1842:. Kaifeng is known for having the oldest extent Jewish community in China. Many Chinese Jews have very much assimilated into Hui Muslims, though a number of international Jewish groups have helped Chinese Jews rediscover their Jewish roots. Kaifeng Jewish ancestry has been found among their descendants living among the Hui Muslims, such as during a hajj pilgrimage the Hui Muslim woman Jin Xiaojing (金效靜) found out about her Jewish ancestry and wrote about it in an article, "China's Jews" (中国的犹太人) published in "Points East" in 1981. Scholars have pointed out that Hui Muslims may have absorbed Kaifeng Jews instead of Han Confucians and Buddhists. Jewish converts to Islam who became Hui Muslims in 16th century China were called the blue hat Hui (藍帽回回) since they converted to Islam due to similarities in their traditions. One of the 7 prominent Hui Muslim clans of Kaifeng, the Zhang Jewish clan, became Muslim. The Zhang family, among several Hui Muslims with Kaifeng Jewish ancestry call themselves "fake Muslims" since hey are openly proud of their ancestry Instead of being absorbed into Han, a portion of the Jews of China of Kaifeng became Hui Muslims. In 1948 Samuel Stupa Shih (Shi Hong Mo) (施洪模) said he saw a Hebrew language "Religion of Israel" Jewish inscription on a tombstone in a Qing dynasty Muslim cemetery to a place west of Hangzhou.
3485:
179:
association with inferiority, lack of civilization, and externality in the broadest sense often make it the most appropriate choice, including some cases when it is placed in the mouths of non-Han referring to themselves or others. However, its pejorative connotations make it inappropriate as a general translation. Thus, I have chosen not to translate these terms when they designate particular groups, individuals, or phenomena and do not refer to a specific ethnic group, language, geographic place, or cultural complex.
29:
5722:
5732:
193:
3369:
3047:
Islamic works translated into
Chinese played a very important role in the popularization of Islam . At the same time, many Jews who did not like to abandon their tradition converted to Islam and were known as the " Huihui with blue hats A 藍帽回回" . The missionary work of Christians from the beginning
2825:
Muslim religious strictures required anyone, whether man or woman, who married a Muslim to convert to Islam . ... An San, a
Kaifeng Jew, was awarded a rank of Third Grade, because of services he had rendered to the court ... -followers were not assimilated into the Han population. Jews who married
3001:
Later, in the 19th and 20th centuries, it is likely, as suggested by many scholars, that several of the
Kaifeng Jews did convert to Islam rather than simply being swallowed up in the Buddhist or Confucian multitude. Today, a number of Muslims (and possibly non-Muslims) have discovered that their
1815:
7th century to present, many Jews have very much assimilated into Hui people after converting to Islam. The
Nanjing and Beijing Jews became Muslims At the start of the 20th century the Zhang Kaifeng Jewish family became Muslims. Muslim men married Jewish women. Some Jews adopted non-Jewish sons.
149:
Translations such as "foreigner" and "alien," though possessing an air of scholarly neutrality, are inappropriate as a general translation because they primarily connote geographic and political outsiderness, implying that individuals and groups so designated were external to the Tang Empire and
32:
Map of the
Chinese Han dynasty in 2 CE. Names of non-Chinese peoples and states have been purposely left with their Chinese names (e.g. Dayuan instead of Fergana; Gaogouli instead of Goguryeo) to reflect the fact that knowledge of participants in the Han world order comes almost exclusively from
3193:
It is clear from Shi's later descriptions that many of the tombstones he saw were Muslim rather than Jewish, though one, he claimed, read "Religion of Israel" in Hebrew. In
Hangzhou, according to Ricci in 1608, there had been a synagogue. We can only wonder whether the Jews there had a separate
178:
has undergone many transformations from its Greek origins to its current
English usage, not all of which are relevant to the Tang (such as its use in medieval Europe to denote religious difference, marking non-Christians of various ethnic, geographic, and political affiliations), its consistent
3064:. Vol. 47 of FASK, Publikationen des Fachbereichs Angewandte Sprach- und Kulturwissenschaft der Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz in Germersheim: Abhandlungen und Sammelbände, Universität Mainz Fachbereich Angewandte Sprach- und Kulturwissenschaft. Peter Lang. p. 106.
3027:. Vol. 47 of FASK, Publikationen des Fachbereichs Angewandte Sprach- und Kulturwissenschaft der Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz in Germersheim: Abhandlungen und Sammelbände, Universität Mainz Fachbereich Angewandte Sprach- und Kulturwissenschaft. Peter Lang. p. 196.
3173:. Vol. 47 of FASK, Publikationen des Fachbereichs Angewandte Sprach- und Kulturwissenschaft der Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz in Germersheim: Abhandlungen und Sammelbände, Universität Mainz Fachbereich Angewandte Sprach- und Kulturwissenschaft. Peter Lang. p. 50.
3137:. Vol. 47 of FASK, Publikationen des Fachbereichs Angewandte Sprach- und Kulturwissenschaft der Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz in Germersheim: Abhandlungen und Sammelbände, Universität Mainz Fachbereich Angewandte Sprach- und Kulturwissenschaft. Peter Lang. p. 48.
3100:. Vol. 47 of FASK, Publikationen des Fachbereichs Angewandte Sprach- und Kulturwissenschaft der Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz in Germersheim: Abhandlungen und Sammelbände, Universität Mainz Fachbereich Angewandte Sprach- und Kulturwissenschaft. Peter Lang. p. 18.
2981:. Vol. 47 of FASK, Publikationen des Fachbereichs Angewandte Sprach- und Kulturwissenschaft der Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz in Germersheim: Abhandlungen und Sammelbände, Universität Mainz Fachbereich Angewandte Sprach- und Kulturwissenschaft. Peter Lang. p. 47.
3157:"This also involves a difficult study of the relations that existed between the Kaifeng Jews and Muslims there. A number of Jewish descendants converted to Islam rather than melting into the general populations. What is their attitude to Judaism now?
1820:
some Muslim women were taken as wives by a
Kaifeng Jew "the handsome" Zhang Mei (Chang Mei). Kaifeng Jews became Muslims. Islam was taken up after Kaifeng Jews married Muslims. The converts to Islam retained Jewish characteristics after conversion.
3120:
26 Some of those who converted to Islam, like the Zhang family, still seem to cherish this past as well and consider themselves as "fake
Moslems". This has been confirmed by Zhang Qianhong and Li Jingwen in "Some Observations ...," 2000, p.
2585:... the Jewish presence in the city predates this year.242 According to the 1489 inscription, the founders of the Kaifeng ... while others state that the Jews of Beijing and Nanjing converted to Islam.249 The same Ricci was the first to ...
2669:
Two families intermarry with
Chinese Mohammedans only . The Jews give their daughters to the Mohammedans ; the Mohammedans do not give their daughters to the Jews . The Jews do not know from whence they came, or the period of their
2730:
Some ancestor rituals may still be carried out by Kaifeng Jewish descent groups today; it is hoped that ongoing ... a convert from outside Cochin] marries a woman from the daughters ... of the mshuchrarim, the sons who are born to them
2638:
Most of the Zhang converted to Islam. Jews who managed the synagogues were called mullahs. A high number of Kaifeng Jews passed the difficult Chinese Civil Service examination during the Ming Dynasty. Four inscriptions from 1489, 1512,
2856:
A 1757 regulation in the Paradesi record book stated : "If an Israelite or a ger (apparently, a convert from outside Cochin) marries a woman from the daughters ... of the mshuchrarim, the sons who are born to them go after the
2876:
Even the first generation of a mixed marriage will often find the offspring only too happy to escape into the non ... Though the Jews converted to Islam, they apparently retained a Jewish coloration, much like Jews to convert to
2761:
Characteristically, however, the Jewish people did not observe special memorial days for most of its ancient and ... No one seems to have seriously questioned the permissibility of the Kaifeng Jews marrying more than one wife
1797:. Largest minority ethnic group in the Dongbei region. Modern Manchus have mostly lost their language and by and large have assimilated into Han Chinese culture, though there are some distinctive aspects that still remain.
5687:
2794:
In any case, the Kaifeng Jews did not stand out as an exotic community, for there were a large number of Muslims there, ... and they did not intermarry.93 According to most authorities, many Jews finally assimilated to
2617:
Out of the seven original clans of Kaifeng Jews, the Zhang clan was said to have converted to Islam in the beginning of the twentieth century with the decline of the community and the problems in that period of China's
2399:
Lee, Joo-Yup (2016). "The Historical Meaning of the Term Turk and the Nature of the Turkic Identity of the Chinggisid and Timurid Elites in Post-Mongol Central Asia". Central Asiatic Journal. 59 (1–2): 101–32. p.
