the program concentrated on production of anhydrous ethanol for

71: 12894: 12471: 8622:

Office of Senator Chuck Grassley (R-IA). April 20, 2010. Retrieved August 24, 2010

7233: 5597:"USGA: Em 1927, o Primeiro Grande Empreendimento Brasileiro em Álcool Combustível" 3983:

Location of environmentally valuable areas with respect to sugarcane plantations.

3097:% GHGs avoided by using ethanol instead of gasoline, using existing crop land (No 1251:, a fluid rich in organic compounds. The syrup resulting from evaporation is then 1008:

are commonly reported on a harvest two-year basis rather than on a calendar year.

13159: 13021: 12971: 12262: 12216: 11679: 11374: 11036: 10661: 10408: 10216: 8788:"Agência ambiental dos EUA reconhece etanol de cana como biocombustível avançado" 8619: 8584: 8546: 8295: 7699: 5278: 4349: 4136: 3726: 3721: 3689: 3542: 3128:

Average % GHGs change by using ethanol as compared to gasoline, considering

3056: 2880: 2813: 2181: 2045: 1451: 1373: 1256: 1228: 1224: 1186: 1063: 497: 102: 10894: 9692: 1087:

of sugarcane planted in Brazil between 1975 and 2004. Source: Goldemberg (2008).

1055:) in 2017, representing 26.1 percent of the world's total ethanol used as fuel. 923:

Note: (a) 2004–06 for all grades. (b) 2007–2010 and 2014–2020 ethanol fuel only.

63:), representing 26.1 percent of the world's total ethanol used as fuel in 2017. 29:

from several car makers, popularly called "flex" cars, that run on any blend of

13208: 12620: 12440: 12425: 12086:"Fatores Determinantes dos Preços dos Alimentos: O Impacto dos Biocombustíveis" 11926: 11245:"Indirect land-use changes can overcome carbon savings from biofuels in Brazil" 10775: 10291: 10164:"Brazilian President to begin four country African tour; will promote biofuels" 8462:"Brazilian ethanol exports plummet 31 percent as US ethanol glut dampens trade" 6870:"Honda comemora 3 milhões de motos flex produzidas com edição especial FlexOne" 6611:(in Portuguese). G1 Portal de Notícias da Globo. March 11, 2003. Archived from 6447: 4788: 4428: 4107: 4027: 3932: 3899: 3524: 3375: 3344: 3184: 2796: 2788: 2245: 2185: 2113: 2086: 1966:

Notes: Only countries with more than 100,000 liters imports on a given year are

1729: 1445:

There are several improvements to the industrial processes, such as adopting a

1240: 1108: 773: 652: 628: 614: 131:

Brazil has ethanol fuel available throughout the country. Shown here a typical

33: 9295: 8288: 7494:[Today just 23% of flex fuel cars are using ethanol] (in Portuguese). 6780:"Com novo modelo flex, mais de metade da produção da Honda será bicombustível" 5341:[Brazil reaches 20 million flex fuel cars] (in Portuguese). UOL Carros 4840:

See chapters Introduction (pp. 339–444) and Pillar I: Innovation (pp. 445–482)

3850:

classifies the industry as level 1, which means "no impact" on water quality.

13618: 13169: 12835: 12377: 11964: 11425: 11138: 10916: 10629: 10580: 10572: 10122: 9746: 8902: 8844: 8791: 8703: 8637: 8258:"Grassley Expresses Concern Over Possible U.S.-Brazil Partnership on Ethanol" 7695: 7559: 7556:"Preço ao produtor no Estado de São Paulo - Etanol anidro e etanol hidratado" 7376: 7300:"O mercado de trabalho da agroindústria canavieira: desafios e oportunidades" 7201: 6842: 6783: 6723: 6661: 6532: 6371: 6208: 5956: 5899: 5697: 5567: 5244: 4250: 4236: 3968: 3717: 3697: 3674: 3665: 3553: 3489: 3383: 3324:

is 95.86 blended with 10% ethanol. (5) Assuming direct land use change only.

2920: 2229: 2138: 2133: 1994: 1517: 1324: 1136: 757: 79: 11271: 10190:"Angola-based Biocom to launch in 2010, reach full ethanol capacity in 2012" 9660: 9625: 9413: 9388: 9082:

Retail prices of gasoline for week of October 26, 2008, to November 1, 2008.

8533: 8512:"Using Biofuel Tax Credits to Achieve Energy and Environmental Policy Goals" 6262: 3664:

and the switch from gasoline to sugarcane ethanol are expected to stabilize

3335: 3073:

Ratio of the energy obtained from ethanol/energy expended in its production.

13111: 12981: 12818: 12776: 12756: 12392: 12387: 12357: 11290: 11092: 11074: 11013: 10146: 10098: 9786:"Anuário Estatístico Brasileiro do Petróleo, Gás Natural e Biocombustíveis" 9646:. There are rebuttals to these findings for assuming a worst-case scenario. 9633: 9604:

Fargione; et al. (2008). "Land Clearing and the Biofuel Carbon Debt".

9422: 9112:

Retail prices of ethanol for week of October 26, 2008, to November 1, 2008.

9098:(in Portuguese). Agência Nacional do Petróleo. October 2008. Archived from 9068:(in Portuguese). Agência Nacional do Petróleo. October 2008. Archived from 7495: 7468: 7140: 5891: 5689: 4123: 4111: 4085: 4048: 3996: 3781: 3777: 3565: 2515: 2369: 1418: 1414: 1306: 1295: 1198: 992: 729:

CG 150 Titan Mix was launched in the Brazilian market and became the first

513: 492: 175: 140: 75: 56: 7927: 7121: 6419:(in Portuguese). Centro Nacional de Referência em Biomassa. Archived from 5536:(in Portuguese). Diário Oficial da União. January 12, 2010. Archived from 3959:

could offset the carbon savings from biofuels due to the expansion of the

2189: 2168:

countries that convert Brazilian hydrated ethanol into anhydrous ethanol.

753: 749: 136: 13154: 13106: 13101: 13086: 12872: 12845: 12806: 12791: 12766: 12650: 10719:"Towards Sustainable Production and Use of Resources: Assessing Biofuels" 9435:. There are critics to these findings for assuming a worst-case scenario. 8761: 8571: 8373:

The previous tax credit was 51-cents and it expired on December 31, 2008.

7219:

Click link Produção de etanol do Brasil to download the Excel spreadsheet

4185:

sugarcane was accompanied by rapid growth of grain crops in the country.

3944: 3939: 3842: 3838: 3761: 3730: 3423: 3050:. Brazil is 727 to 870 gal/acre (2006), US is 321 to 424 gal/acre (2003). 2818: 2427: 2038: 2014: 1998: 1969: 1885: 1762: 1609: 1393: 1244: 1202: 987:, with around 60% of the country's total ethanol production, followed by 780: 487: 12255: 12057:"Biofuel policies in OECD countries costly and ineffective, says report" 10778:"Global Trade and Environmental Impact Study of the EU Biofuels Mandate" 5027:

See article 9º and modifications approved by Law Nº 10.696, July 2, 2003

4860:

Macedo Isaias, M. Lima Verde Leal and J. Azevedo Ramos da Silva (2004).

3935:, sugarcane and other food crops were grown in an almost constant area. 2787:: Data is presented in local currency because the exchange rate for the 2529: 2383: 13015: 12951: 12796: 12761: 12541: 12291:

Towards Sustainable Production and Use of Resources: Assessing Biofuels

10847: 10102: 9386: 9352:"Biofuels: The Promise and the Risks, in World Development Report 2008" 8048: 6181:(in Portuguese). Hoje Notícias. Reuters. August 6, 2008. Archived from 5013:(in Portuguese). Casa Civil da Presidência da República. Archived from 4202: 4157: 4132: 3883: 3640: 3465: 3403: 3317: 2827: 2691: 2077: 2018: 1639: 1446: 1434: 1354: 1303: 1264: 1145: 1120: 1096: 1028: 952: 733: 700: 684: 676: 648: 517: 486:

has been cultivated in Brazil since 1532 as sugar was one of the first

94: 12274:

Global Trade and Environmental Impact Study of the EU Biofuels Mandate

12054: 12015: 10776:

Perrihan Al-Riffai; Betina Dimaranan; David Laborde (March 25, 2010).

10079: 9685:"Licenciamento total de automóveis e comerciais leves por combustível" 7955:

Preliminary Assessment of Potential CDM Early Start Projects in Brazil

6290:"Com vendas em queda, idade média de veículos volta a subir no Brasil" 5599:(in Portuguese). Onde Vamos Boletim Enfoque. June 2000. Archived from 5564:"Setor Sucroenergético - Histórico: Ciclo Econômico da Cana-de-Açúcar" 5061:"This decree fixed the mandatory blend at 25% starting July 1st, 2007" 2603: 1015:, and 55% for ethanol production. An estimate of between 24.9 billion 692: 13449: 13139: 13055: 12956: 12781: 12740: 12536: 12486: 10982:

Emma Marris (December 7, 2006). "Drink the best and drive the rest".

9066:"Síntese dos Preços Praticados - Brasil. RESUMO III - Gasolina R$ /l" 8594: 7977: 6140:

Ford põe no Focus o 1º motor flex com injeção direta; preço é segredo

5813:"Mistura de etanol na gasolina sobe para 27% a partir de 16 de março" 5456:"Consumo de álcool supera o de gasolina pela primeira vez em 20 anos" 4615:"With Big Boost From Sugar Cane, Brazil Is Satisfying Its Fuel Needs" 4486: 3960: 3891: 3678: 3660:

systems. Nevertheless, the study concluded that the increased use of

3399: 3387: 3368: 3351: 3205: 3170: 2945: 2851: 2257:), sugarcane ethanol represented 17.6 percent of the country's total 2053: 1410: 1377: 1340: 1214: 1072: 931: 765: 656: 606: 560: 483: 148: 132: 83: 12665: 12305: 11894:"ONG diz que etanol brasileiro é melhor opção entre biocombustíveis" 11005: 7459: 7434: 7270:"Produção de álcool e de açúcar baterá recorde em 2008, prevê Conab" 5051:(in Portuguese). Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento 4258: 3951:

A paper published in February 2010 by a team led by Lapola from the

2120:

for ethanol and around $ 275 per metric ton for cellulosic ethanol.

934:

and relies on first-generation technologies based on the use of the

13435: 13039: 13004: 12929: 12919: 12862: 12161:

external links, and converting useful links where appropriate into

11361: 9906:"Latin American Ethanol Exports Exploit U.S. Legislative Loopholes" 9449:"Renewable Fuel Standard Program (RFS2) Regulatory Impact Analysis" 9096:"Síntese dos Preços Praticados - Brasil. RESUMO III - Álcool R$ /l" 7967: 7297: 4214: 4043:

Typical sugarcane worker during the harvest season, São Paulo state

4016: 4000: 3769: 3765: 3395: 3023: 2993: 2871: 2277: 2217: 2197: 1385: 1381: 1315: 1269: 1260: 1156: 1003:

is responsible for the remaining 10% of ethanol production, led by

964: 711: 636: 594: 575: 556: 552: 548: 528: 167: 152: 45: 41: 10285:"Review of environmental, economic and policy aspects of biofuels" 7234:

Companhia Nacional de Abastecimento (CONAB Brazil) (August 2008).

5929:"Produção de Automóveis por Tipo e Combustível - 2010 (Tabela 10)" 4521:"Brazil Institute Special Report: The Global Dynamics of Biofuels" 4095: 2735: 2721: 2633: 2457: 996: 12946: 12940: 12889: 12771: 12748: 12367: 12231: 10935: 10626:"Brazilian mills register to export "advanced" ethanol to the US" 10541:"California's low-carbon fuel standard has oil companies anxious" 10142: 10138: 10126: 9037:"Combustíveis: cadastro pode facilitar a arrecadação de impostos" 8695: 8668:"Ethanol Industry Is Unruffled by Senate Vote Against Tax Breaks" 8390:. Gasoline & Automotive Dealers of America. December 31, 2008 7735: 7712:

Click on the link to download the zip file with the pdf chapters.

7650: 7600: 7520: 5815:[Ethanol blend will increase to 27% beginning March 16]. 5788:(in Portuguese). Reuters Brasil. January 11, 2010. Archived from 5201: 4402: 4244: 4210: 4164:

An economic assessment report also published in July 2008 by the

4019: 4004: 3923: 3906: 3895: 3887: 3847: 3773: 3450: 3432:

Dominican Republic – Central America Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA)

3201: 3047: 2948:

for ethanol production, the US has less than 2% from other crops.

2847: 2705: 2573: 2413: 2049: 2026: 2010: 1855: 1579: 1429: 1365: 1248: 1232: 1219:

Once harvested, sugarcane is usually transported to the plant by

1177: 1172: 1132: 1084: 1004: 968: 944: 935: 672: 668: 98: 67: 30: 11312:"Amazon rainforest will bear cost of biofuel policies in Brazil" 9881:. The Institute for Agriculture and Trade Policy. Archived from 9687:[Total automobiles and light-trucks registered by fuel] 9006: 8410:"Exportações de álcool para os EUA crescem mais de 900% em 2006" 6935:"Accelerating Industry Innovation—2012 Ethanol Industry Outlook" 6920:

Under "Fuel Ethanol Production" click on the corresponding year.

6151: 6059: 3918:

emissions for decades or centuries relative to fossil fuel use.

2559: 12992: 12924: 12840: 12786: 11377:, UNICA satellite map. June 22, 2010. Retrieved August 24, 2010 10934:

See the tool developed to keep track of emissions avoided here

10689:"Biofuels - New Report Brings Greater Clarity to Burning Issue" 10282: 10118: 10110: 10044:. Brazil Institute of the Woodrow Wilson Center. Archived from 9747:

Stacy C. Davis; Susan W. Diegel; Robert G. Boundy (June 2011).

6690:(in Portuguese). MotoDriver. September 17, 2009. Archived from 5760:"Anuário da Indústria Automobilística Brasileira 2018, ANFAVEA" 4803:

See Executive Summary and Appendix A: The Brazilian Experience.

4746: 4526:. Brazil Institute of the Woodrow Wilson Center. Archived from 3928: 3734: 3569: 3469: 3446: 3436: 3407: 3305: 2969: 2907: 2855: 2823: 2061: 2030: 2006: 1977: 1792: 1699: 1476: 1369: 1328: 1155:

Also, there is ongoing research regarding sugarcane biological

1149: 1052: 1020: 1016: 807: 696: 688: 625: 87: 60: 52: 23: 12300: 12285:

Reconciling food security and bioenergy: priorities for action

12280:

Sugarcane Agroecological Zoning - Brazilian Federal Government

12270:

History of ethanol fuel use in Brazil (English and Portuguese)

8926:"Álcool ou Gasolina? Saiba qual escolher quando for abastecer" 7554:

Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento (Brazil).

7196:

Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento (Brazil).

7159: 6720:"Motos flex foram as mais vendidas em 2009 na categoria 150cc" 5728:"Brazil's ethanol effort helping lead to oil self-sufficiency" 5424:(in Portuguese). Agência Brasil. July 15, 2008. Archived from 5282:(in Portuguese). Agência Estado. March 4, 2010. Archived from 4672: 4201:

Panoramic view of the Costa Pinto Production Plant located in

3374:

In March 2007, "ethanol diplomacy" was the focus of President

1031:(15%), Alagoas (14.1%), Paraná (7%), and Minas Gerais (5.6%). 523: 12966: 12909: 12899: 12852: 12276:

by the International Food Policy Institute (IFPRI) March 2010

11527: 10134: 10114: 10094: 10008:"Diplomacia de biocombustibles" de Lula no genera entusiasmo" 9979: 9561: 7826: 7334: 6179:"Vendas de veículos flex no Brasil sobem 31,1% em julho 2008" 5874:

For the complete detail year by year up to 2010 see table in

3911: 3625: 3473: 3461: 3454: 3226: 2876: 2859: 2545: 2034: 2002: 1915: 1822: 1331:, that only use anhydrous ethanol for their flex fuel fleet. 1275: 940: 761: 726: 680: 187:, sugarcane ethanol represented 17.6% of the country's total 12709: 11731: 11242: 10334:. Department of Transport (UK). January 2008. Archived from 8841:"Brazilian Ethanol Producers Hope to Benefit From US Ruling" 8563:

After 30 years of federal subsidies, ethanol can go it alone

7827:

Edward Smeets; Martin Junginger; et al. (August 2006).

7236:"Acompanhamento da Safra Brasileira Cana-de-Açúcar Zafra 08" 6562:(in Portuguese). WebMotors. November 7, 2007. Archived from 5511:"Tables 3.6a and 3.6b. Data expressed in energy equivalent ( 5391:"Honda chega a 4 milhões de Motos Flex Produzidas no Brasil" 5077:"Dilma assina medida que dá poder à ANP para regular etanol" 4785:

Biofuels in Africa: Opportunities, Prospects, and Challenges

4424:

Biofuels in Africa: Opportunities, Prospects, and Challenges

3541:

One of the main concerns about bioethanol production is the

3378:'s Latin American tour, in which he and Brazil's president, 3295:

2006/2007 for Brazil (22¢/liter), 2004 for U.S. (35¢/liter).

2870:

were converted to sugar cane-based ethanol production using

12934: 12904: 12060: 12024: 11626:"ONU diz que biocombustíveis são crime contra a humanidade" 11168:(in Portuguese). São Paulo State Government. Archived from 10150: 10130: 7932:. Prairie Oak Publishing, Maryville, Missouri. p. 42. 6932: 5810: 5110: 4484: 4165: 4039: 3956: 3633: 3613: 3129: 3098: 2105: 2082: 1294:

process sugars are transformed into ethanol by addition of

660: 121: 12055:

Directorate for Trade; Agriculture, OECD (July 16, 2008).

12016:

Directorate for Trade; Agriculture, OECD (July 16, 2008).

11788:(in Portuguese). Folha de Sao Pãulo Online. April 13, 2008 11628:(in Portuguese). Folha de Sao Pãulo Online. April 14, 2008 8104:"The New European Challenge for Brazilian Ethanol Exports" 7337:"Brazil Ethanol Drive Falters on Domestic Supply Shortage" 6560:"Magneti Marelli apresenta a moto flexível em combustível" 6205:"Participação de carros flex nas vendas volta a bater 94%" 5339:"Brasil chega aos 20 milhões de motores flex, diz Anfavea" 4967: 4489:. Alternative Fuels Data Center, U.S. Department of Energy 4341: 2212:

Most automobiles in Brazil run either on hydrous alcohol (

472:

Source: J.A. Puerto Rica (2007), Table 3.8, pp. 81–82

12914: 10246: 9603: 7641: 7591: 7014:"Industry Statistics: 2008 World Fuel Ethanol Production" 6900:"Industry Statistics: 2010 World Fuel Ethanol Production" 6443:"São Paulo terá primeira frota de ônibus movida a etanol" 6394:"Sao Paulo Puts Ethanol Bus into Service in BEST Project" 6276:

See Table 2.3 and 2.4 pp. 60-63 and Table 2.5 and 2.6, 66

6236:"Álcool combustível - Uso veicular do álcool combustível" 4114:

debate reached a global scale in 2008 as a result of the

3681:

in many countries will have to be reduced or eliminated.

