3467:
retrieve them from multiple pharmacies. Other provinces have proposed similar legislation, while some, such as Nova Scotia, have legislation already in effect for monitoring prescription drug use. These changes have coincided with other changes in
Ontario's legislation to target the misuse of painkillers and high addiction rates to drugs such as oxycodone. As of 29 February 2012, Ontario passed legislation delisting oxycodone from the province's public drug benefit program. This was a first for any province to delist a drug based on addictive properties. The new law prohibits prescriptions for OxyNeo except to certain patients under the Exceptional Access Program including palliative care and in other extenuating circumstances. Patients already prescribed oxycodone will receive coverage for an additional year for OxyNeo, and after that, it will be disallowed unless designated under the exceptional access program.
3475:, Ontario has committed to focusing on drug addiction, particularly in the monitoring and identification of problem opioid prescriptions, as well as the education of patients, doctors, and pharmacists. This Act, introduced in 2010, commits to the establishment of a unified database to fulfil this intention. Both the public and medical community have received the legislation positively, though concerns about the ramifications of legal changes have been expressed. Because laws are largely provincially regulated, many speculate a national strategy is needed to prevent smuggling across provincial borders from jurisdictions with looser restrictions.
1405:
1396:
935:
912:
7948:
CSA. However, formulations/products containing limited amounts of these substances in combination with an isoquinoline alkaloid or one or more active non-narcotic ingredients in recognized therapeutic amounts were included in
Schedule III or V of the CSA (Public Law 91-513, Section 202). ... It is interesting to note that no criteria were established for the differential control of the Schedule II opioid oxycodone and its combination products. Thus, oxycodone and all marketed single entity and combination products are in Schedule II.
1543:
1477:
3434:, which replaced the 1931 convention, categorized oxycodone in Schedule I. Global restrictions on Schedule I drugs include "limit exclusively to medical and scientific purposes the production, manufacture, export, import, distribution of, trade in, use and possession of" these drugs; "requir medical prescriptions for the supply or dispensation of drugs to individuals"; and "prevent the accumulation" of quantities of these drugs "in excess of those required for the normal conduct of business".
1531:
3577:
for 13% of consumption in 2007. In 2010, 1.3 short tons (1.2 t) of oxycodone were illegally manufactured using a fake pill imprint. This accounted for 0.8% of consumption. These illicit tablets were later seized by the U.S. Drug
Enforcement Administration, according to the International Narcotics Control Board. The board also reported 122.5 short tons (111.1 t) manufactured in 2010. This number had decreased from a record high of 135.9 short tons (123.3 t) in 2009.
58:
1885:
3547:. For Class A drugs, which are "considered to be the most likely to cause harm", possession without a prescription is punishable by up to seven years in prison, an unlimited fine, or both. Dealing of the drug illegally is punishable by up to life imprisonment, an unlimited fine, or both. Oxycodone is a Schedule 2 drug per the Misuse of Drugs Regulations 2001 which "provide certain exemptions from the provisions of the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971".
2582:-opioid receptor agonist. However, this conclusion has been disputed, primarily on the basis that oxycodone produces effects that are typical of MOR agonists. In 2006, research by a Japanese group suggested the effect of oxycodone is mediated by different receptors in different situations. Specifically in diabetic mice, the KOR appears to be involved in the antinociceptive effects of oxycodone, while in nondiabetic mice, the μ
2930:, claimed in their 1992 patent application that the duration of action of OxyContin is 12 hours in "90% of patients". It has never performed any clinical studies in which OxyContin was given at more frequent intervals. In a separate filing, Purdue claims that controlled-release oxycodone "provides pain relief in said patient for at least 12 hours after administration". However, in 2016 an investigation by the
2882:, resulting in polymorphism-dependent alterations in relative analgesia and toxicity. While higher CYP2D6 activity increases the effects of oxycodone (owing to increased conversion into oxymorphone), higher CYP3A4 activity has the opposite effect and decreases the effects of oxycodone (owing to increased metabolism into noroxycodone and noroxymorphone). The dose of oxycodone must be reduced in patients with
2945:
not to deviate from a 12-hour dosing schedule. One such memo read, "There is no Q8 dosing with OxyContin... needs to be nipped in the bud. NOW!!" The journalists who covered the investigation argued that Purdue Pharma has insisted on a 12-hour duration of action for nearly all patients, despite evidence to the contrary, to protect the reputation of OxyContin as a 12-hour drug and the willingness of
49:
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3459:
3312:– claiming that Purdue Pharma and members of the Sackler family knew that high doses of OxyContin over long periods would increase the risk of serious side effects, including addiction. Despite Purdue Pharma's proposal for a US$ 12 billion settlement of the lawsuit, the attorneys general of 23 states, including Massachusetts, rejected the settlement offer in September 2019.
1334:, with fewer side effects than morphine. The author concluded that the controlled-release form is a valid alternative to morphine and a first-line treatment for cancer pain. In 2014, the European Association for Palliative Care recommended oxycodone by mouth as a second-line alternative to morphine by mouth for cancer pain.
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7947:
The CSA as enacted in 1970 provides examples of specifically listed substances in one schedule and formulations containing them in different schedules. The CSA also provides a mechanism to exempt certain formulations and products from regulations. ... Each of these substances is in
Schedule II of the
3534:
of 5 strokes of the cane, and a maximum sentence of life imprisonment or 30 years of imprisonment and 15 strokes of the cane. The minimum and maximum penalties for unauthorized trafficking in the drug are respectively 5 years of imprisonment and 5 strokes of the cane, and 20 years of imprisonment and
3329:
Opioid-related deaths in
Ontario had increased by 242% from 1969 to 2014. By 2009 in Ontario there were more deaths from oxycodone overdoses than from cocaine overdoses. Deaths from opioid pain relievers had increased from 13.7 deaths per million residents in 1991 to 27.2 deaths per million residents
3576:
estimated 11.5 short tons (10.4 t) of oxycodone were manufactured worldwide in 1998; by 2007 this figure had grown to 75.2 short tons (68.2 t). United States accounted for 82% of consumption in 2007 at 51.6 short tons (46.8 t). Canada, Germany, Australia, and France combined accounted
3478:
In 2015, Purdue Pharma's abuse-resistant OxyNEO and six generic versions of OxyContin had been on the Canada-wide approved list for prescriptions since 2012. In June 2015, then federal
Minister of Health Rona Ambrose announced that within three years, all oxycodone products sold in Canada would need
3470:
Much of the legislative activity has stemmed from Purdue Pharma's decision in 2011 to begin a modification of
Oxycontin's composition to make it more difficult to crush for snorting or injecting. The new formulation, OxyNeo, is intended to be preventive in this regard and retain its effectiveness as
3466:
In
February 2012, Ontario passed legislation to allow the expansion of an already existing drug-tracking system for publicly funded drugs to include those that are privately insured. This database will function to identify and monitor patient's attempts to seek prescriptions from multiple doctors or
3442:
Oxycodone is in
Schedule I (derived from the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs) of the Commonwealth's Narcotic Drugs Act 1967. In addition, it is in Schedule 8 of the Australian Standard for the Uniform Scheduling of Drugs and Poisons ("Poisons Standard"), meaning it is a "controlled drug... which
3289:
regarding their ties to the production and manipulation of the oxycodone markets. The article links
Raymond and Arthur Sackler's business practices with the rise of direct pharmaceutical marketing and eventually to the rise of addiction to oxycodone in the United States. The article implies that the
1670:
symptoms is high if a patient has become physically dependent and discontinues oxycodone abruptly. Medically, when the drug has been taken regularly over an extended period, it is withdrawn gradually rather than abruptly. People who regularly use oxycodone recreationally or at higher than prescribed
3559:
whether by itself or part of a multi-ingredient medication. The DEA lists oxycodone both for sale and for use in manufacturing other opioids as ACSCN 9143 and in 2013 approved the following annual aggregate manufacturing quotas: 131.5 metric tons for sale, down from 153.75 in 2012, and 10.25 metric
3409:
manufactures a preparation of short-acting oxycodone, marketed as Oxecta, which contains inactive ingredients, referred to as tamper-resistant Aversion Technology. Approved by the FDA in the U.S. in June 2011, the new formulation, while not being able to deter oral recreational use, makes crushing,
3357:
The recent formulations of oxycodone, particularly Purdue Pharma's crush-, chew-, injection- and dissolve-resistant OxyNEO which replaced the banned OxyContin product in Canada in early 2012, have led to a decline in the recreational use of this opiate but have increased the recreational use of the
3210:
at the time, later said of the approval of OxyContin: "No doubt it was a mistake. It was certainly one of the worst medical mistakes, a major mistake." Upon its release in 1995, OxyContin was hailed as a medical breakthrough, a long-lasting narcotic that could help patients with moderate to severe
2956:
Purdue sales representatives were instructed to encourage doctors to write prescriptions for larger 12-hour doses instead of more frequent dosing. An August 1996 memo to Purdue sales representatives in Tennessee entitled "$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ It's Bonus Time in the Neighborhood!" reminded the
2548:
activity of some of its metabolites, it has been determined that oxycodone itself is responsible for 83.0% and 94.8% of its analgesic effect following oral and intravenous administration, respectively. Oxymorphone plays only a minor role, being responsible for 15.8% and 4.5% of the analgesic effect
3513:
Oxycodone is a restricted drug in Japan. Its import and export are strictly restricted to specially designated organizations having a prior permit to import it. In a high-profile case an American who was a top Toyota executive living in Tokyo, who claimed to be unaware of the law, was arrested for
2944:
Purdue strongly discouraged the practice: Purdue's medical director Robert Reder wrote to one doctor in 1995 that "OxyContin has been developed for dosing...I request that you not use a dosing regimen." Purdue repeatedly released memos to its sales representatives ordering them to remind doctors
3482:
Several class-action suits across Canada have been launched against the Purdue group of companies and affiliates. Claimants argue the pharmaceutical manufacturers did not meet a standard of care and were negligent in doing so. These lawsuits reference earlier judgments in the United States, which
3251:
deaths in the U.S. in 2017. In 2007, about 42,800 emergency room visits occurred due to "episodes" involving oxycodone. In 2008, recreational use of oxycodone and hydrocodone was involved in 14,800 deaths. Some of the cases were due to overdoses of the acetaminophen component, resulting in fatal
3225:
Oxycodone, like other opioid analgesics, tends to induce feelings of euphoria, relaxation and reduced anxiety in those who are occasional users. These effects make it one of the most commonly abused pharmaceutical drugs in the United States. The abuse of Oxycodone, as well as related opioids more
1337:
In children between 11 and 16, the extended-release formulation is FDA-approved for the relief of cancer pain, trauma pain, or pain due to major surgery (for those already treated with opioids, who can tolerate at least 20 mg per day of oxycodone) - this provides an alternative to Duragesic
3259:
released new labeling guidelines for long-acting and extended-release opioids requiring manufacturers to remove moderate pain as indication for use, instead stating the drug is for "pain severe enough to require daily, around-the-clock, long term opioid treatment". The updated labeling will not
2787:
In humans, N-demethylation of oxycodone to noroxycodone by CYP3A4 is the major metabolic pathway, accounting for 45% ± 21% of a dose of oxycodone, while O-demethylation of oxycodone into oxymorphone by CYP2D6 and 6-ketoreduction of oxycodone into 6-oxycodols represent relatively minor metabolic
2940:
and intense cravings for OxyContin. One doctor, Lawrence Robbins, told journalists that over 70% of his patients would report that OxyContin would only provide 4–7 hours of relief. Doctors in the 1990s often would switch their patients to a dosing schedule of once every eight hours when they
2686:, and brain. At equilibrium the unbound concentration in the brain is threefold higher than the unbound concentration in blood. Conventional oral preparations start to reduce pain within 10 to 15 minutes on an empty stomach; in contrast, OxyContin starts to reduce pain within one hour.
2850:
The first pathway of the above three accounts for 40% of the metabolism of oxymorphone, making oxymorphone-3-glucuronide the main metabolite of oxymorphone, while the latter two pathways account for less than 10% of the metabolism of oxymorphone. After N-demethylation of oxymorphone,
2560:
result in differential rates of oxymorphone formation, the unchanged parent compound remains the major contributor to the overall analgesic effect of oxycodone. In contrast to oxycodone and oxymorphone, noroxycodone and noroxymorphone, while also potent MOR agonists, poorly cross the
3402:
reformulated their long-acting oxycodone line, marketed as OxyContin, using a polymer, Intac, to make the pills more difficult to crush or dissolve in water to reduce non-medical use of OxyContin. The FDA approved relabeling the reformulated version as abuse-resistant in April 2013.
3084:, non-medical use, confirm a diagnosis of poisoning or assist in a medicolegal death investigation. Many commercial opiate screening tests cross-react appreciably with oxycodone and its metabolites, but chromatographic techniques can easily distinguish oxycodone from other opiates.
1629:
Most side effects generally become less intense over time, although issues related to constipation are likely to continue for the duration of use. Chronic use of this compound and associated constipation issues can become very serious, and have been implicated in life-threatening
3154:
useful for surgery and battlefield wounding cases. Oxycodone was allegedly chosen over other common opiates for this product because it had been shown to produce less sedation at equianalgesic doses compared to morphine, hydromorphone (Dilaudid), and hydrocodone (Dicodid).
5510:
Simpson K, Leyendecker P, Hopp M, Müller-Lissner S, Löwenstein O, De Andrés J, et al. (December 2008). "Fixed-ratio combination oxycodone/naloxone compared with oxycodone alone for the relief of opioid-induced constipation in moderate-to-severe noncancer pain".
5112:
3308:, the son of Raymond Sackler, told company officials in 2008 to "measure our performance by Rx's by strength, giving higher measures to higher strengths". This was verified with documents tied to a lawsuit – which was filed by the Massachusetts attorney general,
8851:
2384:
possess one-third of and 3-fold higher affinity for the MOR, respectively, and MOR activation is 5- to 10-fold less with noroxycodone but 2-fold higher with noroxymorphone relative to oxycodone. Noroxycodone, noroxymorphone, and oxymorphone also have longer
3150:'s choice for a battlefield analgesic for a time. The drug was expressly designed to provide what the patent application and package insert referred to as "very deep analgesia and profound and intense euphoria" as well as tranquillisation and
12875:
8762:
3206:, a privately held company based in Stamford, Connecticut, developed the prescription painkiller OxyContin. It was approved by the FDA in 1995 after no long-term studies and no assessment of its addictive capabilities. David Kessler,
8294:
3419:
2577:
In 1997, a group of Australian researchers proposed (based on a study in rats) that oxycodone acts on KORs, unlike morphine, which acts upon MORs. Further research by this group indicated the drug appears to be a high-affinity
3389:
Prescriptions of Oxycodone rose in Scotland by 430% between 2002 and 2008, prompting fears of usage problems that would mirror those of the United States. The first known death due to overdose in the UK occurred in 2002.
8862:
3320:
The non-medical use of oxycodone existed from the early 1970s, but by 2015, 91% of a national sample of injecting drug users in Australia had reported using oxycodone, and 27% had injected it in the last six months.
7039:
Boström E, Simonsson US, Hammarlund-Udenaes M (September 2006). "In vivo blood-brain barrier transport of oxycodone in the rat: indications for active influx and implications for pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics".
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Neuropathology of Drug Addictions and Substance Misuse Volume 3: General Processes and Mechanisms, Prescription Medications, Caffeine and Areca, Polydrug Misuse, Emerging Addictions and Non-Drug Addictions
9214:
6378:
Lalovic B, Kharasch E, Hoffer C, Risler L, Liu-Chen LY, Shen DD (May 2006). "Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of oral oxycodone in healthy human subjects: role of circulating active metabolites".
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8768:
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8218:
2961:
journalists argue using interviews from opioid addiction experts that such high doses of OxyContin spaced 12 hours apart create a combination of agony during opiate withdrawal (lower lows) and a
3483:
held that Purdue was liable for wrongful marketing practices and misbranding. Since 2007, the Purdue companies have paid over CAN$ 650 million in settling litigation or facing criminal fines.
15827:
15822:
15817:
15145:
14063:
14058:
14053:
8291:
3479:
to be tamper-resistant. Some experts warned that the generic product manufacturers may not have the technology to achieve that goal, possibly giving Purdue Pharma a monopoly on this opiate.
6900:
Data indicate that after buccal and sublingual administration of oxycodone 0.1 mg/kg, the rate and extent of absorption is appropriate for clinical use. After transmucosal administration, C
1315:
in certain types of pain. Numerous studies have been completed, and the appropriate use of this compound does improve the quality of life of patients with long term chronic pain syndromes.
14543:
9663:
9387:
16400:
8983:
9409:
15526:
8530:
2662:
is 10 to 30 minutes, and peak plasma levels of the drug are attained within roughly 30 to 60 minutes; in contrast, after a dose of OxyContin (an oral controlled-release formulation),
3585:
Expanded expressions for the compound oxycodone in the academic literature include "dihydrohydroxycodeinone", "Eucodal", "Eukodal", "14-hydroxydihydrocodeinone", and "Nucodan". In a
3497:
or BtMG). The law allows only physicians, dentists, and veterinarians to prescribe oxycodone and the federal government to regulate the prescriptions (e.g., by requiring reporting).
401:
15260:
1001:
3146:", with ephedrine added to reduce circulatory and respiratory effects. The drug became known as the "Miracle Drug of the 1930s" in Continental Europe and elsewhere and it was the
9273:
4854:
16671:
9616:
8400:
3443:
should be available for use but require restriction of manufacture, supply, distribution, possession and use to reduce abuse, misuse and physical or psychological dependence".
3134:
under the German initials for the ingredients SEE, which was later renamed Scophedal (SCOpolamine, ePHEDrine, and eukodAL) in 1942. It was last manufactured in 1987 but can be
2856:
8706:
14538:
9296:
16851:
14954:
9140:
8499:
5113:"FDA Approves Troxyca® ER (Oxycodone Hydrochloride and Naltrexone Hydrochloride) Extended-release Capsules CII with Abuse-deterrent Properties for the Management of Pain"
16884:
16152:
15400:
14443:
3365:
In Alberta, the Blood Tribe police claimed that from the fall of 2014 through January 2015, oxycodone pills or a lethal fake variation referred to as Oxy 80s containing
3122:
The first clinical use of the drug was documented in 1917, the year after it was first developed. It was first introduced to the U.S. market in May 1939. In early 1928,
2824:
2647:
previously reported as 47% for nasal spray administration due to the solution in the study exceeding the 0.3- to 0.4-mL nasal mucosa limit. Buccal bioavailability ~55%,
8247:
1871:, a CYP3A4 inducer, dramatically reducing the analgesic effects of oxycodone in a chronic pain patient. Dosage or medication adjustments may be necessary in each case.