5697:
59:
Among the difficulties in the study of ethnic groups in China are the relatively long periods of time involved, together with the large volume of literary and historical records which have accompanied the
233:
The following table summarizes the various ethnic groups and/or other social groups of known historical significance to the history of China (any non clear-cut connection is denoted by a question mark):
76:
authors considered Chinese and non-Chinese for differences such as lifestyle, language, or governance. Many of the ethnonyms were historically used in such a way as to invite comparison with the word
2288:
S.P. Chen (Jan 2005). "The Yelang Kingdom and the Yi People", Journal of Guizhou University For Nationalities, College of Cultural Communication de l'Université de Guizhou, Guiyang. Download links:
68:(like much premodern ethnography) was often sketchy, leaving it unclear as to whether Chinese-depicted names referred to a true ethnic group or a possibly multiethnic political entity. Even then,
2381:
Zuev, Yu. "Horse Tamgas from Vassal Princedoms" (Translation of Chinese composition "Tanghuiyao" of 8-10th centuries), Kazakh SSR Academy of Sciences, Alma-Ata, 1960, p. 126, 133-134 (in Russian)
2700:
A 1757 regulation in the Paradesi record book stated : " If an Israelite or a ger marries a woman from the daughters ... of the mshuchrarim, the sons who are born to them go after the ...
3002:
ancestors were Kaifeng Jews.108... 108 Jin Xiaojing 金效靜, 1981, translated in Points East 1.1 (Jan 1986), 1, 4-5 . She discovered she was of Jewish descent when on the hajj to Mecca !
2494:
Golden, Peter Benjamin (1992). "An Introduction to the History of the Turkic Peoples: Ethnogenesis Ans State Formation in the Medieval and Early Modern Eurasia and the Middle East".
119:) or translated as "Northern Barbarians". In some cases authors prefer to transliterate specific exonyms as proper nouns, and in other cases to translate generic ones as English "
1389:
Early 6th century to present, a 2016 study reveals the date of divergence between Tibetans and Han Chinese was estimated to have taken place around 15,000 to 9,000 years ago.
158:(often used in the Tang to denote Central Asians) and four ethnonyms of great antiquity that, by the Tang, were mostly used generically with implicit geographic connotations:
4212:
72:
were sometimes assigned by geographic location or surrounding features, rather than by any features of the people themselves, and often carried little distinction of who the
2897:
The community was also weakened by repeated natural, military and economic catastrophes that Kaifeng experienced over the centuries. Fire and flood took their toll,
174:(north) — that largely connoted cultural and ethnic otherness but did not exclude the designated persons or groups from membership in the empire. Although the term
3987:
3796:
2744:
2713:
2683:
2775:
2652:
3084:
Others said he may indeed be from the Zhang clan, but that the clan (one of the "Seven Surnames") had apparently converted to Islam over a century ago.
3886:
3373:
2418:
Golden, Peter Benjamin (2007a). "Khazar Studies: Achievements and Perspectives". In Golden, Peter B.; Ben-Shammai, Haggai; Róna-Tas, András (eds.).
4190:
3891:
2922:
4035:
2124:
783:, and Chinese (some Chinese people today have the sinicised presumably Xianbei surnames such as Yuwen, Yuchi, Zhangsun, Tuoba, Murong and Huyan)
3926:
3954:
104:
of various ethnic groups encountered in Chinese history can be rendered into English either by transliteration or translation; for instance,
4134:
2890:
2869:
2839:
2808:
2292:
3400:
2409:
Pritsak, Omeljan (September 1978). "The Khazar Kingdom's Conversion to Judaism" (PDF). Harvard Ukrainian Studies. II (3): 261–281. p. 261
5756:
5611:
4157:
3741:
2433:
5656:
5636:
1063:
2631:
2598:
2568:
3969:
3906:
2522:
1906:
1059:
3336:
3292:
3267:
2955:
2503:
127:"). The American sinologist Marc S. Abramson explains why "barbarian" is the appropriate translation for general terms like
5361:
4183:
200:
5318:
3636:
1055:
3931:
5446:
4070:
3178:
3142:
3105:
3069:
3032:
2986:
2787:
2723:
2610:
2366:
2273:
2248:
2223:
2198:
2147:
1963:
5761:
5692:
3949:
3841:
3354:
3242:
3217:
2937:
2578:
2086:
1601:
There remain descendants of Mongol soldiers sent to Sichuan, Yunnan, and Guangxi provinces during the Yuan dynasty.
5651:
5556:
4147:
4007:
3816:
3666:
2390:
Golden, Peter Benjamin (July 2018). "The Ethnogonic Tales of the Türks". The Medieval History Journal: 294. p. 294
4176:
4027:
3393:
5661:
4199:
4080:
4017:
3992:
3878:
3631:
2849:
2818:
2754:
2693:
2662:
1916:
224:
95:
20:
5606:
5571:
5526:
4065:
4002:
3849:
3781:
3756:
3653:
3417:
1486:
More or less the same residence of the Khitans, since regarded as two ethnic groups with one unique ancestry
5766:
5496:
5491:
5386:
5231:
4088:
3811:
3601:
1839:
204:
5616:
5591:
5506:
5486:
5436:
5406:
5396:
3979:
3776:
3726:
2746:
A Social and Religious History of the Jews: Late Middle Ages and the era of European expansion, 1200-1650
1764:
2471:"Representations of Descent: Origin and Migration Stories of the Ninth- and Tenth-century Turkic Shatuo"
5702:
5581:
5576:
5456:
4152:
4142:
4050:
4045:
3386:
1901:
512:
91:
45:
2599:"Part V KAIFENG JEWISH DESCENDANTS 14 THE CONTEMPORARY CONDITION OF THE JEWISH DESCENDANTS OF KAIFENG"
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5596:
5551:
5531:
5521:
5421:
3921:
3806:
3696:
2052:
788:
5621:
5536:
5516:
5401:
5391:
5378:
5354:
5293:
4612:
3826:
3661:
1284:
1027:
1016:
3771:
5666:
5601:
5566:
5501:
5481:
5471:
5431:
5416:
5411:
5156:
4511:
3859:
3324:
2838:
Goldstein, Jonathan, ed. (1999). "Contributors Benjamin Isadore Schwartz, Frank Joseph Shulman".
1817:
3746:
150:
ineligible to become subjects of the empire. This was frequently not the case with many uses of
5707:
5626:
5586:
5561:
5541:
5476:
5451:
5441:
5426:
5144:
4872:
4582:
4290:
4220:
4118:
4012:
3864:
3761:
3706:
2888:
2358:
2289:
2190:
888:
49:
2915:
2776:"INTEGRATION, ASSIMILATION, AND SURVIVAL OF MINORITIES IN CHINA: THE CASE OF THE KAIFENG JEWS"
5546:
5511:
5466:
5461:
5370:
4884:
4261:
3959:
3821:
3766:
3511:
2001:
HUGO Pan-Asian SNP Consortium (11 December 2009). "Mapping Human Genetic Diversity in Asia".
2350:
2182:
2162:
5323:
5298:
4596:
4055:
3941:
3911:
3874:
3791:
2010:
748:
53:
8:
5676:
5347:
5265:
3701:
3329:
Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present
2014:
5194:
5164:
5080:
4658:
4590:
4060:
3854:
3786:
3751:
3716:
2903:
2544:
2517:
2034:
1921:
908:
2470:
2422:. Handbook of Oriental Studies. Vol. 17. BRILL. pp. 7–57. ISBN 978-90-04-16042-2 p.165
2310:
5731:
5226:
5187:
5169:
4382:
4229:
3916:
3711:
3493:
3350:
3332:
3288:
3263:
3238:
3213:
3184:
3174:
3148:
3138:
3111:
3101:
3075:
3065:
3038:
3028:
2992:
2982:
2845:
2814:
2783:
2750:
2719:
2689:
2658:
2606:
2574:
2549:
2499:
2362:
2351:
2269:
2244:
2219:
2194:
2183:
2143:
2082:
2026:
1959:
1271:, whose political association with Göktürks was suggested by their Chinese name 突厥曷薩
997:
2038:
344:, who now show a large plurality of Indo-European DNA. Maybe the descendants of the
5244:
5221:
5174:
5091:
5002:
4769:
4759:
4703:
4692:
4365:
4341:
4249:
4100:
3997:
3901:
3896:
3801:
3731:
3577:
3567:
3550:
3545:
3540:
2826:
Muslims had to embrace Islam. This is one of the reasons the Jews were assimilated.
2539:
2531:
2307:
2018:
1911:
1882:
1847:
1776:
1547:
1256:
1248:
1244:
1071:
1067:
940:
623:
561:
552:
418:
61:
2605:. Routledge Jewish Studies Series (illustrated ed.). Routledge. p. 194.
2079:
An Introduction to the Chinese Economy: The Driving Forces Behind Modern Day China
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5255:
5216:
5131:
5098:
5085:
4836:
4754:
4395:
4346:
4244:
3596:
3582:
3523:
3207:
2296:
1926:
1772:
1738:
960:
932:
228:
124:
4094:
3194:
cemetery of their own or were accepted by the Muslims in their special cemetery.