3620:

processed correctly, it has negative emission, pulling CO

2064:, thanks to the trade agreements and benefits granted by 12246:

CDM Potential in Brazil, by S. Meyers, J. Sathaye et al.

10785:

Directorate General for Trade of the European Commission

9926: 8733:"Consumo de etanol no Brasil cai pela 1ª vez desde 2003" 8289:

Letter from six Democratic Senators to President Bush at

7761:

Brazil Invests $ 50 M in Ethanol from Sugarcane Projects

6471:"São Paulo putting 50 Scania ethanol buses into service" 5422:"ANP: consumo de álcool combustível é 50% maior em 2007" 1236: 963:

Production by harvest year 1990/91 to 2007/08. Green is

12301:

GLOBIOM model: ILUC Quantification Study of EU Biofuels

12222:

Brazilian Ethanol Policy: Lessons for the United States

11166:"Antecipado prazo para fim das queimadas nos canaviais" 10657:"Brazil's ethanol producers take a big bet on biofuels" 9955:"Senators urge action to close ethanol import loophole" 9316: 7372:"Brazilian brew: America opens up to Brazilian ethanol" 6975:"2010 Ethanol Industry Outlook: Climate of Opportunity" 6342:"Começa a circular em São Paulo ônibus movido a etanol" 6152:

Adam Lashinsky; Nelson D. Schwartz (January 24, 2006).

6060:

Adam Lashinsky; Nelson D. Schwartz (January 24, 2006).

3557: 2891:

the ethanol industries in the United States and Brazil

2171: 967:

ethanol (E100) and yellow is anhydrous ethanol use for

476:

In April 2011 the lower blend floor was reduced to E18.

11458:"Lula aprova por decreto zoneamento da cana-de-açúcar" 10577:"Sugarcane Ethanol Passes Critical Test in California" 9825:. NEVC FYI Newsletter (Vol 1 Issue 16). Archived from 9007:

Daniel Bergamasco; Roberto Machado (August 27, 2008).

6495: 5786:"Governo reduz mistura de etanol na gasolina para 20%" 5142: 4930:"EPA designates sugarcane ethanol as advanced biofuel" 4094:

Santa Sofia sugarcane field for ethanol production in

2112:

through tax credits are about $ 750 per metric ton of

1334: 516:, such as gasoline, in favor of ethanol produced from 12287:, Global Change Biology Bioenergy Journal, June 2016. 11991:"Biofuels major driver of food price rise-World Bank" 11809:"Brazil Lula defends biofuels from growing criticism" 11786:"FMI e Bird pedem ação urgente contra alta alimentar" 9196:"After Three Decades, Tax Credit for Ethanol Expires" 9009:"Imposto põe gasolina brasileira entre as mais caras" 7928:

Goettemoeller, Jeffrey; Adrian Goettemoeller (2007).

7644:"A Expansão da Cana-de-Açúcar e sua Sustentabilidade" 6587:"Moto flex 'imita' carros e deve chegar até dezembro" 5961:"Frota brasileira de autoveículos leves (ciclo Otto)" 5658: 1095:

Typical ethanol distillery and dehydration facility,

795: 218:

Historical evolution of ethanol blends used in Brazil

10283:

Deepak Rajagopal; David Zilberman (September 2007).

9957:. High Plains Journal. July 20, 2004. Archived from 9929:"Ethanol Tariff Loophole Sparks a Boom in Caribbean" 9754:. Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, 8762:"Renewable Fuel Standard Program (RFS2): Final Rule" 8231:"Brazil's ethanol exports to rise in 2008:F.O.Licht" 8000: 7959:

Ernest Orlando Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

7953:

S. Meyers; J. Sathaye; et al. (December 2000).

6344:(in Portuguese). Estado de São Paulo. Archived from 6318:(in Portuguese). Agropecuária Brasil. Archived from 5983:"Volkswagen to stop making gas-only cars for Brazil" 5202:

Francisco Posada; Cristiano Façanha (October 2015).

4226: 2807: 2791:

has been fluctuating heavily since the beginning of

1259:

producing a mixture of clear crystals surrounded by

11913: 11911: 11600:"Biofuels: green dream or climate change nightmare" 11464:(in Portuguese). September 18, 2009. Archived from 10571: 10237:

Rothkopf (2007), Chapter IV, see Table 5.c, pp. 557

10192:. Biofuels Digest. October 30, 2007. Archived from 10166:. Biofuels Digest. October 12, 2007. Archived from 9222:"Colombians in U.S. sugar mills to produce ethanol" 9139:

Closing exchange rate for week of October 31, 2008.

8499:

Little impact if U.S. ethanol tax breaks end: Study

8464:. Biofuels Digest. December 4, 2007. Archived from 8349: 8314:"Brazil launches campaign to remove ethanol tariff" 8255: 7952: 7877:"Resolução ANP Nº 36, DE 6.12.2005 - DOU 7.12.2005" 7594:"The Economic Challenge of Biotechnology in Brazil" 6893: 6891: 6658:"Honda lança no Brasil primeira moto flex do mundo" 6636:"Honda lançará moto flex ainda neste mês no Brasil" 5274:"Brasil alcança marca de 10 milhões de carros flex" 5115:[Ethanol content in gasoline rises today]. 3768:ethanol in ethanol-only engines is the increase in 3764:emit aldehydes, one of the drawbacks of the use of 3648:, urban transportation is responsible for 51% of CO 3502: 1400: 1131:by both the public and private sector. The work of 162:The Brazilian car manufacturing industry developed 11563:"Food Security Worries Could Limit China Biofuels" 11528:European Environmental Bureau (February 8, 2006). 11163: 10039:"Brazil-U.S. Biofuels Cooperation: One Year Later" 9850:"Latin America -- the 'Persian Gulf' of Biofuels?" 9723:"Flex-Fuel Amendment Makes for Strange Bedfellows" 7335:Raymond Colitt; Stephan Nielsen (March 13, 2012). 7160:Empresa de Pesquisa Energética (October 3, 2008). 6609:"Honda lança primeira moto bicombustível do mundo" 6316:"ANP estima que consumo de álcool supere gasolina" 6015:(in Portuguese). Wolkswagen Brazil. Archived from 5458:(in Portuguese). Cornélio Notícias. Archived from 4932:. Green Momentum. February 5, 2010. Archived from 4747:Hausmann, Ricardo; Rodrigo Wagner (October 2009). 4711: 4674: 12145:may not follow Knowledge's policies or guidelines 12018:"Economic Assessment of Biofuel Support Policies" 11957:"Etanol não influenciou nos preços dos alimentos" 11732:Larry Elliott; Heather Stewart (April 11, 2008). 11228:Macedo (2007) Chapter 6, pp. 121–126 and 131-139. 11196:"From machete to machine in Brazil's cane fields" 10837: 10835: 10757:. European Commission Chief Economist. March 2010 10604:"EPA Deems Sugarcane Ethanol an Advanced Biofuel" 9982:"U.S. and Brazil Seek to Promote Ethanol in West" 9980:Edmund L. Andrews; Larry Rother (March 3, 2007). 9002: 9000: 8818:"EPA Deems Sugarcane Ethanol an Advanced Biofuel" 8501:Reuters. July 20, 2010. Retrieved August 24, 2010 8437:"Brazil local demand to drive ethanol production" 8352:"Congress enacts $ 290B farm bill over Bush veto" 7886:(in Portuguese). December 6, 2005. Archived from 6928: 6926: 6417:"São Paulo recebe segundo ônibus movido a etanol" 6154:"How to Beat the High Cost of Gasoline. Forever!" 6062:"How to Beat the High Cost of Gasoline. Forever!" 5485:"Balanço Energético Nacional 2009: Ano base 2008" 4519:Budny, Daniel; Sotero, Paulo, eds. (April 2007). 4480: 4478: 4476: 4474: 13616: 13238: 11908: 11646: 11565:. Archived from the original on January 11, 2006 11416: 10965:"Sustainable biofuels: prospects and challenges" 10601: 10401: 9682: 9443: 9441: 9160: 9125:(in Portuguese). Terra: Invertia. Archived from 8625: 6888: 6867: 6313: 4782: 4420: 4390: 3991:, concentrates two-thirds of sugarcane cultures. 3596:. Recent assessments carried out in 2009 by the 3208:for corn. Land use change scenarios by Fargione. 2795:. Exchange rate for October 31, 2008, was US1 = 13072:Bioconversion of biomass to mixed alcohol fuels 12251:Cogeneration in Ethanol Plants by P. M. Nastari 12238:emissions have been avoided by ethanol used by 11917: 11309: 11250:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 11189: 11187: 11110:"Brazil SP cane growers to ban burning by 2017" 11063:Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society 10247:Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva (November 19, 2008). 9903: 9847: 9482: 9480: 8756: 8754: 8665: 7685: 7683: 7681: 7679: 7677: 7675: 7637: 7635: 7633: 7631: 7629: 7627: 7625: 7592:Antonio Flavio Dias Avila; et al. (2000). 7366: 7364: 7102: 5725: 5626: 5525: 5523: 5521: 5336: 5235: 5233: 5083:(in Portuguese). April 28, 2011. Archived from 5043: 5041: 5039: 5037: 5035: 5033: 4821: 4721:. Farrar, Straus and Giroux, New York. p. 4681:Two billion cars: driving toward sustainability 4556: 3708:emissions between March 2003 and January 2010. 930:Ethanol production in Brazil uses sugarcane as 11806: 11504: 11491: 11489: 11487: 11485: 11483: 11336: 11238: 11236: 11234: 11219:Macedo (2007) Chapter 6, 131–138, see Table 5. 11193: 10832: 10654: 10463: 10214: 10036: 9599: 9597: 9595: 9593: 9591: 9589: 9285: 9281: 9279: 9277: 9275: 9273: 9090: 9088: 9060: 9058: 8997: 8869: 8388:"Ethanol Tax Credit Reduced January 1, 2009!!" 8382: 8380: 8345: 8343: 8196:"Ethanol production from Sugar Cane in Brazil" 8101: 7549: 7547: 7526:"Going Global - 2015 Ethanol Industry Outlook" 7514: 7492:"Etanol é usado hoje em apenas 23% dos carros" 7264: 7262: 7260: 7258: 7256: 7167:(in Portuguese). Ministério de Minas e Energia 7098: 7096: 7094: 7092: 6923: 6414: 5661:"Brazil's Ethanol Program – An Insider's View" 5384: 5382: 5362: 5111:Fábio Amato e Filipe Matoso (March 16, 2015). 4824:"A Blueprint for Green Energy in the Americas" 4645:"Biofuels in Brazil: Lean, green and not mean" 4471: 4172:A study by the Brazilian research unit of the 3880:direct and indirect effect of land use changes 1247:, the juice is filtered once again, producing 13224: 12725: 12321: 12268:From Alcohol to Ethanol: A winning trajectory 12227:The Brazilian biofuels industry (2008 status) 11758: 11640: 11597: 11129: 11127: 11056: 11052: 11050: 11048: 11046: 11044: 10947: 10945: 10943: 10866: 10755:"Biofuels and global trade study goes online" 10515: 10466:"Air Resources Board moves to cut carbon use" 10278: 10276: 10274: 10072: 9876: 9820: 9749:"Transportation Energy Data Book: Edition 30" 9720: 9514: 9512: 9438: 9382: 9380: 9378: 9376: 9374: 9372: 9219: 9151:, March 3–9, 2007 "Fuel for Friendship" p. 44 9034: 8661: 8659: 8657: 8540:"Growth Energy proposes shift in fuel policy" 8307: 8305: 8303: 8026:"Petrobras tests flex-fuel turbine generator" 7822: 7820: 7818: 7816: 7814: 7812: 7810: 7808: 7806: 7804: 7802: 7800: 7798: 7796: 7794: 7792: 7790: 7788: 7428: 7426: 7424: 7191: 7189: 7187: 7185: 7183: 7090: 7088: 7086: 7084: 7082: 7080: 7078: 7076: 7074: 7072: 6933:Renewable Fuels Association (March 6, 2012). 6807: 6805: 6749: 6747: 6745: 6713: 6711: 6709: 6536:(in Portuguese). May 26, 2011. Archived from 6309: 6307: 6041:(in Portuguese). ParanaOnline. March 30, 2006 5955: 5811:Fábio Amato e Filipe Matoso (March 4, 2015). 5416: 5414: 5412: 5410: 5408: 5358: 5356: 5332: 5330: 5212:International Council on Clean Transportation 5175: 4639: 4637: 3866: 3704:in Brazil has avoided 83.5 million tons of CO 2160:designated Brazilian sugarcane ethanol as an 109:designated Brazilian sugarcane ethanol as an 13558:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands 12083: 11734:"Poor go hungry while rich fill their tanks" 11703:"UN rapporteur calls for biofuel moratorium" 11452: 11450: 11305: 11303: 11301: 11184: 10977: 10975: 10518:"California Adopts Low Carbon Fuel Standard" 9927:Lauren Etter; Joel Millman (March 9, 2007). 9740: 9676: 9649: 9477: 9472:See pp. 480 and 489, Figures 2.6-1 and 2.6-9 9310: 9245: 8949:"Saiba o que fazer para economizar gasolina" 8891: 8872:"U.S. law assists Brazilian ethanol imports" 8780: 8751: 8727: 8725: 8690: 8688: 8568:. August 12, 2010. Retrieved August 24, 2010 8434: 8023: 7786: 7784: 7782: 7780: 7778: 7776: 7774: 7772: 7770: 7768: 7672: 7622: 7361: 7330: 7328: 7298:Márcia Azanha Ferraz Dias de Moraes (2007). 6967: 6584: 6578: 5890: 5688: 5518: 5453: 5449: 5447: 5445: 5443: 5230: 5030: 4668: 4666: 4612: 4608: 4606: 4485:Renewable Fuels Association (October 2018). 4394:A Blueprint for Green Energy in the Americas 3943:and also not logical to attribute all these 3873:Indirect land use change impacts of biofuels 3832: 1231:in Brazil, that contain 10–15% sucrose, and 166:that can run on any proportion of gasoline ( 12195:BBC News video segment on ethanol in Brazil 12009: 11949: 11480: 11412: 11410: 11389:"Enfim foi aprovado o Zoneamento Ecológico" 11231: 11112:. UK Yahoo News. Reuters. September 4, 2008 11104: 11102: 10981: 10872: 10538: 10433: 10431: 10397: 10395: 10393: 10391: 10389: 10217:"Kenya: Country, Brazil Partner On Ethanol" 10005: 9778: 9586: 9270: 9193: 9085: 9055: 8739:(in Portuguese). Reuters. February 16, 2011 8377: 8340: 8311: 8001:Frost & Sullivan (September 30, 2008). 7923: 7921: 7919: 7917: 7915: 7913: 7911: 7909: 7732:"Biological Nitrogen Fixation in Sugarcane" 7544: 7401: 7397: 7395: 7253: 6861: 6831: 6633: 6520: 6489: 6451:(in Portuguese). Reuters. November 25, 2010 6370:. Biopact. January 31, 2008. Archived from 6250: 6197: 5949: 5923: 5921: 5886: 5884: 5851: 5849: 5847: 5684: 5682: 5622: 5620: 5618: 5379: 5268: 5266: 5197: 5195: 4924: 4922: 4920: 4855: 4853: 4851: 4849: 4847: 4604: 4602: 4600: 4598: 4596: 4594: 4592: 4590: 4588: 4586: 4518: 3696:was achieved in 1992. In another estimate, 3576: 3410:, several Caribbean countries, and various 3363:inspecting one of the 400 buses running on 3130:direct and indirect land use change effects 2267: 2192:(right), corresponding to a price ratio of 1472:by selected country and region (2005–2007) 1413:is operating one commercial pilot plant in 742:BioEthanol for Sustainable Transport (BEST) 13231: 13217: 12732: 12718: 12328: 12314: 12048: 11560: 11386: 11124: 11041: 10940: 10769: 10483: 10457: 10323: 10321: 10271: 10068: 10066: 9814: 9509: 9369: 9344: 9039:(in Portuguese). JB Online. Archived from 8654: 8578:"Ag leaders, RFA push for VEETC extension" 8553:. July 15, 2010. Retrieved August 24, 2010 8300: 8123: 8121: 8062: 8060: 8058: 7587: 7585: 7421: 7180: 7069: 7041: 7039: 6802: 6742: 6706: 6498:"São Paulo ganha frota de ônibus a etanol" 6304: 5721: 5719: 5591: 5589: 5479: 5477: 5405: 5365:"Motores flex precisam de mais eficiência" 5353: 5327: 5303: 5301: 5005: 5003: 4968:Julieta Andrea Puerto Rico (May 8, 2008). 4893: 4891: 4889: 4676:"4 Brazilian Cane Ethanol: A Policy Model" 4634: 4294:List of renewable energy topics by country 2889:Comparison of key characteristics between 1276:Fermentation, distillation and dehydration 1083:Evolution of the ethanol productivity per 1058: 975:Ethanol production is concentrated in the 55:is the world's second largest producer of 13077:Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage 12181:Learn how and when to remove this message 11896:(in Portuguese). BBCBrasil. June 25, 2008 11826: 11447: 11298: 11280: 11270: 11082: 10972: 10959: 10957: 10841: 10711: 9872: 9870: 9549: 9547: 9412: 9387:Timothy Searchinger; et al. (2008). 9317:Maria Helena Tachinardi (June 13, 2008). 9154: 8975:"Brazil to hike fuel prices after ⁄ 8946: 8923: 8838: 8722: 8685: 8591:. May 26, 2010. Retrieved August 24, 2010 7976: 7966: 7829:"Sustainability of Brazilian bio-ethanol" 7765: 7458: 7435:"Growth of ethanol fuel stalls in Brazil" 7325: 7315: 7130: 7120: 6717: 5440: 5143:Luiz A. Horta Nogueira (March 22, 2004). 5113:"Mistura de etanol na gasolina sobe hoje" 5049:"Portaria Nº 143, de 27 de Junho de 2007" 4983: 4673:Sperling, Daniel; Deborah Gordon (2009). 4663: 4565:. Washington, DC: Island Press. pp. 3614:indirect land use change (ILUC) emissions 3347:during Bush's visit to Brazil, March 2007 1392:According to a study commissioned by the 1319:competitiveness of the hydrated ethanol ( 122:direct indirect land use change emissions 12210:Brazil Institute: Biofuels Central.WWICS 11993:. Reuters. July 28, 2008. Archived from 11983: 11859: 11498: 11407: 11243:Lapola; et al. (February 8, 2010). 11099: 10565: 10428: 10386: 9841: 9691:(in Portuguese). ANFAVEA. Archived from 9011:(in Portuguese). Folha de S.Paulo Online 8504: 7906: 7404:"How ethanol moves and where it's going" 7392: 7293: 7291: 7229: 7227: 7155: 7153: 7151: 7008: 7006: 6552: 6171: 5918: 5881: 5844: 5679: 5615: 5263: 5192: 5138: 5136: 5134: 4917: 4844: 4583: 4557:Inslee, Jay; Hendricks, Bracken (2007). 4552: 4550: 4548: 4514: 4512: 4510: 4508: 4506: 4504: 4459:See Appendix A: The Brazilian Experience 4342:Macedo, Isaias de Carvalho, ed. (2007). 4089: 4079: 4038: 3978: 3823: 3815: 3804: 3792: 3552: 3507: 3445: 3350: 3334: 2271: 2203: 2175: 1428: 1344: 1114: 1102: 1090: 1078: 1062: 958: 720: 619: 565: 522: 126: 17: 12079: 12077: 11672: 11157: 10747: 10681: 10532: 10509: 10318: 10063: 9944:Originally published by the WSJ page A1 9879:"CAFTA's Impact on U.S. Ethanol Market" 8694: 8651:Print edition June 25 - July 1, pp. 38. 8225: 8223: 8190: 8188: 8153: 8118: 8097: 8095: 8055: 7582: 7489: 7036: 6897: 6496:Martha San Juan França (May 26, 2011). 6396:. Green Car Congress. December 23, 2007 6334: 6145: 5716: 5659:Milton Briquet Bastos (June 20, 2007). 5586: 5474: 5298: 5000: 4886: 4817: 4815: 4813: 4811: 4809: 4791:, Washington, D.C. pp. xix–xxxii. 4487:"Global Ethanol Production (2007-2017)" 3969:Brazilian ethanol industry organization 3772:emissions as compared with gasoline or 3753:engines are being designed with higher 3235:Ethanol fueling stations in the country 3002:Total area used for ethanol crop (2006) 1208: 1180:) left over from pressing. Most of the 97:as feedstock, the residual cane-waste ( 13617: 11495:Macedo (2007) Chapter 12, pp. 203–231. 10954: 10806: 10491:"California: Low-Carbon-Fuels Mandate" 9867: 9714: 9544: 9525:. CARB. April 23, 2003. Archived from 9357:. The World Bank. 2008. pp. 70–71 9161:David Shepardson (December 24, 2011). 8263:. United States Senate. Archived from 8201:. Gröna Bilister. 2006. Archived from 7689: 7432: 7162:"Perspectivas para o Etanol no Brasil" 7145:PDF version available at BioMedcentral 6039:"Volkswagen lança Golf Total Flex 1.6" 5831: 5652: 5106: 5104: 5102: 5071: 5069: 5067: 4985:10.11606/D.86.2007.tde-07052008-115336 4963: 4961: 4959: 4957: 4955: 4953: 4951: 4740: 4705: 4034: 3527:by reducing greenhouse gas emissions. 3261:Ethanol's share in the gasoline market 3214:Total flex-fuel vehicles produced/sold 2244:were close to its latest peak and the 803:Brazilian ethanol production 2004–2019 13212: 12713: 12335: 12309: 11865: 11832: 11761:"Siphoning Off Corn to Fuel Our Cars" 11675:"Production of biofuels 'is a crime'" 11164:Manoel Schlindwein (March 10, 2008). 10655:Sheila McNulty (September 27, 2010). 10602:Joanna Schroeder (February 4, 2010). 9848:Marcela Sanchez (February 23, 2007). 9319:"Por que a cana é melhor que o milho" 8256:Charles E. Grassley (March 2, 2007). 8005:. Information Handling Services (IHS) 7721:Macedo (2007) Chapter 10, pp. 185–186 7288: 7224: 7148: 7003: 6815:[2011 Motorcycle Production] 6287: 6107: 5388: 5131: 4899:"Greenhouse Gas Reduction Thresholds" 4545: 4501: 2108:, the costs to taxpayers of reducing 1433:Sugarcane plantation in the State of 1424: 1167: 1119:Ethanol fuel ready for distribution, 651:launched in the Brazilian market the 139:with dual fuel service, marked A for 13145:Cellulosic ethanol commercialization 12694: 12295:United Nations Environment Programme 12125: 12074: 11505:George Monbiot (November 23, 2004). 11391:(in Portuguese). HSM. Archived from 11310:Rhett A. Butler (February 8, 2010). 11141:. September 12, 2008. Archived from 10726:United Nations Environment Programme 10693:United Nations Environment Programme 10632:. September 16, 2010. Archived from 10368:BioEthanol for Sustainable Transport 10311:Policy Research Working Paper 4341. 9454:. EPA. February 2010. Archived from 9163:"Congress ends corn ethanol subsidy" 8951:(in Portuguese). IGF. Archived from 8870:Philip Brasher (February 21, 2010). 8820:. DOMESTICFUEL.com. February 4, 2010 8766:U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 8700:"Combustível mais barato e poluente" 8633:"Ethanol subsidies: Fiscal sobriety" 8601:Path Forward for Biofuels Incentives 8350:Mary Clare Jalonick (May 22, 2008). 8220: 8185: 8092: 7642:Tarcízio Goes; Renner Marra (2008). 