6430:
Klimas R, Witticke D, El Fallah S, Mikus G (May 2013). "Contribution of oxycodone and its metabolites to the overall analgesic effect after oxycodone administration".
4134:
Sunshine A, Olson NZ, Colon A, Rivera J, Kaiko RF, Fitzmartin RD, et al. (July 1996). "Analgesic efficacy of controlled-release oxycodone in postoperative pain".
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15571:
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12895:
8492:"Opioid deaths soaring, study finds Opioid-related deaths in Ontario jumped by a whopping 242 per cent over two decades, according to a study by ICES and St. Mike's"
3526:
of Singapore, which means offences concerning the drug attract the most severe level of punishment. A conviction for unauthorized manufacture of the drug attracts a
8798:
8454:
8330:
8030:
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8267:
437:
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12463:
10225:
9879:
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2666:
of oxycodone occur in about three hours. The duration of instant-release oxycodone is 3 to 6 hours, although this can be variable depending on the individual.
9052:
3962:
3889:
15651:
9080:
450:
306:
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Oxycodone is the most widely recreationally used opioid in America. In the United States, more than 12 million people use opioid drugs recreationally. The
477:
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8369:
2804:
2800:
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13853:
9696:
University of Wisconsin Pain & Policy Studies Group/World Health Organization (WHO) Collaborating Center for Policy and Communications in Cancer Care
3418:
Oxycodone is subject to international conventions on narcotic drugs. In addition, oxycodone is subject to national laws that differ by country. The 1931
3100:
2781:
8732:
8226:
4884:
1129:
typically begins within fifteen minutes and lasts for up to six hours with the immediate-release formulation. In the United Kingdom, it is available by
16889:
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9233:
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1488:
formulations of oxycodone (brand name OxyNorm) are also available in other parts of the world, however, and are widely used in the European Union. In
414:
14528:
13993:
13145:
9782:
May EL, Jacobson AE (June 1989). "The Committee on Problems of Drug Dependence: a legacy of the National Academy of Sciences. A historical account".
8957:
8621:
9117:
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15014:
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7256:"Genetic polymorphisms and drug interactions modulating CYP2D6 and CYP3A activities have a major effect on oxycodone analgesic efficacy and safety"
4283:"Managing severe pain and abuse potential: the potential impact of a new abuse-deterrent formulation oxycodone/naltrexone extended-release product"
1845:
in these enzymes can also influence the clearance of oxycodone, which may be related to the wide inter-individual variability in its half-life and
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2767:
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MEDMARX data report. A report on the relationship of drug names and medication errors in response to the Institute of Medicine's call for action
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Riley J, Eisenberg E, Müller-Schwefe G, Drewes AM, Arendt-Nielsen L (January 2008). "Oxycodone: a review of its use in the management of pain".
1063:
InChI=1S/C18H21NO4/c1-19-8-7-17-14-10-3-4-12(22-2)15(14)23-16(17)11(20)5-6-18(17,21)13(19)9-10/h3-4,13,16,21H,5-9H2,1-2H3/t13-,16+,17+,18-/m1/s1
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3338:, where its non-medical use is prevalent in rural towns and in many smaller to medium-sized cities. Oxycodone is also widely available across
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The selection and use of essential medicines 2023: web annex A: World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 23rd list (2023)
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Withdrawal symptoms have also been reported in newborns whose mothers had been either injecting or orally taking oxycodone during pregnancy.
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representatives that their commissions would dramatically increase if they were successful in convincing doctors to prescribe larger doses.
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16864:
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6957:"Slow drug delivery decreased total body clearance and altered bioavailability of immediate- and controlled-release oxycodone formulations"
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Kinnunen M, Piirainen P, Kokki H, Lammi P, Kokki M (June 2019). "Updated Clinical Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Oxycodone".
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is for diprenorphine displacement. (Note that diprenorphine is a non-selective opioid receptor ligand, so this is not MOR-specific.) EC
1671:
doses are at even higher risk of severe withdrawal symptoms. The symptoms of oxycodone withdrawal, as with other opioids, may include "
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Treatment with CR oxycodone was safe and effective in this study, and its characteristics will be beneficial in the treatment of pain.
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Ross FB, Smith MT (November 1997). "The intrinsic antinociceptive effects of oxycodone appear to be kappa-opioid receptor mediated".
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426:
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4620:"Quality of life under oxycodone/naloxone, oxycodone, or morphine treatment for chronic low back pain in routine clinical practice"
131:
Eukodal, eucodal; dihydrohydroxycodeinone, 7,8-dihydro-14-hydroxycodeinone, 6-deoxy-7,8-dihydro-14-hydroxy-3-O-methyl-6-oxomorphine
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Applied Ecology & Environmental Research. 2005;3(2):29–38. Jakubska A, Przado D, Steininger M, Aniol-Kwiatkowska A, Kadej M.
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Remillard D, Kaye AD, McAnally H (February 2019). "Oxycodone's Unparalleled Addictive Potential: Is it Time for a Moratorium?".
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3177:, indicate Hitler received repeated injections of "Eukodal" (oxycodone; produced by Merck) and Scophedal, as well as Dolantin (
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Pon D, Hwang J, Lo T, Zyl CV (2015). "Decreased responsiveness to oxycodone: A case of a pharmacokinetic drug interaction?".
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tons for conversion, unchanged from the previous year. In 2020, oxycodone possession was decriminalized in the U.S. state of
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Nozaki C, Kamei J (April 2007). "Involvement of mu1-opioid receptor on oxycodone-induced antinociception in diabetic mice".
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Opioids in medicine a comprehensive review on the mode of action and the use of analgesics in different clinical pain states
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Nozaki C, Saitoh A, Kamei J (March 2006). "Characterization of the antinociceptive effects of oxycodone in diabetic mice".
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9581:
7211:
Otton SV, Wu D, Joffe RT, Cheung SW, Sellers EM (April 1993). "Inhibition by fluoxetine of cytochrome P450 2D6 activity".
14508:
13910:
13496:
12865:
10983:
10544:
10512:
8790:
8764:
Police believe organized crime is flooding the Blood Tribe reserve with an illegal drug that has been linked to 10 deaths
8473:
3452:
3427:
3350:
are more serious problems in larger cities, while oxycodone is more common in rural towns. Oxycodone is diverted through
8312:
8020:
6812:"Pharmacokinetics of intranasal crushed OxyContin and intravenous oxycodone in nondependent prescription opioid abusers"
17580:
13591:
12965:
12246:
11423:
9138:
7892:
6257:
5393:
Ordóñez Gallego A, González Barón M, Espinosa Arranz E (May 2007). "Oxycodone: a pharmacological and clinical review".
5002:
3162:, Skophedal was also reportedly injected in massive overdose into the prisoners dressed in Polish Army uniforms in the
2862:
Because oxycodone is metabolized by the cytochrome P450 system in the liver, its pharmacokinetics can be influenced by
8928:
8260:
7438:"Why do pollinators become 'sluggish'? Nectar chemical constituents from Epipactis helleborine L. Crantz Orchidaceae".
17100:
13611:
13596:
13566:
13421:
13331:
13017:
12982:
12334:
12085:
11522:
9259:
8667:
7733:
3769:
3031:; together along with another opioid: 3-{2-{3-{3-benzyloxypropyl}-3-indol, 7,8-didehydro- 4,5-epoxy-3,6-d-morphinan.
1867:
greatly reduces plasma concentrations of oxycodone due to strong induction of CYP3A4. There is also a case report of
1080:
1055:
187:
9890:
9689:"Availability of Opioid Analgesics in the World and Asia, With a special focus on: Indonesia, Philippines, Thailand"
7813:
3330:
in 2004. The non-medical use of oxycodone in Canada became a problem. Areas where oxycodone is most problematic are
17506:
16272:
13581:
13486:
13401:
13346:
13155:
12987:
12975:
11384:
9045:
7017:
3954:
3881:
3197:
2304:
to the analgesic and rewarding effects of opioids is complex and occurs due to receptor-level tolerance (e.g., MOR
9551:
9087:
6858:
Analgesic Expert Group. Therapeutic Guidelines: Analgesic. Version 4. Melbourne: Therapeutic Guidelines Ltd, 2007.
2323:
to 30 mg of morphine, while extended release oxycodone is considered to be twice as potent as oral morphine.
16267:
13820:
13744:
13646:
13341:
13305:
13140:
13047:
12408:
8423:
8188:
7880:
3523:
2305:
665:
386:
168:
9230:
8888:
7508:"Faculty Opinions recommendation of A microbial biomanufacturing platform for natural and semisynthetic opioids"
4540:
Dart RC, Iwanicki JL, Dasgupta N, Cicero TJ, Schnoll SH (2017). "Do abuse deterrent opioid formulations work?".
17595:
16192:
13866:
13621:
13606:
13586:
13561:
13546:
13506:
13446:
13396:
13032:
8353:
8052:
3207:
3196:
on 27 October 1970. The passing of the CSA resulted in all products containing oxycodone to be classified as a
3042:
compound manufacturing system for compounds including oxycodone. The Thodey platform produces both natural and
2258:
8740:
1902:
752:
13800:
13749:
13521:
13516:
13511:
13436:
13431:
13426:
13366:
13077:
11922:
2914:-demethylated metabolites (oxymorphone, oxymorphols), and 8% ± 6% as 6-keto-reduced metabolites (oxycodols).
8552:
3211:
pain. The drug became a blockbuster and has reportedly generated some US$ 35 billion in revenue for Purdue.
1720:
As with other opioids, chronic use of oxycodone (particularly with higher doses) can often cause concurrent
1322:
tablet. A 2006 review found that controlled-release oxycodone is comparable to immediate-release oxycodone,
17565:
17093:
15390:
13626:
13616:
13571:
13556:
13536:
13526:
13501:
13481:
13411:
13371:
13361:
13351:
10839:
10482:
8961:
8082:
7793:
William S Burroughs 1952 letter to Allen Ginsburg concerning Eukodal, in Collected Correspondance, pp 141–2
5816:"Oxycodone concentrations are greatly increased by the concomitant use of ritonavir or lopinavir/ritonavir"
3370:
3256:
2277:
930:
803:
8629:
16960:
13722:
13658:
13601:
13476:
13471:
13466:
13451:
13441:
13391:
13386:
13376:
13356:
13336:
13295:
12746:
9113:
3846:"FDA-sourced list of all drugs with black box warnings (Use Download Full Results and View Query links.)"
2635:
of oxycodone averages within a range of 60 to 87%, with rectal administration yielding the same results;
2269:. Opioids like oxycodone are thought to produce their analgesic effects via activation of the MOR in the
891:
3505:
Oxycodone is regulated under Part I of Schedule 1 of Hong Kong's Chapter 134 Dangerous Drugs Ordinance.
17575:
17525:
16370:
16365:
15757:
15100:
14188:
13830:
13805:
13531:
13491:
13461:
13406:
11820:
10502:
7867:
7479:
4394:
3410:
chewing, snorting, or injecting the opioid impractical because of a change in its chemical properties.
3025:
In terms of biosynthesis, oxycodone has been found naturally in nectar extracts from the orchid family
2903:
2715:
2364:
of oxycodone have also been found to be active as MOR agonists, some of which notably have much higher
552:
279:
7910:
1516:, both IV and IM administrations of oxycodone were commonly used for postoperative pain management of
1287:. In 2022, it was the 60th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 11
1261:
880:
632:
16390:
15380:
15105:
14423:
13835:
13082:
12816:
12761:
11894:
11505:
9699:
9139:
Australian Government. Department of Health and Aging. Therapeutic Goods Administration (June 2008).
4457:
3845:
3556:
3189:
2962:
2714:. Around 10% (range 8–14%) of a dose of oxycodone is excreted essentially unchanged (unconjugated or
2285:
1550:
Most common side effects of oxycodone include reduced sensitivity to pain, delayed gastric emptying,
1424:
271:
259:
3493:
3244:
estimates that about 11 million people in the U.S. consume oxycodone in a non-medical way annually.
17555:
17222:
16360:
16302:
15762:
15521:
14766:
12453:
11217:
11178:
9968:
9355:
8104:
5814:
Nieminen TH, Hagelberg NM, Saari TI, Neuvonen M, Neuvonen PJ, Laine K, et al. (October 2010).
3544:
3048:
2624:
1818:
907:
617:
8821:
8596:
17494:
17129:
16940:
16355:
14979:
14761:
13135:
13102:
13092:
13042:
13037:
12662:
11981:
11976:
11372:
11088:
10492:
10148:
8175:
8129:
5867:
Nieminen TH, Hagelberg NM, Saari TI, Pertovaara A, Neuvonen M, Laine K, et al. (June 2009).
5264:
3108:
2953:
companies to cover OxyContin despite its high cost relative to generic opiates such as morphine.
2941:
complained that the duration of action for OxyContin was too short to be taken only twice a day.
2562:
2557:
2365:
2234:
2048:
1775:
In 2011, it was the leading cause of drug-related deaths in the U.S. However, from 2012 onwards,
1559:
1505:
1484:
In the US, oxycodone is only approved for use by mouth, available as tablets and oral solutions.
1404:
1319:
287:
263:
248:
118:
17:
13125:
9943:
9646:
Narcotic drugs: estimated world requirements for 2009; statistics for 2007. Report E/INCB/2008/2
9470:
9081:"United Nations conference for the adoption of a single convention on narcotic drugs. Final act"
8932:
7725:
3955:"Roxicodone, OxyContin (oxycodone) dosing, indications, interactions, adverse effects, and more"
3882:"Roxicodone, OxyContin (oxycodone) dosing, indications, interactions, adverse effects, and more"
1863:
concentrations of oxycodone in healthy human volunteers due to inhibition of CYP3A4 and CYP2D6.
1252:
may also be allergic to oxycodone. Use of oxycodone in early pregnancy appears relatively safe.
15767:
14781:
14756:
14655:
13216:
12652:
12647:
12383:
12184:
11988:
11917:
11416:
11136:
10092:
9022:
7666:
6562:
2675:
2608:
2566:
2289:
1846:
1361:
505:
275:
12544:
8921:
Findings from Purdue's Post-Marketing Epidemiology Studies of Reformulated OxyContin's Effects
7342:
7132:
6535:
6329:
6231:
6165:
6054:
6015:
5988:
5946:
Corbett AD, Paterson SJ, Kosterlitz HW (1993). "Selectivity of Ligands for Opioid Receptors".
5734:
5298:
5150:
5074:
5035:
4964:
4360:
4097:
4063:
4024:
3759:
3720:
17560:
15922:
14218:
13097:
13052:
13012:
12468:
11710:
11546:
11432:
10895:
10589:
10507:
10497:
10209:
10152:
7437:
6204:
6126:
5225:
5198:
4937:
4910:
3923:
3358:
more potent drug fentanyl. According to a Canadian Centre on Substance Abuse study quoted in
3127:
3027:
2620:
1786:
Oxycodone overdose has also been described to cause spinal cord infarction in high doses and
1395:
1373:
1138:
860:
792:
743:
283:
267:
9502:
7658:
5368:
17570:
13998:
13978:
13825:
13717:
13130:
13087:
13027:
12955:
12928:
12448:
12423:
12393:
12388:
12214:
12015:
11106:
11067:
10900:
10890:
10885:
10712:
10517:
10433:
10075:
9818:
9816:
9330:
9189:
9046:"Convention for limiting the manufacture and regulating the distribution of narcotic drugs"
8354:"Sackler Scion's Email Reveals Push for High-Dose OxyContin, New Lawsuit Disclosures Claim"
8157:
Girioin L, Haely M (11 September 2013). "FDA to require stricter labeling for pain drugs".
8016:
7517:
5438:"Opioid drugs and stercoral perforation of the colon: Case report and review of literature"
4721:
3527:
3381:. Province-wide, approximately 120 Albertans died from fentanyl-related overdoses in 2014.
3362:
magazine, there were at least 655 fentanyl-related deaths in Canada in a five-year period.
3081:
2863:
2386:
1761:
1205:
1130:
812:
605:
596:
224:
15735:
15078:
13944:
9851:
7759:
Defalque RJ, Wright AJ (October 2003). "Scophedal (SEE) was it a fad or a miracle drug?".
7254:
Samer CF, Daali Y, Wagner M, Hopfgartner G, Eap CB, Rebsamen MC, et al. (June 2010).
5772:"Clinical Reasoning: A young woman with respiratory failure, hearing loss, and paraplegia"
3369:
made in illegal labs by members of organized crime were responsible for ten deaths on the
2242:
2238:
2215:
1984:
1974:
1964:
1291:
million prescriptions. A number of abuse-deterrent formulations are available, such as in
1257:
8:
17399:
17116:
17063:
16649:
16495:
16455:
15782:
15601:
15581:
14879:
14841:
14796:
13795:
13732:
13300:
13236:
12970:
12672:
12594:
12041:
12025:
11971:
11855:
10855:
10487:
10316:
10217:
10156:
10043:
10032:
9961:
6480:"Pharmacological characterization of noroxymorphone as a new opioid for spinal analgesia"
3531:
3420:
Convention for Limiting the Manufacture and Regulating the Distribution of Narcotic Drugs
3151:
3139:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2632:
2427:
2339:
2308:), cellular-level tolerance (e.g., cAMP upregulation), and system-level tolerance (e.g.,
2273:
2208:
2053:
1856:
1501:
1420:
1381:
1142:
1114:
698:
255:
12491:
7488:
7467:
7170:
Gasche Y, Daali Y, Fathi M, Chiappe A, Cottini S, Dayer P, et al. (December 2004).
5324:
3080:
Oxycodone and/or its major metabolites may be measured in blood or urine to monitor for
934:
911:
707:
16595:
15902:
15591:
15325:
15215:
14869:
14549:
14333:
14173:
14133:
13936:
13739:
13326:
12945:
12801:
12756:
12736:
12695:
11813:
11681:
11633:
11483:
11293:
10860:
10758:
10429:
10287:
10221:
8958:"Press Announcements; FDA approves abuse-deterrent labeling for reformulated OxyContin"
7718:
7587:
7574:
7545:
7531:
7280:
7255:
7236:
7065:
6981:
6956:
6836:
6811:
6719:
6676:
6651:
Smith MT (October 2008). "Differences between and combinations of opioids re-visited".