2452:"The Notion of Tribe in Medieval China: Ouyang Xiu and the Shatup Dynastic Myth"
887:
c. 8th century BC to mid-6th century, assimilated into Tibetans, Hans and other
5303:
5286:
5112:
5057:
4916:
4911:
4854:
4794:
4739:
4557:
4551:
4541:
4452:
4431:
4280:
4275:
4111:
3831:
3736:
3606:
3452:
3440:
2535:
1788:
1758:
1634:
c. Mid-8th century to early 13th century, some Dangxiang assimilated into Hans
1565:
1520:
1413:
1393:
1353:
1313:
1199:
1138:
842:
772:
740:
689:
414:
5070:
4951:
2844:. East Gate book. Vol. 1 of The Jews of China. M.E. Sharpe. p. 119.
2570:
The Cambridge History of Judaism: Volume 5, Jews in the Medieval Islamic World
1247:
who conquered them; as for several Western-Turkic-affiliated tribes: Karluks (
592:
5750:
5725:
5039:
5025:
4991:
4963:
4945:
4899:
4893:
4831:
4819:
4709:
4482:
4475:
4469:
4446:
4310:
4299:
3964:
3689:
3626:
3557:
3528:
3188:
3152:
3115:
3079:
3042:
2996:
2314:
1794:
1746:
1650:
1507:
1445:
1400:
1235:
1186:
1020:
936:
838:
819:
627:
580:
469:
449:
437:
345:
341:
328:
28:
2022:
5260:
5236:
5200:
5179:
5105:
5075:
5065:
5032:
5017:
4957:
4931:
4846:
4667:
4632:
4620:
4520:
4496:
4489:
4440:
4420:
4406:
4390:
3679:
3611:
3591:
2553:
2030:
1855:
1768:
1721:
1704:
1581:
1280:
1118:
1051:
948:
900:
834:
744:
724:
677:
465:
371:
307:
283:
41:
1875:
Hanminjok, Joseonminjok, Goryeo, Hanguo, Chaoxian, Korean, Korean-Chinese
754:
c. 4th century BC to mid-6th century, some Xianbeis assimilated into Hans
5735:
5046:
4985:
4973:
4968:
4938:
4809:
4674:
4626:
4546:
4536:
4531:
4413:
4352:
4335:
4323:
4316:
4305:
4255:
4168:
3674:
3562:
3506:
3501:
3469:
3464:
2326:
1781:
1661:
1646:
1454:
1337:
1260:
1255:葛邏祿) became linguistic ancestors and partial genetic ancestors of modern
1088:
1047:
1039:
996:
2nd century BC to 10th century AD, first encountered during the reign of
987:
854:
815:
776:
584:
544:
481:
461:
445:
394:
378:
303:
266:
73:
65:
5339:
2889:
Contributors Michael Pollak, Bet ha-tefutsot (Tel Aviv, Israel) (1984).
2451:
5248:
4979:
4924:
4905:
4860:
4779:
4764:
4681:
4647:
4640:
4564:
4269:
4238:
4124:
3721:
3684:
3518:
2119:
1437:
1227:
1223:
1013:
1007:
861:
477:
457:
453:
441:
410:
332:
44:
of significance to the history of China, gathered through the study of
2053:"Kingdoms of South Asia – Afghanistan (Southern Khorasan / Arachosia)"
1872:
mid 7th century to present, some Koreans assimilated into Hui people.
1288:
138:
131:
108:
4571:
4371:
4359:
4040:
3621:
3484:
3430:
3409:
2313:"奚，亦東胡種，爲匈奴所破，保烏丸山。漢曹操斬其帥蹋頓，蓋其後也。" translation: "Xī, another kind of
1896:
1867:
1829:
1754:
1569:
1524:
1417:
956:
720:
673:
657:
605:
433:
367:
120:
78:
2895:. Bet Hatefutsoth, The Nahum Goldman Museum of the Jewish Diaspora.
2216:
Becoming Chinese American: A History of Communities and Institutions
2140:
Learning to Be Tibetan: The Construction of Ethnic Identity at Minzu
274:
Name applied to peoples in various areas stretching from provinces (
4774:
4714:
4687:
3459:
3342:
2956:"Stopping the crackdown on China's Jews - Opinion - Jerusalem Post"
1863:
1700:
1657:
1629:
1625:
1577:
1561:
1516:
1433:
1421:
1409:
1378:
1309:
1219:
1195:
1158:
1134:
1104:
1092:
1079:
1046:. They fell under the Imperial Chinese orbit of control during the
1043:
991:
808:
768:
736:
732:
685:
498:
494:
384:
349:
69:
2241:
Empire and Identity in Guizhou: Local Resistance to Qing Expansion
1463:(There exist descendants of war-scattered Khitan soldiers sent to
387:, Zhonghua, Zhongguo, Huaxia, Hua, Xia, Han, Han Chinese, Chinese
5124:
4826:
4814:
4804:
4784:
4744:
4734:
4729:
4724:
4105:
3616:
3572:
3535:
2329:
2318:
1825:
1810:
1669:
1637:
1613:
1597:
1589:
1573:
1543:
1542:
Conquered by Khitans, splinter groups and remnants re-emerged as
1528:
1499:
1478:
1468:
1458:
1370:
1366:
1329:
1321:
1268:
1215:
1207:
1179:
1170:
1154:
1146:
1001:
882:
878:
874:
850:
804:
800:
764:
712:
704:
642:
609:
601:
565:
490:
101:
2715:
The Jews of China: v. 1: Historical and Comparative Perspectives
2633:
Journey to the People's Republic of China; Review & Analysis
5118:
5011:
4789:
4749:
4719:
4697:
4602:
4329:
3474:
3368:
3048:
of the 17th century and the Chinese Bible did not affect them .
2322:
1729:
1712:
1621:
1464:
1425:
1317:
1203:
1142:
1125:
1100:
1096:
1035:
916:
780:
664:
634:
529:
520:
401:
357:
314:
287:
279:
240:
2518:"Ancestral Origins and Genetic History of Tibetan Highlanders"
5138:
4866:
4841:
4799:
4526:
4400:
3447:
3435:
3425:
3171:
Youtai - Presence and Perception of Jews and Judaism in China
3135:
Youtai - Presence and Perception of Jews and Judaism in China
3098:
Youtai - Presence and Perception of Jews and Judaism in China
3062:
Youtai - Presence and Perception of Jews and Judaism in China
3025:
Youtai - Presence and Perception of Jews and Judaism in China
2979:
Youtai - Presence and Perception of Jews and Judaism in China
2333:
2000:
1859:
1665:
1617:
1429:
1374:
1362:
1346:
1325:
1300:
1211:
1166:
1150:
1031:
979:
870:
846:
824:
c. 4th century BC to late 5th century, assimilated into Hans
796:
728:
694:
4th century BC to late 3rd century BC, assimilated into Hans
681:
275:
48:, Chinese and non-Chinese literary sources and inscriptions,
3378:
377:
From earliest history or prehistorical (name comes from the
3212:. John Wiley & Sons Canada, Limited. pp. 276–283.
2892:קהילת קאפינג: Chinese Jews on the Banks of the Yellow River
1802:
1691:
1677:
1654:
1283:. The Shatuo Turks consisted of three tribes: the formerly
2841:
The Jews of China: Historical and comparative perspectives
2654:
The Jews of Kaifeng, China: History, Culture, and Religion
2938:"Jewish History in China Boosting Sino-Israeli Relations"
1958:. Facts On File (published 1 December 2008). p. 81.
325:
c. 6th century BC to 162 BC, then driven out by Xiongnu.
2749:. Vol. 18. Columbia University Press. p. 617.
2142:. Lexington Books (published 17 March 2017). p. 7.
965:
4th century BC to 1st century BC, assimilated into Hans
423:
8th century BC to 1st century AD, assimilated into Hans
3169:
Kupfer, Helmut Karl Peter (2008). Kupfer, Peter (ed.).
3133:
Kupfer, Helmut Karl Peter (2008). Kupfer, Peter (ed.).
3096:
Kupfer, Helmut Karl Peter (2008). Kupfer, Peter (ed.).
3060:
Kupfer, Helmut Karl Peter (2008). Kupfer, Peter (ed.).
3023:
Kupfer, Helmut Karl Peter (2008). Kupfer, Peter (ed.).
2977:
Kupfer, Helmut Karl Peter (2008). Kupfer, Peter (ed.).
1471:
provinces during the Yuan dynasty in Baoshan, Yunnan)
340:
No known descendants, but possibly absorbed into the
3237:. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. p. 154.
2603:
The Jewish-Chinese Nexus: A Meeting of Civilizations
2218:. AltaMira Press (published 4 May 2004). p. 8.
2712:Goldstein, Jonathan; Schwartz, Benjamin I. (2015).
1784:, Jurchens, Mancho, Manchurian, Manchurian Chinese
436:, along with various ethnic minorities such as the
16:
Ethnicities of significance to the history of China
2243:. University of Washington Press. pp. 19–20.