6868:Leonardo Andrade (October 8, 2013). 6415:Fernando Saker (November 13, 2009). 6233: 5169: 4997:Ph.D. Dissertation Thesis, pp. 81–82 4903:U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 4806: 4757:John F. Kennedy School of Government 4753:Center for International Development 4370:Food and fuel: The example of Brazil 3639:Another 2010 study published by the 3598:U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 3330: 2954:Total ethanol fuel production (2017) 2172:Prices and effect on oil consumption 1981:that trades with the U.S. under the 744:project, the first ethanol-powered ( 11673:Lederer, Edith (October 27, 2007). 11649:"Brazil president defends biofuels" 11647:Emilio San Pedro (April 17, 2008). 11368:Does Sugarcane Threaten the Amazon? 11337:Philip Brasher (February 8, 2010). 10402:Michael Grunwald (March 27, 2008). 10073:Francho Barón (November 25, 2008). 9823:"New E85 and Blender Pump Stations" 8102:Flávia Ribeiro (February 7, 2008). 6845:. September 6, 2012. Archived from 6256: 6211:. September 8, 2009. Archived from 5176:William Lemos (November 12, 2007). 5099: 5064: 4948: 3606:California Low-Carbon Fuel Standard 3304:(1) Only contiguous U.S., excludes 1983:North American Free Trade Agreement 1335:Electricity generation from bagasse 1034: 635:capable of running on any blend of 13: 11709:. October 11, 2007. Archived from 11194:James Matthews (August 20, 2010). 10967:. The Royal Society. January 2008. 10951:Macedo (2007) Chapter 3, pp. 79–90 10728:. October 16, 2009. Archived from 10695:. October 16, 2009. Archived from 10497:. Associated Press. April 24, 2009 10215:Kaburu Mugambi (August 25, 2008). 10075:"El desembarco africano de Brasil" 8794:. February 3, 2010. Archived from 6786:. January 12, 2011. Archived from 5515:). Report is based in 2008 data." 3493:regarding Brazil's global agenda: 796:Economic and production indicators 14: 13641: 12205:Biofuelwatch on Ethanol in Brazil 12121: 11807:Raymond Colitt (April 16, 2008). 11561:Planet Ark (September 26, 2005). 11419:"Sugarcane Agroecological Zoning" 11339:"Brazil biofuels' land-use issue" 10464:Wyatt Buchanan (April 24, 2009). 9683:Renavam/Denatran (January 2012). 9286:Julia Duailibi (April 27, 2008). 9123:"Real Comercial (REAL COM/DOLAR)" 9035:Carolina Eloy (January 4, 2010). 8666:Clifford Krauss (June 17, 2011). 7840:Universidade Estadual de Campinas 7402:Kris Bevill (November 15, 2011). 7105:"The Brazilian biofuels industry" 5876:History of ethanol fuel in Brazil 5726:Marla Dickerson (June 17, 2005). 5337:Fernando Calmon (June 28, 2013). 4401:, Washington, D.C. Archived from 4319:Ethanol fuel in the United States 4128:United Nations Special Rapporteur 3530: 2808:Comparison with the United States 201:History of ethanol fuel in Brazil 191:by the transport sector in 2008. 13434: 13401:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 13193: 13192: 12693: 12684: 12683: 12130: 11886: 11870:. Oxfam web site. Archived from 11800: 11778: 11759:Steven Mufson (April 30, 2008). 11752: 11725: 11695: 11666: 11618: 11591: 11554: 11521: 11380: 11330: 11295:. Published online before print. 11222: 11213: 10969:Policy Document 01/08, pp. 35–36 10901: 10648: 10618: 10595: 10575:Press release (April 24, 2009). 10516:Jeff St. John (April 23, 2009). 10356: 10240: 10231: 10208: 10182: 10156: 10030: 9999: 9973: 9947: 9920: 9904:Tomas Piccinini (May 21, 2008). 9897: 9821:Growth Energy (August 2, 2010). 9239: 9213: 9187: 9142: 9115: 9028: 8967: 8940: 8917: 8863: 8832: 8810: 8454: 8435:Inae Riveras (January 4, 2008). 8428: 8402: 8282: 8249: 8040: 8024:Holly Jessen (January 4, 2010). 8017: 7994: 7946: 7869: 7754: 7724: 7715: 7047:"Annual Fuel Ethanol Production" 6664:. March 11, 2003. Archived from 5989:. March 23, 2006. Archived from 5663:. Energy Tribune. Archived from 5247:. April 20, 2010. Archived from 4257: 4243: 4229: 4190: 3974: 3857: 3711: 3634:indirect land use change effects 3608:(LCFS) and the proposed federal 3503:Environmental and social impacts 3426:it, and then re-exporting it as 3420:Caribbean Basin Initiative (CBI) 2913: 2900: 2066:Caribbean Basin Initiative (CBI) 1908: 1878: 1848: 1815: 1785: 1755: 1722: 1692: 1662: 1632: 1602: 1572: 1510: 1401:Electric generation from ethanol 1071:) plantation ready for harvest, 205:Flexible-fuel vehicles in Brazil 11967:. July 28, 2008. Archived from 10364:"Reduction of Greenhouse gases" 10006:Diana Renée (August 10, 2007). 9721:Jim Motavalli (March 1, 2012). 9564:. June 28, 2008. Archived from 9327:(in Portuguese). Archived from 9294:(in Portuguese). Archived from 9194:Robert Pear (January 1, 2012). 8924:JB Online (November 20, 2007). 7738:. June 24, 2007. Archived from 7483: 7317:10.1590/S1413-80502007000400008 7276:(in Portuguese). April 29, 2008 7103:José Goldemberg (May 1, 2008). 6772: 6680: 6650: 6627: 6601: 6585:Aldo Tizzani (April 23, 2008). 6504:(in Portuguese). Archived from 6463: 6435: 6408: 6386: 6360: 6281: 6227: 6133: 6095:(in Portuguese). March 18, 2009 6081: 6053: 6031: 6005: 5975: 5804: 5778: 5752: 5556: 5454:UOL Noticias (April 11, 2008). 5363:Giovanna Riato (July 7, 2015). 4828:Inter-American Development Bank 4613:Larry Rohter (April 10, 2006). 4399:Inter-American Development Bank 4335: 4309:Ethanol fuel in the Philippines 3688:emissions since 1975, when the 3281:Cost of production (USD/gallon) 983:regions of the country, led by 12234:- Tool to estimate how much CO 12084:FGV Projetos (November 2008). 11920:"A note on Rising Food Crisis" 11387:Luiz Alvez (October 2, 2009). 11314:. Mongabay.com. Archived from 10539:Dale Kasler (April 25, 2009). 9495:California Air Resources Board 9220:Gerardo Reyes (June 8, 2008). 8839:Oil Daily (February 5, 2010). 8312:Anna Austin (September 2008). 7198:"Produção de etanol do Brasil" 6718:Abraciclo (January 27, 2010). 6634:Agencia EFE (March 11, 2003). 5945:Production up to December 2010 5492:Empresa de Pesquisa Energética 4776: 4374:Wageningen Academic Publishers 3841:. A study commissioned by the 3602:California Air Resources Board 3453:'s African Regional Office in 2276:Consumer price spread between 1968:shown. It includes exports to 756:city signed an agreement with 597:, the first modern commercial 1: 12739: 11918:Donald Mitchell (July 2008). 11598:Greenpeace UK (May 9, 2007). 8416:(in Portuguese). May 30, 2007 7490:Estadão (November 14, 2013). 6638:(in Portuguese). Folha Online 6142:- UOL Carros, August 28, 2013 4464: 4178:2007–2008 rise in food prices 4120:steep increase in food prices 3173:of energy produced, includes 2156:'s 2010 final ruling for the 2143:financial crisis of 2007–2010 2093:now import a similar amount. 790: 13239:Ethanol fuel in the Americas 10579:. World-Wire. Archived from 10037:Alan M. Wright (June 2008). 7690:Macedo; et al. (2007). 6813:"Produção Motocicletas 2011" 6755:"Produção Motocicletas 2010" 4284:Common ethanol fuel mixtures 4180:was speculative activity on 3123: 3120: 2839: billion just in 2011. 211:Common ethanol fuel mixtures 113:due to its 61% reduction of 7: 13175:Issues relating to biofuels 13165:Energy return on investment 10895:10.1016/j.enpol.2009.06.072 10249:"Building on the B in BRIC" 10093:The fifteen countries are: 9877:Ben Lilliston (June 2005). 9246:Erin Voegele (March 2009). 8545:September 22, 2010, at the 8519:Congressional Budget Office 8028:. Ethanol Producer Magazine 7522:Renewable Fuels Association 7051:Renewable Fuels Association 7018:Renewable Fuels Association 6982:Renewable Fuels Association 6942:Renewable Fuels Association 6904:Renewable Fuels Association 6589:(in Portuguese). UOL Carros 4222: 3760:Even though all automotive 3537:Ethanol fuel energy balance 3518: 3514:Issues relating to biofuels 3183:Estimated payback time for 3059:(input energy productivity) 2844:efficient photosynthesizers 2102:Congressional Budget Office 510:Programa Nacional do Álcool 10: 13646: 11507:"Feeding Cars, Not People" 11373:November 28, 2010, at the 11035:November 29, 2008, at the 8947:InfoMoney (May 30, 2007). 8928:(in Portuguese). Opinaoweb 8583:November 22, 2010, at the 7834:. Copernicus Institute at 7109:Biotechnology for Biofuels 6962:See pp. 3, 8, 10 22 and 23 6819:(in Portuguese). ABRACICLO 6760:(in Portuguese). ABRACICLO 4974:(Thesis) (in Portuguese). 4279:Renewable energy in Brazil 4118:'s concerns regarding the 4083: 3989:Southeast Region of Brazil 3870: 3867:Effects of land use change 3722:Lead additives to gasoline 3580: 3534: 3511: 2748: 2734: 2720: 2704: 2690: 2676: 2660: 2646: 2632: 2616: 2602: 2588: 2572: 2558: 2544: 2528: 2514: 2500: 2484: 2470: 2456: 2440: 2426: 2412: 2396: 2382: 2368: 2270: 1461: 1338: 1279: 1212: 921: 802: 740:Under the auspices of the 578:vehicles from 1979 to 2017 208: 198: 194: 13576: 13543:Saint Pierre and Miquelon 13443: 13432: 13244: 13188: 13150:Energy content of biofuel 13132: 13064: 12980: 12871: 12747: 12679: 12613: 12550: 12495: 12464: 12416: 12343: 12261:January 21, 2016, at the 11583:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 9756:U.S. Department of Energy 9252:Ethanol Producer Magazine 8589:Ethanol Producer Magazine 8551:Ethanol Producer Magazine 8318:Ethanol Producer Magazine 8052:Vol. 55 No. 7, July 2005. 7991:Report LBNL-46120, pp. 16 7408:Ethanol Producer Magazine 6314:Gazeta Mercantil (2008). 5629:"Ethanol's first century" 4976:Universidade de São Paulo 4783:Mitchell, Donald (2010). 4421:Mitchell, Donald (2010). 4391:Rothkopf, Garten (2007). 4304:Ethanol fuel in Australia 4143:Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva 3957:indirect land-use changes 3833:Water use and fertilizers 3788: 3380:Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva 3361:Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden 3357:Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva 3341:Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva 3300: 3175:indirect land use changes 2888: 2835:billion in subsidies and 2776: 2325: 2322: 2310: 2307: 2295: 2292: 2106:indirect land use effects 1964: 1470:Brazilian ethanol exports 1468: 1349:Neat ethanol car fueling 470: 458: 217: 13563:Turks and Caicos Islands 13124:Thermal depolymerization 13097:Industrial biotechnology 12573:Automobiles manufactured 12240:flex-fuel cars in Brazil 11027:pdf version is available 7433:Angelo, Claudio (2012). 5627:William Kovarik (2008). 5180:. ICIS chemical business 4822:Garten Rothkopf (2007). 4329:Low-carbon fuel standard 4274:First-generation biofuel 3583:Low-carbon fuel standard 3577:Greenhouse gas emissions 3476:. This effort is led by 3032:Productivity per hectare 2442:Rio Grande do Norte (RN) 2110:greenhouse gas emissions 1456:greenhouse gas emissions 1129:research and development 555:) and a minimum of 20% ( 118:greenhouse gas emissions 13092:Fischer–Tropsch process 13082:Biomass heating systems 12631:Federative units by HDI 12626:Federative units by GDP 12093:Fundação Getúlio Vargas 11866:Oxfam (June 26, 2008). 11840:. Oxfam. Archived from 11833:Oxfam (June 25, 2008). 11272:10.1073/pnas.0907318107 10842:Anuncicar (June 2010). 10470:San Francisco Chronicle 10404:"The Clean Energy Scam" 9809:See Table 3.17, pp. 138 9626:10.1126/science.1152747 9414:10.1126/science.1151861 8877:The Des Moines Register 8618:August 5, 2010, at the 7859:Report NWS-E-2006-110, 5839:Winning the Oil Endgame 5389:Staff (March 9, 2015). 4685:Oxford University Press 4299:Ethanol fuel by country 4265:Renewable energy portal 4174:Fundação Getúlio Vargas 4116:international community 3610:Renewable Fuel Standard 2793:global financial crisis 2472:Mato Grosso do Sul (MS) 2158:Renewable Fuel Standard 2098:Iowa State University's 1286:Azeotropic distillation 1059:Agricultural technology 1041:economic crisis of 2008 170:) and hydrous ethanol ( 13478:British Virgin Islands 12671:Central Bank of Brazil 11417:Government of Brazil. 11075:10.1098/rstb.2007.0030 11057:Donald Sawyer (2008). 10219:. The Nation (Nairobi) 9908:. Frost & Sullivan 9775:See Table 6.1 pp. 6-3. 8106:. Frost & Sullivan 7342:Bloomberg Businessweek 7241:(in Portuguese). CONAB 6984:. 2010. Archived from 4718:Hot, Flat, and Crowded 4314:Ethanol fuel in Sweden 4147:agricultural subsidies 4099: 4044: 3992: 3829: 3821: 3813: 3802: 3662:flexible-fuel vehicles 3573: 3500: 3457: 3371: 3348: 3046:Liters of ethanol per 2486:Rio Grande do Sul (RS) 2289: 2209: 2201: 2127:per gallon tariff and 1438: 1364:Since the early days, 1361: 1191:electricity generation 1124: 1112: 1100: 1088: 1076: 972: 939:productivity of 9,000 737: 645:flexible-fuel vehicles 640: 579: 541:blending with gasoline 536: 509: 164:flexible-fuel vehicles 144: 49: 13391:Saint Kitts and Nevis 12215:May 20, 2007, at the 11530:"Biofuels no panacea" 10051:on September 11, 2008 9765:on September 28, 2011 9288:"Ele é o falso vilão" 9248:"Sugarcane Economics" 9129:on September 13, 2008 8698:(February 16, 2011). 8294:June 1, 2006, at the 7349:on September 14, 2012 7122:10.1186/1754-6834-1-6 6694:on September 29, 2009 6374:on September 22, 2008 6288:Staff (May 4, 2015). 6019:on September 15, 2008 5837:Lovins. A.B. (2005). 5574:on September 13, 2012 5436:– via Invertia. 4559:"6. Homegrown Energy" 4324:Flexible-fuel vehicle 4093: 4080:Effect on food prices 4073:social responsibility 4042: 3982: 3827: 3819: 3808: 3796: 3658:public transportation 3556: 3547:life cycle assessment 3508:Environmental effects 3495: 3449: 3354: 3338: 3204:for sugarcane and US 2590:Distrito Federal (DF) 2275: 2207: 2179: 2044:The countries in the 1454:and the reduction of 1432: 1348: 1182:industrial processing 1118: 1106: 1094: 1082: 1069:Saccharum officinarum 1066: 962: 724: 629:VW Gol 1.6 Total Flex 623: 569: 526: 130: 21: 12151:improve this article 11971:on February 10, 2009 11172:on February 14, 2009 10923:on December 21, 2010 10735:on November 22, 2009 10374:on February 11, 2009 10170:on February 15, 2009 9961:on September 8, 2012 9885:on November 15, 2005 9829:on December 17, 2010 9709:Carta de ANFAVEA 308 9571:on September 8, 2008 9341:Print edition pp. 73 9102:on February 10, 2009 7957:(Technical report). 7884:SCA Etanol do Brasil 7836:Universiteit Utrecht 7742:on February 14, 2009 7702:on December 11, 2012 7177:See Table 6, pp. 36 6910:on November 23, 2015 6849:on December 31, 2012 6615:on February 24, 2012 6348:on February 17, 2009 5993:on February 13, 2009 5766:on December 16, 2018 5740:on December 27, 2008 5694:"O petróleo da cana" 5639:on December 11, 2008 5428:on December 26, 2008 5251:on December 21, 2010 4355:on December 11, 2012 3953:University of Kassel 1282:Ethanol fermentation 1209:Milling and refining 770:Viação Metropolitana 13568:U.S. Virgin Islands 13411:Trinidad and Tobago 13256:Antigua and Barbuda 13180:Sustainable biofuel 12568:Automotive industry 12398:Stabilization plans 12163:footnote references 12034:on November 1, 2008 11874:on October 31, 2008 11765:The Washington Post 11343:Des Moines Register 11318:on January 29, 2013 11263:2010PNAS..107.3388L 11145:on February 1, 2009 10998:2006Natur.444..670M 10887:2009EnPol..37.4863P 10844:"Etanol e Gasolina" 10794:on January 13, 2011 9933:Wall Street Journal 9854:The Washington Post 9698:on January 31, 2012 9618:2008Sci...319.1235F 9461:on February 2, 2011 9405:2008Sci...319.1238S 9072:on February 9, 2009 8955:on February 9, 2009 8468:on December 6, 2007 8324:on December 6, 2012 8208:on October 12, 2007 7893:on February 6, 2021 7566:on December 5, 2008 7451:2012Natur.491..646A 7208:on December 5, 2008 6730:on December 5, 2012 6540:on December 5, 2012 6477:. November 29, 2010 6265:on December 6, 2013 6215:on December 9, 2012 6185:on February 1, 2009 6093:Car Magazine Brasil 6013:"A Nova Volkswagen" 5906:on February 8, 2009 5896:"Um sonho corroído" 5863:on January 18, 2011 5462:on February 1, 2009 4431:, Washington, D.C. 4376:, The Netherlands. 