6633:
6509:
6455:
6403:
5846:
5673:
5646:
5627:
5536:
5462:
5437:
5418:
4831:
4806:
4782:
4755:
4697:
4670:
4646:
4619:
4600:
4309:
4282:
4205:
4159:
4147:
3300:
3111:. Speyer, born to a Jewish family in Frankfurt am Main in 1878, became a victim of the
3064:
3058:
2923:
2894:
The clearance of oxycodone is 0.8 L/min. Oxycodone and its metabolites are mainly
2883:
2663:
2401:
2369:
1940:
1765:
1641:
1599:
1385:
1292:
1284:
1177:
1146:
1122:
583:
198:
16380:
15536:
14776:
7772:
6621:
5869:"Rifampin greatly reduces the plasma concentrations of intravenous and oral oxycodone"
4434:
4417:
3822:
3805:
2763:
1715:
17297:
17292:
17202:
16385:
15777:
15772:
15546:
14791:
14353:
13988:
13810:
13790:
13381:
13186:
13057:
12918:
12715:
12682:
12657:
12169:
11902:
11575:
11409:
11077:
10932:
10920:
10807:
10213:
9935:
9799:
9795:
9653:
9149:
8463:
8361:
8322:
7938:
7930:
7926:
7848:
7776:
7729:
7670:
7659:
7579:
7535:
7493:
7348:
7285:
7271:
7228:
7193:
7138:
7106:
7057:
6986:
6937:
6891:
6841:
6792:
6757:
6711:
6668:
6625:
6578:
6568:
6541:
6501:
6447:
6395:
6335:
6296:
6237:
6210:
6171:
6132:
6060:
6021:
5994:
5969:
5959:
5928:
5890:
5838:
5793:
5713:
5678:
5619:
5558:
5528:
5467:
5410:
5304:
5231:
5204:
5156:
5080:
5041:
4970:
4943:
4916:
4836:
4787:
4733:
4702:
4651:
4592:
4557:
4439:
4366:
4336:
4314:
4197:
4151:
4103:
4069:
4030:
3929:
3827:
3765:
3726:
3669:
3423:
3163:
3159:
2937:
2932:
2707:
2335:
2293:
2266:
2219:
1842:
1791:
1741:
1700:
1661:
1631:
1615:
1377:
1253:
1217:
1154:
1118:
160:
8462:. Sydney: National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales.
7591:
7378:
7240:
6723:
6680:
6637:
6513:
6478:
Lemberg KK, Siiskonen AO, Kontinen VK, Yli-Kauhaluoma JT, Kalso EA (February 2008).
6459:
6407:
5850:
5631:
5540:
5422:
4805:
Hanks GW, Conno F, Cherny N, Hanna M, Kalso E, McQuay HJ, et al. (March 2001).
4209:
4163:
3226:
broadly, is not unique to the United States and is a common drug of abuse globally.
2788:
pathways, accounting for 11% ± 6% and 8% ± 6% of a dose of oxycodone, respectively.
732:
17585:
16785:
16722:
16545:
16261:
16187:
15912:
15641:
15395:
15235:
14949:
14208:
13727:
13310:
13226:
13007:
12950:
12938:
12637:
12516:
12458:
12418:
12375:
12276:
12179:
12140:
12123:
12061:
11958:
11154:
10628:
9791:
9361:
8456:
Australian drug trends 2007. Findings from the Illicit Drug Reporting System (IDRS)
7922:
7876:
7768:
7699:
7636:
7569:
7561:
7557:
7521:
7512:
7483:
7408:
7275:
7267:
7220:
7183:
7096:
7049:
6976:
6968:
6929:
6881:
6831:
6823:
6784:
6749:
6703:
6660:
6617:
6491:
6439:
6387:
6105:
6014:
Chestnut DH, Wong CA, Tsen LC, Ngan Kee WD, Beilin YM, Mhyre J (28 February 2014).
5951:
5920:
5880:
5830:
5783:
5705:
5668:
5660:
5611:
5520:
5457:
5449:
5402:
4826:
4818:
4777:
4767:
4692:
4682:
4641:
4631:
4604:
4584:
4549:
4465:
4429:
4304:
4294:
4189:
4143:
3817:
3282:
2946:
2910:-demethylated metabolites (noroxycodone, noroxymorphone, noroxycodols), 11 ± 6% as
2879:
2875:
2867:
2791:
Several of the immediate metabolites of oxycodone are subsequently conjugated with
2549:
of oxycodone after oral and intravenous administration, respectively. Although the
2297:
2254:
1936:
1822:
1134:
1022:
947:
487:
369:
359:
349:
339:
329:
319:
75:
7526:
7507:
7069:
5735:"Drugs Most Frequently Involved in Drug Overdose Deaths: United States, 2011–2016"
4485:
17539:
16435:
15962:
15917:
15265:
15240:
14283:
14213:
14068:
13959:
13933:
13815:
13764:
13702:
13201:
13176:
13022:
12806:
12720:
12642:
12632:
12403:
12398:
12281:
12219:
12196:
11840:
11830:
11338:
11257:
11239:
11052:
10817:
10802:
10743:
10126:
10027:
9921:"Oxycodone. Pharmacological profile and clinical data in chronic pain management"
9742:
9237:
9218:
8298:
7896:
7444:
7308:
6788:
6753:
6664:
6496:
6479:
6443:
6288:
6110:
6093:
5955:
5885:
5868:
5788:
5771:
5709:
4515:
4248:
3689:
3351:
3343:
3331:
3305:
3220:
3135:
2974:
2936:
found that "the drug wears off hours early in many people", inducing symptoms of
2816:
2792:
2703:
2679:
2659:
2628:
2309:
2262:
1692:
1667:
1598:(5%). Less common side effects (experienced by less than 5% of patients) include
1563:
1542:
1312:
1233:
1209:
573:
568:
515:
495:
146:
17120:
16375:
15531:
14771:
9992:
9988:
9585:
9524:
5453:
2926:. The manufacturer of OxyContin, a controlled-release preparation of oxycodone,
17500:
17307:
17187:
17182:
16737:
16062:
15360:
15340:
15335:
15140:
14398:
14358:
14348:
14308:
14203:
14168:
14073:
14048:
14003:
13712:
13678:
13653:
13243:
12960:
12786:
12776:
12690:
12599:
12539:
12483:
12236:
12191:
12091:
11478:
11468:
11378:
11333:
11096:
10976:
10951:
10827:
10812:
10282:
10162:
10113:
10080:
9274:"Ontario OxyContin Rules: New Restrictions Applauded But National Rules Needed"
8317:
8025:
6933:
6886:
6869:
6707:
6391:
5696:
Brennan MJ (March 2013). "The effect of opioid therapy on endocrine function".
3431:
3339:
3291:
3277:
3174:
3143:
3002:
2871:
2852:
2844:
2727:
2501:
2381:
2301:
1826:
1787:
1607:
1535:
1517:
1497:
548:
9859:. Rockville, MD: Center for the Advancement of Patient Safety, US Pharmacopeia
9297:"New oxycodone rules would give drug maker a monopoly in Canada, experts warn"
7612:(11th ed.). Foster City, CA: Biomedical Publications. pp. 1604–1607.
6164:
Squire L, Berg D, Bloom FE, du Lac S, Ghosh A, Spitzer NC (17 December 2012).
5834:
5664:
5524:
5406:
4772:
4671:"CDC Guideline for Prescribing Opioids for Chronic Pain - United States, 2016"
4193:
2376:
possesses 3- to 5-fold higher affinity for the MOR than does oxycodone, while
2230:
1648:
in managed-release tablets has been formulated to both deter abuse and reduce
1476:
17549:
17417:
17378:
17282:
17207:
17192:
17152:
17085:
17053:
16712:
16490:
16445:
16395:
16318:
16306:
16012:
15927:
15907:
15892:
15887:
15832:
15606:
15596:
15300:
15220:
14944:
14884:
14874:
14811:
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14580:
14523:
14313:
14258:
14248:
14243:
14223:
14158:
14108:
14093:
14008:
13902:
13785:
13759:
13754:
13668:
13231:
13191:
12811:
12791:
12700:
12627:
12554:
12549:
12534:
12330:
12130:
12113:
12081:
11860:
11801:
11666:
11598:
11580:
11551:
11518:
11500:
11267:
11262:
11252:
11182:
11144:
10602:
10377:
10307:
10167:
10136:
10085:
9736:
Narcotic Drugs: Estimated World Requirements for 2012 and Statistics for 2010
9724:
Narcotic Drugs: Estimated World Requirements for 2012 and Statistics for 2010
8984:"Pfizer and Acura Announce FDA Approval of Oxectatm (Oxycodone HCL, USP) CII"
8365:
8326:
8292:
Reformulated OxyContin reduces abuse but many addicts have switched to heroin
7934:
7703:
7640:
7546:"A microbial biomanufacturing platform for natural and semisynthetic opioids"
6827:
5973:
5262:
4687:
4588:
3399:
3286:
3248:
3203:
3193:
3096:
3092:
3043:
2988:
2927:
2739:
2604:
2343:
2320:
2281:
2105:
2090:
1895:
1833:, respectively. (For lists of CYP3A4 and CYP2D6 inhibitors and inducers, see
1357:
1327:
1237:
1229:
1012:
923:
462:
12529:
8424:"Maura Healey explains why she refused to join the Purdue Pharma settlement"
5392:
2799:. 6α-Oxycodol and 6β-oxycodol are further metabolized by N-demethylation to
2319:
Taken orally, 20 mg of immediate-release oxycodone is considered to be
1649:
1530:
17450:
17432:
17383:
17277:
17272:
17142:
17048:
16983:
16909:
16717:
16292:
16257:
16057:
15862:
15721:
15315:
15310:
15205:
15180:
15175:
14999:
14924:
14670:
14625:
14478:
14473:
14428:
14328:
14163:
14128:
14123:
13673:
13221:
12923:
12609:
12428:
12363:
12308:
12256:
12135:
12101:
12053:
11949:
11767:
11623:
11536:
11272:
11247:
11005:
10910:
10794:
10581:
10569:
10559:
10534:
10402:
10392:
10322:
10197:
10192:
10103:
9939:
8261:"ER/LA Opioid Analgesic Class Labeling Changes and Postmarket Requirements"
7942:
7780:
7583:
7497:
7289:
7197:
7110:
7101:
7084:
7061:
7053:
6990:
6941:
6895:
6845:
6796:
6761:
6715:
6672:
6505:
6451:
6399:
5932:
5894:
5842:
5797:
5770:
Ntranos A, Shoirah H, Dhamoon MS, Hahn D, Naidich TP, Shin S (March 2017).
5717:
5682:
5623:
5602:
Rao R, Desai NS (June 2002). "OxyContin and neonatal abstinence syndrome".
5532:
5471:
5414:
4840:
4822:
4807:"Morphine and alternative opioids in cancer pain: the EAPC recommendations"
4791:
4737:
4706:
4655:
4596:
4561:
4443:
4318:
4201:
3831:
3359:
3309:
3260:
restrict physicians from prescribing opioids for moderate pain, as needed.
3170:
2950:
2743:
2723:
2482:
2377:
2331:
2227:
2211:
1868:
1860:
1721:
1676:
1567:
1213:
1197:
1165:
542:
364:
354:
344:
334:
324:
314:
9953:
9803:
9764:
The National Research Council involvement in the opiate problem, 1928–1971
9525:"Statutory instrument 2001 No. 3998. The Misuse of Drugs regulations 2001"
9464:"List of drugs currently controlled under the Misuse of Drugs legislation"
9212:"Ontario delisting OxyContin and its substitute from drug benefit program"
8852:"New Abuse Deterrent Formulation Technology for Immediate-Release Opioids"
7720:
The Holocaust: a history of the Jews of Europe during the Second World War
7565:
7232:
6629:
5950:. Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology. Vol. 104. pp. 645–679.
5924:
5615:
4553:
4155:
3192:
was passed by the United States Congress and signed into law by President
3185:
less frequently; oxycodone could not be obtained after late January 1945.
1434:
Controlled-release oxycodone (OxyContin, Xtampza ER) – 10–12 hour duration
57:
40:
17363:
17358:
17330:
17267:
17259:
17244:
17197:
16978:
16955:
16869:
16795:
16762:
16742:
16620:
16605:
16600:
16590:
16580:
16500:
16470:
16465:
16310:
16282:
16277:
16247:
16232:
16222:
16202:
16197:
16157:
16122:
16112:
16067:
16047:
16032:
16027:
15997:
15942:
15937:
15932:
15877:
15852:
15837:
15812:
15802:
15792:
15787:
15701:
15696:
15691:
15676:
15616:
15611:
15586:
15445:
15435:
15415:
15375:
15370:
15345:
15330:
15295:
15290:
15190:
15165:
15059:
15054:
15044:
15034:
15024:
14959:
14889:
14846:
14690:
14620:
14590:
14575:
14560:
14533:
14498:
14483:
14468:
14453:
14418:
14408:
14378:
14363:
14338:
14303:
14298:
14288:
14278:
14238:
14233:
14193:
14183:
14118:
14103:
14078:
14038:
14023:
14013:
13120:
13067:
12913:
12751:
12619:
12574:
12496:
12473:
12206:
12164:
11872:
11735:
11661:
11616:
11463:
11318:
11298:
11207:
11116:
11047:
11039:
11000:
10925:
10875:
10870:
10769:
10705:
10633:
10477:
10462:
10453:
10387:
10372:
10367:
10357:
10352:
10347:
10297:
10277:
10272:
10267:
10236:
10231:
10187:
10172:
10141:
10120:
10098:
7224:
7188:
7171:
6561:
Firestein GS, Budd RC, Gabriel SE, McInnes IB, O'Dell JR (21 June 2016).
3620:
3123:
3116:
3014:
2995:
2753:
2731:
2651:~60 min. Sublingual bioavailability 20% (non alkalized) ~55% (alkalized)
2612:
2600:
2463:
2373:
2191:
2176:
2075:
1753:
1745:
1725:
1688:
1513:
1493:
1441:
1331:
1272:
1245:
1241:
1126:
558:
154:
11401:
9559:
8622:"Health Canada – Misuse and Abuse of Oxycodone-based Prescription Drugs"
7884:
7085:"Tentative identification of novel oxycodone metabolites in human urine"
7009:
4636:
4470:
4299:
772:
17471:
17445:
17440:
17422:
17407:
17389:
17373:
17177:
17147:
17137:
17073:
17043:
17018:
16899:
16810:
16790:
16767:
16610:
16585:
16575:
16530:
16520:
16505:
16420:
16314:
16242:
16237:
16212:
16182:
16172:
16147:
16132:
16107:
16077:
16052:
16042:
16002:
15982:
15972:
15952:
15882:
15867:
15686:
15666:
15661:
15636:
15566:
15505:
15485:
15440:
15430:
15425:
15365:
15355:
15285:
15200:
15049:
15039:
15029:
15019:
14984:
14974:
14939:
14909:
14899:
14894:
14831:
14675:
14650:
14645:
14640:
14630:
14615:
14585:
14503:
14493:
14488:
14438:
14393:
14373:
14343:
14293:
14273:
14228:
14153:
14043:
14033:
13196:
12933:
12667:
12559:
12032:
11877:
11825:
11455:
11348:
11343:
11288:
11225:
11168:
11149:
11126:
11121:
11111:
11101:
11062:
11025:
11020:
11015:
10966:
10961:
10943:
10880:
10865:
10850:
10784:
10764:
10695:
10685:
10654:
10608:
10595:
10564:
10529:
10412:
10407:
10382:
10332:
10327:
10302:
10257:
10182:
8250:
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved 24 December 2013.
7847:(First U.S. ed.). Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 194.
3628:
3374:
3263:
Reformulated OxyContin is causing some recreational users to change to
2838:
2834:
2711:
2695:
2636:
2616:
2361:
2223:
1864:
1838:
1834:
1803:
1579:
1555:
1485:
1469:
1296:
1193:
1181:
1150:
1110:
1101:(which is the extended-release form) among others, is a semi-synthetic
977:
783:
536:
294:
9817:
United Nations Educational, Scientific, Cultural Organization (2005).
7911:"Abuse deterrent formulations and the Controlled Substances Act (CSA)"
6694:
Kalso E (December 2007). "How different is oxycodone from morphine?".
6477:
3107:
in 1916. When Freund died, in 1920, Speyer wrote his obituary for the
2586:-opioid receptor seems to be primarily responsible for these effects.
1279:
in 1916. It was first used medically in Germany in 1917. It is on the
17466:
17325:
17315:
17287:
17172:
17167:
17157:
17028:
17023:
16973:
16945:
16874:
16835:
16830:
16805:
16800:
16727:
16635:
16625:
16515:
16425:
16339:
16297:
16287:
16227:
16207:
16177:
16167:
16162:
16117:
16087:
15967:
15947:
15847:
15842:
15797:
15716:
15711:
15671:
15656:
15631:
15561:
15500:
15470:
15420:
15405:
15270:
15160:
15125:
15120:
15064:
14989:
14969:
14964:
14934:
14864:
14826:
14806:
14801:
14741:
14725:
14715:
14660:
14570:
14513:
14448:
14403:
14383:
14263:
14253:
14098:
13707:
13663:
13211:
13206:
12781:
12766:
12741:
12589:
12584:
12569:
12564:
12524:
12501:
12438:
12295:
12268:
12152:
12010:
11993:
11966:
11882:
11845:
11835:
11808:
11779:
11740:
11727:
11676:
11473:
11353:
11313:
11308:
11162:
11010:
10971:
10915:
10845:
10779:
10774:
10751:
10733:
10718:
10690:
10669:
10664:
10659:
10618:
10574:
10362:
10337:
10131:
10059:
9984:
9642:
9441:
9356:
Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China.
8651:
Kirkey S (23 May 2012). "OxyNEO another prescription for disaster?".
7724:(1st American ed.). Holt, Rinehart, and Winston. 1986. pp.
6972:
6870:"Updated Clinical Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Oxycodone"
3178:
3147:
3131:
3112:
3053:
2895:
2777:
2734:(5%). The immediate metabolism of oxycodone in humans is as follows:
2658:
After a dose of conventional (immediate-release) oral oxycodone, the
2640:
2327:
2250:
1905:
and do not remove this message until the contradictions are resolved.
1852:
1830:
1635:
1591:
1583:
1455:
1346:
1201:
1185:
718:
644:
236:
140:
7625:"Über die Umwandlung von Thebain in Oxycodeinon und dessen Derivate"
7624:
5509:
5076:
Controlled Substance Management in Chronic Pain: A Balanced Approach
4942:. QWIK-CODE (6th ed.). LawTech Publishing Group. pp. 99–.