1720:Widespread throughout Central Asia; also lived in
1173:(possibly others falling under the label as well)
707:; the rest were presumably assimilated into Hans.
2711:
2344:
2342:
2176:
2174:
1787:Since mid-17th century, first encountered by the
249:Approximate residence according to Chinese texts
5748:
3892:Comprehensive Economic Partnership for East Asia
2357:. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. pp.
2189:. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. pp.
154:and related terms — most common among them were
4036:Association of East Asian Research Universities
2516:Lu, Dongsheng; et al. (1 September 2016).
1956:Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania
1771:dynasties, many Manchus have lost their native
1763:Early 10th century to present, established the
1279:, lit. 'Türk Khazar', were possibly led by the
1263:possibly descend from the Western Turkic tribe
2810:Jews in Old China: Studies by Chinese Scholars
2445:
2443:
2339:
2171:
2156:
1949:
1947:
246:Names in Chinese characters and pronunciation
5355:
4184:
3988:China–Japan–Korea Friendship Athletic Meeting
3394:
3235:China's cosmopolitan empire: The Tang dynasty
1012:Date unknown, although they were part of the
2596:
2125:Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary
1243:The eastern Turks assimilated mainly to the
409:Name applied to various peoples residing in
2440:
1994:
1944:
252:Time of appearance in the history of China
19:For the ethnic groups in modern China, see
5362:
5348:
4198:
4191:
4177:
3401:
3387:
3205:
2874:. Sino-Judaic Institute. 1986. p. 8.
2657:. KTAV Publishing House, Inc. p. 55.
2420:The World of the Khazars: New Perspectives
5369:
3887:China–Japan–South Korea trilateral summit
3331:. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
2948:
2921:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2837:
2681:
2597:Ehrlich, M. Avrum; Liang, Pingan (2008).
2566:
2543:
2268:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 143.
2238:
2168:. Huayuqiao.org. Retrieved on 2013-04-26.
2935:
2929:
2468:
2109:(Tenth ed.). Merriam-Webster. 1993.
1066:), but were eventually conquered by the
183:
27:
2806:
2780:From Kaifeng to Shanghai: Jews in China
2650:
2509:
2107:Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary
1287:-associated Chuyue tribe, the formerly
1163:Early 3rd century to early 6th century
1064:Protectorate General to Pacify the West
935:, the rest assimilated into Hans. Some
429:Early 6th Century BC to 3rd century AD
293:As early as 25th century BC to present
5749:
3907:East Asian Bureau of Economic Research
3168:
3132:
3095:
3059:
3022:
2976:
2773:
2523:The American Journal of Human Genetics
2449:
2213:
1907:Graphic pejoratives in written Chinese
1533:Late 6th century to late 10th century
1334:Early 7th century to mid-10th century
1176:Late 6th century to early 9th century
1060:Tang campaign against the oasis states
5343:
4172:
3382:
3232:
2742:
2348:
2263:
2214:Him, Mark Lai; Hsu, Madeline (2004).
2180:
1240:Mid-6th century to early 9th century
1232:Late 5th century to mid-10th century
3206:Reischauer, Edwin Oldfather (1955).
2137:
2100:
2098:
1953:
1489:Pre-4th century to mid-12th century
1358:吐蕃 (Tǔbō, also pronounced as Tǔfān)
922:Late 2nd century to mid-4th century
822:, c. 14th century BC to c. 1050 BC.
811:, and northeastern portion of Tibet
255:Equivalence(s) of non-Chinese names
187:
5319:Unrecognized ethnic groups in China
3321:. University of Pennsylvania Press.
3282:
3257:
2718:(illustrated ed.). Routledge.
2567:Lieberman, Phillip I., ed. (2021).
2076:
1685:Widespread throughout Central Asia
1109:1st century BC to late 5th century
1056:Protectorate of the Western Regions
337:Mid-2nd century BC in Central Asia
13:
2936:Walgrove, Amanda (25 March 2011).
2515:
2336:. are possibly their descendants.
1726:1st century BC to 11th century AD
1130:柔然 (Róurán), 蠕蠕 (Rúrú), 茹茹 (Rúrú)
1091:and on the borders of present-day
1030:inhabited the oasis city-state of
14:
5778:
3362:
2813:. Hippocrene Books. p. 233.
2682:Goldstein, Jonathan, ed. (1998).
2629:
2095:
2045:
1688:2nd century BC to 1st century BC
647:3rd century BC to 1st century BC
571:8th century BC to 1st century AD
535:4th century BC to 2nd century BC
503:8th century BC to 5th century BC
258:Time of appearance outside China
5757:Ethnic groups in Chinese history
5730:
5721:
5720:
5324:Immigrant ethnic groups in China
4071:Ludwigshafen East Asia Institute
3483:
3374:Ethnic groups in Chinese history
3367:
869:Areas of neighboring borders of
743:. Moved into areas north of the
191:
85:
38:Ethnic groups in Chinese history
3276:
3251:
3226:
3199:
3162:
3126:
3089:
3053:
3016:
3007:
2970:
2882:
2862:
2831:
2800:
2767:
2736:
2705:
2675:
2644:
2623:
2590:
2560:
2488:
2462:
2450:Atwood, Christopher P. (2010).
2425:
2412:
2403:
2393:
2384:
2375:
2353:China: An Environmental History
2301:
2282:
2266:China: An Environmental History
2257:
2232:
2207:
2185:China: An Environmental History
1498:No known descendants (possibly
1442:c. 4th century to 12th century
5688:British Indian Ocean Territory
4018:EAFF E-1 Football Championship
3993:East Asian Football Federation
3349:. New York: Crown Publishers.
2774:LESLIE, DONALD DANIEL (2017).
2743:Baron, Salo Wittmayer (1952).
2651:Xu, Xin; Gonen, Rivka (2003).
2601:. In Ehrlich, M. Avrum (ed.).
2573:. Cambridge University Press.
2498:. 9. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
2131:
2113:
2070:
1985:
1972:
1917:List of ethnic groups in China
225:List of ethnic groups in China
96:List of ethnic groups in China
21:List of ethnic groups in China
1:
4066:Journal of East Asian Studies
4003:East Asian Judo Championships
3850:East Asia Climate Partnership
3408:
3319:Ethnic Identity in Tang China
2958:. Jpost.com. 8 September 2016
1978:For instance, see Wu (1982),
1932:
1594:Late 12th century to present
1343:Early 9th century to present
141:, but not specific ones like
40:refer to various or presumed
4089:Horses in East Asian warfare
3632:other ethnic groups in China
3209:Ennins Travels in Tang China
2688:. M.E. Sharpe. p. 119.
2469:Barenghi, Maddalena (2019).
1937:
1450:4th century to 12th century
1291:-associated Suoge (娑葛), and
46:Classical Chinese literature
7:
3233:Lewis, Mark Edward (2009).
3013:金效静;;中国的犹太人;社会科学战线;1981年04期
2239:Weinstein, Jodi L. (2013).
2163:Who are the Chinese people?
1890:
1383:Mid-6th century to present
1084:丁零 (Dīnglíng), 高車 (Gāochē)
943:may be related to the Jie.
10:
5783:
4143:Needham Research Institute
4051:East Asia Image Collection
4046:East Asian Economic Review
3481:
3317:Abramson, Marc S. (2008).
3305:
2536:10.1016/j.ajhg.2016.07.002
1902:Ethnic minorities in China
1628:, Southeastern portion of
1624:, southwestern portion of
1586:Since late c. 8th century
1576:, and eastern and central
222:
92:Ethnic minorities in China
89:
18:
5716:
5675:
5635:
5377:
5314:
5274:
5209:
5155:
5056:
5001:
4883:
4657:
4611:
4581:
4510:
4462:
4430:
4381:
4289:
4228:
4219:
4206:
4133:
4079:
4026:
3978:
3940:
3922:Human rights in East Asia
3873:
3840:
3807:Sino-Xenic pronunciations
3652:
3492:
3416:
2782:. Routledge. p. 68.
2778:. In Malek, Roman (ed.).
2349:Marks, Robert B. (2011).
2264:Marks, Robert B. (2017).
2181:Marks, Robert B. (2011).
2081:. Wiley. pp. 66–67.
1954:West, Barbara A. (2008).
1866:, primarily Southeastern
1295:(安慶) of Sogdian origins.
1222:, and eastern portion of
1157:, and eastern portion of
1099:, migrated to modern-day
931:The majority died in the
891:- speaking ethnic groups
374:basins in Northern China
296:Hmong, Hmu, Xong, A Hmao
145:番菜 "foreign-style food".
5762:Ancient peoples of China
5437:East Timor (Timor-Leste)
5294:Local ethnic nationalism
4213:recognized ethnic groups
3325:Beckwith, Christopher I.
2871:Points East, Volumes 1-7
2807:Shapiro, Sidney (2001).