4035:Social implications 3799:sugarcane harvester 3630:European Commission 3394:countries, such as 2970:U.S. liquid gallons 2678:Espírito Santo (ES) 2618:Santa Catarina (SC) 2398:Rio de Janeiro (RJ) 2023:Trinidad and Tobago 1974:U.S. Virgin Islands 1940:Total world exports 1670:Trinidad and Tobago 1221:semi-trailer trucks 1053:U.S. liquid gallons 1021:U.S. liquid gallons 1013:alcoholic beverages 527:The 1979 Brazilian 143:and G for gasoline. 61:U.S. liquid gallons 13321:Dominican Republic 12605:Telecommunications 11997:on August 29, 2008 11936:on August 19, 2008 11847:on August 19, 2008 10818:Green Car Congress 10669:on October 2, 2010 10636:on October 8, 2010 10606:. Domesticfuel.com 10546:The Sacramento Bee 10495:The New York Times 10443:Green Car Congress 10196:on January 5, 2009 9986:The New York Times 9798:on October 3, 2009 9727:The New York Times 9200:The New York Times 9175:on January 6, 2012 8905:. January 11, 2010 8768:. February 3, 2010 8672:The New York Times 8566:The Sacramento Bee 8362:on January 4, 2013 6475:Green Car Congress 6423:on August 13, 2011 6121:. October 27, 2010 6119:Green Car Congress 5704:on October 6, 2008 5633:Radford University 5313:Green Car Congress 5017:on October 6, 2008 4905:. February 3, 2010 4761:Harvard University 4713:Thomas L. Friedman 4620:The New York Times 4448:on August 11, 2011 4446:(Available in PDF) 4408:on January 3, 2009 4406:(Available in PDF) 4353:(Available in PDF) 4289:Biofuels by region 4100: 4045: 3993: 3830: 3822: 3814: 3803: 3755:compression ratios 3739:particulate matter 3702:flex-fuel vehicles 3690:Pró-Álcool Program 3654:traffic congestion 3646:emission intensity 3574: 3564:of bioethanol and 3560:estimates for the 3458: 3372: 3349: 3110:'s estimated 2022 2290: 2259:energy consumption 2210: 2202: 1439: 1425:Overall energy use 1362: 1168:Production process 1162:cellulosic ethanol 1125: 1113: 1101: 1089: 1077: 973: 738: 736:sold in the world. 641: 580: 537: 189:energy consumption 145: 50: 13630:Biofuel in Brazil 13612: 13611: 13206: 13205: 13119:Sabatier reaction 12707: 12706: 12661:Brazilian disease 12576: 12563:Creative industry 12518: 12482:Cingapura project 12403:2007–10 recession 12383:Brazilian Miracle 12337:Economy of Brazil 12242:since March 2003. 12191: 12190: 12183: 12102:on March 19, 2009 12091:(in Portuguese). 11963:(in Portuguese). 11713:on April 29, 2008 11606:on April 21, 2008 11542:on April 10, 2008 11395:on March 13, 2010 11137:(in Portuguese). 11069:(1498): 1747–52. 10881:(11): 4863–4873. 10583:on April 26, 2009 10553:on April 30, 2009 10416:on March 30, 2008 10301:on March 19, 2009 10266:The World in 2009 9399:(5867): 1238–40. 8901:(in Portuguese). 8790:(in Portuguese). 8702:(in Portuguese). 8356:The Seattle Times 8270:on August 2, 2008 8173:on March 14, 2008 8141:on March 14, 2008 8080:on March 14, 2008 7939:978-0-9786293-0-4 7694:(in Portuguese). 7660:on March 19, 2009 7649:(in Portuguese). 7610:on March 19, 2009 7558:(in Portuguese). 7445:(7426): 446–447. 7380:. January 7, 2012 7306:(in Portuguese). 7304:Economia Aplicada 7200:(in Portuguese). 7057:on August 9, 2020 6790:on March 17, 2012 6782:(in Portuguese). 6722:(in Portuguese). 6668:on August 4, 2009 6660:(in Portuguese). 6207:(in Portuguese). 5898:(in Portuguese). 5733:The Seattle Times 5696:(in Portuguese). 5692:(June 13, 1979). 5603:on March 19, 2008 5566:(in Portuguese). 5543:on March 13, 2016 5501:on March 28, 2016 5243:(in Portuguese). 5226:See pp. 3 and 14. 5087:on April 30, 2011 4798:978-0-8213-8516-6 4732:978-0-374-16685-4 4698:978-0-19-537664-7 4576:978-1-59726-175-3 4438:978-0-8213-8516-6 4383:978-90-8686-166-8 4122:. In April 2008, 4104:environmentalists 4024:Amazon rainforest 3987:, located in the 3801:, São Paulo state 3428:anhydrous ethanol 3331:Ethanol diplomacy 3328: 3327: 3296: 3276: 3256: 3250: 3242: 3230: 3209: 3178: 3133: 3102: 3074: 3051: 3027: 3026:(% total arable). 3017: 3009: 2997: 2978:Total arable land 2973: 2949: 2805: 2804: 2800: 2516:Minas Gerais (MG) 2216:) or on gasohol ( 1990: 1989: 1986: 1886:Republic of Korea 1480: 1123:, São Paulo State 1099:, São Paulo State 1075:, São Paulo State 928: 927: 924: 811: 633:flexible-fuel car 591:second oil crisis 493:World War II 481: 480: 477: 185:energy equivalent 141:alcohol (ethanol) 13637: 13533:Saint Barthélemy 13493:Falkland Islands 13438: 13233: 13226: 13219: 13210: 13209: 13196: 13195: 13040:Pongamia pinnata 12734: 12727: 12720: 12711: 12710: 12697: 12696: 12687: 12686: 12570: 12512: 12505:Renewable energy 12456:Animal husbandry 12330: 12323: 12316: 12307: 12306: 12186: 12179: 12175: 12172: 12166: 12134: 12133: 12126: 12115: 12111: 12109: 12107: 12101: 12095:. Archived from 12090: 12081: 12072: 12071: 12069: 12067: 12052: 12046: 12043: 12041: 12039: 12033: 12027:. Archived from 12022: 12013: 12007: 12006: 12004: 12002: 11987: 11981: 11980: 11978: 11976: 11953: 11947: 11945: 11943: 11941: 11935: 11929:. Archived from 11924: 11915: 11906: 11905: 11903: 11901: 11890: 11884: 11883: 11881: 11879: 11863: 11857: 11856: 11854: 11852: 11846: 11839: 11830: 11824: 11823: 11821: 11819: 11804: 11798: 11797: 11795: 11793: 11782: 11776: 11775: 11773: 11771: 11756: 11750: 11749: 11747: 11745: 11729: 11723: 11722: 11720: 11718: 11699: 11693: 11692: 11690: 11688: 11670: 11664: 11663: 11661: 11659: 11644: 11638: 11637: 11635: 11633: 11622: 11616: 11615: 11613: 11611: 11602:. Archived from 11595: 11589: 11588: 11582: 11574: 11572: 11570: 11558: 11552: 11551: 11549: 11547: 11541: 11535:. Archived from 11534: 11525: 11519: 11518: 11516: 11514: 11502: 11496: 11493: 11478: 11477: 11475: 11473: 11468:on June 15, 2011 11454: 11445: 11444: 11442: 11440: 11434: 11428:. Archived from 11423: 11414: 11405: 11404: 11402: 11400: 11384: 11378: 11365: 11359: 11358: 11356: 11354: 11345:. Archived from 11334: 11328: 11327: 11325: 11323: 11307: 11296: 11294: 11284: 11274: 11240: 11229: 11226: 11220: 11217: 11211: 11210: 11208: 11206: 11191: 11182: 11181: 11179: 11177: 11161: 11155: 11154: 11152: 11150: 11131: 11122: 11121: 11119: 11117: 11106: 11097: 11096: 11086: 11054: 11039: 11025: 10979: 10970: 10968: 10961: 10952: 10949: 10938: 10932: 10930: 10928: 10919:. Archived from 10905: 10899: 10898: 10870: 10864: 10863: 10861: 10859: 10854:on July 10, 2019 10850:. Archived from 10839: 10830: 10829: 10827: 10825: 10820:. March 26, 2010 10810: 10804: 10803: 10801: 10799: 10793: 10787:. Archived from 10782: 10773: 10767: 10766: 10764: 10762: 10751: 10745: 10744: 10742: 10740: 10734: 10723: 10715: 10709: 10708: 10706: 10704: 10699:on June 24, 2016 10685: 10679: 10678: 10676: 10674: 10665:. Archived from 10652: 10646: 10645: 10643: 10641: 10622: 10616: 10615: 10613: 10611: 10599: 10593: 10592: 10590: 10588: 10569: 10563: 10562: 10560: 10558: 10549:. Archived from 10536: 10530: 10529: 10527: 10525: 10513: 10507: 10506: 10504: 10502: 10487: 10481: 10480: 10478: 10476: 10461: 10455: 10454: 10452: 10450: 10435: 10426: 10425: 10423: 10421: 10412:. Archived from 10399: 10384: 10383: 10381: 10379: 10370:. Archived from 10360: 10354: 10350: 10348: 10346: 10341:on June 25, 2008 10340: 10333: 10325: 10316: 10310: 10308: 10306: 10300: 10294:. Archived from 10289: 10280: 10269: 10263: 10261: 10259: 10244: 10238: 10235: 10229: 10228: 10226: 10224: 10212: 10206: 10205: 10203: 10201: 10186: 10180: 10179: 10177: 10175: 10160: 10154: 10092: 10090: 10088: 10070: 10061: 10060: 10058: 10056: 10050: 10043: 10034: 10028: 10027: 10025: 10023: 10014:. Archived from 10003: 9997: 9996: 9994: 9992: 9977: 9971: 9970: 9968: 9966: 9951: 9945: 9943: 9941: 9939: 9924: 9918: 9917: 9915: 9913: 9901: 9895: 9894: 9892: 9890: 9874: 9865: 9864: 9862: 9860: 9845: 9839: 9838: 9836: 9834: 9818: 9812: 9807: 9805: 9803: 9797: 9790: 9782: 9776: 9774: 9772: 9770: 9764: 9758:. Archived from 9753: 9744: 9738: 9737: 9735: 9733: 9718: 9712: 9707: 9705: 9703: 9697: 9690: 9680: 9674: 9672: 9670: 9668: 9653: 9647: 9645: 9612:(5867): 1235–8. 9601: 9584: 9580: 9578: 9576: 9570: 9559: 9551: 9542: 9541: 9539: 9537: 9532:on June 13, 2009 9531: 9524: 9516: 9507: 9506: 9504: 9502: 9492: 9484: 9475: 9470: 9468: 9466: 9460: 9453: 9445: 9436: 9434: 9416: 9384: 9367: 9366: 9364: 9362: 9356: 9348: 9342: 9340: 9338: 9336: 9314: 9308: 9307: 9305: 9303: 9283: 9268: 9267: 9265: 9263: 9254:. Archived from 9243: 9237: 9236: 9234: 9232: 9217: 9211: 9210: 9208: 9206: 9191: 9185: 9184: 9182: 9180: 9171:. Archived from 9168:The Detroit News 9158: 9152: 9146: 9140: 9138: 9136: 9134: 9119: 9113: 9111: 9109: 9107: 9092: 9083: 9081: 9079: 9077: 9062: 9053: 9052: 9050: 9048: 9043:on July 10, 2012 9032: 9026: 9020: 9018: 9016: 9004: 8995: 8994: 8992: 8990: 8985:. April 30, 2008 8971: 8965: 8964: 8962: 8960: 8944: 8938: 8937: 8935: 8933: 8921: 8915: 8914: 8912: 8910: 8895: 8889: 8888: 8886: 8884: 8867: 8861: 8860: 8858: 8856: 8851:on July 20, 2012 8847:. Archived from 8836: 8830: 8829: 8827: 8825: 8814: 8808: 8807: 8805: 8803: 8784: 8778: 8777: 8775: 8773: 8758: 8749: 8748: 8746: 8744: 8729: 8720: 8719: 8717: 8715: 8706:. Archived from 8692: 8683: 8682: 8680: 8678: 8663: 8652: 8650: 8648: 8646: 8629: 8623: 8610: 8604: 8598: 8592: 8575: 8569: 8560: 8554: 8537: 8531: 8530: 8528: 8526: 8516: 8508: 8502: 8496: 8490: 8484: 8478: 8477: 8475: 8473: 8458: 8452: 8451: 8449: 8447: 8432: 8426: 8425: 8423: 8421: 8414:Folha de S.Paulo 8406: 8400: 8399: 8397: 8395: 8384: 8375: 8371: 8369: 8367: 8358:. Archived from 8347: 8338: 8333: 8331: 8329: 8320:. Archived from 8309: 8298: 8286: 8280: 8279: 8277: 8275: 8269: 8262: 8253: 8247: 8246: 8244: 8242: 8227: 8218: 8217: 8215: 8213: 8207: 8200: 8192: 8183: 8182: 8180: 8178: 8172: 8165: 8157: 8151: 8150: 8148: 8146: 8140: 8133: 8125: 8116: 8115: 8113: 8111: 8099: 8090: 8089: 8087: 8085: 8079: 8072: 8064: 8053: 8044: 8038: 8037: 8035: 8033: 8021: 8015: 8014: 8012: 8010: 7998: 7992: 7990: 7980: 7970: 7950: 7944: 7943: 7925: 7904: 7902: 7900: 7898: 7892: 7881: 7873: 7867: 7858: 7856: 7854: 7848: 7842:. Archived from 7833: 7824: 7763: 7758: 7752: 7751: 7749: 7747: 7728: 7722: 7719: 7713: 7711: 7709: 7707: 7698:. Archived from 7687: 7670: 7669: 7667: 7665: 7659: 7653:. Archived from 7648: 7639: 7620: 7619: 7617: 7615: 7609: 7603:. Archived from 7598: 7589: 7580: 7575: 7573: 7571: 7562:. Archived from 7551: 7542: 7540: 7538: 7536: 7530: 7518: 7512: 7511: 7509: 7507: 7498:. Archived from 7487: 7481: 7480: 7462: 7430: 7419: 7418: 7416: 7414: 7399: 7390: 7389: 7387: 7385: 7368: 7359: 7358: 7356: 7354: 7345:. Archived from 7332: 7323: 7321: 7319: 7295: 7286: 7285: 7283: 7281: 7274:Folha de S.Paulo 7266: 7251: 7250: 7248: 7246: 7240: 7231: 7222: 7217: 7215: 7213: 7204:. Archived from 7193: 7178: 7176: 7174: 7172: 7166: 7157: 7146: 7144: 7134: 7124: 7100: 7067: 7066: 7064: 7062: 7053:. Archived from 7043: 7034: 7033: 7031: 7029: 7024:on April 8, 2008 7020:. Archived from 7010: 7001: 7000: 6998: 6996: 6991:on July 18, 2011 6990: 6979: 6971: 6965: 6960: 6958: 6956: 6950: 6944:. Archived from 6939: 6930: 6921: 6919: 6917: 6915: 6906:. Archived from 6895: 6886: 6885: 6883: 6881: 6865: 6859: 6858: 6856: 6854: 6835: 6829: 6828: 6826: 6824: 6818: 6809: 6800: 6799: 6797: 6795: 6776: 6770: 6769: 6767: 6765: 6759: 6751: 6740: 6739: 6737: 6735: 6726:. Archived from 6715: 6704: 6703: 6701: 6699: 6684: 6678: 6677: 6675: 6673: 6654: 6648: 6647: 6645: 6643: 6631: 6625: 6624: 6622: 6620: 6605: 6599: 6598: 6596: 6594: 6582: 6576: 6575: 6573: 6571: 6566:on June 11, 2008 6556: 6550: 6549: 6547: 6545: 6524: 6518: 6517: 6515: 6513: 6508:on July 23, 2011 6502:Brasil Econômico 6493: 6487: 6486: 6484: 6482: 6467: 6461: 6460: 6458: 6456: 6439: 6433: 6432: 6430: 6428: 6412: 6406: 6405: 6403: 6401: 6390: 6384: 6383: 6381: 6379: 6364: 6358: 6357: 6355: 6353: 6338: 6332: 6331: 6329: 6327: 6311: 6302: 6301: 6299: 6297: 6285: 6279: 6274: 6272: 6270: 6254: 6248: 6247: 6245: 6243: 6231: 6225: 6224: 6222: 6220: 6201: 6195: 6194: 6192: 6190: 6175: 6169: 6168: 6166: 6164: 6149: 6143: 6137: 6131: 6130: 6128: 6126: 6111: 6105: 6104: 6102: 6100: 6085: 6079: 6078: 6076: 6074: 6057: 6051: 6050: 6048: 6046: 6035: 6029: 6028: 6026: 6024: 6009: 6003: 6002: 6000: 5998: 5979: 5973: 5972: 5970: 5968: 5959:(October 2012). 5953: 5947: 5943: 5941: 5939: 5933: 5925: 5916: 5915: 5913: 5911: 5902:. Archived from 5894:(May 24, 1989). 5888: 5879: 5872: 5870: 5868: 5853: 5842: 5835: 5829: 5828: 5826: 5824: 5808: 5802: 5801: 5799: 5797: 5792:on July 21, 2011 5782: 5776: 5775: 5773: 5771: 5762:. Archived from 5756: 5750: 5749: 5747: 5745: 5736:. Archived from 5723: 5714: 5713: 5711: 5709: 5700:. Archived from 5686: 5677: 5676: 5674: 5672: 5667:on July 10, 2011 5656: 5650: 5648: 5646: 5644: 5635:. Archived from 5624: 5613: 5612: 5610: 5608: 5593: 5584: 5583: 5581: 5579: 5570:. Archived from 5560: 5554: 5552: 5550: 5548: 5542: 5535: 5527: 5516: 5510: 5508: 5506: 5500: 5489: 5481: 5472: 5471: 5469: 5467: 5451: 5438: 5437: 5435: 5433: 5418: 5403: 5402: 5400: 5398: 5386: 5377: 5376: 5374: 5372: 5360: 5351: 5350: 5348: 5346: 5334: 5325: 5324: 5322: 5320: 5305: 5296: 5295: 5293: 5291: 5286:on July 16, 2011 5270: 5261: 5260: 5258: 5256: 5237: 5228: 5224: 5222: 5220: 5208: 5199: 5190: 5189: 5187: 5185: 5173: 5167: 5166: 5164: 5162: 5156: 5149: 5140: 5129: 5128: 5126: 5124: 5108: 5097: 5096: 5094: 5092: 5073: 5062: 5060: 5058: 5056: 5045: 5028: 5026: 5024: 5022: 5007: 4998: 4996: 4994: 4992: 4987: 4965: 4946: 4945: 4943: 4941: 4936:on July 11, 2011 4926: 4915: 4914: 4912: 4910: 4895: 4884: 4883: 4881: 4879: 4873: 4866: 4857: 4842: 4838: 4836: 4834: 4819: 4804: 4802: 4780: 4774: 4771: 4769: 4767: 4744: 4738: 4736: 4709: 4703: 4702: 4678: 4670: 4661: 4660: 4658: 4656: 4641: 4632: 4631: 4629: 4627: 4610: 4581: 4580: 4554: 4543: 4542: 4540: 4538: 4533:on March 4, 2016 4532: 4525: 4516: 4499: 4498: 4496: 4494: 4482: 4457: 4455: 4453: 4447: 4441:. Archived from 4417: 4415: 4413: 4407: 4387: 4364: 4362: 4360: 4354: 4267: 4262: 4261: 4253: 4248: 4247: 4239: 4234: 4233: 4232: 4194: 4053:Northeast region 3671:low-carbon fuels 3656:and inefficient 3594:land use changes 3562:carbon intensity 3412:Andean Countries 3392:Central American 3322:carbon intensity 3294: 3274: 3254: 3248: 3240: 3223: 3199: 3160: 3146:carbon intensity 3127: 3096: 3072: 3045: 3021: 3015: 3007: 2991: 2967: 2943: 2919: 2917: 2916: 2906: 2904: 2903: 2886: 2885: 2838: 2834: 2778: 2765:Country average 2428:Mato Grosso (MT) 2268: 2238: 2200:of 0.64 and 0.56 2162:advanced biofuel 2130: 2126: 2096:A 2010 study by 2074: 2059: 1965: 1914: 1912: 1911: 1884: 1882: 1881: 1854: 1852: 1851: 1821: 1819: 1818: 1791: 1789: 1788: 1761: 1759: 1758: 1728: 1726: 1725: 1698: 1696: 1695: 1668: 1666: 1665: 1638: 1636: 1635: 1608: 1606: 1605: 1578: 1576: 1575: 1516: 1514: 1513: 1474: 1466: 1465: 1407:General Electric 1201:of ethanol, and 1035:2009–2014 crisis 1001:Northeast Region 922: 805: 800: 799: 785:NXR 150 Bros Mix 647:. In March 2003 599:neat ethanol car 498:first oil crisis 471: 215: 214: 115:total life cycle 111:advanced biofuel 72:alternative fuel 27:flex-fuel models 13645: 13644: 13640: 13639: 13638: 13636: 13635: 13634: 13615: 13614: 13613: 13608: 13586:Central America 13572: 13447: 13439: 13430: 13247: 13240: 13237: 13207: 13202: 13184: 13160:Energy forestry 13128: 13060: 13022:Jatropha curcas 12983: 12976: 12884:Camelina sativa 12874: 12867: 12743: 12738: 12708: 12703: 12675: 12609: 12546: 12491: 12460: 12412: 12339: 12334: 12263:Wayback Machine 12237: 12217:Wayback Machine 12187: 12176: 12170: 12167: 12148: 12139:This article's 12135: 12131: 12124: 12119: 12118: 12105: 12103: 12099: 12088: 12082: 12075: 12065: 12063: 12053: 12049: 12037: 12035: 12031: 12020: 12014: 12010: 12000: 11998: 11989: 11988: 11984: 11974: 11972: 11955: 11954: 11950: 11939: 11937: 11933: 11922: 11916: 11909: 11899: 11897: 11892: 11891: 11887: 11877: 11875: 11864: 11860: 11850: 11848: 11844: 11837: 11831: 11827: 11817: 11815: 11805: 11801: 11791: 11789: 11784: 11783: 11779: 11769: 11767: 11757: 11753: 11743: 11741: 11730: 11726: 11716: 11714: 11701: 11700: 11696: 11686: 11684: 11680:The Independent 11671: 11667: 11657: 11655: 11645: 11641: 11631: 11629: 11624: 11623: 11619: 11609: 11607: 11596: 11592: 11576: 11575: 11568: 11566: 11559: 11555: 11545: 11543: 11539: 11532: 11526: 11522: 11512: 11510: 11503: 11499: 11494: 11481: 11471: 11469: 11456: 11455: 11448: 11438: 11436: 11435:on July 6, 2011 11432: 11421: 11415: 11408: 11398: 11396: 11385: 11381: 11375:Wayback Machine 11366: 11362: 11352: 11350: 11349:on May 16, 2016 11335: 11331: 11321: 11319: 11308: 11299: 11241: 11232: 11227: 11223: 11218: 11214: 11204: 11202: 11192: 11185: 11175: 11173: 11162: 11158: 11148: 11146: 11133: 11132: 11125: 11115: 11113: 11108: 11107: 11100: 11055: 11042: 11037:Wayback Machine 11006:10.1038/444670a 10992:(7120): 670–2. 