4912:
Understanding Pain: What It Is, Why It Happens, and How It's Managed
2639:
administration of oxycodone has a bioavailability of ~77%, the same
17412:
17368:
17348:
17320:
17249:
17239:
17162:
17033:
16825:
16570:
16480:
16460:
16450:
16405:
16334:
16127:
16037:
16022:
15987:
15977:
15857:
15681:
15576:
15551:
15490:
15475:
15385:
15305:
15275:
15255:
15225:
15170:
15150:
15115:
15004:
14929:
14914:
14836:
14816:
14685:
14680:
14665:
14635:
14605:
14565:
14433:
14323:
14268:
14178:
14113:
14083:
13968:
12710:
12604:
12506:
12229:
12160:
12118:
12108:
12076:
12071:
12036:
11850:
11757:
11717:
11693:
11646:
11541:
11510:
11323:
11202:
11197:
11057:
10956:
10728:
10723:
10700:
10649:
10623:
10613:
10422:
10417:
10397:
10312:
10292:
10241:
10054:
10039:
8556:
7172:"Codeine intoxication associated with ultrarapid CYP2D6 metabolism"
5367:. Stamfbord, CT: Purdue Pharma L.P. 5 November 2007. Archived from
3632:
3624:
3366:
3182:
3104:
3069:
2983:. The chemical structures are very similar, differing only in that
2553:
2348:
2270:
2135:
2120:
1780:
1737:
1684:
1645:
1611:
1595:
1587:
1575:
1551:
1462:
1353:
1352:
Oxycodone, in its extended-release form and/or in combination with
1339:
1323:
1307:
Oxycodone is used for managing moderate to severe acute or chronic
1276:
1265:
1225:
1173:
1161:
840:
832:
763:
182:
31:
9384:"Toyota's American PR chief arrested for suspected drug violation"
9328:
8393:"Mass. AG Implicates Family Behind Purdue Pharma In Opioid Deaths"
7038:
6582:
4574:
2922:
Oral oxycodone has a half-life of 4.5 hours. It is available as a
2569:, and for this reason are only minimally analgesic in comparison.
2313:
1740:, or in some persons not tolerant to opioids, oxycodone can cause
1000:
17231:
16998:
16879:
16757:
16440:
16324:
16102:
16092:
15320:
15250:
15185:
15135:
14994:
14746:
14720:
14710:
14695:
14600:
14413:
14388:
14138:
14018:
12821:
12340:
12323:
12318:
12303:
12251:
12241:
12224:
12096:
11937:
11932:
11865:
11791:
11611:
11531:
11328:
11303:
11173:
11158:
10905:
10835:
10467:
10439:
10262:
10177:
10022:
5557:. Center for Substance Abuse Research. 2 May 2005. Archived from
4618:
Ueberall MA, Eberhardt A, Mueller-Schwefe GH (24 February 2016).
3761:
Today's Medical Assistant: Clinical and Administrative Procedures
3722:
Today's Medical Assistant: Clinical and Administrative Procedures
3636:
3378:
3335:
3115:. He died on 5 May 1942, the second day of deportations from the
3039:
2980:
2706:
system and is extensive (about 95%) and complex, with many minor
2246:
2060:
1672:
1623:
1619:
1603:
1509:
1448:
1431:
Immediate-release oxycodone (OxyFast, OxyIR, OxyNorm, Roxicodone)
1249:
6868:
Kinnunen M, Piirainen P, Kokki H, Lammi P, Kokki M (June 2019).
6810:
Lofwall MR, Moody DE, Fang WB, Nuzzo PA, Walsh SL (April 2012).
5866:
4617:
17340:
17008:
16993:
16988:
16859:
16752:
16415:
16082:
15897:
15556:
15480:
15465:
15455:
15230:
14821:
14700:
14318:
14198:
12771:
12705:
12174:
12020:
12000:
11762:
11686:
11651:
11590:
10108:
10010:
10001:
9142:
Standard for the uniform scheduling of drugs and poisons no. 23
7964:
7692:
Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft (A and B Series)
6017:
Chestnut's Obstetric Anesthesia: Principles and Practice E-Book
5647:"Testosterone deficiency in non-cancer opioid-treated patients"
5263:
American Society of Health-System Pharmacists (23 March 2009).
4335:(74 ed.). British Medical Association. 2017. p. 442.
4099:
Henry's Clinical Diagnosis and Management by Laboratory Methods
3589:
3586:
3561:
3406:
3347:
3264:
3017:, differing only in that it has a hydroxyl group at carbon-14.
3006:
2828:
2819:
as well). Oxymorphone is also further metabolized, as follows:
2757:
2747:
2683:
2594:
2550:
1814:
1810:
1807:
1776:
1757:
1680:
1571:
1343:
1256:
may occur if rapidly stopped. Oxycodone acts by activating the
1169:
1102:
871:
528:
299:
7379:"You want a description of hell?' OxyContin's 12-hour problem"
7083:
Moore KA, Ramcharitar V, Levine B, Fowler D (September 2003).
6334:. New York: Springer Science+Business Media B.V. p. 371.
5813:
3354:, prescription forgery, pharmacy theft, and overprescription.
17212:
17013:
16615:
16510:
16252:
16007:
15872:
15245:
15195:
15155:
14919:
14610:
14554:
14463:
14148:
14143:
11907:
11745:
11698:
11561:
10342:
10049:
10014:
8699:"Fentanyl: The King of all Opiates, and a Killer Drug Crisis"
8130:"WHO Expert Committee on Drug Dependence: forty-third report"
6230:
Sinatra RS, Jahr JS, Watkins-Pitchford JM (14 October 2010).
4516:"Oxycodone Drug Usage Statistics, United States, 2013 - 2022"
2899:
2796:
2719:
2699:
1769:
1749:
1696:
1489:
1221:
991:
851:
649:
524:
520:
13954:
9331:"Act on the circulation of narcotics (Narcotics Act – BtMG)"
9183:
7082:
6429:
6229:
4280:
3451:
Oxycodone is a controlled substance under Schedule I of the
2898:
in urine. Therefore, oxycodone accumulates in patients with
2415:
1638:
have been developed to address opioid induced constipation.
896:
48:
16017:
12796:
12313:
11927:
11796:
11784:
11752:
11570:
11493:
11488:
7253:
6919:
6867:
6560:
6377:
5486:"Movantik for the Treatment of Opioid-Induced Constipation"
3458:
3103:
in Germany published the first synthesis of oxycodone from
1308:
1189:
1106:
823:
102:
96:
87:
8767:, Alberta: Calgary Herald, 23 January 2015, archived from
4539:
2352:); the clinical relevance of this has not been clarified.
689:)-4,5α-Epoxy-14-hydroxy-3-methoxy-17-methylmorphinan-6-one
78:
12896:
Council of the European Union decisions on designer drugs
12579:
12005:
11772:
9414:
9410:"Toyota: American exec did not intend to break Japan law"
8304:
7888:
5945:
5769:
5645:
Coluzzi F, Billeci D, Maggi M, Corona G (December 2018).
5644:
5027:
4966:
Mosby's Drug Guide for Nursing Students, with 2016 Update
4456:
3853:
3757:
3718:
3668:(14th ed.). Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck & Co.
2599:
Oxycodone can be administered orally, intravenously, via
1311:
when other treatments are not sufficient. It may improve
7988:"How the FDA helped pave the way for an opioid epidemic"
7457:
7455:
7453:
7126:
7124:
7122:
7120:
6013:
5862:
5860:
5809:
5807:
5033:
4756:"Oxycodone controlled release in cancer pain management"
4720:
Roth AR, Lazris A, Haskell H, James J (September 2020).
4133:
1419:
Oxycodone is available in a variety of formulations for
9360:. Hong Kong Legal Information Institute. Archived from
7169:
6473:
6471:
6469:
6196:
5292:
5290:
5288:
5286:
4749:
4747:
2991:
at carbon-14 (codeine has just a hydrogen in its place)
1783:
have become more common causes of drug-related deaths.
1281:
World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines
9329:
German Federal Ministry of Justice (19 January 2009).
9324:
9322:
8822:"Epidemic fear as 'hillbilly heroin' hits the streets"
8079:"Top 10 Most Commonly Abused Prescription Medications"
6373:
6371:
6369:
6367:
6365:
6363:
6286:
4719:
4281:
Pergolizzi JV, Taylor R, LeQuang JA, Raffa RB (2018).
4091:
4089:
4087:
4085:
2906:
in the urine 10% as unchanged oxycodone, 45% ± 21% as
1480:
A liquid solution containing 10mg of oxycodone per 1ml
17523:
9111:
7450:
7117:
6809:
6425:
6423:
6421:
6419:
6417:
6163:
5857:
5804:
4804:
4179:
2326:
Similarly to most other opioids, oxycodone increases
105:
93:
84:
81:
9609:"Oregon leads the way in decriminalizing hard drugs"
9075:
9073:
8755:
7814:"A fresh light on the Nazis' wartime drug addiction"
7652:
7650:
6466:
5354:
5352:
5350:
5348:
5346:
5303:. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 198–.
5283:
4744:
4354:
4352:
3555:
Under the Controlled Substances Act, oxycodone is a
3462:
Canadian oxycodone HCL/acetaminophen 5/325 mg tablet
2334:
levels is unknown. Unlike morphine, oxycodone lacks
2253:-complex is released, which inhibits the release of
1546:
Two tablets (10 mg) of oxycodone and safety blisters
1260:. When taken by mouth, it has roughly 1.5 times the
531:(~5%); 95% metabolized (i.e., 5% excreted unchanged)
99:
9319:
9186:"Controlled Drugs and Substances Act (1996, c. 19)"
7961:"Confirmation Hearing for FDA Commissioner Nominee"
7543:
6360:
6202:
6128:
Opioids in Pain Control: Basic and Clinical Aspects
5939:
5906:
5904:
5435:
5066:
4668:
4359:Talley NJ, Frankum B, Currow D (10 February 2015).
4358:
4082:
4018:
4016:
4014:
4012:
4010:
4008:
4006:
4004:
4002:
4000:
3838:
2994:Oxycodone has a 7,8-dihydro feature. Codeine has a
1465:(Targin, Targiniq, Targinact) – 10–12 hour duration
1444:(acetaminophen) (Percocet, Endocet, Roxicet, Tylox)
1105:used medically for treatment of moderate to severe
751:
90:
9849:
9819:"International convention against doping in sport"
9558:. Drug Enforcerment Administration. Archived from
8861:. Grünenthal Group Worldwide. 2010. Archived from
8696:
7868:
7717:
7344:Smith's Anesthesia for Infants and Children E-Book
7336:
7334:
7210:
6955:Li Y, Sun D, Palmisano M, Zhou S (February 2016).
6954:
6432:Expert Opinion on Drug Metabolism & Toxicology
6414:
5993:. Jones & Bartlett Publishers. pp. 332–.
5267:. U.S. National Library of Medicine, MedlinePlus.
5034:Sinatra RS, de Leon-Cassasola OA (27 April 2009).
4068:. Jones & Bartlett Publishers. pp. 695–.
4062:Yarbro CH, Wujcik D, Gobel BH (15 November 2010).
3998:
3996:
3994:
3992:
3990:
3988:
3986:
3984:
3982:
3980:
3917:
3915:
3913:
3911:
3909:
3907:
3682:
3619:The word "oxycodone" should not be confused with "
3491:The drug is in Appendix III of the Narcotics Act (
3247:Opioids were responsible for 49,000 of the 72,000
2196:
2166:
2140:
2110:
9184:Canada Department of Justice (27 February 2009).
9070:
9043:
8248:Policy Impact: Prescription Pain Killer Overdoses
8172:Now a counselor, she went from stoned to straight
7647:
7313:The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists
7130:
6739:
6554:
6280:
5436:Poitras R, Warren D, Oyogoa S (7 December 2017).
5343:
5217:
4956:
4349:
4061:
3119:; his death was noted in the ghetto's chronicle.
3075:
2428:
30:For the naturally occurring peptide hormone, see
17547:
17076:(met-enkephalin releaser/degradation stabilizer)
8390:
7802:Merck 1930 package insert for Skophedal (German)
7376:
6007:
5901:
5296:
4055:
2207:Oxycodone, a semi-synthetic opioid, is a highly
731:
618:
9777:
9775:
9773:
9745:. International Narcotics Control Board (2011).
9726:. International Narcotics Control Board (2011).
8523:"Oxycodone found to be more deadly than heroin"
7610:Disposition of Toxic Drugs and Chemicals in Man
7544:Thodey K, Galanie S, Smolke CD (October 2014).
7331:
6735:
6733:
6564:Kelley and Firestein's Textbook of Rheumatology
6223:
5729:
5727:
5072:
4129:
4127:
4125:
4123:
4121:
4119:
4095:
3977:
3904:
3642:Other brand names include Longtec and Shortec.
3138:. This combination is essentially an oxycodone
2537:and AUC levels are for 20 mg CR oxycodone.
2284:and addiction via activation of the MOR in the
2280:(RVM). Conversely, they are thought to produce
2249:similarly. After oxycodone binds to the MOR, a
1928:Oxycodone (and metabolite) at opioid receptors
706:
17115:
13932:
12444:Legal history of cannabis in the United States
9850:Hicks RW, Becker SC, Cousins DD, eds. (2008).
9643:International Narcotics Control Board (2009).
9493:
9491:
9453:Misuse of Drugs Act (Singapore), section 5(1).
9240:. 2010. Ministry of Health and Long Term Care.
8889:"How Do You Make a Painkiller Addiction-Proof"
8514:
8483:
7842:
7758:
7754:
7752:
7401:
7372:
7370:
7368:
7366:
7364:
7247:
6321:
6157:
4029:. Oxford University Press USA. pp. 195–.
2965:that relieves this agony fostering addiction.
2678:of 2.6L/kg, in the blood it is distributed to
17601:World Health Organization essential medicines
17101:
13918:
11417:
9969:
9918:
9681:
8726:
8724:
8668:"Death of OxyContin behind rise of fentanyl?"
8421:
6529:
6527:
6525:
6523:
6236:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 167–.
5910:
5442:International Journal of Surgery Case Reports
5223:
5192:
5190:
5188:
5186:
5184:
5040:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 198–.
4962:
4722:"Appropriate Use of Opioids for Chronic Pain"
4669:Dowell D, Haegerich TM, Chou R (March 2016).
3758:Bonewit-West K, Hunt SA, Applegate E (2012).
3719:Bonewit-West K, Hunt SA, Applegate E (2012).
3522:Oxycodone is listed as a Class A drug in the
3046:opioids including this one. This system uses
1634:, a number of specific medications including
11444:
9887:Great Western Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust
9770:
9757:
9755:
9753:
9751:
9638:
9636:
9634:
9349:
9294:
9116:. Australasian Legal Information Institute.
8580:
8578:
8301:, The Pharmaceutical Journal, 16 March 2015.
8181:
8156:
7622:
7465:
7163:
7076:
6768:
6730:
6687:
6567:. Elsevier Health Sciences. pp. 1080–.
6293:Pain Assessment and Pharmacologic Management
6131:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 46–.
5724:
5689:
5638:
5144:
5142:
5140:
5138:
5136:
5134:
4798:
4391:Stanford School of Medicine, Palliative Care
4243:
4241:
4239:
4116:
3921:
3659:
3657:
3655:
3242:U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
3126:introduced a combination product containing
3009:) in place of the hydroxyl group of codeine.
2595:Instant-release absorption profiles and Tmax
2438:
2423:Tooltip Half-maximal effective concentration
1829:of these enzymes, increasing and decreasing
1655:
606:
186:
9983:
9781:
9766:. Washington: National Academy of Sciences.
9527:. UK. Office of Public Sector Information.
9488:
9177:
8553:"Study finds huge rise in oxycodone deaths"
8152:
8150:
7811:
7749:
7361:
7347:. Elsevier Health Sciences. pp. 234–.
7340:
7204:
7004:
7002:
7000:
6774:
6059:. Elsevier Health Sciences. pp. 933–.
6046:
6020:. Elsevier Health Sciences. pp. 611–.
5986:
4969:. Elsevier Health Sciences. pp. 789–.
4753:
4365:. Elsevier Health Sciences. pp. 491–.
4237:
4235:
4233:
4231:
4229:
4227:
4225:
4223:
4221:
4219:
4102:. Elsevier Health Sciences. pp. 336–.
4022:
3799:
3797:
3795:
3793:
2181:
2153:
2125:
2095:
2080:
2065:
1566:. Common side effects of oxycodone include
1413:Both sides of a single 10mg OxyContin pill.
1271:Oxycodone was originally produced from the
1109:. It is highly addictive and is a commonly
17108:
17094:
13925:
13911:
13172:Arguments for and against drug prohibition
11424:
11410:
9976:
9962:
9584:. US Dept of Justice – DEA. Archived from
9249:
9114:"Narcotic Drugs Act 1967 – first schedule"
8721:
8391:Bebinger M, Willmsen C (15 January 2019).
7377:Ryan H, Girion L, Glover S (7 July 2016).
6520:
6327:
6287:Ferrell BR, Pasero C, McCaffery M (2010).
5317:
5297:Fitzgibbon DR, Loeser JD (28 March 2012).
5227:Practical Prescribing for Medical Students
5181:
5105:
4929:
4915:. Demos Medical Publishing. pp. 71–.
4885:"Restless Legs Syndrome | Baylor Medicine"
4855:"FDA approves OxyContin for kids 11 to 16"
4276:
4274:
3949:
3947:
3945:
3663:
2979:Oxycodone's chemical name is derived from
2402:
2393:Pharmacology of oxycodone and metabolites
1941:
1437:Oxycodone tamper-resistant (OxyContin OTR)
1360:in the treatment of severe and refractory
933:
910:
791:
584:
11431:
9877:
9748:
9631:
9574:
9358:"Dangerous drugs ordinance – chapter 134"
8791:"Huge rise in Scots misuse of painkiller"
8730:
8697:Gatehouse J, Macdonald N (22 June 2015).
8575:
8313:"The Family That Built an Empire of Pain"
8021:"The Family That Built an Empire of Pain"
7573:
7525:
7487:
7279:
7187:
7134:Metabolism of Drugs and Other Xenobiotics
7100:
6980:
6885:
6835:
6607:
6495:
6209:. Oxford University Press. pp. 33–.
6118:
6109:
5884:
5823:European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology
5787:
5672:
5652:Journal of Endocrinological Investigation
5547:
5461:
5131:
4908:
4830:
4781:
4771:
4760:Therapeutics and Clinical Risk Management
4696:
4686:
4645:
4635:
4624:International Journal of General Medicine
4568:
4469:
4433:
4308:
4298:
4096:McPherson RA, Pincus MR (31 March 2016).
3821:
3764:. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 571.
3725:. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 571.
3652:
3267:, which is cheaper and easier to obtain.
2722:. The major metabolites of oxycodone are
1985:
1975:
1965:
811:
13146:Psilocybin decriminalization in the U.S.
12843:
9919:Coluzzi F, Mattia C (July–August 2005).
9843:
8819:
8733:"Fentanyl brings tragedy to Blood Tribe"
8147:
7985:
7917:. Drug Formulation and Abuse Liability.
7908:
7137:. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 420–.
7131:Anzenbacher P, Zanger UM (29 May 2012).
6997:
6961:Pharmacology Research & Perspectives
5980:
5601:
5224:Bradbury H, Hodge BS (8 November 2013).
4333:British national formulary : BNF 74
4216:
3790:
3457:
2730:("relatively high concentrations"), and
2257:by the cell by decreasing the amount of
1884:
1541:
1529:
1475:
13182:Capital punishment for drug trafficking
12237:Neocannabinoid / synthetic cannabinoids
9517:
9469:. UK. Home Office. 2009. Archived from
9148:. Canberra: Commonwealth of Australia.