1824:Jewish, Jewish Chinese,
1757:and northern portion of
1751:女真 (Nǚzhēn), 滿族 (Mǎnzú)
1070:and then assimilated by
1017:Indo-European migrations
5698:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
4008:East Asian martial arts
3955:Archaeological cultures
2023:10.1126/science.1177074
1818:1642 Yellow River flood
1699:Maybe ancestral to the
1620:, northern portions of
1316:, northern portions of
1202:, northern portions of
1141:, northern portions of
261:Possible descendant(s)
54:archaeological research
5371:Ethnic groups in Asia
5329:Historic ethnic groups
4200:Ethnic groups in China
4135:Science and technology
4119:The Book of Five Rings
4013:East Asian Youth Games
2332:executed their leader
2138:Yang, Miaoyan (2017).
2077:Guo, Rongxing (2016).
1991:Abramson (2008), p. 3.
1461:, Chinese, Mongolians
1436:and eastern border of
974:No known descendants.
933:Ran Wei–Later Zhao war
181:
50:historical linguistics
34:
3418:Countries and regions
3376:at Wikimedia Commons
2295:29 March 2012 at the
1536:No known equivalence
1492:No known equivalence
1424:, northern border of
1377:, Southern border of
1373:and Yunnan, parts of
1028:Indo-European peoples
925:No known equivalence
894:No known equivalence
828:No known equivalence
807:, eastern portion of
803:, western portion of
763:Possibly some of the
697:No known equivalence
489:Present-day Southern
223:Further information:
184:List of ethnic groups
147:
111:is transliterated as
31:
5612:United Arab Emirates
4158:Traditional medicine
4056:East Asia Law Review
3912:East Asian Community
3602:Indigenous Taiwanese
3347:The Chinese Heritage
2456:Miscellanea Asiatica
1340:, Uyghurs or Yugurs
818:inscriptions of the
672:Western portions of
205:adding missing items
64:. Classical Chinese
5767:Separatism in China
5639:limited recognition
3583:Khalkha in Mongolia
2015:2009Sci...326.1541.
2009:(5959): 1541–1545.
1369:, western areas of
493:province, Northern
4061:East Asian studies
3757:Hip-and-gable roof
3752:Chinese characters
2914:has generic name (
2317:; defeated by the
1922:Secession in China
1026:During antiquity,
203:; you can help by
123:" (for instance, "
35:
5744:
5743:
5681:other territories
5337:
5336:
4506:
4505:
4166:
4165:
3917:Four Asian Tigers
3372:Media related to
3337:978-0-691-13589-2
3294:978-7-5660-0096-5
3287:. 北京: 中央民族大学出版社.
3269:978-7-105-10152-8
2685:The Jews of China
2504:978-3-447-03274-2
2057:The History Files
1888:
1887:
1852:朝鮮族 (Cháoxiǎnzú)
1653:), Ersu, part of
1000:; assimilated by
998:Emperor Wu of Han
221:
220:
5774:
5734:
5724:
5723:
5693:Christmas Island
5379:Sovereign states
5364:
5357:
5350:
5341:
5340:
5195:Tajiks (Pamiris)
4226:
4225:
4193:
4186:
4179:
4170:
4169:
4101:Miyamoto Musashi
3998:East Asian Games
3970:Former countries
3902:East Asia Summit
3732:Chinese knotting
3487:
3403:
3396:
3389:
3380:
3379:
3371:
3343:Wu, K. C. (1982)
3299:
3298:
3283:金炳镐, 肖锐 (2011).
3280:
3274:
3273:
3255:
3249:
3248:
3230:
3224:
3223:
3203:
3197:
3196:
3166:
3160:
3159:
3130:
3124:
3123:
3093:
3087:
3086:
3057:
3051:
3050:
3020:
3014:
3011:
3005:
3004:
2974:
2968:
2967:
2965:
2963:
2952:
2946:
2945:
2933:
2927:
2926:
2919:
2913:
2909:
2907:
2899:
2886:
2880:
2879:
2866:
2860:
2859:
2835:
2829:
2828:
2804:
2798:
2797:
2771:
2765:
2764:
2740:
2734:
2733:
2709:
2703:
2702:
2679:
2673:
2672:
2648:
2642:
2641:
2636:. Kalman Dubov.
2627:
2621:
2620:
2594:
2588:
2587:
2564:
2558:
2557:
2547:
2513:
2507:
2492:
2486:
2485:
2475:
2466:
2460:
2459:
2447:
2438:
2429:
2423:
2416:
2410:
2407:
2401:
2397:
2391:
2388:
2382:
2379:
2373:
2372:
2356:
2346:
2337:
2308:New Book of Tang
2305:
2299:
2286:
2280:
2279:
2261:
2255:
2254:
2236:
2230:
2229:
2211:
2205:
2204:
2188:
2178:
2169:
2167:
2160:
2154:
2153:
2135:
2129:
2117:
2111:
2110:
2102:
2093:
2092:
2074:
2068:
2067:
2065:
2063:
2049:
2043:
2042:
1998:
1992:
1989:
1983:
1976:
1970:
1969:
1951:
1912:History of China
1777:Mandarin Chinese
1548:Tungusic peoples
1249:standard Chinese
1068:Uyghur Khaganate
941:Yeniseian people
650:Zangke, Dạ Lang
602:Northern Vietnam
562:Northern Vietnam
237:
236:
216:
213:
195:
194:
188:
62:history of China
33:Chinese sources.
5782:
5781:
5777:
5776:
5775:
5773:
5772:
5771:
5747:
5746:
5745:
5740:
5712:
5680:
5671:
5652:Northern Cyprus
5638:
5631:
5373:
5368:
5338:
5333:
5310:
5282:Han nationalism
5270:
5217:African Chinese
5205:
5151:
5052:
4997:
4879:
4837:Sichuan Mongols
4653:
4607:
4577:
4502:
4458:
4426:
4377:
4285:
4215:
4202:
4197:
4167:
4162:
4129:
4075:
4022:
3974:
3936:
3932:Stock exchanges
3869:
3836:
3648:
3488:
3479:
3412:
3407:
3365:
3360:
3308:
3303:
3302:
3295:
3281:
3277:
3270:
3256:
3252:
3245:
3231:
3227:
3220:
3204:
3200:
3181:
3167:
3163:
3145:
3131:
3127:
3108:
3094:
3090:
3072:
3058:
3054:
3035:
3021:
3017:
3012:
3008:
2989:
2975:
2971:
2961:
2959:
2954:
2953:
2949:
2934:
2930:
2920:
2911:
2910:
2901:
2900:
2887:
2883:
2868:
2867:
2863:
2852:
2836:
2832:
2821:
2805:
2801:
2790:
2772:
2768:
2757:
2741:
2737:
2726:
2710:
2706:
2696:
2680:
2676:
2665:
2649:
2645:
2630:Dubov, Kalman.
2628:
2624:
2613:
2595:
2591:
2581:
2565:
2561:
2514:
2510:
2493:
2489:
2473:
2467:
2463:
2448:
2441:
2430:
2426:
2417:
2413:
2408:
2404:
2398:
2394:
2389:
2385:
2380:
2376:
2369:
2347:
2340:
2306:
2302:
2297:Wayback Machine
2287:
2283:
2276:
2262:
2258:
2251:
2237:
2233:
2226:
2212:
2208:
2201:
2179:
2172:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2150:
2136:
2132:
2118:
2114:
2104:
2103:
2096:
2089:
2075:
2071:
2061:
2059:
2051:
2050:
2046:
1999:
1995:
1990:
1986:
1977:
1973:
1966:
1952:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1893:
1775:and only speak
1773:Manchu language
1734:6th century BC
1696:5th century BC
1610:党項 (Dǎngxiàng)
1432:, and later in
1115:1st century BC
1074:(856-1335 AD).