10980: 10973: 10963: 10962: 10955: 10950: 10941: 10926: 10924: 10912: 10907: 10906: 10902: 10871: 10867: 10857: 10855: 10840: 10833: 10823: 10821: 10812: 10811: 10807: 10797: 10795: 10791: 10780: 10774: 10770: 10760: 10758: 10753: 10752: 10748: 10738: 10736: 10732: 10721: 10717: 10716: 10712: 10702: 10700: 10687: 10686: 10682: 10672: 10670: 10662:Financial Times 10653: 10649: 10639: 10637: 10624: 10623: 10619: 10609: 10607: 10600: 10596: 10586: 10584: 10570: 10566: 10556: 10554: 10537: 10533: 10523: 10521: 10514: 10510: 10500: 10498: 10489: 10488: 10484: 10474: 10472: 10462: 10458: 10448: 10446: 10437: 10436: 10429: 10419: 10417: 10400: 10387: 10377: 10375: 10362: 10361: 10357: 10344: 10342: 10338: 10331: 10327: 10326: 10319: 10304: 10302: 10298: 10287: 10281: 10272: 10257: 10255: 10245: 10241: 10236: 10232: 10222: 10220: 10213: 10209: 10199: 10197: 10188: 10187: 10183: 10173: 10171: 10162: 10161: 10157: 10086: 10084: 10071: 10064: 10054: 10052: 10048: 10041: 10035: 10031: 10021: 10019: 10018:on June 1, 2008 10004: 10000: 9990: 9988: 9978: 9974: 9964: 9962: 9953: 9952: 9948: 9937: 9935: 9925: 9921: 9911: 9909: 9902: 9898: 9888: 9886: 9875: 9868: 9858: 9856: 9846: 9842: 9832: 9830: 9819: 9815: 9801: 9799: 9795: 9788: 9784: 9783: 9779: 9768: 9766: 9762: 9751: 9745: 9741: 9731: 9729: 9719: 9715: 9701: 9699: 9695: 9688: 9681: 9677: 9666: 9664: 9663:on May 31, 2013 9655: 9654: 9650: 9602: 9587: 9574: 9572: 9568: 9557: 9553: 9552: 9545: 9535: 9533: 9529: 9522: 9518: 9517: 9510: 9500: 9498: 9497:. March 5, 2009 9490: 9486: 9485: 9478: 9464: 9462: 9458: 9451: 9447: 9446: 9439: 9385: 9370: 9360: 9358: 9354: 9350: 9349: 9345: 9334: 9332: 9331:on July 7, 2008 9315: 9311: 9301: 9299: 9284: 9271: 9261: 9259: 9258:on July 8, 2012 9244: 9240: 9230: 9228: 9218: 9214: 9204: 9202: 9192: 9188: 9178: 9176: 9159: 9155: 9147: 9143: 9132: 9130: 9121: 9120: 9116: 9105: 9103: 9094: 9093: 9086: 9075: 9073: 9064: 9063: 9056: 9046: 9044: 9033: 9029: 9014: 9012: 9005: 8998: 8988: 8986: 8978: 8973: 8972: 8968: 8958: 8956: 8945: 8941: 8931: 8929: 8922: 8918: 8908: 8906: 8897: 8896: 8892: 8882: 8880: 8868: 8864: 8854: 8852: 8837: 8833: 8823: 8821: 8816: 8815: 8811: 8801: 8799: 8798:on July 6, 2011 8786: 8785: 8781: 8771: 8769: 8760: 8759: 8752: 8742: 8740: 8731: 8730: 8723: 8713: 8711: 8710:on July 6, 2011 8693: 8686: 8676: 8674: 8664: 8655: 8644: 8642: 8641:. June 23, 2011 8631: 8630: 8626: 8620:Wayback Machine 8611: 8607: 8599: 8595: 8585:Wayback Machine 8576: 8572: 8561: 8557: 8547:Wayback Machine 8538: 8534: 8524: 8522: 8514: 8510: 8509: 8505: 8497: 8493: 8485: 8481: 8471: 8469: 8460: 8459: 8455: 8445: 8443: 8433: 8429: 8419: 8417: 8408: 8407: 8403: 8393: 8391: 8386: 8385: 8378: 8365: 8363: 8348: 8341: 8327: 8325: 8310: 8301: 8296:Wayback Machine 8287: 8283: 8273: 8271: 8267: 8260: 8254: 8250: 8240: 8238: 8237:. March 5, 2008 8229: 8228: 8221: 8211: 8209: 8205: 8198: 8194: 8193: 8186: 8176: 8174: 8170: 8163: 8159: 8158: 8154: 8144: 8142: 8138: 8131: 8127: 8126: 8119: 8109: 8107: 8100: 8093: 8083: 8081: 8077: 8070: 8066: 8065: 8056: 8045: 8041: 8031: 8029: 8022: 8018: 8008: 8006: 7999: 7995: 7951: 7947: 7940: 7926: 7907: 7896: 7894: 7890: 7879: 7875: 7874: 7870: 7852: 7850: 7849:on May 28, 2008 7846: 7831: 7825: 7766: 7759: 7755: 7745: 7743: 7730: 7729: 7725: 7720: 7716: 7705: 7703: 7688: 7673: 7663: 7661: 7657: 7646: 7640: 7623: 7613: 7611: 7607: 7596: 7590: 7583: 7569: 7567: 7552: 7545: 7534: 7532: 7528: 7519: 7515: 7505: 7503: 7502:on May 16, 2016 7488: 7484: 7460:10.1038/491646a 7431: 7422: 7412: 7410: 7400: 7393: 7383: 7381: 7370: 7369: 7362: 7352: 7350: 7333: 7326: 7296: 7289: 7279: 7277: 7268: 7267: 7254: 7244: 7242: 7238: 7232: 7225: 7211: 7209: 7194: 7181: 7170: 7168: 7164: 7158: 7149: 7101: 7070: 7060: 7058: 7045: 7044: 7037: 7027: 7025: 7012: 7011: 7004: 6994: 6992: 6988: 6977: 6973: 6972: 6968: 6954: 6952: 6951:on May 14, 2012 6948: 6937: 6931: 6924: 6913: 6911: 6896: 6889: 6879: 6877: 6876:on May 19, 2016 6866: 6862: 6852: 6850: 6837: 6836: 6832: 6822: 6820: 6816: 6811: 6810: 6803: 6793: 6791: 6778: 6777: 6773: 6763: 6761: 6757: 6753: 6752: 6743: 6733: 6731: 6716: 6707: 6697: 6695: 6686: 6685: 6681: 6671: 6669: 6656: 6655: 6651: 6641: 6639: 6632: 6628: 6618: 6616: 6607: 6606: 6602: 6592: 6590: 6583: 6579: 6569: 6567: 6558: 6557: 6553: 6543: 6541: 6526: 6525: 6521: 6511: 6509: 6494: 6490: 6480: 6478: 6469: 6468: 6464: 6454: 6452: 6441: 6440: 6436: 6426: 6424: 6413: 6409: 6399: 6397: 6392: 6391: 6387: 6377: 6375: 6366: 6365: 6361: 6351: 6349: 6340: 6339: 6335: 6325: 6323: 6322:on June 1, 2008 6312: 6305: 6295: 6293: 6286: 6282: 6268: 6266: 6255: 6251: 6241: 6239: 6232: 6228: 6218: 6216: 6203: 6202: 6198: 6188: 6186: 6177: 6176: 6172: 6162: 6160: 6150: 6146: 6138: 6134: 6124: 6122: 6113: 6112: 6108: 6098: 6096: 6087: 6086: 6082: 6072: 6070: 6058: 6054: 6044: 6042: 6037: 6036: 6032: 6022: 6020: 6011: 6010: 6006: 5996: 5994: 5987:Automotive News 5981: 5980: 5976: 5966: 5964: 5954: 5950: 5937: 5935: 5931: 5927: 5926: 5919: 5909: 5907: 5889: 5882: 5866: 5864: 5855: 5854: 5845: 5836: 5832: 5822: 5820: 5819:(in Portuguese) 5809: 5805: 5795: 5793: 5784: 5783: 5779: 5769: 5767: 5758: 5757: 5753: 5743: 5741: 5724: 5717: 5707: 5705: 5687: 5680: 5670: 5668: 5657: 5653: 5642: 5640: 5625: 5616: 5606: 5604: 5595: 5594: 5587: 5577: 5575: 5562: 5561: 5557: 5546: 5544: 5540: 5533: 5529: 5528: 5519: 5504: 5502: 5498: 5487: 5483: 5482: 5475: 5465: 5463: 5452: 5441: 5431: 5429: 5420: 5419: 5406: 5396: 5394: 5387: 5380: 5370: 5368: 5361: 5354: 5344: 5342: 5335: 5328: 5318: 5316: 5315:. March 6, 2010 5307: 5306: 5299: 5289: 5287: 5272: 5271: 5264: 5254: 5252: 5239: 5238: 5231: 5218: 5216: 5206: 5200: 5193: 5183: 5181: 5174: 5170: 5160: 5158: 5157:on May 28, 2008 5154: 5147: 5141: 5132: 5122: 5120: 5119:(in Portuguese) 5109: 5100: 5090: 5088: 5075: 5074: 5065: 5054: 5052: 5047: 5046: 5031: 5020: 5018: 5009: 5008: 5001: 4990: 4988: 4966: 4949: 4939: 4937: 4928: 4927: 4918: 4908: 4906: 4897: 4896: 4887: 4877: 4875: 4874:on May 28, 2008 4871: 4864: 4858: 4845: 4832: 4830: 4820: 4807: 4799: 4781: 4777: 4765: 4763: 4745: 4741: 4733: 4710: 4706: 4699: 4671: 4664: 4654: 4652: 4651:. June 26, 2008 4643: 4642: 4635: 4625: 4623: 4611: 4584: 4577: 4567:153–155, 160–61 4555: 4546: 4536: 4534: 4530: 4523: 4517: 4502: 4492: 4490: 4483: 4472: 4467: 4451: 4449: 4445: 4439: 4411: 4409: 4405: 4384: 4358: 4356: 4352: 4338: 4333: 4263: 4256: 4249: 4242: 4235: 4230: 4228: 4225: 4220: 4219: 4218: 4207:São Paulo state 4200: 4195: 4182:futures markets 4137:Robert Zoellick 4088: 4082: 4037: 3977: 3917: 3903: 3875: 3869: 3860: 3835: 3811:São Paulo state 3791: 3737:emissions, and 3727:carbon monoxide 3714: 3707: 3694:land-use change 3687: 3651: 3623: 3585: 3579: 3539: 3533: 3521: 3516: 3510: 3505: 3333: 3291: 3286: 3271: 3266: 3251: 3243: 3225: 3196: 3191: 3166: 3157: 3152: 3143:full life-cycle 3093: 3088: 3069: 3064: 3042: 3037: 3018: 3010: 2988: 2983: 2964: 2959: 2940: 2935: 2925:Units/comments 2914: 2912: 2901: 2899: 2890: 2881:Imperial Valley 2836: 2832: 2810: 2783: 2692:Pernambuco (PE) 2334: 2329: 2327: 2319: 2314: 2312: 2304: 2299: 2297: 2236: 2182:gasoline prices 2174: 2147:flex fuel fleet 2128: 2124: 2117: 2072: 2057: 2046:Caribbean Basin 1980: 1967: 1942: 1909: 1907: 1879: 1877: 1849: 1847: 1816: 1814: 1786: 1784: 1756: 1754: 1723: 1721: 1693: 1691: 1663: 1661: 1633: 1631: 1603: 1601: 1573: 1571: 1548: 1511: 1509: 1481: 1473: 1471: 1464: 1427: 1403: 1374:energy recovery 1372:that increases 1343: 1337: 1288: 1278: 1257:crystallization 1225:quality control 1217: 1211: 1170: 1061: 1037: 985:São Paulo state 804: 798: 793: 774:renewable fuels 475: 473: 466: 454: 446: 438: 428: 420: 412: 402: 394: 386: 376: 368: 360: 350: 342: 334: 324: 316: 308: 298: 290: 282: 272: 264: 256: 245: 237: 229: 219: 213: 207: 199:Main articles: 197: 135:gas station at 76:agri-industrial 12: 11: 5: 13643: 13633: 13632: 13627: 13610: 13609: 13607: 13606: 13599: 13597: 13595: 13593: 13588: 13583: 13577: 13574: 13573: 13571: 13570: 13565: 13560: 13555: 13550: 13548:Sint Eustatius 13545: 13540: 13535: 13530: 13525: 13520: 13515: 13510: 13505: 13500: 13495: 13490: 13485: 13483:Cayman Islands 13480: 13475: 13470: 13465: 13460: 13454: 13452: 13441: 13440: 13433: 13431: 13429: 13428: 13423: 13418: 13413: 13408: 13403: 13398: 13393: 13388: 13383: 13378: 13373: 13368: 13363: 13358: 13353: 13348: 13343: 13338: 13333: 13328: 13323: 13318: 13313: 13308: 13303: 13298: 13293: 13288: 13283: 13278: 13273: 13268: 13263: 13258: 13252: 13250: 13242: 13241: 13236: 13235: 13228: 13221: 13213: 13204: 13203: 13201: 13200: 13189: 13186: 13185: 13183: 13182: 13177: 13172: 13167: 13162: 13157: 13152: 13147: 13142: 13136: 13134: 13130: 13129: 13127: 13126: 13121: 13116: 13115: 13114: 13109: 13099: 13094: 13089: 13084: 13079: 13074: 13068: 13066: 13062: 13061: 13059: 13058: 13053: 13048: 13043: 13036: 13025: 13018: 13013: 13011:Chinese tallow 13008: 13001: 12996: 12988: 12986: 12978: 12977: 12975: 12974: 12969: 12964: 12959: 12954: 12949: 12944: 12937: 12932: 12927: 12922: 12917: 12912: 12907: 12902: 12897: 12892: 12887: 12879: 12877: 12869: 12868: 12866: 12865: 12860: 12858:Water hyacinth 12855: 12850: 12849: 12848: 12838: 12833: 12832: 12831: 12826: 12816: 12815: 12814: 12804: 12799: 12794: 12789: 12784: 12779: 12774: 12769: 12764: 12759: 12753: 12751: 12745: 12744: 12737: 12736: 12729: 12722: 12714: 12705: 12704: 12702: 12701: 12691: 12680: 12677: 12676: 12674: 12673: 12668: 12663: 12658: 12653: 12648: 12646:Infrastructure 12643: 12638: 12633: 12628: 12623: 12617: 12615: 12611: 12610: 12608: 12607: 12602: 12597: 12592: 12587: 12582: 12577: 12565: 12560: 12554: 12552: 12548: 12547: 12545: 12544: 12539: 12534: 12529: 12524: 12519: 12507: 12501: 12499: 12493: 12492: 12490: 12489: 12484: 12479: 12477:Auxílio Brasil 12474: 12468: 12466: 12462: 12461: 12459: 12458: 12453: 12448: 12443: 12438: 12433: 12428: 12422: 12420: 12414: 12413: 12411: 12410: 12405: 12400: 12395: 12390: 12385: 12380: 12375: 12370: 12365: 12360: 12355: 12349: 12347: 12341: 12340: 12333: 12332: 12325: 12318: 12310: 12304: 12303: 12298: 12297:, October 2009 12288: 12282: 12277: 12271: 12265: 12253: 12248: 12243: 12235: 12232:"Carbonômetro" 12229: 12224: 12219: 12207: 12202: 12197: 12189: 12188: 12143:external links 12138: 12136: 12129: 12123: 12122:External links 12120: 12117: 12116: 12073: 12047: 12008: 11982: 11948: 11927:The World Bank 11907: 11885: 11858: 11825: 11799: 11777: 11751: 11724: 11694: 11665: 11639: 11617: 11590: 11553: 11520: 11497: 11479: 11446: 11406: 11379: 11360: 11329: 11297: 11257:(8): 3388–93. 11230: 11221: 11212: 11183: 11156: 11123: 11098: 11040: 10971: 10953: 10939: 10910: 10900: 10865: 10831: 10805: 10768: 10746: 10710: 10680: 10647: 10617: 10594: 10564: 10531: 10508: 10482: 10456: 10427: 10385: 10355: 10317: 10292:The World Bank 10270: 10239: 10230: 10207: 10181: 10155: 10062: 10029: 10010:(in Spanish). 9998: 9972: 9946: 9919: 9896: 9866: 9840: 9813: 9777: 9739: 9713: 9675: 9648: 9585: 9543: 9508: 9476: 9437: 9368: 9343: 9309: 9298:on May 6, 2008 9269: 9238: 9212: 9186: 9153: 9141: 9114: 9084: 9054: 9027: 8996: 8976: 8966: 8939: 8916: 8890: 8862: 8831: 8809: 8779: 8750: 8721: 8684: 8653: 8624: 8605: 8593: 8570: 8555: 8532: 8503: 8491: 8479: 8453: 8427: 8401: 8376: 8339: 8299: 8281: 8248: 8219: 8184: 8152: 8117: 8091: 8054: 8039: 8016: 7993: 7968:10.2172/776604 7945: 7938: 7905: 7868: 7764: 7753: 7723: 7714: 7671: 7621: 7581: 7543: 7524:(RFA) (2015). 7513: 7482: 7420: 7391: 7360: 7324: 7310:(4): 605–619. 7287: 7252: 7223: 7179: 7147: 7068: 7035: 7002: 6966: 6922: 6887: 6860: 6830: 6801: 6771: 6741: 6705: 6679: 6649: 6626: 6600: 6577: 6551: 6519: 6488: 6462: 6448:Terra Networks 6434: 6407: 6385: 6359: 6333: 6303: 6280: 6249: 6226: 6196: 6170: 6144: 6132: 6106: 6080: 6052: 6030: 6004: 5974: 5948: 5917: 5880: 5843: 5830: 5803: 5777: 5751: 5715: 5678: 5651: 5614: 5585: 5555: 5517: 5473: 5439: 5404: 5378: 5352: 5326: 5297: 5262: 5229: 5191: 5168: 5130: 5098: 5081:Reuters Brasil 5063: 5029: 4999: 4947: 4916: 4885: 4843: 4805: 4797: 4789:The World Bank 4775: 4739: 4731: 4704: 4697: 4662: 4633: 4582: 4575: 4544: 4500: 4469: 4468: 4466: 4463: 4462: 4461: 4437: 4429:The World Bank 4418: 4388: 4382: 4365: 4337: 4334: 4332: 4331: 4326: 4321: 4316: 4311: 4306: 4301: 4296: 4291: 4286: 4281: 4276: 4270: 4269: 4268: 4254: 4240: 4224: 4221: 4197: 4196: 4189: 4188: 4187: 4135:'s President, 4108:George Monbiot 4084:Main article: 4081: 4078: 4036: 4033: 4028:Paraguay River 4026:and the Upper 3976: 3973: 3915: 3901: 3868: 3865: 3859: 3856: 3834: 3831: 3790: 3787: 3713: 3710: 3705: 3685: 3675:trade barriers 3649: 3621: 3600:(EPA) and the 3578: 3575: 3543:energy balance 3532: 3531:Energy balance 3529: 3525:global warming 3520: 3517: 3509: 3506: 3504: 3501: 3376:George W. Bush 3345:George W. Bush 3332: 3329: 3326: 3325: 3316:corn ethanol. 3298: 3297: 3292: 3289: 3287: 3284: 3282: 3278: 3277: 3272: 3269: 3267: 3264: 3262: 3258: 3257: 3252: 3246: 3244: 3238: 3236: 3232: 3231: 3221: 3218: 3215: 3211: 3210: 3197: 3194: 3192: 3189: 3187: 3180: 3179: 3164: 3158: 3155: 3153: 3150: 3148: 3135: 3134: 3125: 3122: 3119: 3114:reduction for 3104: 3103: 3094: 3091: 3089: 3086: 3084: 3076: 3075: 3070: 3067: 3065: 3062: 3060: 3057:Energy balance 3053: 3052: 3043: 3040: 3038: 3035: 3033: 3029: 3028: 3019: 3013: 3011: 3005: 3003: 2999: 2998: 2989: 2986: 2984: 2981: 2979: 2975: 2974: 2965: 2962: 2960: 2957: 2955: 2951: 2950: 2941: 2938: 2936: 2933: 2931: 2927: 2926: 2923: 2910: 2897: 2896:Characteristic 2893: 2892: 2883:, California. 