8520:
8011:
8009:
7656:
7623:Freund M, Speyer E (24 November 1916).
7505:
7341:Davis PJ, Cladis FP (15 October 2016).
7303:
7301:
7299:
6908:was 60 min, and bioavailability was 55%
6233:The Essence of Analgesia and Analgesics
6052:
5987:King TL, Brucker MC (25 October 2010).
5695:
5073:Staats PS, Silverman SM (28 May 2016).
4902:
4450:
4387:"Opioid Conversion / Equivalency Table"
4271:
4249:"Oxycodone Monograph for Professionals"
4065:Cancer Nursing: Principles and Practice
3942:
1451:(Endodan, Oxycodan, Percodan, Roxiprin)
906:
771:
574:
159:
14:
17548:
13073:Office of National Drug Control Policy
12861:International drug control conventions
9669:from the original on 30 September 2020
9606:
9456:
9015:"FDA Okays New Abuse-Resistant Opioid"
8917:
8788:
8665:
8650:
8273:from the original on 18 September 2013
7607:
7213:Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics
6540:. Elsevier Science. pp. 462–464.
6533:
6380:Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics
5196:
5119:from the original on 25 September 2020
4935:
4422:Journal of Pain and Symptom Management
3922:Elliott JA, Smith HS (19 April 2016).
3810:Journal of Pain and Symptom Management
3592:, the translations of "oxycodone" are
3543:Oxycodone is a Class A drug under the
3393:
3072:input into other opiates and opioids.
2870:concerning this system, as well as by
2807:, respectively, and by N-oxidation to
1558:(a reduction in anxiety), feelings of
924:
471:
444:
17089:
13906:
13264:
12842:
12414:List of cannabis rights organizations
12361:
11443:
11405:
9957:
9442:Cap. 185, 2008 Rev. Ed.
9307:from the original on 22 December 2015
9250:Dhalla I, Born K (22 February 2012).
9012:
8960:. US Government – FDA. Archived from
8931:. Scottsdale, Arizona. Archived from
8899:from the original on 14 December 2019
8709:from the original on 15 December 2015
8489:
8452:
8422:DeCosta-Klipa N (17 September 2019).
8351:
8310:
8199:from the original on 28 November 2015
8015:
7468:"Engineering of Secondary Metabolism"
7319:from the original on 28 December 2018
6693:
6650:
6289:"Table 16-1 Equianalgesic Dose Chart"
6250:
6124:
6091:
5751:from the original on 13 December 2018
5395:Clinical & Translational Oncology
5148:
5015:from the original on 12 February 2017
4464:. Geneva: World Health Organization.
4415:
4325:
4259:from the original on 28 December 2018
3876:
3874:
3872:
3870:
3803:
3574:International Narcotics Control Board
2917:
2698:of oxycodone in humans occurs in the
2643:as oral oxycodone, along with faster
2355:
879:
859:
456:
177:
145:
123:Roxicodone, OxyContin, Endone, others
9761:
9295:Weeks C, Howlett K (4 August 2015).
8886:
8801:from the original on 10 October 2022
8678:from the original on 9 February 2019
8533:from the original on 23 January 2015
8502:from the original on 23 January 2015
8434:from the original on 17 October 2019
8430:. Boston Globe Media Partners, LLC.
8403:from the original on 16 October 2019
8372:from the original on 2 February 2019
8333:from the original on 22 January 2018
8059:from the original on 24 October 2017
8033:from the original on 22 January 2018
8006:
7296:
7020:from the original on 25 January 2019
6203:Kringelbach ML, Berridge KC (2010).
5581:"Tapering off opioids: When and how"
5513:Current Medical Research and Opinion
4577:Current Medical Research and Opinion
3778:from the original on 10 January 2023
3471:a painkiller. Since introducing its
3296:opioid epidemic in the United States
3236:Opioid epidemic in the United States
2572:
1878:
1716:Opioid § Low sex hormone levels
1330:in management of moderate to severe
1043:O=C45Oc1c2c(ccc1OC)C3N(CC253(O)CC4)C
440:(Special prescription form required)
368:
358:
348:
338:
328:
318:
9880:"Oxycodone Longtec Patient Leaflet"
9619:from the original on 13 August 2021
8832:from the original on 26 August 2013
7489:10.1146/annurev-genet-120213-092053
7176:The New England Journal of Medicine
7151:from the original on 7 October 2022
6589:from the original on 7 October 2022
6348:from the original on 7 October 2022
6309:from the original on 7 October 2022
6184:from the original on 7 October 2022
6145:from the original on 7 October 2022
6073:from the original on 6 October 2022
6034:from the original on 6 October 2022
5244:from the original on 7 October 2022
5230:. SAGE Publications. pp. 93–.
5169:from the original on 7 October 2022
5093:from the original on 7 October 2022
5054:from the original on 7 October 2022
4983:from the original on 7 October 2022
4496:from the original on 30 August 2024
4043:from the original on 7 October 2022
4023:Smith H, Passik S (25 April 2008).
3739:from the original on 6 October 2022
3538:
3453:Controlled Drugs and Substances Act
3428:Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs
3166:which opened the Second World War.
3164:staged incident on 1 September 1939
2589:
1922:
1892:This section's equianalgesic table
1508:(IM) use. When first introduced in
1342:), the only other extended-release
839:
831:
722:
24:
12966:Law Enforcement Action Partnership
9912:
9531:from the original on 18 April 2009
9390:from the original on 24 April 2016
9280:. 20 February 2012. Archived from
9231:Narcotics Safety and Awareness Act
9165:from the original on 19 April 2009
8739:. Calgary, Alberta. Archived from
8053:"OxyContin: Pain Relief vs. Abuse"
7873:Tooltip Public Law (United States)
7824:from the original on 25 April 2016
7812:Breitenbach D (9 September 2015).
7419:from the original on 21 April 2018
6262:Merck Manuals Professional Edition
5271:from the original on 24 March 2009
4362:Essentials of Internal Medicine 3e
4148:10.1002/j.1552-4604.1996.tb04223.x
3965:from the original on 13 April 2014
3892:from the original on 13 April 2014
3867:
3550:
3473:Narcotics Safety and Awareness Act
3294:bears some responsibility for the
3214:
2682:, liver, intestinal tract, lungs,
1894:appears to contradict the article
1468:Controlled-release oxycodone with
1461:Controlled-release oxycodone with
1367:
563:• Others (e.g., minor metabolites)
25:
17612:
15893:Desmetramadol (desmethyltramadol)
15221:Desmetramadol (desmethyltramadol)
14174:Dextropropoxyphene (propoxyphene)
14159:Desmetramadol (desmethyltramadol)
12983:Students for Sensible Drug Policy
11068:Tetrahydrocannabinol (dronabinol)
9552:"Controlled substance scheduling"
9501:. UK. Home Office. Archived from
9337:from the original on 1 March 2009
9120:from the original on 24 June 2010
8628:. 11 January 2010. Archived from
8563:from the original on 28 June 2012
7845:Blitzed: drugs in the Third Reich
6653:Current Opinion in Anesthesiology
6170:. Academic Press. pp. 884–.
5331:from the original on 21 June 2013
4909:Gould III HJ (11 December 2006).
4675:MMWR. Recommendations and Reports
4435:10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2005.01.010
4182:Current Pain and Headache Reports
3925:Handbook of Acute Pain Management
3823:10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2005.01.010
3700:from the original on 19 June 2020
3384:
1957:
1709:
1454:Immediate-release oxycodone with
1447:Immediate-release oxycodone with
1440:Immediate-release oxycodone with
395:
209:
17533:
16273:Salvinorin B methoxymethyl ether
12988:Transform Drug Policy Foundation
12882:Other treaties addressing drugs
12362:
9871:
9831:from the original on 4 July 2010
9810:
9729:
9717:
9698:. United Nations. Archived from
9600:
9543:
9447:
9434:
9402:
9376:
9288:
9266:
9243:
9224:
9204:
9132:
9105:
9058:from the original on 3 June 2012
9037:
9006:
8976:
8950:
8911:
8880:
8844:
8813:
8782:
8690:
8659:
8644:
8614:
8545:
8446:
8415:
8384:
8345:
8285:
8253:
8241:
8211:
8165:
8122:
8097:
8071:
8045:
7979:
7953:
7927:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2005.11.028
7902:
7861:
7836:
7805:
7796:
7787:
7710:
7683:
7616:
7601:
7389:from the original on 1 July 2018
7272:10.1111/j.1476-5381.2010.00709.x
7089:Journal of Analytical Toxicology
6816:Journal of Clinical Pharmacology
6777:European Journal of Pharmacology
6742:European Journal of Pharmacology
6490:(2): 463–70, table of contents.
5698:The American Journal of Medicine
5155:. OUP Oxford. pp. 155–158.
4963:Skidmore-Roth L (16 July 2015).
4754:Biancofiore G (September 2006).
4136:Journal of Clinical Pharmacology
3690:"Oxycodone Use During Pregnancy"
3557:Schedule II controlled substance
3530:of 10 years of imprisonment and
3514:importing oxycodone into Japan.
3373:, which is located southwest of
3229:
3198:Schedule II controlled substance
2330:secretion, but its influence on
1883:
1666:The risk of experiencing severe
1403:
1394:
1200:. Side effects may also include
964:
958:
623:Tooltip routes of administration
527:, and, to a much lesser extent,
74:
56:
47:
16268:Salvinorin B ethoxymethyl ether
13821:Regulation of therapeutic goods
13745:Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder
13306:Opium production in Afghanistan
9556:Drug information and scheduling
9549:
9278:Huffington Post. Canadian Press
9221:Toronto Star (17 February 2012)
8731:Southwick R (2 December 2015).
8081:. 28 April 2014. Archived from
7431:
7260:British Journal of Pharmacology
7042:Drug Metabolism and Disposition
7032:
6948:
6913:
6861:
6852:
6803:
6644:
6601:
6268:from the original on 3 May 2016
6085:
6056:Havard's Nursing Guide to Drugs
5990:Pharmacology for Women's Health
5763:
5595:
5573:
5503:
5478:
5429:
5386:
5256:
4995:
4877:
4847:
4713:
4662:
4611:
4533:
4508:
4478:
4409:
4393:. 20 April 2013. Archived from
4379:
4173:
3413:
3190:Controlled Substances Act (CSA)
3020:
2878:of oxycodone, while others are
2669:
2517:
2512:
1874:
1797:
1523:
1472:(Troxyca) – 10–12 hour duration
1302:
1262:effect of the equivalent amount
1068:Key:BRUQQQPBMZOVGD-XFKAJCMBSA-N
432:
16193:Norbuprenorphine-3-glucuronide
13769:of tobacco or other substances
10836:Aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid)
8521:Donovan K (10 February 2009).
7986:Mitchell J (26 January 2018).
7761:Bulletin of Anesthesia History
7665:. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. p.
6904:was between 16 and 22 ng/mL, T
6094:"Opioids- mechanism of action"
5203:. OUP Oxford. pp. 64–65.
4936:Graves K (29 September 2015).
3751:
3712:
3437:
3076:Detection in biological fluids
2998:between those two carbons; and
2889:
2321:equivalent in analgesic effect
967:
952:
421:
408:
13:
1:
16168:Nalodeine (N-allylnorcodeine)
15361:Met-enkephalin (metenkefalin)
14970:Nalodeine (N-allylnorcodeine)
14399:Met-enkephalin (metenkefalin)
13801:Needle and syringe programmes
13750:Long-term effects of cannabis
13151:Psilocybin mushrooms legality
13078:School district drug policies
7843:Ohler N, Whiteside S (2017).
7773:10.1016/S1522-8649(03)50051-8
7629:Journal für Praktische Chemie
7527:10.3410/f.718541729.793511628
6622:10.1016/S0304-3959(97)00093-6
5197:Forbes K (29 November 2007).
4939:Drug I.D. & Symptom Guide
3645:
3426:included oxycodone. The 1961
2855:is further glucuronidated to
2689:
2544:However, despite the greater
2533:is for hMOR1 GTPyS binding. C
604:By mouth (IR): 2–3 hrs (same
15391:N-Phenethyl-14-ethoxymetopon
12871:1971 Psychotropic Substances
9796:10.1016/0376-8716(89)90083-5
9652:. New York: United Nations.
9607:Selsky A (4 November 2020).
9444:) (Singapore), section 6(1).
8990:. Pfizer Inc. Archived from
8820:Thompson T (24 March 2002).
8311:Keefe PR (23 October 2017).
6789:10.1016/j.ejphar.2007.01.021
6754:10.1016/j.ejphar.2006.02.002
6665:10.1097/ACO.0b013e32830a4c4a
6497:10.1213/ane.0b013e3181605a15
6444:10.1517/17425255.2013.779669
6295:. Elsevier Health Sciences.
6111:10.18773/austprescr.1996.063
5956:10.1007/978-3-642-77460-7_26
5913:Journal of Opioid Management
5886:10.1097/ALN.0b013e31819faa54
5789:10.1212/WNL.0000000000003684
5710:10.1016/j.amjmed.2012.12.001
4542:Journal of Opioid Management
4026:Pain and Chemical Dependency
3567:
3517:
3500:
3315:
3304:ran a piece confirming that
2968:
2857:noroxymorphone-3-glucuronide
2278:rostral ventromedial medulla
1788:ischemic damage to the brain
1500:, oxycodone is approved for
1318:Oxycodone is available as a
1160:Common side effects include
1093:, sold under the brand name
614:Tooltip biological half-life
7:
17591:Mu-opioid receptor agonists
17044:β-Lipotropin (proendorphin)
16672:((pF)Phe)Nociceptin(1-13)NH
16053:Leumorphin (dynorphin B-29)
14539:Oxymorphone phenylhydrazone
13659:Pharmaceutical distribution
13296:Coca production in Colombia
12747:Counterculture of the 1960s
10478:Paracetamol (acetaminophen)
9784:Drug and Alcohol Dependence
9582:"DEA Diversion Control CSA"
9112:Commonwealth of Australia.
8666:Criger E (17 August 2015).
8352:Meier B (31 January 2019).
7915:Drug and Alcohol Dependence
6534:Preedy VR (25 April 2016).
5454:10.1016/j.ijscr.2017.11.060
5361:1. Package insert Oxycontin
5079:. Springer. pp. 172–.
3928:. CRC Press. pp. 82–.
3446:
3270:
2815:(which can subsequently be
2372:at) the MOR in comparison.
1794:from suppressed breathing.
1731:
1650:opioid-induced constipation
10:
17617:
17064:Proopiomelanocortin (POMC)
16684:-NH)Gly)Nociceptin(1-13)NH
15788:Adrenorphin (metorphamide)
14955:Methylsamidorphan chloride
14189:Dimethylaminopivalophenone
14014:Adrenorphin (metorphamide)
13831:Substance abuse prevention
13806:Opioid replacement therapy
9044:League of Nations (1931).
8789:Gordon T (30 March 2008).
7698:(5): A53–A79. 7 May 1921.
6934:10.1007/s40262-018-00731-3
6887:10.1007/s40262-018-00731-3
6708:10.1016/j.pain.2007.09.027
6392:10.1016/j.clpt.2006.01.009
6328:Levy EF, Victor J (2007).
6053:Tiziani AP (1 June 2013).
4474:. WHO/MHP/HPS/EML/2023.02.
3486:
3233:
3218:
3188:In the United States, the
3087:
2972:
2410:Tooltip Inhibitor constant
1949:Tooltip Inhibitor constant
1713:
1659:
1371:
942:Chemical and physical data
589:Tooltip controlled release
29:
17581:Drugs developed by Pfizer
17484:
17459:
17431:
17398:
17339:
17306:
17258:
17230:
17221:
17128:
16984:Racecadotril (acetorphan)
16932:
16844:
16659:
16648:
16391:Buprenorphine/samidorphan
16348:
16303:Tricyclic antidepressants
15745:
15734:
15514:
15381:Mitragynine pseudoindoxyl
15088:
15077:
14734:
14424:Mitragynine pseudoindoxyl
13943:
13844:
13836:Supervised injection site
13778:
13693:
13319:
13286:
13275:
13271:
13265:
13260:
13164:
13126:Anabolic steroid legality
13113:
12998:
12906:
12891:Convention Against Doping
12886:Law of the Sea Convention
12853:
12849:
12838:
12817:Urban legends about drugs
12729:
12681:
12618:
12515:
12482:
12374:
12370:
12357:
12294:
12267:
12205:
12151:
12052:
11957:
11948:
11893:
11726:
11589:
11454:
11450:
11439:
11362:
11281:
11238:
11216:
11179:Tricyclic antidepressants
11135:
11087:
11076:
11038:
10993:
10942:
10826:
10793:
10742:
10678:
10642:
10552:
10543:
10452:
10250:
10068:
10009:
10000:
9440:Misuse of Drugs Act (
8219:"Oxycontin and Addiction"
8134:World Health Organization
8109:World Health Organization
7909:Sapienza FL (June 2006).
7661:Drug discovery: a history
7472:Annual Review of Genetics
6922:Clinical Pharmacokinetics
6874:Clinical Pharmacokinetics
5835:10.1007/s00228-010-0879-1
5665:10.1007/s40618-018-0964-3
5525:10.1185/03007990802584454
5407:10.1007/s12094-007-0057-9
4811:British Journal of Cancer
4773:10.2147/tcrm.2006.2.3.229
4726:American Family Physician
4458:World Health Organization
4194:10.1007/s11916-019-0751-7
3605:
3324:
2963:schedule of reinforcement
2902:impairment. Oxycodone is
2825:oxymorphone-3-glucuronide
2523:
2286:mesolimbic reward pathway
1990:Tooltip κ-Opioid receptor
1980:Tooltip δ-Opioid receptor
1970:Tooltip μ-Opioid receptor
1956:
1935:
1932:
1841:, respectively.) Natural
1656:Dependence and withdrawal
1293:combination with naloxone
1076:
1051:
1031:
1021:
1017:219 °C (426 °F)
1011:
989:
976:
946:
941:
922:
890:
870:
850:
822:
802:
782:
762:
742:
717:
697:
661:
656:
643:
631:
595:
567:
535:
514:
504:
494:
486:
385:
380:
305:
293:
247:
235:
223:
197:
167:
153:
135:
127:
117:
69:
64:
55:
46:
16969:Dexecadotril (retorphan)
16941:Enkephalinase inhibitors
16870:BTRX-246040 (LY-2940094)
16852:(Nphe)Nociceptin(1-13)NH
16768:Nociceptin (orphanin FQ)
13632:Turks and Caicos Islands
13141:Methamphetamine legality
12454:Marijuana Policy Project
11445:Major recreational drugs
10513:+propyphenazone/caffeine
9499:"Class A, B and C drugs"
9013:Fiore K (20 June 2011).