1054:dynasties (see
688:provinces) and
614:4th century BC
608:, and northern
363:
282:) north of the
231:
229:Western Regions
217:
211:
208:
192:
186:
125:Four Barbarians
98:
90:Main articles:
88:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5780:
5770:
5769:
5764:
5759:
5742:
5741:
5739:
5738:
5728:
5717:
5714:
5713:
5711:
5710:
5705:
5700:
5695:
5690:
5684:
5682:
5673:
5672:
5670:
5669:
5664:
5659:
5654:
5649:
5643:
5641:
5633:
5632:
5630:
5629:
5624:
5619:
5614:
5609:
5604:
5599:
5594:
5589:
5584:
5579:
5574:
5569:
5564:
5559:
5554:
5549:
5544:
5539:
5534:
5529:
5524:
5519:
5514:
5509:
5504:
5499:
5494:
5489:
5484:
5479:
5474:
5469:
5464:
5459:
5454:
5449:
5444:
5439:
5434:
5429:
5424:
5419:
5414:
5409:
5404:
5399:
5394:
5389:
5383:
5381:
5375:
5374:
5367:
5366:
5359:
5352:
5344:
5335:
5334:
5332:
5331:
5326:
5321:
5315:
5312:
5311:
5309:
5308:
5307:
5306:
5304:Zhonghua minzu
5296:
5291:
5290:
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5278:
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4700:
4695:
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4122:
4115:
4112:The Art of War
4108:
4103:
4098:
4091:
4085:
4083:
4077:
4076:
4074:
4073:
4068:
4063:
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4015:
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3990:
3984:
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3868:
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3862:
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3852:
3846:
3844:
3838:
3837:
3835:
3834:
3832:Chinese zodiac
3829:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3799:
3794:
3789:
3784:
3779:
3774:
3769:
3764:
3759:
3754:
3749:
3744:
3739:
3737:Chinese dragon
3734:
3729:
3724:
3719:
3714:
3709:
3704:
3699:
3697:Blepharoplasty
3694:
3693:
3692:
3687:
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3677:
3669:
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3406:
3405:
3398:
3391:
3383:
3364:
3363:External links
3361:
3359:
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3309:
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3304:
3301:
3300:
3293:
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3218:
3198:
3180:978-3631575338
3179:
3161:
3144:978-3631575338
3143:
3125:
3107:978-3631575338
3106:
3088:
3071:978-3631575338
3070:
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3034:978-3631575338
3033:
3015:
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2988:978-3631575338
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2912:|author1=
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2789:978-1351566292
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2725:978-1317456049
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2612:978-1134105533
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2530:(3): 580–594.
2508:
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2368:978-1442212756
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2275:978-1442277878
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2256:
2250:978-0295993270
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2225:978-0759104587
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2200:978-1442212756
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2149:978-1498544634
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1993:
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1965:978-0816071098
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1414:Inner Mongolia
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1314:Inner Mongolia
1306:
1303:
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1285:Western Turkic
1245:Orkhon Uyghurs
1241:
1238:
1233:
1230:
1200:Inner Mongolia
1192:
1189:
1183:
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1177:
1174:
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1139:Inner Mongolia
1131:
1128:
1122:
1121:
1116:
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1112:Gaoche, Chile
1110:
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1082:
1076:
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994:
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885:
867:
864:
858:
857:
832:
829:
826:
812:
794:
791:
785:
784:
773:Monguor people
761:
758:
755:
752:
747:and founded a
741:Inner Mongolia
718:
715:
709:
708:
701:
698:
695:
692:
690:Inner Mongolia
670:
667:
661:
660:
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185:
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15:
9:
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4:
3:
2:
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5694:
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5662:South Ossetia
5660:
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5178:
5177:
5176:
5173:
5171:
5168:
5166:
5163:
5162:
5160:
5158:
5157:Indo-European
5154:
5146:
5143:
5142:
5141:
5140:
5136:
5134:
5133:
5129:
5127:
5126:
5122:
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5110:
5108:
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5049:
5048:
5044:
5042:
5041:
5037:
5035:
5034:
5030:
5028:
5027:
5023:
5019:
5016:
5015:
5014:
5013:
5009:
5008:
5006:
5004:
5000:
4994:
4993:
4989:
4987:
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4977:
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4856:
4852:
4848:
4845:
4843:
4840:
4838:
4835:
4833:
4830:
4828:
4825:
4821:
4820:Upper Mongols
4818:
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4813:
4811:
4808:
4806:
4803:
4801:
4798:
4796:
4793:
4792:
4791:
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4662:
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4656:
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4649:
4645:
4643:
4642:
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4634:
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4604:
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4535:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4522:
4518:
4517:
4515:
4513:
4512:Austroasiatic
4509:
4499:
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4492:
4491:
4487:
4485:
4484:
4480:
4478:
4477:
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4409:
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4399:
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4389:
4388:
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4384:
4380:
4374:
4373:
4369:
4367:
4364:
4362:
4361:
4357:
4355:
4354:
4350:
4348:
4345:
4343:
4340:
4338:
4337:
4333:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4325:
4321:
4319:
4318:
4314:
4312:
4309:
4307:
4304:
4302:
4301:
4297:
4296:
4294:
4292:
4288:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4274:
4272:
4271:
4267:
4263:
4260:
4259:
4258:
4257:
4253:
4251:
4248:
4246:
4243:
4241:
4240:
4236:
4235:
4233:
4231:
4227:
4224:
4222:
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4205:
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4194:
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4025:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3996:
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3991:
3989:
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3848:
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3825:
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3815:
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3810:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3798:
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3790:
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3695:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3672:
3670:
3668:
3667:Architecture
3665:
3663:
3662:Age reckoning
3660:
3659:
3657:
3655:
3651:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3634:
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3520:
3517:
3513:
3510:
3509:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3499:
3497:
3495:
3494:Ethnic groups
3491:
3486:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3454:
3451:
3450:
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3411:
3404:
3399:
3397:
3392:
3390:
3385:
3384:
3381:
3377:
3375:
3370:
3356:
3355:0-517-54475-X
3352:
3348:
3344:
3341:
3338:
3334:
3330:
3326:
3323:
3320:
3316:
3315:
3311:
3310:
3296:
3290:
3286:
3279:
3271:
3265:
3262:. 北京: 民族出版社.
3261:
3254:
3246:
3244:9780674033061
3240:
3236:
3229:
3221:
3219:9780471070535
3215:
3211:
3210:
3202:
3195:
3190:
3186:
3182:
3176:
3172:
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3158:
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3117:
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2619:
2614:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2593:
2586:
2582:
2580:9781009038591
2576:
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2235:
2227:
2221:
2217:
2210:
2202:
2196:
2192:
2187:
2186:
2177:
2175:
2164:
2159:
2151:
2145:
2141:
2134:
2127:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2108:
2101:
2099:
2090:
2088:9783319323053
2084:
2080:
2073:
2058:
2054:
2048:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2004:
1997:
1988:
1981:
1975:
1967:
1961:
1957:
1950:
1948:
1943:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1894:
1884:
1880:
1877:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1854:
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1823:
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1711:
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1671:
1667:
1663:
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1652:
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1644:
1641:
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1636:
1633:
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1627:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1612:
1609:
1606:
1605:
1602:
1599:
1596:
1593:
1591:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1556:
1553:
1552:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1538:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1527:and southern
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1494:
1491:
1488:
1485:
1483:庫莫奚 (Kùmòxī)
1482:
1480:
1476:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1466:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1398:
1395:
1391:
1388:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1357:
1355:
1352:
1351:
1348:
1345:
1342:
1339:
1336:
1333:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1304:
1302:
1299:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1257:Karluk Turkic
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1239:
1237:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1184:
1181:
1178:
1175:
1172:
1168:
1165:
1162:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1123:
1120:
1117:
1114:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1077:
1073:
1072:Qocho Uyghurs
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1022:
1021:Tarim mummies
1018:
1015:
1011:
1009:
1006:
1003:
999:
995:
993:
989:
986:
983:
981:
978:
977:
973:
970:
967:
964:
962:
958:
955:
953:滇國 (diānguó)
952:
950:
947:
946:
942:
938:
937:Turkic people
934:
930:
927:
924:
921:
918:
915:
912:
910:
907:
906:
902:
899:
896:
893:
890:
886:
884:
880:
876:
872:
868:
865:
863:
860:
859:
856:
852:
848:
844:
840:
836:
833:
830:
827:
825:
821:
820:Shang dynasty
817:
814:Mentioned in
813:
810:
806:
802:
798:
795:
792:
790:
787:
786:
782:
778:
774:
770:
766:
762:
759:
756:
753:
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
722:
719:
717:鮮卑 (Xiānbēi)
716:
714:
711:
710:
706:
702:
699:
696:
693:
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
668:
666:
663:
662:
659:
655:
652:
649:
646:
644:
641:
638:
636:
633:
632:
629:
625:
622:
619:
616:
613:
611:
607:
603:
599:
596:
594:
591:
590:
586:
582:
579:
576:
573:
570:
567:
563:
559:
556:
554:
551:
550:
546:
543:
540:
537:
534:
531:
527:
524:
522:
519:
518:
514:
511:
508:
505:
502:
500:
496:
492:
488:
485:
483:
479:
476:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
428:
425:
422:
420:
419:North Vietnam
416:
412:
408:
405:
403:
400:
399:
396:
392:
389:
386:
383:
380:
376:
373:
369:
366:
361:
359:
356:
355:
351:
347:
346:Kushan Empire
343:
339:
336:
334:
330:
327:
324:
321:
318:
316:
313:
312:
309:
305:
301:
298:
295:
292:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
270:
268:
265:
264:
260:
257:
254:
251:
248:
245:
243:Romanization
242:
239:
238:
235:
230:
226:
215:
212:December 2020
206:
202:
199:This list is
197:
190:
189:
180:
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
146:
144:
140:
137:
133:
130:
126:
122:
118:
114:
110:
107:
103:
97:
93:
86:English names
83:
81:
80:
75:
71:
67:
63:
57:
55:
51:
47:
43:
39:
30:
26:
22:
5677:Dependencies
5607:Turkmenistan
5572:Saudi Arabia
5328:
5243:
5237:Kaifeng Jews
5193:
5186:
5137:
5130:
5123:
5111:
5104:
5097:
5090:
5045:
5038:
5031:
5024:
5010:
4990:
4978:
4956:
4944:
4937:
4930:
4923:
4904:
4892:
4865:
4853:
4702:
4680:
4673:
4666:
4646:
4639:
4625:
4595:
4583:Austronesian
4570:
4563:
4556:
4519:
4495:
4488:
4481:
4474:
4451:
4439:
4419:
4412:
4405:
4370:
4358:
4351:
4334:
4322:
4315:
4298:
4291:Lolo-Burmese
4268:
4254:
4237:
4221:Sino-Tibetan
4208:
4117:
4110:
4095:Bansenshūkai
4093:
3860:Rainy season
3641:
3637:unrecognized
3366:
3346:
3328:
3318:
3284:
3278:
3259:
3258:黄有福 (2009).