2814:energy balance 2809: 2806: 2803: 2802: 2789:Brazilian real 2775: 2772: 2769: 2766: 2762: 2761: 2758: 2755: 2752: 2750:Tocantins (TO) 2747: 2744: 2741: 2738: 2733: 2730: 2727: 2724: 2718: 2717: 2714: 2711: 2708: 2703: 2700: 2697: 2694: 2689: 2686: 2683: 2680: 2674: 2673: 2670: 2667: 2664: 2662:São Paulo (SP) 2659: 2656: 2653: 2650: 2645: 2642: 2639: 2636: 2630: 2629: 2626: 2623: 2620: 2615: 2612: 2609: 2606: 2601: 2598: 2595: 2592: 2586: 2585: 2582: 2579: 2576: 2571: 2568: 2565: 2562: 2557: 2554: 2551: 2548: 2542: 2541: 2538: 2535: 2532: 2527: 2524: 2521: 2518: 2513: 2510: 2507: 2504: 2498: 2497: 2494: 2491: 2488: 2483: 2480: 2477: 2474: 2469: 2466: 2463: 2460: 2454: 2453: 2450: 2447: 2444: 2439: 2436: 2433: 2430: 2425: 2422: 2419: 2416: 2410: 2409: 2406: 2403: 2400: 2395: 2392: 2389: 2386: 2381: 2378: 2375: 2372: 2366: 2365: 2362: 2359: 2356: 2353: 2350: 2347: 2344: 2341: 2337: 2336: 2331: 2324: 2321: 2316: 2309: 2306: 2301: 2294: 2291: 2246:Brazilian real 2186:Rio de Janeiro 2173: 2170: 2141:caused by the 2115: 2087:European Union 1988: 1987: 1962: 1961: 1958: 1955: 1952: 1949: 1946: 1943: 1938: 1935: 1934: 1931: 1928: 1926: 1923: 1921: 1918: 1904: 1903: 1901: 1898: 1896: 1893: 1891: 1888: 1874: 1873: 1871: 1868: 1866: 1863: 1861: 1858: 1844: 1843: 1840: 1837: 1834: 1831: 1828: 1825: 1811: 1810: 1808: 1805: 1803: 1800: 1798: 1795: 1781: 1780: 1778: 1775: 1773: 1770: 1768: 1765: 1751: 1750: 1747: 1744: 1741: 1738: 1735: 1732: 1730:European Union 1718: 1717: 1715: 1712: 1710: 1707: 1705: 1702: 1688: 1687: 1685: 1682: 1680: 1677: 1675: 1672: 1658: 1657: 1655: 1652: 1650: 1647: 1645: 1642: 1628: 1627: 1625: 1622: 1620: 1617: 1615: 1612: 1598: 1597: 1595: 1592: 1590: 1587: 1585: 1582: 1568: 1567: 1564: 1561: 1558: 1555: 1552: 1549: 1542: 1539: 1538: 1535: 1532: 1529: 1526: 1523: 1520: 1506: 1505: 1502: 1499: 1496: 1493: 1490: 1487: 1486:Country/Region 1483: 1482: 1469: 1463: 1460: 1452:energy balance 1426: 1423: 1402: 1399: 1336: 1333: 1277: 1274: 1210: 1207: 1169: 1166: 1060: 1057: 1036: 1033: 1019:(6.58 billion 926: 925: 919: 918: 915: 912: 909: 906: 903: 900: 897: 894: 891: 888: 885: 882: 879: 876: 873: 870: 866: 865: 862: 859: 856: 853: 850: 847: 844: 841: 838: 835: 832: 829: 826: 823: 820: 817: 813: 812: 797: 794: 792: 789: 631:was the first 615:1980s oil glut 479: 478: 468: 467: 464: 462: 459: 456: 455: 452: 450: 447: 444: 442: 439: 436: 434: 430: 429: 426: 424: 421: 418: 416: 413: 410: 408: 404: 403: 400: 398: 395: 392: 390: 387: 384: 382: 378: 377: 374: 372: 369: 366: 364: 361: 358: 356: 352: 351: 348: 346: 343: 340: 338: 335: 332: 330: 326: 325: 322: 320: 317: 314: 312: 309: 306: 304: 300: 299: 296: 294: 291: 288: 286: 283: 280: 278: 274: 273: 270: 268: 265: 262: 260: 257: 254: 252: 248: 247: 242: 239: 234: 231: 226: 222: 221: 196: 193: 103:energy balance 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 13642: 13631: 13628: 13626: 13623: 13622: 13620: 13605: 13604: 13603:South America 13600: 13598: 13596: 13594: 13592: 13589: 13587: 13584: 13582: 13581:North America 13579: 13578: 13575: 13569: 13566: 13564: 13561: 13559: 13556: 13554: 13551: 13549: 13546: 13544: 13541: 13539: 13536: 13534: 13531: 13529: 13526: 13524: 13521: 13519: 13516: 13514: 13511: 13509: 13506: 13504: 13501: 13499: 13498:French Guiana 13496: 13494: 13491: 13489: 13486: 13484: 13481: 13479: 13476: 13474: 13471: 13469: 13466: 13464: 13461: 13459: 13456: 13455: 13453: 13451: 13446: 13442: 13437: 13427: 13424: 13422: 13419: 13417: 13416:United States 13414: 13412: 13409: 13407: 13404: 13402: 13399: 13397: 13394: 13392: 13389: 13387: 13384: 13382: 13379: 13377: 13374: 13372: 13369: 13367: 13364: 13362: 13359: 13357: 13354: 13352: 13349: 13347: 13344: 13342: 13339: 13337: 13334: 13332: 13329: 13327: 13324: 13322: 13319: 13317: 13314: 13312: 13309: 13307: 13304: 13302: 13299: 13297: 13294: 13292: 13289: 13287: 13284: 13282: 13279: 13277: 13274: 13272: 13269: 13267: 13264: 13262: 13259: 13257: 13254: 13253: 13251: 13249: 13243: 13234: 13229: 13227: 13222: 13220: 13215: 13214: 13211: 13199: 13191: 13190: 13187: 13181: 13178: 13176: 13173: 13171: 13170:Food vs. fuel 13168: 13166: 13163: 13161: 13158: 13156: 13153: 13151: 13148: 13146: 13143: 13141: 13138: 13137: 13135: 13131: 13125: 13122: 13120: 13117: 13113: 13110: 13108: 13105: 13104: 13103: 13100: 13098: 13095: 13093: 13090: 13088: 13085: 13083: 13080: 13078: 13075: 13073: 13070: 13069: 13067: 13063: 13057: 13054: 13052: 13049: 13047: 13044: 13042: 13041: 13037: 13035: 13034: 13030: 13026: 13024: 13023: 13019: 13017: 13014: 13012: 13009: 13007: 13006: 13002: 13000: 12997: 12995: 12994: 12990: 12989: 12987: 12985: 12979: 12973: 12970: 12968: 12965: 12963: 12960: 12958: 12955: 12953: 12950: 12948: 12945: 12943: 12942: 12938: 12936: 12933: 12931: 12928: 12926: 12923: 12921: 12918: 12916: 12913: 12911: 12908: 12906: 12903: 12901: 12898: 12896: 12893: 12891: 12888: 12886: 12885: 12881: 12880: 12878: 12876: 12870: 12864: 12861: 12859: 12856: 12854: 12851: 12847: 12844: 12843: 12842: 12839: 12837: 12834: 12830: 12827: 12825: 12822: 12821: 12820: 12817: 12813: 12812:vegetable oil 12810: 12809: 12808: 12805: 12803: 12800: 12798: 12795: 12793: 12790: 12788: 12785: 12783: 12780: 12778: 12775: 12773: 12770: 12768: 12765: 12763: 12760: 12758: 12755: 12754: 12752: 12750: 12746: 12742: 12735: 12730: 12728: 12723: 12721: 12716: 12715: 12712: 12700: 12692: 12690: 12682: 12681: 12678: 12672: 12669: 12667: 12664: 12662: 12659: 12657: 12654: 12652: 12649: 12647: 12644: 12642: 12639: 12637: 12634: 12632: 12629: 12627: 12624: 12622: 12619: 12618: 12616: 12612: 12606: 12603: 12601: 12598: 12596: 12593: 12591: 12588: 12586: 12583: 12581: 12578: 12574: 12569: 12566: 12564: 12561: 12559: 12556: 12555: 12553: 12551:Other sectors 12549: 12543: 12540: 12538: 12535: 12533: 12530: 12528: 12525: 12523: 12520: 12516: 12511: 12508: 12506: 12503: 12502: 12500: 12498: 12494: 12488: 12485: 12483: 12480: 12478: 12475: 12473: 12472:Bolsa Família 12470: 12469: 12467: 12463: 12457: 12454: 12452: 12449: 12447: 12444: 12442: 12439: 12437: 12434: 12432: 12429: 12427: 12424: 12423: 12421: 12419: 12415: 12409: 12406: 12404: 12401: 12399: 12396: 12394: 12391: 12389: 12386: 12384: 12381: 12379: 12378:Plano Trienal 12376: 12374: 12371: 12369: 12366: 12364: 12361: 12359: 12356: 12354: 12351: 12350: 12348: 12346: 12342: 12338: 12331: 12326: 12324: 12319: 12317: 12312: 12311: 12308: 12302: 12299: 12296: 12292: 12289: 12286: 12283: 12281: 12278: 12275: 12272: 12269: 12266: 12264: 12260: 12257: 12256:Ethical Sugar 12254: 12252: 12249: 12247: 12244: 12241: 12233: 12230: 12228: 12225: 12223: 12220: 12218: 12214: 12211: 12208: 12206: 12203: 12201: 12198: 12196: 12193: 12192: 12185: 12182: 12174: 12164: 12160: 12159:inappropriate 12156: 12152: 12146: 12144: 12137: 12128: 12127: 12114: 12098: 12094: 12087: 12080: 12078: 12062: 12058: 12051: 12030: 12026: 12019: 12012: 11996: 11992: 11986: 11970: 11966: 11965:Editora Abril 11962: 11958: 11952: 11932: 11928: 11921: 11914: 11912: 11895: 11889: 11873: 11869: 11862: 11843: 11836: 11829: 11814: 11810: 11803: 11787: 11781: 11766: 11762: 11755: 11739: 11735: 11728: 11712: 11708: 11704: 11698: 11682: 11681: 11676: 11669: 11654: 11650: 11643: 11627: 11621: 11605: 11601: 11594: 11586: 11580: 11564: 11557: 11538: 11531: 11524: 11509:. Monbiot.com 11508: 11501: 11492: 11490: 11488: 11486: 11484: 11467: 11463: 11459: 11453: 11451: 11431: 11427: 11420: 11413: 11411: 11394: 11390: 11383: 11376: 11372: 11369: 11364: 11348: 11344: 11340: 11333: 11317: 11313: 11306: 11304: 11302: 11292: 11288: 11283: 11278: 11273: 11268: 11264: 11260: 11256: 11252: 11251: 11246: 11239: 11237: 11235: 11225: 11216: 11201: 11197: 11190: 11188: 11176:September 14, 11171: 11167: 11160: 11149:September 14, 11144: 11140: 11136: 11130: 11128: 11116:September 14, 11111: 11105: 11103: 11094: 11090: 11085: 11080: 11076: 11072: 11068: 11064: 11060: 11053: 11051: 11049: 11047: 11045: 11038: 11034: 11031: 11028: 11023: 11019: 11015: 11011: 11007: 11003: 10999: 10995: 10991: 10987: 10986: 10978: 10976: 10966: 10960: 10958: 10948: 10946: 10944: 10937: 10936: 10922: 10918: 10917:UNICA, Brazil 10914: 10904: 10896: 10892: 10888: 10884: 10880: 10876: 10875:Energy Policy 10869: 10853: 10849: 10845: 10838: 10836: 10819: 10815: 10809: 10790: 10786: 10779: 10772: 10756: 10750: 10731: 10727: 10720: 10714: 10698: 10694: 10690: 10684: 10668: 10664: 10663: 10658: 10651: 10635: 10631: 10627: 10621: 10605: 10598: 10582: 10578: 10574: 10568: 10552: 10548: 10547: 10542: 10535: 10519: 10512: 10496: 10492: 10486: 10471: 10467: 10460: 10445:. May 5, 2009 10444: 10440: 10434: 10432: 10415: 10411: 10410: 10405: 10398: 10396: 10394: 10392: 10390: 10373: 10369: 10365: 10359: 10353: 10337: 10330: 10324: 10322: 10314: 10313:See Chapter 2 10297: 10293: 10286: 10279: 10277: 10275: 10268:print edition 10267: 10254: 10253:The Economist 10250: 10243: 10234: 10218: 10211: 10195: 10191: 10185: 10169: 10165: 10159: 10152: 10148: 10144: 10140: 10136: 10132: 10128: 10124: 10123:Guinea-Bissau 10120: 10116: 10112: 10108: 10107:Côte d'Ivoire 10104: 10100: 10096: 10082: 10081: 10076: 10069: 10067: 10047: 10040: 10033: 10017: 10013: 10009: 10002: 9987: 9983: 9976: 9960: 9956: 9950: 9934: 9930: 9923: 9907: 9900: 9884: 9880: 9873: 9871: 9855: 9851: 9844: 9828: 9824: 9817: 9810: 9794: 9787: 9781: 9761: 9757: 9750: 9743: 9728: 9724: 9717: 9710: 9694: 9686: 9679: 9662: 9658: 9652: 9643: 9639: 9635: 9631: 9627: 9623: 9619: 9615: 9611: 9607: 9600: 9598: 9596: 9594: 9592: 9590: 9583: 9567: 9563: 9556: 9550: 9548: 9528: 9521: 9515: 9513: 9496: 9489: 9483: 9481: 9473: 9457: 9450: 9444: 9442: 9432: 9428: 9424: 9420: 9415: 9410: 9406: 9402: 9398: 9394: 9390: 9383: 9381: 9379: 9377: 9375: 9373: 9353: 9347: 9330: 9326: 9325: 9320: 9313: 9297: 9293: 9289: 9282: 9280: 9278: 9276: 9274: 9257: 9253: 9249: 9242: 9227: 9223: 9216: 9201: 9197: 9190: 9174: 9170: 9169: 9164: 9157: 9150: 9149:The Economist 9145: 9128: 9124: 9118: 9101: 9097: 9091: 9089: 9071: 9067: 9061: 9059: 9042: 9038: 9031: 9024: 9010: 9003: 9001: 8984: 8980: 8970: 8954: 8950: 8943: 8927: 8920: 8904: 8900: 8894: 8879: 8878: 8873: 8866: 8850: 8846: 8842: 8835: 8819: 8813: 8797: 8793: 8789: 8783: 8767: 8763: 8757: 8755: 8738: 8734: 8728: 8726: 8709: 8705: 8704:UNICA, Brazil 8701: 8697: 8691: 8689: 8673: 8669: 8662: 8660: 8658: 8640: 8639: 8638:The Economist 8634: 8628: 8621: 8617: 8614: 8609: 8602: 8597: 8590: 8586: 8582: 8579: 8574: 8567: 8564: 8559: 8552: 8548: 8544: 8541: 8536: 8520: 8513: 8507: 8500: 8495: 8488: 8483: 8467: 8463: 8457: 8442: 8438: 8431: 8415: 8411: 8405: 8389: 8383: 8381: 8374: 8361: 8357: 8353: 8346: 8344: 8336: 8323: 8319: 8315: 8308: 8306: 8304: 8297: 8293: 8290: 8285: 8266: 8259: 8252: 8236: 8232: 8226: 8224: 8204: 8197: 8191: 8189: 8169: 8162: 8156: 8137: 8130: 8124: 8122: 8105: 8098: 8096: 8076: 8069: 8063: 8061: 8059: 8051: 8050: 8043: 8027: 8020: 8004: 7997: 7988: 7984: 7979: 7974: 7969: 7964: 7960: 7956: 7949: 7941: 7935: 7931: 7924: 7922: 7920: 7918: 7916: 7914: 7912: 7910: 7889: 7885: 7878: 7872: 7866: 7865:90-8672-012-9 7862: 7845: 7841: 7837: 7830: 7823: 7821: 7819: 7817: 7815: 7813: 7811: 7809: 7807: 7805: 7803: 7801: 7799: 7797: 7795: 7793: 7791: 7789: 7787: 7785: 7783: 7781: 7779: 7777: 7775: 7773: 7771: 7769: 7762: 7757: 7741: 7737: 7733: 7727: 7718: 7701: 7697: 7693: 7686: 7684: 7682: 7680: 7678: 7676: 7656: 7652: 7645: 7638: 7636: 7634: 7632: 7630: 7628: 7626: 7606: 7602: 7595: 7588: 7586: 7578: 7565: 7561: 7557: 7550: 7548: 7527: 7523: 7517: 7501: 7497: 7493: 7486: 7478: 7474: 7470: 7466: 7461: 7456: 7452: 7448: 7444: 7440: 7436: 7429: 7427: 7425: 7409: 7405: 7398: 7396: 7379: 7378: 7377:The Economist 7373: 7367: 7365: 7348: 7344: 7343: 7338: 7331: 7329: 7318: 7313: 7309: 7305: 7301: 7294: 7292: 7275: 7271: 7265: 7263: 7261: 7259: 7257: 7237: 7230: 7228: 7220: 7207: 7203: 7199: 7192: 7190: 7188: 7186: 7184: 7163: 7156: 7154: 7152: 7142: 7138: 7133: 7128: 7123: 7118: 7114: 7110: 7106: 7099: 7097: 7095: 7093: 7091: 7089: 7087: 7085: 7083: 7081: 7079: 7077: 7075: 7073: 7056: 7052: 7048: 7042: 7040: 7023: 7019: 7015: 7009: 7007: 6987: 6983: 6976: 6970: 6963: 6947: 6943: 6936: 6929: 6927: 6909: 6905: 6901: 6898:F.O. Lichts. 6894: 6892: 6875: 6871: 6864: 6853:September 11, 6848: 6844: 6843:UNICA, Brazil 6840: 6834: 6814: 6808: 6806: 6789: 6785: 6784:UNICA, Brazil 6781: 6775: 6756: 6750: 6748: 6746: 6729: 6725: 6721: 6714: 6712: 6710: 6693: 6689: 6683: 6667: 6663: 6659: 6653: 6637: 6630: 6614: 6610: 6604: 6588: 6581: 6565: 6561: 6555: 6539: 6535: 6534: 6529: 6523: 6507: 6503: 6499: 6492: 6476: 6472: 6466: 6450: 6449: 6444: 6438: 6422: 6418: 6411: 6395: 6389: 6373: 6369: 6363: 6347: 6343: 6337: 6321: 6317: 6310: 6308: 6291: 6284: 6277: 6264: 6260: 6253: 6237: 6234:MDIC (2012). 6230: 6219:September 13, 6214: 6210: 6206: 6200: 6184: 6180: 6174: 6159: 6155: 6148: 6141: 6136: 6120: 6116: 6110: 6094: 6090: 6084: 6069: 6068: 6063: 6056: 6040: 6034: 6018: 6014: 6008: 5992: 5988: 5984: 5978: 5962: 5958: 5957:UNICA, Brazil 5952: 5946: 5930: 5924: 5922: 5905: 5901: 5900:Editora Abril 5897: 5893: 5887: 5885: 5878: 5877: 5862: 5858: 5852: 5850: 5848: 5840: 5834: 5818: 5814: 5807: 5791: 5787: 5781: 5765: 5761: 5755: 5739: 5735: 5734: 5729: 5722: 5720: 5703: 5699: 5698:Editora Abril 5695: 5691: 5685: 5683: 5666: 5662: 5655: 5638: 5634: 5630: 5623: 5621: 5619: 5602: 5598: 5592: 5590: 5573: 5569: 5565: 5559: 5539: 5532: 5526: 5524: 5522: 5514: 5497: 5493: 5486: 5480: 5478: 5461: 5457: 5450: 5448: 5446: 5444: 5427: 5423: 5417: 5415: 5413: 5411: 5409: 5392: 5385: 5383: 5366: 5359: 5357: 5340: 5333: 5331: 5314: 5310: 5304: 5302: 5285: 5281: 5280: 5275: 5269: 5267: 5250: 5246: 5245:UNICA, Brazil 5242: 5236: 5234: 5227: 5215: 5213: 5205: 5198: 5196: 5179: 5172: 5153: 5146: 5139: 5137: 5135: 5118: 5114: 5107: 5105: 5103: 5086: 5082: 5078: 5072: 5070: 5068: 5050: 5044: 5042: 5040: 5038: 5036: 5034: 5016: 5012: 5006: 5004: 4986: 4981: 4977: 4973: 4972: 4964: 4962: 4960: 4958: 4956: 4954: 4952: 4935: 4931: 4925: 4923: 4921: 4904: 4900: 4894: 4892: 4890: 4870: 4863: 4856: 4854: 4852: 4850: 4848: 4841: 4829: 4825: 4818: 4816: 4814: 4812: 4810: 4800: 4794: 4790: 4786: 4779: 4762: 4758: 4754: 4750: 4743: 4734: 4728: 4724: 4720: 4719: 4714: 4708: 4700: 4694: 4690: 4686: 4682: 4677: 4669: 4667: 4650: 4649:The Economist 4646: 4640: 4638: 4622: 4621: 4616: 4609: 4607: 4605: 4603: 4601: 4599: 4597: 4595: 4593: 4591: 4589: 4587: 4578: 4572: 4568: 4564: 4563:Apollo's Fire 4560: 4553: 4551: 4549: 4529: 4522: 4515: 4513: 4511: 4509: 4507: 4505: 4488: 4481: 4479: 4477: 4475: 4470: 4460: 4444: 4440: 4434: 4430: 4426: 4425: 4419: 4404: 4400: 4396: 4395: 4389: 4385: 4379: 4375: 4371: 4366: 4351: 4347: 4346: 4340: 4339: 4330: 4327: 4325: 4322: 4320: 4317: 4315: 4312: 4310: 4307: 4305: 4302: 4300: 4297: 4295: 4292: 4290: 4287: 4285: 4282: 4280: 4277: 4275: 4272: 4271: 4266: 4260: 4255: 4252: 4251:Energy portal 4246: 4241: 4238: 4237:Brazil portal 4227: 4216: 4212: 4208: 4204: 4199: 4193: 4186: 4183: 4179: 4175: 4170: 4167: 4162: 4159: 4154: 4150: 4148: 4144: 4140: 4138: 4134: 4129: 4125: 4121: 4117: 4113: 4109: 4105: 4097: 4092: 4087: 4077: 4074: 4069: 4065: 4061: 4057: 4054: 4050: 4041: 4032: 4029: 4025: 4021: 4018: 4012: 4008: 4006: 4002: 3998: 3990: 3986: 3981: 3975:Deforestation 3972: 3970: 3965: 3962: 3958: 3954: 3949: 3946: 3941: 3936: 3934: 3930: 3925: 3919: 3913: 3908: 3904: 3897: 3893: 3889: 3885: 3881: 3874: 3864: 3858:Field burning 3855: 3851: 3849: 3844: 3840: 3826: 3818: 3812: 3807: 3800: 3795: 3786: 3783: 3779: 3775: 3771: 3767: 3763: 3758: 3756: 3752: 3748: 3744: 3740: 3736: 3732: 3728: 3723: 3719: 3718:air pollution 3712:Air pollution 3709: 3703: 3699: 3695: 3691: 3682: 3680: 3676: 3672: 3667: 3666:GHG emissions 3663: 3659: 3655: 3647: 3642: 3637: 3635: 3631: 3627: 3617: 3615: 3611: 3607: 3603: 3599: 3595: 3589: 3584: 3571: 3567: 3563: 3559: 3555: 3551: 3548: 3544: 3538: 3528: 3526: 3515: 3499: 3494: 3492: 3491: 3490:The Economist 3486: 3483:As President 3481: 3479: 3475: 3471: 3467: 3463: 3456: 3452: 3448: 3444: 3440: 3438: 3433: 3429: 3425: 3421: 3415: 3413: 3409: 3405: 3401: 3397: 3393: 3389: 3385: 3384:Latin America 3381: 3377: 3370: 3366: 3362: 3358: 3353: 3346: 3342: 3337: 3323: 3319: 3315: 3312:estimate for 3311: 3307: 3303: 3299: 3293: 3288: 3283: 3280: 3279: 3273: 3268: 3263: 3260: 3259: 3253: 3245: 3237: 3234: 3233: 3228: 3222: 3219: 3216: 3213: 3212: 3207: 3203: 3198: 3193: 3188: 3186: 3185:GHG emissions 3182: 3181: 3176: 3172: 3169:released per 3168: 3159: 3154: 3149: 3147: 3144: 3140: 3137: 3136: 3131: 3126: 3117: 3113: 3109: 3106: 3105: 3100: 3095: 3090: 3085: 3082: 3081:GHG emissions 3078: 3077: 3071: 3066: 3061: 3058: 3055: 3054: 3049: 3044: 3039: 3034: 3031: 3030: 3025: 3020: 3012: 3004: 3001: 3000: 2995: 2990: 2985: 2980: 2977: 2976: 2971: 2966: 2961: 2956: 2953: 2952: 2947: 2942: 2937: 2932: 2929: 2928: 2924: 2922: 2911: 2909: 2898: 2895: 2894: 2887: 2884: 2882: 2879:, Hawaii and 2878: 2873: 2869: 2865: 2861: 2857: 2853: 2849: 2845: 2840: 2829: 2825: 2820: 2815: 2801: 2798: 2794: 2790: 2786: 2781: 2773: 2770: 2767: 2764: 2763: 2759: 2756: 2753: 2751: 2745: 2742: 2739: 2737: 2731: 2728: 