8674:. Rogers Digital Media.
8297:20 November 2017 at the
7704:10.1002/cber.19210540533
7641:10.1002/prac.19160940112
6828:10.1177/0091270011401620
6484:Anesthesia and Analgesia
6167:Fundamental Neuroscience
5325:"Oxycodone Side Effects"
5149:Davis MP (28 May 2009).
4688:10.15585/mmwr.rr6501e1er
4589:10.1185/030079908X253708
4287:Journal of Pain Research
3580:
3545:Misuse of Drugs Act 1971
3535:15 strokes of the cane.
3508:
3049:Saccharomyces cerevisiae
2625:intranasal drug delivery
2218:(MOR). This is the main
1642:Oxycodone in combination
1137:are also available with
639:By mouth (CR): 10–12 hrs
478:Narcotic Schedule I
16667:(Arg14,Lys15)Nociceptin
15938:Dynorphin B (rimorphin)
14980:Nalorphine dinicotinate
12409:Cannabis rights leaders
9928:Minerva Anestesiologica
8895:. Bonnier Corporation.
8490:Boyle T (7 July 2014).
8176:San Francisco Chronicle
7550:Nature Chemical Biology
7443:8 November 2020 at the
7409:"'Q12' Workshops, 2001"
5604:Journal of Perinatology
3664:O'Neil MJ, ed. (2006).
3255:In September 2013, the
3142:of the morphine-based "
3109:German Chemical Society
3101:University of Frankfurt
2558:route of administration
2496:233 ± 102 ng/h/mL
2477:12.3 ± 12 ng/h/mL
2458:236 ± 102 ng/h/mL
2368:for (as well as higher
1349:approved for children.
1283:. It is available as a
1125:formulations. Onset of
579:Tooltip Instant release
16283:Spiradoline (U-62,066)
16228:Pethidine (meperidine)
15421:Pethidine (meperidine)
15111:ADL-5747 (PF-04856881)
14757:4-Caffeoyl-1,5-quinide
14656:Tetrahydropapaveroline
14571:Pethidine (meperidine)
13217:Politics of drug abuse
12185:Mandragora officinarum
10363:Pethidine (meperidine)
9086:. 1961. Archived from
8929:NASCSA 2012 Conference
8887:Diep F (13 May 2013).
8586:"OxyContin Fact Sheet"
8223:consumer.healthday.com
8189:"Overdose Death Rates"
7506:Deng Z, Liu T (2015).
7054:10.1124/dmd.106.009746
6206:Pleasures of the Brain
5704:(3 Suppl 1): S12–S18.
5200:Opioids in Cancer Pain
5152:Opioids in Cancer Pain
4823:10.1054/bjoc.2001.1680
3494:Betäubungsmittelgesetz
3463:
3169:The personal notes of
3062:(the opium poppy) and
3013:It is also similar to
2884:reduced liver function
2676:volume of distribution
2609:subcutaneous injection
2567:central nervous system
2474:0.82 ± 0.85 ng/mL
2338:activity (measured by
2290:ventral tegmental area
2245:(KOR), where it is an
1901:Please discuss at the
1564:respiratory depression
1547:
1539:
1481:
1362:restless legs syndrome
1117:, and is available in
1113:. It is usually taken
637:By mouth (IR): 3–6 hrs
627:By mouth (CR): 4.5 hrs
17596:Semisynthetic opioids
16974:Ecadotril (sinorphan)
16461:CERC-501 (LY-2456302)
16361:4',7-Dihydroxyflavone
15923:Dinalbuphine sebacate
15798:Alazocine (SKF-10047)
15522:4',7-Dihydroxyflavone
15481:Thiobromadol (C-8813)
15121:Alazocine (SKF-10047)
14767:4',7-Dihydroxyflavone
14747:2-(S)-N,N-(R)-Viminol
14219:Dinalbuphine sebacate
13577:Saint Kitts and Nevis
12876:1988 Drug Trafficking
12469:Cannabis and religion
11433:Recreational drug use
10984:+paracetamol/caffeine
10962:Metamizole (dipyrone)
10896:Morpholine salicylate
10840:+paracetamol/caffeine
9284:on 23 September 2020.
8988:Pfizer News and Media
8795:Sunday Times (London)
8161:. pp. A1 and A9.
7566:10.1038/nchembio.1613
5925:10.5055/jom.2015.0284
5616:10.1038/sj.jp.7210744
5490:Clinical Trials Arena
5037:Acute Pain Management
4554:10.5055/jom.2017.0415
4486:"The Top 300 of 2022"
3461:
3281:published a story on
3028:Epipactis helleborine
2864:genetic polymorphisms
2823:3-Glucuronidation to
2493:15.2 ± 4.5 ng/mL
2455:23.2 ± 8.6 ng/mL
2387:biological half-lives
1545:
1533:
1479:
1374:Oxycodone/paracetamol
17433:Neuroactive steroids
17400:Arylcyclohexylamines
16831:Sunobinop (S-117957)
16566:N-Fluoropropyl-JDTic
15898:Diamorphine (heroin)
15231:Diamorphine (heroin)
14199:Diamorphine (heroin)
13999:Acetyldihydrocodeine
13979:7-Hydroxymitragynine
13974:7-Acetoxymitragynine
13826:Responsible drug use
13637:United Arab Emirates
12956:Drug Policy Alliance
12844:Legality of drug use
12449:Legality of cannabis
12424:Cannabis Social Club
12394:Cannabis cultivation
12389:Cannabis consumption
12220:Cannabis (Marijuana)
12042:Psilocybin mushrooms
11107:Gabapentin enacarbil
10901:Potassium salicylate
10891:Magnesium salicylate
10886:Imidazole salicylate
10713:Indometacin farnesil
10109:Diamorphine (heroin)
10076:Acetyldihydrocodeine
9741:13 July 2020 at the
9613:The Associated Press
9303:. Toronto, Ontario.
9217:23 June 2012 at the
8529:. Toronto, Ontario.
8498:. Toronto, Ontario.
7518:Faculty Opinions Ltd
7466:O'Connor SE (2015).
7225:10.1038/clpt.1993.43
7189:10.1056/NEJMoa041888
7102:10.1093/jat/27.6.346
5744:. 12 December 2018.
5003:"accessdata.fda.gov"
4428:(5 Suppl): S47–S56.
4416:Kalso E (May 2005).
3816:(5 Suppl): S47–S56.
3804:Kalso E (May 2005).
3038:, 2014 introduces a
2795:and excreted in the
2312:due to induction of
2233:. Oxycodone has low
2040:Equianalgesic doses
1762:circulatory collapse
1748:, cold/clammy skin,
1356:, is sometimes used
1248:. Those allergic to
1135:Combination products
17566:4,5-Epoxymorphinans
17117:General anesthetics
17034:Ubenimex (bestatin)
16778:Nociceptin (1-13)NH
16386:β-Chlornaltrexamine
16356:4′-Hydroxyflavanone
15778:β-Chlornaltrexamine
15652:N-Benzylnaltrindole
15547:β-Chlornaltrexamine
15466:TAN-67 (SB-205,607)
15131:AR-M100390 (ARM390)
14792:β-Chlornaltrexamine
14762:4′-Hydroxyflavanone
13989:α-Chlornaltrexamine
13884:Tobacco consumption
13854:Alcohol consumption
13796:Drug rehabilitation
13733:Effects of cannabis
13457:Indian Ocean region
13237:Philippine drug war
12866:1961 Narcotic Drugs
11547:nail polish remover
10856:Carbasalate calcium
9562:on 21 November 2015
9364:on 15 December 2007
9236:7 June 2020 at the
9025:on 22 December 2015
8994:on 22 December 2015
8868:on 22 December 2015
8743:on 22 December 2015
8655:. Toronto, Ontario.
8632:on 26 November 2011
8602:on 17 November 2008
8195:. 29 January 2019.
8178:, 2 November. 2015.
8019:(23 October 2017).
7542: •
7504: •
7464: •
6258:"Treatment of Pain"
4637:10.2147/IJGM.S94685
4397:on 9 September 2020
4300:10.2147/JPR.S127602
3696:. 14 October 2019.
3532:corporal punishment
3524:Misuse of Drugs Act
3394:Preventive measures
3152:anterograde amnesia
2843:N-Demethylation to
2833:6-Ketoreduction to
2813:6β-oxycodol-N-oxide
2809:6α-oxycodol-N-oxide
2752:O-Demethylation to
2633:oral administration
2563:blood–brain barrier
2394:
2340:natural killer cell
2288:, including in the
2274:periaqueductal gray
2041:
1929:
1857:lopinavir/ritonavir
1790:, due to prolonged
1750:pauses in breathing
1382:Oxycodone/ibuprofen
1023:Solubility in water
43:
17511:Never to phase III
16596:Norbinaltorphimine
15903:Diacetylnalorphine
15592:Diacetylnalorphine
15216:Desmethylclozapine
14870:Diacetylnalorphine
14550:Papaver somniferum
14134:Chloroxymorphamine
13740:Drug-related crime
13417:Dominican Republic
13327:Illegal drug trade
12802:Religion and drugs
12757:Drug paraphernalia
12737:Chasing the dragon
12696:Fashion cigarettes
12277:Calea zacatechichi
11972:Psychoactive toads
11682:Mitragyna speciosa
11634:Dextropropoxyphene
11576:Nonbenzodiazepines
11484:Alcoholic beverage
11389:Never to phase III
11294:Analgesic adjuvant
11195:1.7/1.8-selective:
10861:Choline salicylate
10288:Dextropropoxyphene
9476:on 5 February 2007
8771:on 24 January 2016
8358:The New York Times
7967:. 14 December 2021
7657:Sneader W (2005).
5115:. 19 August 2016.
3959:Medscape Reference
3886:Medscape Reference
3608: (Arabic),
3464:
3301:The New York Times
3065:Pseudomonas putida
3059:Papaver somniferum
2924:generic medication
2918:Duration of action
2874:. Some people are
2827:predominantly via
2756:predominantly via
2746:predominantly via
2664:peak plasma levels
2392:
2356:Active metabolites
2267:potassium channels
2261:produced, closing
2038:
1927:
1821:can be altered by
1766:respiratory arrest
1758:constricted pupils
1754:low blood pressure
1632:bowel perforations
1548:
1540:
1482:
1386:Oxycodone/naloxone
1320:controlled-release
1285:generic medication
1123:controlled-release
633:Duration of action
39:
17576:German inventions
17521:
17520:
17480:
17479:
17298:Thiotetrabarbital
17203:Trichloroethylene
17083:
17082:
16928:
16927:
16773:Nociceptin (1-11)
16644:
16643:
15773:14-Methoxymetopon
15730:
15729:
15647:Methylnaltrindole
15073:
15072:
14742:(3S,4S)-Picenadol
14354:Levacetylmethadol
13900:
13899:
13896:
13895:
13892:
13891:
13811:Pharmacovigilance
13791:Drug legalization
13689:
13688:
13256:
13255:
13252:
13251:
13187:Cognitive liberty
13131:Cannabis legality
12919:Decriminalization
12834:
12833:
12830:
12829:
12716:Smoking fetishism
12353:
12352:
12349:
12348:
12290:
12289:
12170:Atropa belladonna
11537:contact adhesives
11479:Ethanol (alcohol)
11399:
11398:
11234:
11233:
11218:Potassium openers
11155:Local anesthetics
11097:Alcohol (ethanol)
11034:
11033:
10933:methyl salicylate
10921:Sodium salicylate
10808:Meclofenamic acid
10483:+aspirin/caffeine
10448:
10447:
9878:Postlethwaite J.
9659:978-92-1-048124-3
9262:on 21 March 2015.
9210:Olgilvie, Megan.
9155:978-1-74186-596-7
9093:on 17 August 2011
8918:Coplan P (2012).
8469:978-0-7334-2625-4
8193:www.drugabuse.gov
8159:Los Angeles Times
8105:"Opioid overdose"
8085:on 2 January 2018
7854:978-1-328-66379-5
7690:"Martin Freund".
7676:978-0-471-89980-8
7608:Baselt R (2017).
7413:Los Angeles Times
7383:Los Angeles Times
7354:978-0-323-38869-6
7182:(27): 2827–2831.
7144:978-3-527-32903-8
6574:978-0-323-31696-5
6547:978-0-12-800677-1
6341:978-1-4020-5947-6
6302:978-0-323-08263-1
6243:978-1-139-49198-3
6216:978-0-19-533102-8
6177:978-0-12-385871-9
6138:978-0-521-62269-1
6066:978-0-7295-8162-2
6027:978-0-323-11374-8
6000:978-1-4496-1073-9
5965:978-3-642-77462-1
5659:(12): 1377–1388.
5519:(12): 3503–3512.
5310:978-1-4511-5279-1
5237:978-1-4462-9753-7
5210:978-0-19-921880-6
5162:978-0-19-923664-0
5086:978-3-319-30964-4
5047:978-0-521-87491-5
4976:978-0-323-17297-4
4949:978-1-56325-225-9
4922:978-1-934559-82-6
4372:978-0-7295-8081-6
4342:978-0-85711-298-9
4109:978-0-323-41315-2
4075:978-1-4496-1829-2
4036:978-0-19-530055-0
3935:978-1-4665-9635-1
3732:978-1-4557-0150-6
3675:978-0-911910-00-1
3424:League of Nations
3275:In October 2017,
3160:Operation Himmler
3130:, oxycodone, and
2959:Los Angeles Times
2938:opiate withdrawal
2933:Los Angeles Times
2880:slow metabolizers
2876:fast metabolizers
2868:drug interactions
2782:oxycodone-N-oxide
2573:κ-opioid receptor
2542:
2541:
2336:immunosuppressive
2310:neural adaptation
2294:nucleus accumbens
2255:neurotransmitters
2243:κ-opioid receptor
2239:δ-opioid receptor
2220:biological target
2216:μ-opioid receptor
2205:
2204:
2036:
2035:
1920:
1919:
1859:greatly increase
1843:genetic variation
1817:. Therefore, its
1746:slowed heart rate
1742:shallow breathing
1701:flu-like symptoms
1662:Opioid dependence
1616:urinary retention
1378:Oxycodone/aspirin
1258:μ-opioid receptor
1254:Opioid withdrawal
1141:(acetaminophen),
1119:immediate-release
1088:
1087:
1002:Interactive image
892:CompTox Dashboard
561:(11%, conjugated)
475:
460:
448:
435:
424:
412:
404:(Controlled drug)
399:
213:
180:
27:Opioid medication
16:(Redirected from
17608:
17538:
17537:
17536:
17529:
17228:
17227:
17110:
17103:
17096:
17087:
17086:
16963:
16890:Nociceptin (1-7)
16786:Norbuprenorphine
16723:Dihydroetorphine
16657:
16656:
16546:Methylnaltrexone
16456:Catechin gallate
16188:Norbuprenorphine
15913:Dihydroetorphine
15783:β-Funaltrexamine
15743:
15742:
15642:Methylnaltrexone
15582:Catechin gallate
15396:Norbuprenorphine
15236:Dihydroetorphine
15086:
15085:
14950:Methylnaltrexone
14842:Catechin gallate
14797:β-Funaltrexamine
14209:Dihydroetorphine
13952:
13951:
13927:
13920:
13913:
13904:
13903:
13728:Drug harmfulness
13723:Driving impaired
13542:Papua New Guinea
13311:Rolling meth lab
13284:
13283:
13273:
13272:
13262:
13261:
13227:Mexican drug war
13136:Cocaine legality
13121:Alcohol legality
12951:Demand reduction
12939:Supply reduction
12851:
12850:
12840:
12839:
12517:Drinking culture
12459:Medical cannabis
12419:Cannabis smoking
12376:Cannabis culture
12372:
12371:
12359:
12358:
12335:recreational use
12180:Hyoscyamus niger
12141:Salvia divinorum
12124:Amanita muscaria
12086:recreational use
12066:recreational use
11955:
11954:
11523:recreational use
11452:
11451:
11441:
11440:
11426:
11419:
11412:
11403:
11402:
11089:Calcium blockers
11085:
11084:
10981:
10930:
10756:
10744:COX-2 inhibitors
10710:
10629:Tiaprofenic acid
10600:
10587:
10579:
10550:
10549:
10427:
10207:
10146:
10118:
10090:
10007:
10006:
9978:
9971:
9964:
9955:
9954:
9950:
9949:on 9 March 2006.
9948:
9942:. Archived from
9934:(7–8): 451–460.
9925:
9906:
9905:
9903:
9901:
9896:on 23 March 2019
9895:
9889:. Archived from
9884:
9875:
9869:
9868:
9866:
9864:
9858:
9847:
9841:
9840:
9838:
9836:
9830:
9823:
9814:
9808:
9807:
9779:
9768:
9767:
9762:Eddy NB (1973).
9759:
9746:
9733:
9727:
9721:
9715:
9714:
9712:
9710:
9705:on 26 April 2012
9704:
9693:
9685:
9679:
9678:
9676:
9674:
9668:
9651:
9640:
9629:
9628:
9626:
9624:
9604:
9598:
9597:
9595:
9593:
9578:
9572:
9571:
9569:
9567:
9547:
9541:
9540:
9538:
9536:
9521:
9515:
9514:
9512:
9510:
9505:on 4 August 2007
9495:
9486:
9485:
9483:
9481:
9475:
9468:
9460:
9454:
9451:
9445:
9438:
9432:
9431:
9429:
9427:
9418:. Archived from
9406:
9400:
9399:
9397:
9395:
9386:. 19 June 2015.
9380:
9374:
9373:
9371:
9369:
9353:
9347:
9346:
9344:
9342:
9326:
9317:
9316:
9314:
9312:
9292:
9286:
9285:
9270:
9264:
9263:
9258:. Archived from
9256:healthydebate.ca
9247:
9241:
9228:
9222:
9208:
9202:
9201:
9199:
9197:
9188:. Archived from
9181:
9175:
9174:
9172:
9170:
9164:
9147:
9136:
9130:
9129:
9127:
9125:
9109:
9103:
9102:
9100:
9098:
9092:
9085:
9077:
9068:
9067:
9065:
9063:
9057:
9050:
9041:
9035:
9034:
9032:
9030:
9021:. Archived from
9010:
9004:
9003:
9001:
8999:
8980:
8974:
8973:
8971:
8969:
8954:
8948:
8947:
8945:
8943:
8937:
8926:
8915:
8909:
8908:
8906:
8904:
8884:
8878:
8877:
8875:
8873:
8867:
8859:Grünenthal Group
8856:
8848:
8842:
8841:
8839:
8837:
8826:Society Guardian
8817:
8811:
8810:
8808:
8806:
8786:
8780:
8779:
8778:
8776:
8759:
8753:
8752:
8750:
8748:
8728:
8719:
8718:
8716:
8714:
8705:. Rogers Media.