3253:
3234:
3228:
3208:
3201:
3192:
3170:
3164:
3156:
3134:
3128:
3119:
3097:
3091:
3083:
3061:
3055:
3046:
3024:
3018:
3009:
3000:
2978:
2972:
2960:. Retrieved
2950:
2941:
2931:
2896:
2891:
2884:
2875:
2870:
2864:
2855:
2840:
2833:
2824:
2809:
2802:
2793:
2779:
2769:
2760:
2745:
2738:
2729:
2714:
2707:
2699:
2684:
2677:
2668:
2653:
2646:
2637:
2632:
2625:
2616:
2602:
2592:
2584:
2569:
2562:
2527:
2521:
2511:
2495:
2490:
2481:
2477:
2464:
2455:
2434:Xin Wudaishi
2432:
2431:Ouyang Xiu.
2427:
2419:
2414:
2405:
2395:
2386:
2377:
2352:
2303:
2284:
2265:
2259:
2240:
2234:
2215:
2209:
2184:
2166:(in Chinese)
2158:
2139:
2133:
2123:
2115:
2106:
2078:
2072:
2060:. Retrieved
2056:
2047:
2006:
2002:
1996:
1987:
1979:
1974:
1955:
1856:Heilongjiang
1807:猶太 (Yóutài)
1722:China proper
1645:Part of the
1600:
1582:Genghis Khan
1560:Present-day
1557:蒙古 (Ménggǔ)
1515:Present-day
1512:室韋 (Shìwéi)
1462:
1408:Present-day
1361:Present-day
1308:Present-day
1292:
1276:
1272:
1264:
1252:
1194:Present-day
1133:Present-day
1034:(as well as
889:Sino-Tibetan
835:Modern Qiang
823:
745:Yellow River
735:provinces),
725:Heilongjiang
678:Heilongjiang
669:烏桓 (Wūhuán)
600:Present day
560:Present day
557:雒越 (Luòyuè)
528:Present day
525:閩越 (Mǐnyuè)
406:百越 (Bǎiyuè)
390:Han dynasty
372:Yellow River
364:漢人 (Hànrén)
322:Tarim basin
319:月氏 (Yuèzhī)
284:Yellow River
232:
209:
175:
171:
170:(west), and
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
148:
142:
135:
128:
116:
112:
105:
100:The Chinese
99:
77:
58:
37:
36:
25:
5736:Asia portal
5637:States with
5557:Philippines
5497:South Korea
5492:North Korea
5387:Afghanistan
5081:Fuyu Kyrgyz
3950:Archaeology
3842:Environment
3707:Calligraphy
3551:in Sakhalin
3507:Han Chinese
3470:South Korea
3465:North Korea
2496:Turcologica
2484:(1): 62–63.
2325:mountains.
2321:, refuge
1662:Han Chinese
1649:community (
1572:, southern
1457:, and some
1405:契丹 (Qìdān)
1338:Toquz Oghuz
1305:回紇 (Huíhé)
1281:Ashina clan
1261:Oghuz Turks
1191:突厥 (Tūjué)
1089:Lake Baikal
1040:Tarim Basin
1004:and others
988:Tarim Basin
984:龜茲 (Qiūcí)
843:Old Tibetan
816:oracle bone
777:Sibe people
639:夜郎(Yèláng)
597:甌越 (Ōuyuè)
545:Min Chinese
486:吴越 (Wúyuè)
415:South China
395:Han Chinese
379:Han dynasty
362:華夏 (Huáxià)
74:Han Chinese
66:ethnography
42:ethnicities
5751:Categories
5617:Uzbekistan
5592:Tajikistan
5507:Kyrgyzstan
5487:Kazakhstan
5407:Bangladesh
5397:Azerbaijan
5287:chauvinism
5266:Pakistanis
5249:Chaoxianzu
4861:Sogwo Arig
4780:Muumyangan
4765:Khishigten
4613:Hmong-Mien
4565:Vietnamese
4209:Underlined
4125:Yi Sun-sin
3960:Bronze Age
3897:Capitalism
3822:Typography
3817:Television
3787:Philosophy
3772:Mādhyamaka
3767:Literature
3722:Sinosphere
3642:historical
3285:中国民族政策与朝鲜族
2851:0765601036
2820:0781808332
2756:0231088558
2695:076563631X
2664:0881257915
2478:Asia Major
2458:: 693–621.
2315:Eastern Hu
1933:References
1830:Israelites
1816:After the
1717:粟特 (Sùtè)
1660:, part of
1607:Dangxiang
1568:, western
1523:, western
1438:Kazakhstan
1277:Tūjué Kěsà
1273:Tūjué Hésà
1267:姑蘇.); the
1259:speakers;
1228:Kyrgyzstan
1224:Kazakhstan
1042:region of
1014:Bronze Age
1008:Tocharians
793:羌 (Qiāng)
604:, western
564:,Southern
513:Wu Chinese
497:province,
426:Bách Việt
411:East China
333:Tocharians
201:incomplete
5703:Hong Kong
5657:Palestine
5582:Sri Lanka
5577:Singapore
5457:Indonesia
5165:Armenians
5086:Ili Turks
4682:Dongxiang
4366:Qixingmin
4262:subgroups
4250:Chuanqing
4211:: the 56
4041:CrossAsia
4028:Education
3782:Mythology
3762:Languages
3742:Festivals
3690:Taiwanese
3597:Ryukyuans
3512:subgroups
3431:Hong Kong
3410:East Asia
3189:0941-9543
3153:0941-9543
3116:0941-9543
3080:0941-9543
3043:0941-9543
2997:0941-9543
2904:cite book
2062:16 August
1938:Citations
1897:Barbarian
1868:Manchuria
1848:Joseonjok
1832:, Youtai
1755:Manchuria
1570:Manchuria
1525:Manchuria
1453:Possibly
1418:Manchuria
1087:Banks of
1038:) in the
957:Dian Lake
919:province
721:Manchuria
703:Possibly
674:Manchuria
656:Possibly
624:Cantonese
606:Guangdong
574:Lạc Việt
568:province
538:Mân Việt
532:province
506:Ngô Việt
434:Cantonese
368:Guanzhong
290:province
271:苗 (Miáo)
176:barbarian
166:(south),
121:barbarian
79:barbarian
70:ethnonyms
5726:Category
5647:Abkhazia
5597:Thailand
5552:Pakistan
5532:Mongolia
5527:Maldives
5522:Malaysia
5422:Cambodia
5256:Macanese
5227:Japanese
5188:Russians
5170:Iranians
5066:Altaians
5003:Tungusic
4775:Khuuchid
4770:Khorchin
4760:Kharchin
4715:Abaganar
4688:Hamnigan
4659:Mongolic
4591:Filipino
4396:Gyalrong
4148:Printing
4081:Military
3965:Iron Age
3879:Politics
3827:Yogācāra
3812:Surnames
3792:Religion
3702:Buddhism
3680:Japanese
3607:Tibetans
3578:in China
3568:Mongolic
3546:in Japan
3541:in China
3524:Japanese
3460:Mongolia
3441:Mainland
3327:(2009):
3260:中国朝鲜族史研究
2618:history.
2554:27569548
2506:. p. 165
2437:. Vol. 4
2311:vol. 219
2293:Archived
2039:34341816
2031:20007900
1891:See also
1864:Liaoning
1789:Russians
1741:people.