2725: 2723: 2719: 2715: 2712: 2709: 2707: 2701: 2698: 2695: 2693: 2687: 2684: 2681: 2679: 2675: 2671: 2668: 2665: 2663: 2657: 2654: 2651: 2649: 2643: 2640: 2637: 2635: 2631: 2627: 2624: 2621: 2619: 2613: 2610: 2607: 2605: 2599: 2596: 2593: 2591: 2587: 2583: 2580: 2577: 2575: 2569: 2566: 2563: 2561: 2555: 2552: 2549: 2547: 2543: 2539: 2536: 2533: 2531: 2530:Rondônia (RR) 2525: 2522: 2519: 2517: 2511: 2508: 2505: 2503: 2502:Amazonas (AM) 2499: 2495: 2492: 2489: 2487: 2481: 2478: 2475: 2473: 2467: 2464: 2461: 2459: 2455: 2451: 2448: 2445: 2443: 2437: 2434: 2431: 2429: 2423: 2420: 2417: 2415: 2411: 2407: 2404: 2401: 2399: 2393: 2390: 2387: 2385: 2384:Maranhão (MA) 2379: 2376: 2373: 2371: 2367: 2363: 2360: 2357: 2354: 2351: 2348: 2345: 2342: 2339: 2338: 2333:Price spread 2332: 2318:Price spread 2317: 2303:Price spread 2302: 2287: 2283: 2280:gasoline and 2279: 2274: 2269: 2266: 2262: 2260: 2256: 2250: 2247: 2243: 2233: 2231: 2230:rule of thumb 2226: 2223: 2222:flex vehicles 2219: 2215: 2206: 2199: 2195: 2191: 2187: 2184:per liter at 2183: 2178: 2169: 2167: 2163: 2159: 2155: 2150: 2148: 2144: 2140: 2139:credit crunch 2135: 2134:U.S. Congress 2121: 2119: 2111: 2107: 2103: 2099: 2094: 2092: 2091:CBI countries 2088: 2084: 2079: 2069: 2067: 2063: 2055: 2052:ethanol into 2051: 2047: 2042: 2040: 2036: 2032: 2028: 2024: 2020: 2016: 2012: 2008: 2004: 2000: 1996: 1995:United States 1984: 1979: 1976:. Including 1975: 1971: 1963: 1959: 1956: 1953: 1950: 1947: 1944: 1941: 1937: 1936: 1932: 1929: 1927: 1924: 1922: 1919: 1917: 1906: 1905: 1902: 1899: 1897: 1894: 1892: 1889: 1887: 1876: 1875: 1872: 1869: 1867: 1864: 1862: 1859: 1857: 1846: 1845: 1841: 1838: 1835: 1832: 1829: 1826: 1824: 1813: 1812: 1809: 1806: 1804: 1801: 1799: 1796: 1794: 1783: 1782: 1779: 1776: 1774: 1771: 1769: 1766: 1764: 1753: 1752: 1748: 1745: 1742: 1739: 1736: 1733: 1731: 1720: 1719: 1716: 1713: 1711: 1708: 1706: 1703: 1701: 1690: 1689: 1686: 1683: 1681: 1678: 1676: 1673: 1671: 1660: 1659: 1656: 1653: 1651: 1648: 1646: 1643: 1641: 1630: 1629: 1626: 1623: 1621: 1618: 1616: 1613: 1611: 1600: 1599: 1596: 1593: 1591: 1588: 1586: 1583: 1581: 1570: 1569: 1565: 1562: 1559: 1556: 1553: 1550: 1547: 1546: 1545:CBI countries 1541: 1540: 1536: 1533: 1530: 1527: 1524: 1521: 1519: 1518:United States 1508: 1507: 1503: 1500: 1497: 1494: 1491: 1488: 1485: 1484: 1478: 1475:(Millions of 1467: 1459: 1457: 1453: 1448: 1443: 1436: 1431: 1422: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1398: 1395: 1390: 1389:running low. 1387: 1383: 1379: 1375: 1371: 1367: 1360: 1357:gas station, 1356: 1352: 1347: 1342: 1332: 1330: 1326: 1325:United States 1322: 1317: 1312: 1308: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1287: 1283: 1273: 1271: 1266: 1262: 1258: 1254: 1250: 1246: 1242: 1238: 1234: 1230: 1226: 1222: 1216: 1206: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1192: 1188: 1183: 1179: 1174: 1165: 1163: 1158: 1153: 1151: 1147: 1141: 1138: 1137:biotechnology 1134: 1130: 1122: 1117: 1110: 1105: 1098: 1093: 1086: 1081: 1074: 1070: 1065: 1056: 1054: 1048: 1044: 1042: 1032: 1030: 1024: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1009: 1006: 1002: 998: 994: 990: 986: 982: 978: 970: 966: 961: 957: 954: 948: 946: 942: 937: 933: 920: 916: 913: 910: 907: 904: 901: 898: 895: 892: 889: 886: 883: 880: 877: 874: 871: 868: 867: 863: 860: 857: 854: 851: 848: 845: 842: 839: 836: 833: 830: 827: 824: 821: 818: 815: 814: 809: 806:(Millions of 801: 788: 786: 782: 777: 775: 771: 767: 763: 759: 755: 751: 747: 743: 735: 732: 728: 723: 719: 717: 713: 708: 704: 702: 698: 694: 690: 686: 682: 678: 674: 670: 666: 662: 658: 654: 650: 646: 638: 634: 630: 627: 622: 618: 616: 610: 608: 604: 600: 596: 592: 587: 585: 577: 573: 568: 564: 562: 558: 554: 550: 546: 542: 534: 530: 525: 521: 519: 515: 511: 507: 503: 499: 494: 489: 485: 469: 463: 460: 457: 451: 448: 443: 440: 435: 432: 431: 425: 422: 417: 414: 409: 406: 405: 399: 396: 391: 388: 383: 380: 379: 373: 370: 365: 362: 357: 354: 353: 347: 344: 339: 336: 331: 328: 327: 321: 318: 313: 310: 305: 302: 301: 295: 292: 287: 284: 279: 276: 275: 269: 266: 261: 258: 253: 250: 249: 243: 240: 235: 232: 227: 224: 223: 216: 212: 206: 202: 192: 190: 186: 180: 177: 173: 169: 168:E20-E25 blend 165: 160: 158: 154: 150: 142: 138: 134: 129: 125: 123: 119: 116: 112: 108: 104: 100: 96: 91: 89: 85: 81: 80:Latin America 77: 73: 69: 64: 62: 58: 54: 47: 43: 39: 35: 32: 28: 25: 20: 16: 13625:Ethanol fuel 13601: 13553:Sint Maarten 13538:Saint Martin 13445:Dependencies 13285: 13038: 13032: 13028: 13020: 13003: 12999:Big bluestem 12991: 12984:energy crops 12939: 12882: 12510:Ethanol fuel 12509: 12393:Plano Collor 12388:Samba effect 12373:Rubber cycle 12358:Coffee cycle 12177: 12168: 12153:by removing 12140: 12112: 12104:. 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Retrieved 4350:the original 4344: 4336:Bibliography 4171: 4163: 4155: 4151: 4141: 4126:, back then 4124:Jean Ziegler 4112:food vs fuel 4101: 4086:Food vs fuel 4070: 4066: 4062: 4058: 4049:minimum wage 4046: 4013: 4009: 3994: 3966: 3950: 3937: 3920: 3876: 3861: 3852: 3836: 3782:acetaldehyde 3778:formaldehyde 3762:fossil fuels 3759: 3742: 3731:hydrocarbons 3715: 3683: 3638: 3618: 3590: 3586: 3568:. As shown, 3566:fossil fuels 3540: 3522: 3496: 3488: 3482: 3459: 3441: 3416: 3373: 3320:'s gasoline 3301: 3217:16.3 million 2841: 2811: 2784: 2779: 2777: 2706:Sergipe (SE) 2604:Paraíba (PB) 2574:Roraima (RO) 2414:Alagoas (AL) 2330:(R$ /liter) 2328:retail price 2315:(R$ /liter) 2313:retail price 2300:(R$ /liter) 2298:retail price 2286:fuel economy 2263: 2251: 2234: 2227: 2211: 2198:E25 gasoline 2194:E100 ethanol 2180:Alcohol and 2151: 2122: 2095: 2070: 2043: 1991: 1939: 1543: 1444: 1440: 1419:Minas Gerais 1415:Juiz de Fora 1404: 1391: 1363: 1307:distillation 1292:fermentation 1289: 1253:precipitated 1218: 1199:distillation 1195:fermentation 1171: 1154: 1142: 1126: 1068: 1049: 1045: 1038: 1025: 1010: 993:Minas Gerais 974: 949: 929: 808:U.S. gallons 778: 769: 739: 715: 709: 705: 642: 639:and ethanol. 611: 588: 581: 538: 514:fossil fuels 501: 482: 220:(1976–2015) 181: 176:market share 161: 146: 120:, including 92: 65: 57:ethanol fuel 51: 22:Six typical 15: 13523:Puerto Rico 13450:territories 13396:Saint Lucia 13331:El Salvador 13155:Energy crop 13102:Pellet fuel 13087:Biorefinery 13051:Switchgrass 12895:Coconut oil 12873:Energy from 12807:Cooking oil 12792:Biogasoline 12767:Babassu oil 12651:Brazil Cost 12527:Solar power 12522:Electricity 12418:Agriculture 12408:2014 crisis 12171:August 2020 12106:December 4, 12038:November 1, 11353:February 9, 11322:February 9, 10739:October 24, 10703:October 24, 10610:February 9, 10420:December 4, 9702:January 21, 9667:January 22, 9133:November 8, 9106:November 8, 9076:November 8, 8909:February 9, 8772:February 9, 8521:. July 2010 8032:February 5, 7541:See page 4. 7322:See Table 3 7280:November 9, 7171:November 9, 7115:(6): 4096. 6823:January 21, 6125:October 28, 6045:October 18, 6023:October 18, 5997:October 18, 5967:October 31, 5607:November 9, 5578:November 9, 5466:October 18, 4940:February 9, 4909:February 9, 4766:February 9, 4687:. pp. 4452:February 8, 3945:soil carbon 3884:rainforests 3839:fertilizers 3785:on health. 3339:Presidents 3063:8.3 to 10.2 3041:3,800–4,000 3036:6,800–8,000 2819:corn starch 2648:Paraná (PR) 2335:E25 - E100 2320:E25 - E100 2305:E25 - E100 2188:(left) and 2118:-equivalent 2060:per gallon 2039:South Korea 2015:El Salvador 1999:Netherlands 1970:Puerto Rico 1763:Netherlands 1610:El Salvador 1245:evaporation 1241:pasteurized 1203:dehydration 1111:per liter). 1067:Sugarcane ( 953:metric tons 781:motorcycles 488:commodities 13619:Categories 13518:Montserrat 13513:Martinique 13508:Guadeloupe 13306:Costa Rica 13065:Technology 13046:Salicornia 13029:Miscanthus 12952:Sugar beet 12824:cellulosic 12797:Bioliquids 12777:Biobutanol 12641:Corruption 12580:Healthcare 12542:Eletrobras 12451:Irrigation 12353:Gold cycle 12045:countries. 11813:Reuters UK 11205:August 24, 10848:World Bank 10673:October 2, 10640:October 2, 10103:Cape Verde 10055:August 15, 9833:August 10, 9769:August 28, 9673:pp. 62-63. 9205:January 4, 9047:January 4, 9015:August 29, 8979:yr freeze" 8959:August 24, 8932:August 24, 8235:Reuters UK 8049:BioScience 6880:August 27, 6296:August 27, 6189:August 13, 6163:August 13, 5671:August 14, 5397:August 27, 5371:August 26, 5055:October 5, 5021:October 5, 4991:October 5, 4833:August 22, 4465:References 4203:Piracicaba 4158:World Bank 4133:World Bank 4106:, such as 4071:Regarding 3892:grasslands 3871:See also: 3743:Pró-Álcool 3641:World Bank 3581:See also: 3535:See also: 3512:See also: 3487:wrote for 3466:Mozambique 3404:Costa Rica 3355:President 3318:California 3220:10 million 3200:Brazilian 3167:equivalent 3079:Estimated 3068:1.3 to 1.6 2934:Sugar cane 2828:tax credit 2736:Piauí (PI) 2722:Goiás (GO) 2634:Ceará (CE) 2546:Bahia (BA) 2458:Amapá (AP) 2242:oil prices 2078:tax credit 2019:Costa Rica 1640:Costa Rica 1447:hydrolysis 1435:Pernambuco 1355:Piracicaba 1339:See also: 1304:azeotropic 1280:See also: 1265:centrifuge 1213:See also: 1146:transgenic 1121:Piracicaba 1097:Piracicaba 1029:Pernambuco 956:hectares. 791:Production 734:motorcycle 718:Program. 716:Pró-Álcool 701:Kia Motors 685:Mitsubishi 677:Volkswagen 649:Volkswagen 518:sugar cane 506:Portuguese 502:Pró-Álcool 209:See also: 95:sugar cane 46:E20 to E25 13591:Caribbean 13503:Greenland 13426:Venezuela 13371:Nicaragua 13341:Guatemala 13261:Argentina 13246:Sovereign 13140:Agflation 13033:giganteus 12962:Sunflower 12957:Sugarcane 12875:foodstock 12782:Biodiesel 12741:Bioenergy 12636:Companies 12600:Transport 12537:Petrobras 12487:Fome Zero 12155:excessive 12066:August 1, 11818:April 28, 11792:April 28, 11770:April 30, 11744:April 30, 11707:Swissinfo 11687:April 22, 11658:April 28, 11632:April 28, 11610:April 28, 11569:April 28, 11546:April 28, 11513:April 28, 10824:March 29, 10798:March 29, 10761:March 29, 10587:April 25, 10475:April 25, 10022:April 28, 10012:La Nación 9991:April 28, 9732:March 18, 9642:206510225 9536:April 30, 9501:April 26, 9335:August 6, 7987:166965030 7413:March 22, 7384:March 22, 7353:March 22, 7061:April 21, 6995:April 17, 6955:March 22, 6794:March 18, 6672:March 11, 6642:March 11, 6619:March 11, 6326:August 9, 6257:ANFAVEA. 6242:March 22, 6099:March 26, 5841:, p. 105. 5823:March 22, 5817:Globo.com 5432:August 9, 5123:March 22, 5117:Globo.com 4626:April 28, 4493:April 10, 3985:São Paulo 3967:The main 3961:rangeland 3751:flex-fuel 3747:São Paulo 3679:subsidies 3570:Brazilian 3424:dehydrate 3400:Nicaragua 3388:Caribbean 3369:Stockholm 3359:and King 3206:grassland 3161:Grams of 3083:reduction 2946:cash crop 2930:Feedstock 2872:Colombian 2864:St. James 2852:Louisiana 2560:Pará (PA) 2370:Acre (AC) 2218:E25 blend 2190:São Paulo 2054:anhydrous 1411:Petrobras 1378:dry basis 1359:São Paulo 1341:Bioenergy 1243:. Before 1215:Sugarcane 1073:Ituverava 995:(8%) and 981:Southeast 971:blending. 932:feedstock 754:São Paulo 750:São Paulo 731:flex-fuel 725:The 2009 657:Chevrolet 626:Brazilian 624:The 2003 607:Petrobras 603:E100 only 584:E25 blend 572:flex fuel 561:sugarcane 484:Sugarcane 359:E20–12–20 333:E18–20–23 263:E18–22–13 157:E25 blend 149:anhydrous 137:São Paulo 133:Petrobras 84:Caribbean 24:Brazilian 13458:Anguilla 13406:Suriname 13381:Paraguay 13356:Honduras 13316:Dominica 13301:Colombia 13271:Barbados 13198:Category 13133:Concepts 13016:Duckweed 13005:Camelina 12982:Non-food 12930:Rapeseed 12920:Palm oil 12863:Wood gas 12836:Methanol 12829:mixtures 12749:Biofuels 12689:Category 12558:Industry 12259:Archived 12213:Archived 12001:July 29, 11975:July 29, 11940:July 29, 11900:July 30, 11878:July 30, 11851:July 30, 11740:. London 11683:. London 11653:BBC News 11579:cite web 11472:April 9, 11439:April 9, 11399:April 9, 11371:Archived 11291:20142492 11093:18267903 11033:Archived 11022:36321634 11014:17151627 10927:June 20, 10858:June 17, 10449:June 16, 9802:July 10, 9634:18258862 9431:52810681 9423:18258860 9231:June 11, 8677:June 25, 8645:June 25, 8616:Archived 8581:Archived 8543:Archived 8525:July 25, 8394:June 24, 8366:June 24, 8328:June 24, 8292:Archived 7477:12547295 7469:23192120 7141:18471272 5505:June 22, 5319:March 9, 5290:March 7, 4715:(2008). 4412:March 9, 4359:March 9, 4223:See also 4215:baggasse 4020:wetlands 4017:Pantanal 4001:Pantanal 3888:savannas 3797:Typical 3770:aldehyde 3766:hydrated 3519:Benefits 3396:Honduras 3386:and the 3195:93 years 3190:17 years 3024:hectares 3022:Million 2994:hectares 2992:Million 2968:Million 2154:U.S. EPA 2129:US$ 0.45 2125:US$ 0.54 2089:and the 2073:US$ 0.54 2058:US$ 0.54 2050:hydrated 1985:(NAFTA). 1957:2,592.29 1951:3,426.86 1945:3,532.67 1734:1,004.17 1528:1,777.43 1270:refining 1261:molasses 1223:. After 1157:nitrogen 965:hydrated 712:E25 fuel 637:gasoline 595:Fiat 147 576:gasoline 529:Fiat 147 107:U.S. EPA 68:biofuels 42:gasoline 13488:Curaçao 13473:Bonaire 13468:Bermuda 13421:Uruguay 13361:Jamaica 13336:Grenada 13326:Ecuador 13281:Bolivia 13266:Bahamas 12947:Soybean 12941:Sorghum 12890:Cassava 12819:Ethanol 12802:Biomass 12772:Bagasse 12757:Alcohol 12699:Commons 12595:Tourism 12590:Exports 12515:History 12465:Welfare 12368:Fazenda 12345:History 12149:Please 12141:use of 11282:2840431 11259:Bibcode 11200:Reuters 11084:2373893 10994:Bibcode 10883:Bibcode 10501:May 21, 10143:Senegal 10139:Nigeria 10127:Liberia 10080:El País 9614:Bibcode 9606:Science 9401:Bibcode 9393:Science 8983:Reuters 8696:O Globo 8472:May 11, 8446:May 11, 8441:Reuters 8420:May 11, 8274:May 11, 8241:May 10, 8212:May 10, 8177:May 11, 8145:May 11, 8110:May 11, 8084:May 11, 7736:Embrapa 7651:EMBRAPA 7601:EMBRAPA 7447:Bibcode 7132:2405774 7028:May 30, 6544:May 27, 6512:May 27, 6427:May 28, 6158:Fortune 6067:Fortune 4211:hydrous 4005:Cerrado 4003:or the 3924:pasture 3907:Cerrado 3896:biofuel 3848:Embrapa 3774:gasohol 3478:EMBRAPA 3451:EMBRAPA 3314:Midwest 3239:35,017 3202:cerrado 3048:hectare 2848:Florida 2326:Average 2311:Average 2296:Average 2027:Nigeria 2011:Jamaica 1856:Nigeria 1580:Jamaica 1462:Exports 1370:boilers 1366:bagasse 1249:vinasse 1233:bagasse 1187:milling 1178:bagasse 1173:Sucrose 1133:EMBRAPA 1085:hectare 1005:Alagoas 977:Central 969:gasohol 945:hectare 936:sucrose 693:Citroën 673:Renault 669:Peugeot 433:1987–88 407:1984–86 311:1993–98 244:Ethanol 236:Ethanol 228:Ethanol 195:History 99:bagasse 34:ethanol 31:hydrous 13376:Panama 13366:Mexico 13346:Guyana 13291:Canada 13286:Brazil 13276:Belize 13248:states 12993:Arundo 12925:Potato 12841:Stover 12787:Biogas 12666:Camelô 12585:Mining 12497:Energy 12446:Coffee 12436:Orange 12431:Banana 12363:Empire 11717:May 1, 11289: 11279: 11091: 11081: 11020: 11012: 10985:Nature 10557:May 4, 10524:May 4, 10119:Guinea 10111:Gambia 9859:May 3, 9711:pp. 4. 9640: 9632: 9429: 9421: 9361:May 4, 9302:May 3, 8989:May 4, 7985: 7978:776604 7975: 7936: 7863: 7475: 7467: 7439:Nature 7139: 7129: 6073:May 4, 5214:(ICCT) 5184:May 3, 5161:May 9, 5091:May 3, 4878:May 9, 4795: 4729: 4695: 4573: 4435: 4380: 4022:, the 3999:, the 3997:Amazon 3933:orange 3929:coffee 3789:Issues 3735:sulfur 3729:(CO), 3472:, and 3470:Angola 3437:Mexico 3408:Panama 3306:Alaska 3302:Notes: 3247:2,326 3241:(100%) 3156:105.10 3092:10–30% 3087:86–90% 3016:(3.7%) 2918: 2908:Brazil 2905: 2868:Bunkie 2858:, and 2856:Hawaii 2833:US$ 45 2824:tariff 2799:2.16. 2780:Source 2774:39.75 2771:2.511 2768:1.513 2760:37.85 2757:2.748 2754:1.708 2746:27.42 2743:2.655 2740:1.927 2732:38.36 2729:2.565 2726:1.581 2716:25.02 2713:2.518 2710:1.888 2702:33.93 2699:2.573 2696:1.700 2688:32.57 2685:2.662 2682:1.795 2672:45.54 2669:2.398 2666:1.306 2658:40.51 2655:2.429 2652:1.445 2644:29.56 2641:2.510 2638:1.768 2628:33.61 2625:2.556 2622:1.697 2614:26.24 2611:2.553 2608:1.883 2600:27.15 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