8694:
8688:
8687:
8685:
8683:
8663:
8657:
8656:
8648:
8642:
8641:
8639:
8637:
8618:
8612:
8611:
8609:
8607:
8601:
8595:. Archived from
8590:
8582:
8573:
8572:
8570:
8568:
8549:
8543:
8542:
8540:
8538:
8518:
8512:
8511:
8509:
8507:
8487:
8481:
8480:
8479:on 21 July 2008.
8478:
8472:. Archived from
8461:
8453:Black E (2008).
8450:
8444:
8443:
8441:
8439:
8419:
8413:
8412:
8410:
8408:
8388:
8382:
8381:
8379:
8377:
8349:
8343:
8342:
8340:
8338:
8308:
8302:
8289:
8283:
8282:
8280:
8278:
8272:
8265:
8257:
8251:
8245:
8239:
8238:
8236:
8234:
8229:on 15 April 2016
8225:. Archived from
8215:
8209:
8208:
8206:
8204:
8185:
8179:
8169:
8163:
8162:
8154:
8145:
8144:
8142:
8140:
8126:
8120:
8119:
8117:
8115:
8101:
8095:
8094:
8092:
8090:
8075:
8069:
8068:
8066:
8064:
8049:
8043:
8042:
8040:
8038:
8013:
8004:
8003:
8001:
7999:
7983:
7977:
7976:
7974:
7972:
7957:
7951:
7950:
7906:
7900:
7890:
7889:October 27, 1970
7874:
7870:
7865:
7859:
7858:
7840:
7834:
7833:
7831:
7829:
7809:
7803:
7800:
7794:
7791:
7785:
7784:
7756:
7747:
7746:
7744:
7742:
7723:
7714:
7708:
7707:
7687:
7681:
7680:
7664:
7654:
7645:
7644:
7620:
7614:
7613:
7605:
7599:
7595:
7577:
7558:Nature Portfolio
7539:
7529:
7513:Faculty Opinions
7501:
7491:
7459:
7448:
7435:
7429:
7428:
7426:
7424:
7405:
7399:
7398:
7396:
7394:
7374:
7359:
7358:
7338:
7329:
7328:
7326:
7324:
7305:
7294:
7293:
7283:
7251:
7245:
7244:
7208:
7202:
7201:
7191:
7167:
7161:
7160:
7158:
7156:
7128:
7115:
7114:
7104:
7080:
7074:
7073:
7048:(9): 1624–1631.
7036:
7030:
7029:
7027:
7025:
7006:
6995:
6994:
6984:
6973:10.1002/prp2.210
6952:
6946:
6945:
6917:
6911:
6910:
6889:
6865:
6859:
6856:
6850:
6849:
6839:
6807:
6801:
6800:
6783:(2–3): 160–162.
6772:
6766:
6765:
6748:(1–3): 145–151.
6737:
6728:
6727:
6691:
6685:
6684:
6648:
6642:
6641:
6605:
6599:
6598:
6596:
6594:
6558:
6552:
6551:
6531:
6518:
6517:
6499:
6475:
6464:
6463:
6427:
6412:
6411:
6375:
6358:
6357:
6355:
6353:
6325:
6319:
6318:
6316:
6314:
6284:
6278:
6277:
6275:
6273:
6254:
6248:
6247:
6227:
6221:
6220:
6200:
6194:
6193:
6191:
6189:
6161:
6155:
6154:
6152:
6150:
6125:Stein C (1999).
6122:
6116:
6115:
6113:
6092:Chahl L (1996).
6089:
6083:
6082:
6080:
6078:
6050:
6044:
6043:
6041:
6039:
6011:
6005:
6004:
5984:
5978:
5977:
5943:
5937:
5936:
5908:
5899:
5898:
5888:
5879:(6): 1371–1378.
5864:
5855:
5854:
5820:
5811:
5802:
5801:
5791:
5767:
5761:
5760:
5758:
5756:
5750:
5739:
5731:
5722:
5721:
5693:
5687:
5686:
5676:
5642:
5636:
5635:
5599:
5593:
5592:
5590:
5588:
5577:
5571:
5570:
5568:
5566:
5551:
5545:
5544:
5507:
5501:
5500:
5498:
5496:
5482:
5476:
5475:
5465:
5433:
5427:
5426:
5390:
5384:
5383:
5381:
5379:
5374:on 26 March 2009
5373:
5366:
5356:
5341:
5340:
5338:
5336:
5321:
5315:
5314:
5294:
5281:
5280:
5278:
5276:
5260:
5254:
5253:
5251:
5249:
5221:
5215:
5214:
5194:
5179:
5178:
5176:
5174:
5146:
5129:
5128:
5126:
5124:
5109:
5103:
5102:
5100:
5098:
5070:
5064:
5063:
5061:
5059:
5031:
5025:
5024:
5022:
5020:
5014:
5007:
4999:
4993:
4992:
4990:
4988:
4960:
4954:
4953:
4933:
4927:
4926:
4906:
4900:
4899:
4897:
4895:
4881:
4875:
4874:
4872:
4870:
4861:. Archived from
4851:
4845:
4844:
4834:
4802:
4796:
4795:
4785:
4775:
4751:
4742:
4741:
4717:
4711:
4710:
4700:
4690:
4666:
4660:
4659:
4649:
4639:
4615:
4609:
4608:
4572:
4566:
4565:
4537:
4531:
4530:
4528:
4526:
4512:
4506:
4505:
4503:
4501:
4482:
4476:
4475:
4473:
4454:
4448:
4447:
4437:
4413:
4407:
4406:
4404:
4402:
4383:
4377:
4376:
4356:
4347:
4346:
4329:
4323:
4322:
4312:
4302:
4278:
4269:
4268:
4266:
4264:
4245:
4214:
4213:
4177:
4171:
4170:
4131:
4114:
4113:
4093:
4080:
4079:
4059:
4053:
4052:
4050:
4048:
4020:
3975:
3974:
3972:
3970:
3951:
3940:
3939:
3919:
3902:
3901:
3899:
3897:
3878:
3865:
3864:
3862:
3860:
3850:nctr-crs.fda.gov
3842:
3836:
3835:
3825:
3801:
3788:
3787:
3785:
3783:
3755:
3749:
3748:
3746:
3744:
3716:
3710:
3709:
3707:
3705:
3686:
3680:
3679:
3661:
3615:
3611:
3607:
3528:minimum sentence
3398:In August 2010,
3283:Mortimer Sackler
3208:FDA commissioner
3001:Oxycodone has a
2987:Oxycodone has a
2947:health insurance
2674:Oxycodone has a
2590:Pharmacokinetics
2538:
2519:
2514:
2440:
2433:
2424:
2420:
2411:
2407:
2395:
2391:
2389:than oxycodone.
2298:ventral pallidum
2263:calcium channels
2198:
2183:
2168:
2155:
2142:
2127:
2112:
2097:
2082:
2067:
2042:
2037:
1991:
1987:
1981:
1977:
1971:
1967:
1959:
1950:
1946:
1930:
1926:
1923:Pharmacodynamics
1915:
1912:
1906:
1887:
1886:
1879:
1600:loss of appetite
1425:under the tongue
1407:
1398:
1290:
1275:opiate alkaloid
1178:loss of appetite
1084:
1083:
1004:
984:
969:
966:
960:
954:
937:
926:
915:
914:
900:
898:
883:
863:
843:
835:
815:
795:
775:
755:
735:
725:
724:
710:
624:
620:
615:
611:
600:
590:
586:
580:
576:
500:By mouth: 60–87%
473:
470:
465:
458:
455:
446:
443:
434:
431:
423:
420:
417:(Narcotic drugs)
410:
407:
397:
394:
372:
362:
352:
342:
332:
322:
211:
208:
190:
179:
176:
163:
149:
112:
111:
108:
107:
104:
101:
98:
95:
92:
89:
86:
83:
80:
60:
51:
44:
42:
38:
21:
17616:
17615:
17611:
17610:
17609:
17607:
17606:
17605:
17556:Catechol ethers
17546:
17545:
17544:
17534:
17532:
17524:
17522:
17517:
17516:
17501:Clinical trials
17476:
17455:
17427:
17394:
17335:
17308:Benzodiazepines
17302:
17254:
17217:
17124:
17114:
17084:
17079:
16961:
16924:
16855:
16840:
16781:
16703:
16695:
16687:
16683:
16675:
16652:
16640:
16436:Binaltorphimine
16381:6β-Naltrexol-d4
16344:
15963:Ethylketazocine
15918:Dihydromorphine
15738:
15726:
15537:6β-Naltrexol-d4
15510:
15266:Ethylketazocine
15241:Dihydromorphine
15081:
15069:
14777:6β-Naltrexol-d4
14730:
14529:Oxymorphonazine
14284:Furanylfentanyl
14214:Dihydromorphine
14069:Benzhydrocodone
13958:
13956:
13947:
13939:
13934:Opioid receptor
13931:
13901:
13888:
13846:
13840:
13816:Reagent testing
13774:
13765:Passive smoking
13695:
13685:
13315:
13301:Drug precursors
13288:
13279:
13277:
13267:
13248:
13202:Drug possession
13177:Cannabis rights
13160:
13156:Salvia legality
13109:
13000:
12994:
12902:
12845:
12826:
12807:Self-medication
12725:
12721:Tobacco smoking
12683:Smoking culture
12677:
12614:
12511:
12478:
12434:Cannabis vaping
12404:Cannabis rights
12399:Cannabis edible
12366:
12345:
12286:
12282:Silene capensis
12263:
12201:
12197:Diphenhydramine
12147:
12048:
11944:
11889:
11841:Methylphenidate
11831:Methamphetamine
11722:
11585:
11469:Benzodiazepines
11446:
11435:
11430:
11400:
11395:
11394:
11379:Clinical trials
11358:
11339:Phenazopyridine
11277:
11258:Cyclobenzaprine
11230:
11212:
11194:
11137:Sodium blockers
11131:
11079:
11072:
11030:
10989:
10979:
10938:
10928:
10822:
10818:Tolfenamic acid
10803:Flufenamic acid
10789:
10754:
10738:
10708:
10674:
10638:
10598:
10585:
10577:
10539:
10503:+metoclopramide
10444:
10425:
10246:
10205:
10144:
10127:Dihydromorphine
10116:
10088:
10064:
9996:
9982:
9946:
9923:
9915:
9913:Further reading
9910:
9909:
9899:
9897:
9893:
9882:
9876:
9872:
9862:
9860:
9856:
9848:
9844:
9834:
9832:
9828:
9821:
9815:
9811:
9780:
9771:
9760:
9749:
9743:Wayback Machine
9734:
9730:
9722:
9718:
9708:
9706:
9702:
9691:
9687:
9686:
9682:
9672:
9670:
9666:
9660:
9649:
9641:
9632:
9622:
9620:
9605:
9601:
9591:
9589:
9580:
9579:
9575:
9565:
9563:
9548:
9544:
9534:
9532:
9523:
9522:
9518:
9508:
9506:
9497:
9496:
9489:
9479:
9477:
9473:
9466:
9462:
9461:
9457:
9452:
9448:
9439:
9435:
9425:
9423:
9422:on 19 June 2015
9408:
9407:
9403:
9393:
9391:
9382:
9381:
9377:
9367:
9365:
9354:
9350:
9340:
9338:
9327:
9320:
9310:
9308:
9293:
9289:
9272:
9271:
9267:
9248:
9244:
9238:Wayback Machine
9229:
9225:
9219:Wayback Machine
9209:
9205:
9195:
9193:
9182:
9178:
9168:
9166:
9162:
9156:
9145:
9137:
9133:
9123:
9121:
9110:
9106:
9096:
9094:
9090:
9083:
9079:
9078:
9071:
9061:
9059:
9055:
9048:
9042:
9038:
9028:
9026:
9011:
9007:
8997:
8995:
8982:
8981:
8977:
8967:
8965:
8956:
8955:
8951:
8941:
8939:
8938:on 14 June 2013
8935:
8924:
8916:
8912:
8902:
8900:
8893:Popular Science
8885:
8881:
8871:
8869:
8865:
8854:
8850:
8849:
8845:
8835:
8833:
8818:
8814:
8804:
8802:
8787:
8783:
8774:
8772:
8761:
8760:
8756:
8746:
8744:
8729:
8722:
8712:
8710:
8695:
8691:
8681:
8679:
8664:
8660:
8649:
8645:
8635:
8633:
8620:
8619:
8615:
8605:
8603:
8599:
8588:
8584:
8583:
8576:
8566:
8564:
8551:
8550:
8546:
8536:
8534:
8519:
8515:
8505:
8503:
8488:
8484:
8476:
8470:
8459:
8451:
8447:
8437:
8435:
8420:
8416:
8406:
8404:
8389:
8385:
8375:
8373:
8350:
8346:
8336:
8334:
8309:
8305:
8299:Wayback Machine
8290:
8286:
8276:
8274:
8270:
8263:
8259:
8258:
8254:
8246:
8242:
8232:
8230:
8217:
8216:
8212:
8202:
8200:
8187:
8186:
8182:
8170:
8166:
8155:
8148:
8138:
8136:
8128:
8127:
8123:
8113:
8111:
8103:
8102:
8098:
8088:
8086:
8077:
8076:
8072:
8062:
8060:
8051:
8050:
8046:
8036:
8034:
8014:
8007:
7997:
7995:
7984:
7980:
7970:
7968:
7959:
7958:
7954:
7907:
7903:
7872:
7866:
7862:
7855:
7841:
7837:
7827:
7825:
7810:
7806:
7801:
7797:
7792:
7788:
7757:
7750:
7740:
7738:
7736:
7716:
7715:
7711:
7689:
7688:
7684:
7677:
7655:
7648:
7621:
7617:
7606:
7602:
7598:
7460:
7451:
7445:Wayback Machine
7436:
7432:
7422:
7420:
7407:
7406:
7402:
7392:
7390:
7375:
7362:
7355:
7339:
7332:
7322:
7320:
7307:
7306:
7297:
7252:
7248:
7209:
7205:
7168:
7164:
7154:
7152:
7145:
7129:
7118:
7081:
7077:
7037:
7033:
7023:
7021:
7014:www.drugbank.ca
7008:
7007:
6998:
6953:
6949:
6918:
6914:
6907:
6903:
6866:
6862:
6857:
6853:
6808:
6804:
6773:
6769:
6738:
6731:
6692:
6688:
6649:
6645:
6606:
6602:
6592:
6590:
6575:
6559:
6555:
6548:
6532:
6521:
6476:
6467:
6428:
6415:
6376:
6361:
6351:
6349:
6342:
6326:
6322:
6312:
6310:
6303:
6285:
6281:
6271:
6269:
6256:
6255:
6251:
6244:
6228:
6224:
6217:
6201:
6197:
6187:
6185:
6178:
6162:
6158:
6148:
6146:
6139:
6123:
6119:
6090:
6086:
6076:
6074:
6067:
6051:
6047:
6037:
6035:
6028:
6012:
6008:
6001:
5985:
5981:
5966:
5944:
5940:
5909:
5902:
5865:
5858:
5829:(10): 977–985.
5818:
5812:
5805:
5782:(10): e78–e84.