1730:Sogdians
1703:and the
1701:Pashtuns
1682:塞 (Sāi)
1658:Tibetans
1630:Xinjiang
1626:Mongolia
1578:Xinjiang
1562:Mongolia
1517:Mongolia
1434:Xinjiang
1422:Liaoning
1410:Mongolia
1394:Tibetans
1379:Xinjiang
1354:Tibetans
1310:Mongolia
1236:Göktürks
1220:Xinjiang
1196:Mongolia
1159:Xinjiang
1135:Mongolia
1105:Xinjiang
1093:Mongolia
1080:Dingling
1044:Xinjiang
992:Xinjiang
913:羯 (Jié)
809:Xinjiang
769:Tibetans
737:Mongolia
733:Liaoning
686:Liaoning
617:Âu Việt
583:people,
499:Shanghai
495:Zhejiang
432:Part of
385:Yanhuang
350:Pashtuns
348:are the
162:(east),
5622:Vietnam
5537:Myanmar
5517:Lebanon
5447:Georgia
5402:Bahrain
5392:Armenia
5275:Related
5245:Koreans
5222:Indians
5175:Nepalis
5145:Western
5125:Uyghurs
5026:Manchus
4917:Tai Nua
4912:Tai Lue
4885:Kra–Dai
4873:Eastern
4855:Monguor
4827:Onnigud
4815:Torghut
4805:Khoshut
4795:Dzungar
4785:Naimans
4755:Khalkha
4745:Jalaids
4735:Chahars
4730:Buryats
4725:Baarins
4704:Mongols
4693:Kangjia
4597:Gaoshan
4453:Tibetan
4432:Tibetic
4383:Qiangic
4342:Laomian
4281:Waxiang
4276:Longjia
4230:Sinitic
4106:Sun Tzu
3942:History
3875:Economy
3855:Monsoon
3797:Scripts
3747:Gardens
3717:Cuisine
3675:Chinese
3654:Culture
3617:Uyghurs
3573:Mongols
3536:Koreans
3306:Sources
2962:18 July
2545:5011065
2400:103-105
2330:Cao Cao
2319:Xiongnu
2105:"Han".
2011:Bibcode
2003:Science
1883:Koreans
1881:Modern
1838:Modern
1826:Hebrews
1811:Kaifeng
1795:Manchus
1793:Modern
1747:Manchus
1739:Yagnobi
1737:Modern
1670:Shaanxi
1638:Tanguts
1614:Ningxia
1598:Mongols
1590:Mongols
1580:before
1574:Siberia
1554:Menggu
1544:Mongols
1529:Siberia
1500:Mongols
1479:Kumo Xi
1469:Guangxi
1459:Baarins
1401:Khitans
1392:Modern
1371:Sichuan
1367:Qinghai
1330:Ningxia
1322:Shaanxi
1289:Türgesh
1275:; 突厥可薩
1269:Khazars
1253:Géluólù
1216:Ningxia
1208:Shaanxi
1180:Mongols
1171:Mongols
1155:Ningxia
1147:Shaanxi
1002:Uyghurs
903:people
883:Shaanxi
879:Sichuan
875:Qinghai
866:氐 (Dī)
851:Jingpho
805:Sichuan
801:Qinghai
765:Mongols
751:there.
749:dynasty
713:Xianbei
705:Kumo Xi
643:Guizhou
610:Guangxi
587:people
566:Guangxi
547:people
515:people
491:Jiangsu
393:Modern
342:Uyghurs
329:Kushans
302:Modern
102:exonyms
5667:Taiwan
5602:Turkey
5567:Russia
5502:Kuwait
5482:Jordan
5472:Israel
5432:Cyprus
5417:Brunei
5412:Bhutan
5261:Nivkhs
5210:Others
5201:Wakhis
5132:Uzbeks
5119:Tuvans
5099:Kyrgyz
5092:Kazakh
5058:Turkic
5040:Oroqen
5012:Evenks
4992:Zhuang
4964:Qabiao
4946:Maonan
4900:Buyang
4894:Bouyei
4790:Oirats
4750:Jaruud
4740:Gorlos
4720:Aohans
4698:Khatso
4603:Utsuls
4558:Ta'ang
4483:Jingpo
4476:Derung
4463:Others
4447:Sherpa
4347:Laopin
4330:Kucong
4300:Achang
4245:Caijia
4153:Swords
3980:Sports
3712:Cinema
3685:Korean
3627:Zhuang
3558:Manchu
3529:Yamato
3475:Taiwan
3453:Ryukyu
3353:
3335:
3291:
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3241:
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3187:
3177:
3151:
3141:
3114:
3104:
3078:
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2995:
2985:
2942:Moment
2848:
2817:
2795:Islam.
2786:
2753:
2722:
2692:
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2609:
2577:
2552:
2542:
2502:
2480:. 3d.
2365:
2272:
2247:
2222:
2197:
2146:
2085:
2037:
2029:
1980:passim
1962:
1651:Dungan
1622:Shanxi
1508:Shiwei
1477:Xi or
1465:Yunnan
1446:Khitan
1426:Shanxi
1318:Shanxi
1293:Anqing
1204:Shanxi
1143:Shanxi
1126:Rouran
1101:Shanxi
1097:Russia
1062:, and
1036:Turfan
961:Yunnan
917:Shanxi
881:, and
853:, and
839:Tangut
781:Evenks
739:, and
665:Wuhuan
635:Yelang
628:Zhuang
581:Zhuang
553:Luoyue
530:Fujian
521:Minyue
470:Maonan
468:, and
450:Bouyei
438:Zhuang
417:, and
402:Baiyue
358:Huaxia
315:Yuezhi
288:Yunnan
280:Shanxi
241:Pinyin
143:fancai
52:, and
5708:Macau
5627:Yemen
5587:Syria
5562:Qatar
5542:Nepal
5477:Japan
5452:India
5442:Egypt
5427:China
5299:Minzu
5180:Daman
5139:Yugur
5113:Tatar
5106:Salar
5076:Dolan
5047:Sibes
5033:Nanai
5018:Solon
4958:Mulao
4932:Gelao
4867:Yugur
4842:Sunud
4832:Ordos
4800:Khoid
4710:Abaga
4668:Bonan
4633:Hmong
4621:Gejia
4552:Pakan
4532:Kunge
4527:Bolyu
4521:Blang
4497:Tujia
4490:Lhoba
4441:Monpa
4421:Qiang
4407:Nakhi
4401:Mosuo
4391:Baima
3927:Ports
3865:Flora
3777:Music
3727:Dance
3612:Tujia
3592:Qiang
3448:Japan
3436:Macau
3426:China
3312:Books
2474:(PDF)
2334:Tadun
2323:Wuwan
2120:"Han"
2035:S2CID
1927:Wu Hu
1860:Jilin
1705:Wakhi
1666:Mizhi
1618:Gansu
1430:Hebei
1375:Gansu
1363:Tibet
1347:Yugur
1326:Gansu
1301:Huihu
1212:Gansu
1187:Tujue
1167:Nirun
1151:Gansu
1119:Tiele
1032:Kucha
1019:(see
980:Qiuci
968:Điền
901:Baima
871:Gansu
847:Nakhi
797:Gansu
789:Qiang
729:Jilin
682:Jilin
593:Ouyue
466:Mulam
454:Aisui
308:Hmong
276:Hebei
5547:Oman
5512:Laos
5467:Iraq
5462:Iran
5232:Jews
5071:Äynu
4986:Yang
4974:Shan
4952:Nùng
4925:Dong
4847:Urad
4810:Olot
4675:Daur
4627:Miao
4547:Mang
4537:Khmu
4470:Deng
4414:Pumi
4353:Lisu
4336:Lahu
4324:Jino
4317:Hani
4311:Bisu
4306:Akha
3877:and
3802:Seal
3671:Art
3563:Miao
3502:Ainu
3351:ISBN
3333:ISBN
3289:ISBN
3264:ISBN
3239:ISBN
3214:ISBN
3185:ISSN
3175:ISBN
3149:ISSN
3139:ISBN
3121:165.
3112:ISSN
3102:ISBN
3076:ISSN
3066:ISBN
3039:ISSN
3029:ISBN
2993:ISSN
2983:ISBN
2964:2017
2923:link
2916:help
2846:ISBN
2815:ISBN
2784:ISBN
2751:ISBN
2720:ISBN
2690:ISBN
2659:ISBN
2607:ISBN
2575:ISBN
2550:PMID
2500:ISBN
2363:ISBN
2270:ISBN
2245:ISBN
2220:ISBN
2195:ISBN
2144:ISBN
2083:ISBN
2064:2010
2027:PMID
1960:ISBN
1878:N/A
1840:Jews
1835:N/A
1803:Jews
1782:Mohe
1769:Qing
1767:and
1713:Sute
1692:Saka
1655:Amdo
1642:N/A
1546:and
1539:N/A
1495:N/A
1467:and
1455:Daur
1428:and
1386:N/A
1265:Gūsū
1226:and
1103:and
1095:and
1052:Tang
1050:and
971:N/A
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928:N/A
897:N/A
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831:N/A
760:N/A
757:N/A
700:N/A
653:N/A
620:N/A
585:Hlai
577:N/A
541:N/A
509:N/A
480:and
462:Hlai
370:and
304:Miao
299:N/A
267:Miao
227:and
168:rong
134:and
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4256:Han
4239:Bai
3519:Hui
2877:...
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2540:PMC
2532:doi
2359:146
2327:Han
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