5768:
5764:
5754:
5752:
5748:
5737:
5733:
5732:
5725:
5694:
5690:
5643:
5639:
5600:
5596:
5586:
5584:
5579:
5578:
5574:
5564:
5562:
5561:on 6 April 2009
5553:
5552:
5548:
5508:
5504:
5494:
5492:
5484:
5483:
5479:
5434:
5430:
5391:
5387:
5377:
5375:
5371:
5364:
5358:
5357:
5344:
5334:
5332:
5323:
5322:
5318:
5311:
5295:
5284:
5274:
5272:
5261:
5257:
5247:
5245:
5238:
5222:
5218:
5211:
5195:
5182:
5172:
5170:
5163:
5147:
5132:
5122:
5120:
5111:
5110:
5106:
5096:
5094:
5087:
5071:
5067:
5057:
5055:
5048:
5032:
5028:
5018:
5016:
5012:
5005:
5001:
5000:
4996:
4986:
4984:
4977:
4961:
4957:
4950:
4934:
4930:
4923:
4907:
4903:
4893:
4891:
4883:
4882:
4878:
4868:
4866:
4865:on 30 June 2017
4853:
4852:
4848:
4803:
4799:
4752:
4745:
4718:
4714:
4667:
4663:
4616:
4612:
4573:
4569:
4538:
4534:
4524:
4522:
4514:
4513:
4509:
4499:
4497:
4484:
4483:
4479:
4455:
4451:
4414:
4410:
4400:
4398:
4385:
4384:
4380:
4373:
4357:
4350:
4343:
4331:
4330:
4326:
4279:
4272:
4262:
4260:
4247:
4246:
4217:
4178:
4174:
4132:
4117:
4110:
4094:
4083:
4076:
4060:
4056:
4046:
4044:
4037:
4021:
3978:
3968:
3966:
3953:
3952:
3943:
3936:
3920:
3905:
3895:
3893:
3880:
3879:
3868:
3858:
3856:
3844:
3843:
3839:
3802:
3791:
3781:
3779:
3772:
3756:
3752:
3742:
3740:
3733:
3717:
3713:
3703:
3701:
3688:
3687:
3683:
3676:
3666:The Merck index
3662:
3653:
3648:
3613:
3612:(Chinese), and
3609:
3583:
3570:
3553:
3541:
3520:
3511:
3503:
3489:
3449:
3440:
3416:
3396:
3387:
3352:doctor shopping
3344:methamphetamine
3332:Atlantic Canada
3327:
3318:
3306:Richard Sackler
3273:
3238:
3232:
3223:
3221:Opioid epidemic
3217:
3215:Opioid epidemic
3181:) codeine, and
3090:
3078:
3023:
2977:
2975:List of opioids
2971:
2920:
2892:
2805:nor-6β-oxycodol
2801:nor-6α-oxycodol
2793:glucuronic acid
2704:cytochrome P450
2702:mainly via the
2692:
2680:skeletal muscle
2672:
2660:onset of action
2629:bioavailability
2597:
2592:
2585:
2581:
2575:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2432:
2422:
2419:
2409:
2406:
2358:
2039:
1989:
1979:
1969:
1948:
1945:
1925:
1916:
1910:
1907:
1900:
1888:
1877:
1800:
1736:In high doses,
1734:
1718:
1712:
1693:muscle weakness
1664:
1658:
1526:
1417:
1416:
1415:
1414:
1410:
1409:
1408:
1400:
1399:
1388:
1370:
1368:Available forms
1313:quality of life
1305:
1288:
1234:hypoventilation
1210:substance abuse
1079:
1077:
1072:
1069:
1064:
1059:
1058:
1047:
1044:
1039:
1038:
1007:
982:
972:
963:
957:
918:
894:
886:
866:
846:
818:
798:
778:
758:
738:
721:
713:
693:
690:
669:
668:
638:
626:
622:
613:
610:
598:
588:
582:
581:: 10–30 minutes
578:
569:Onset of action
562:
556:
551:(15%, free and
546:
506:Protein binding
496:Bioavailability
488:Pharmacokinetic
482:
463:
376:
250:
238:
226:
219:
200:
193:
77:
73:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
17614:
17604:
17603:
17598:
17593:
17588:
17583:
17578:
17573:
17568:
17563:
17558:
17543:
17542:
17519:
17518:
17515:
17514:
17513:
17512:
17509:
17498:
17492:
17486:
17485:
17482:
17481:
17478:
17477:
17475:
17474:
17469:
17463:
17461:
17457:
17456:
17454:
17453:
17448:
17443:
17437:
17435:
17429:
17428:
17426:
17425:
17420:
17415:
17410:
17404:
17402:
17396:
17395:
17393:
17392:
17387:
17381:
17376:
17371:
17366:
17361:
17356:
17351:
17345:
17343:
17337:
17336:
17334:
17333:
17328:
17323:
17318:
17312:
17310:
17304:
17303:
17301:
17300:
17295:
17290:
17285:
17280:
17275:
17270:
17264:
17262:
17256:
17255:
17253:
17252:
17247:
17242:
17236:
17234:
17225:
17219:
17218:
17216:
17215:
17210:
17205:
17200:
17195:
17190:
17188:Methoxypropane
17185:
17183:Methoxyflurane
17180:
17175:
17170:
17165:
17160:
17155:
17150:
17145:
17140:
17134:
17132:
17126:
17125:
17113:
17112:
17105:
17098:
17090:
17081:
17080:
17078:
17077:
17067:
17066:
17061:
17056:
17051:
17046:
17037:
17036:
17031:
17026:
17021:
17016:
17011:
17006:
17001:
16996:
16991:
16986:
16981:
16976:
16971:
16966:
16964:-Phenylalanine
16958:
16953:
16948:
16936:
16934:
16930:
16929:
16926:
16925:
16923:
16922:
16917:
16912:
16907:
16902:
16897:
16892:
16887:
16882:
16877:
16872:
16867:
16862:
16857:
16853:
16848:
16846:
16842:
16841:
16839:
16838:
16833:
16828:
16823:
16818:
16813:
16808:
16803:
16798:
16793:
16791:Racemethorphan
16788:
16783:
16779:
16775:
16770:
16765:
16760:
16755:
16750:
16745:
16740:
16738:Levomethorphan
16735:
16730:
16725:
16720:
16715:
16710:
16705:
16701:
16697:
16693:
16689:
16685:
16681:
16677:
16673:
16669:
16663:
16661:
16654:
16646:
16645:
16642:
16641:
16639:
16638:
16633:
16628:
16623:
16618:
16613:
16608:
16603:
16598:
16593:
16588:
16583:
16578:
16573:
16568:
16563:
16558:
16553:
16548:
16543:
16538:
16533:
16528:
16523:
16518:
16513:
16508:
16503:
16498:
16493:
16488:
16483:
16478:
16473:
16468:
16463:
16458:
16453:
16448:
16443:
16438:
16433:
16428:
16423:
16418:
16413:
16408:
16403:
16398:
16393:
16388:
16383:
16378:
16373:
16368:
16363:
16358:
16352:
16350:
16346:
16345:
16343:
16342:
16337:
16332:
16327:
16322:
16300:
16295:
16290:
16285:
16280:
16275:
16270:
16265:
16255:
16250:
16245:
16243:Racemethorphan
16240:
16235:
16230:
16225:
16220:
16215:
16210:
16205:
16200:
16195:
16190:
16185:
16180:
16175:
16170:
16165:
16160:
16155:
16150:
16145:
16140:
16135:
16130:
16125:
16120:
16115:
16110:
16105:
16100:
16095:
16090:
16085:
16080:
16075:
16070:
16065:
16063:Levomethorphan
16060:
16055:
16050:
16045:
16040:
16035:
16030:
16025:
16020:
16015:
16010:
16005:
16000:
15995:
15990:
15985:
15980:
15975:
15970:
15965:
15960:
15955:
15950:
15945:
15940:
15935:
15930:
15925:
15920:
15915:
15910:
15905:
15900:
15895:
15890:
15885:
15880:
15875:
15870:
15865:
15860:
15855:
15850:
15845:
15840:
15835:
15830:
15825:
15820:
15815:
15810:
15805:
15800:
15795:
15790:
15785:
15780:
15775:
15770:
15765:
15760:
15755:
15749:
15747:
15740:
15732:
15731:
15728:
15727:
15725:
15724:
15719:
15714:
15709:
15704:
15699:
15694:
15689:
15684:
15679:
15674:
15669:
15664:
15659:
15654:
15649:
15644:
15639:
15634:
15629:
15624:
15619:
15614:
15609:
15604:
15599:
15594:
15589:
15584:
15579:
15574:
15569:
15564:
15559:
15554:
15549:
15544:
15539:
15534:
15529:
15524:
15518:
15516:
15512:
15511:
15509:
15508:
15503:
15498:
15493:
15488:
15483:
15478:
15473:
15468:
15463:
15458:
15453:
15448:
15443:
15438:
15433:
15431:Racemethorphan
15428:
15423:
15418:
15413:
15408:
15403:
15398:
15393:
15388:
15383:
15378:
15373:
15368:
15363:
15358:
15353:
15348:
15343:
15341:Levomethorphan
15338:
15336:Leu-enkephalin
15333:
15328:
15323:
15318:
15313:
15308:
15303:
15298:
15293:
15288:
15283:
15278:
15273:
15268:
15263:
15258:
15253:
15248:
15243:
15238:
15233:
15228:
15223:
15218:
15213:
15208:
15203:
15198:
15193:
15188:
15183:
15178:
15173:
15168:
15163:
15158:
15153:
15148:
15143:
15138:
15133:
15128:
15123:
15118:
15113:
15108:
15103:
15098:
15092:
15090:
15083:
15075:
15074:
15071:
15070:
15068:
15067:
15062:
15057:
15052:
15047:
15042:
15037:
15032:
15027:
15022:
15017:
15015:Naltrexonazine
15012:
15007:
15002:
14997:
14992:
14987:
14982:
14977:
14972:
14967:
14962:
14957:
14952:
14947:
14942:
14937:
14932:
14927:
14922:
14917:
14912:
14907:
14902:
14897:
14892:
14887:
14882:
14877:
14872:
14867:
14862:
14857:
14852:
14849:
14844:
14839:
14834:
14829:
14824:
14819:
14814:
14809:
14804:
14799:
14794:
14789:
14784:
14779:
14774:
14769:
14764:
14759:
14754:
14749:
14744:
14738:
14736:
14732:
14731:
14729:
14728:
14723:
14718:
14713:
14708:
14703:
14698:
14693:
14688:
14683:
14678:
14673:
14668:
14663:
14658:
14653:
14648:
14643:
14638:
14633:
14628:
14623:
14618:
14616:Racemethorphan
14613:
14608:
14603:
14598:
14593:
14588:
14583:
14578:
14573:
14568:
14563:
14558:
14546:
14541:
14536:
14531:
14526:
14521:
14516:
14511:
14506:
14501:
14496:
14491:
14486:
14481:
14476:
14471:
14466:
14461:
14456:
14451:
14446:
14441:
14436:
14431:
14426:
14421:
14416:
14411:
14406:
14401:
14396:
14391:
14386:
14381:
14376:
14371:
14366:
14361:
14359:Levomethorphan
14356:
14351:
14349:Leu-enkephalin
14346:
14341:
14336:
14331:
14326:
14321:
14316:
14311:
14309:Hydromorphinol
14306:
14301:
14296:
14291:
14286:
14281:
14276:
14271:
14266:
14261:
14256:
14251:
14246:
14241:
14236:
14231:
14226:
14221:
14216:
14211:
14206:
14204:Dihydrocodeine
14201:
14196:
14191:
14186:
14181:
14176:
14171:
14169:Dextromoramide
14166:
14161:
14156:
14151:
14146:
14141:
14136:
14131:
14126:
14121:
14116:
14111:
14106:
14101:
14096:
14091:
14086:
14081:
14076:
14074:Benzylmorphine
14071:
14066:
14061:
14056:
14051:
14046:
14041:
14036:
14031:
14026:
14021:
14016:
14011:
14006:
14004:Acetylfentanyl
14001:
13996:
13991:
13986:
13981:
13976:
13971:
13965:
13963:
13949:
13941:
13940:
13930:
13929:
13922:
13915:
13907:
13898:
13897:
13894:
13893:
13890:
13889:
13887:
13886:
13881:
13876:
13875:
13874:
13869:
13861:
13856:
13850:
13848:
13842:
13841:
13839:
13838:
13833:
13828:
13823:
13818:
13813:
13808:
13803:
13798:
13793:
13788:
13782:
13780:
13779:Harm reduction
13776:
13775:
13773:
13772:
13771:
13770:
13762:
13757:
13752:
13747:
13742:
13737:
13736:
13735:
13725:
13720:
13715:
13713:Date rape drug
13710:
13705:
13699:
13697:
13691:
13690:
13687:
13686:
13684:
13683:
13682:
13681:
13679:Liquor license
13676:
13671:
13666:
13656:
13654:Darknet market
13651:
13650:
13649:
13644:
13639:
13634:
13629:
13624:
13619:
13614:
13609:
13604:
13599:
13594:
13589:
13584:
13579:
13574:
13569:
13564:
13559:
13554:
13549:
13544:
13539:
13534:
13529:
13524:
13519:
13514:
13509:
13504:
13499:
13494:
13489:
13484:
13479:
13474:
13469:
13464:
13459:
13454:
13449:
13444:
13439:
13434:
13429:
13424:
13419:
13414:
13409:
13404:
13399:
13394:
13389:
13384:
13379:
13374:
13369:
13364:
13359:
13354:
13349:
13344:
13339:
13334:
13323:
13321:
13317:
13316:
13314:
13313:
13308:
13303:
13298:
13292:
13290:
13281:
13269:
13268:
13258:
13257:
13254:
13253:
13250:
13249:
13247:
13246:
13244:Zero tolerance
13241:
13240:
13239:
13234:
13229:
13219:
13214:
13209:
13204:
13199:
13194:
13189:
13184:
13179:
13174:
13168:
13166:
13162:
13161:
13159:
13158:
13153:
13148:
13143:
13138:
13133:
13128:
13123:
13117:
13115:
13111:
13110:
13108:
13107:
13106:
13105:
13100:
13095:
13090:
13085:
13080:
13075:
13070:
13060:
13055:
13050:
13045:
13040:
13035:
13030:
13025:
13020:
13018:Czech Republic
13015:
13010:
13004:
13002:
12996:
12995:
12993:
12992:
12991:
12990:
12985:
12980:
12979:
12978:
12971:Liberalization
12968:
12963:
12961:Harm reduction
12958:
12953:
12943:
12942:
12941:
12936:
12931:
12926:
12921:
12910:
12908:
12904:
12903:
12901:
12900:
12899:
12898:
12893:
12888:
12880:
12879:
12878:
12873:
12868:
12857:
12855:
12847:
12846:
12836:
12835:
12832:
12831:
12828:
12827:
12825:
12824:
12819:
12814:
12809:
12804:
12799:
12794:
12789:
12787:Party and play
12784:
12779:
12777:Needle sharing
12774:
12769:
12764:
12759:
12754:
12749:
12744:
12739:
12733:
12731:
12727:
12726:
12724:
12723:
12718:
12713:
12708:
12703:
12698:
12693:
12691:Cigarette card
12687:
12685:
12679:
12678:
12676:
12675:
12670:
12665:
12660:
12655:
12650:
12645:
12640:
12635:
12630:
12624:
12622:
12616:
12615:
12613:
12612:
12607:
12602:
12600:Tailgate party
12597:
12592:
12587:
12582:
12577:
12572:
12567:
12562:
12557:
12552:
12550:Drinking games
12547:
12542:
12540:Binge drinking
12537:
12532:
12527:
12521:
12519:
12513:
12512:
12510:
12509:
12504:
12499:
12494:
12488:
12486:
12484:Coffee culture
12480:
12479:
12477:
12476:
12471:
12466:
12461:
12456:
12451:
12446:
12441:
12436:
12431:
12426:
12421:
12416:
12411:
12406:
12401:
12396:
12391:
12386:
12380:
12378:
12368:
12367:
12355:
12354:
12351:
12350:
12347:
12346:
12344:
12343:
12338:
12328:
12327:
12326:
12321:
12311:
12306:
12300:
12298:
12292:
12291:
12288:
12287:
12285:
12284:
12279:
12273:
12271:
12265:
12264:
12262:
12261:
12260:
12259:
12254:
12249:
12244:
12234:
12233:
12232:
12227:
12222:
12211:
12209:
12203:
12202:
12200:
12199:
12194:
12192:Dimenhydrinate
12189:
12188:
12187:
12182:
12177:
12172:
12157:
12155:
12149:
12148:
12146:
12145:
12144:
12143:
12133:
12128:
12127:
12126:
12116:
12111:
12106:
12105:
12104:
12099:
12094:
12092:alkyl nitrites
12089:
12074:
12069:
12058:
12056:
12050:
12049:
12047:
12046:
12045:
12044:
12030:
12029:
12028:
12023:
12018:
12016:Peruvian torch
12008:
12003:
11998:
11997:
11996:
11986:
11985:
11984:
11979:
11974:
11963:
11961:
11952:
11946:
11945:
11943:
11942:
11941:
11940:
11935:
11925:
11920:
11915:
11914:
11913:
11905:
11899:
11897:
11891:
11890:
11888:
11887:
11886:
11885:
11880:
11870:
11869:
11868:
11863:
11858:
11848:
11843:
11838:
11833:
11828:
11823:
11818:
11817:
11816:
11806:
11805:
11804:
11799:
11789:
11788:
11787:
11777:
11776:
11775:
11770:
11765:
11755:
11750:
11749:
11748:
11738:
11732:
11730:
11724:
11723:
11721:
11720:
11715:
11714:
11713:
11703:
11702:
11701:
11691:
11690:
11689:
11679:
11674:
11673:
11672:
11664:
11659:
11658:
11657:
11649:
11644:
11643:
11642:
11639:
11631:
11630:
11629:
11621:
11620:
11619:
11609:
11608:
11607:
11604:
11595:
11593:
11587:
11586:
11584:
11583:
11581:Quinazolinones
11578:
11573:
11568:
11567:
11566:
11565:
11564:
11556:
11555:
11554:
11549:
11544:
11539:
11528:
11527:
11526:
11508:
11503:
11501:Gabapentinoids
11498:
11497:
11496:
11491:
11486:
11476:
11471:
11466:
11460:
11458:
11448:
11447:
11437:
11436:
11429:
11428:
11421:
11414:
11406:
11397:
11396:
11393:
11392:
11391:
11390:
11387:
11376:
11370:
11364:
11363:
11360:
11359:
11357:
11356:
11351:
11346:
11341:
11336:
11334:Methoxyflurane
11331:
11326:
11321:
11316:
11311:
11306:
11301:
11296:
11291:
11285:
11283:
11279:
11278:
11276:
11275:
11270:
11265:
11260:
11255:
11250:
11244:
11242:
11236:
11235:
11232:
11231:
11229:
11228:
11222:
11220:
11214:
11213:
11211:
11210:
11205:
11200:
11192:
11187:
11186:
11176:
11171:
11166:
11152:
11147:
11141:
11139:
11133:
11132:
11130:
11129:
11124:
11119:
11114:
11109:
11104:
11099:
11093:
11091:
11082:
11074:
11073:
11071:
11070:
11065:
11060:
11055:
11050:
11044:
11042:
11036:
11035:
11032:
11031:
11029:
11028:
11023:
11018:
11013:
11008:
11003:
10997:
10995:
10991:
10990:
10988:
10987:
10977:Propyphenazone
10974:
10969:
10964:
10959:
10954:
10952:Aminophenazone
10948:
10946:
10940:
10939:
10937:
10936:
10923:
10918:
10913:
10908:
10903:
10898:
10893:
10888:
10883:
10878:
10873:
10868:
10863:
10858:
10853:
10848:
10843:
10832:
10830:
10824:
10823:
10821:
10820:
10815:
10813:Mefenamic acid
10810:
10805:
10799:
10797:
10791:
10790:
10788:
10787:
10782:
10777:
10772:
10767:
10762:
10748:
10746:
10740:
10739:
10737:
10736:
10731:
10726:
10721:
10716:
10703:
10698:
10693:
10688:
10682:
10680:
10676:
10675:
10673:
10672:
10667:
10662:
10657:
10652:
10646:
10644:
10640:
10639:
10637:
10636:
10631:
10626:
10621:
10616:
10611:
10606:
10593:
10572:
10567:
10562:
10556:
10554:
10547:
10541:
10540:
10538:
10537:
10532:
10527:
10522:
10521:
10520:
10515:
10510:
10505:
10500:
10495:
10490:
10485:
10475:
10470:
10465:
10459:
10457:
10450:
10449:
10446:
10445:
10443:
10442:
10437:
10420:
10415:
10410:
10405:
10400:
10395:
10390:
10385:
10380:
10375:
10370:
10365:
10360:
10355:
10350:
10345:
10340:
10335:
10330:
10325:
10320:
10310:
10305:
10300:
10295:
10290:
10285:
10283:Dextromoramide
10280:
10275:
10270:
10265:
10260:
10254:
10252:
10248:
10247:
10245:
10244:
10239:
10234:
10229:
10200:
10195:
10190:
10185:
10180:
10175:
10170:
10165:
10163:Hydromorphinol
10160:
10139:
10134:
10129:
10124:
10114:Dihydrocodeine
10111:
10106:
10101:
10096:
10083:
10081:Benzylmorphine
10078:
10072:
10070:
10066:
10065:
10063:
10062:
10057:
10052:
10047:
10037:
10036:
10035:
10030:
10019:
10017:
10004:
9998:
9997:
9981:
9980:
9973:
9966:
9958:
9952:
9951:
9914:
9911:
9908:
9907:
9870:
9842:
9809:
9790:(3): 183–218.
9769:
9747:
9728:
9716:
9680:
9658:
9630:
9599:
9588:on 16 May 2013
9573:
9542:
9516:
9487:
9455:
9446:
9433:
9401:
9375:
9348:
9318:
9301:Globe and Mail
9287:
9265:
9242:
9223:
9203:
9192:on 5 June 2011
9176:
9154:
9131:
9104:
9069:
9036:
9005:
8975:
8964:on 20 May 2013
8949:
8910:
8879:
8843:
8812:
8781:
8754:
8737:Calgary Herald
8720:
8689:
8658:
8653:Globe and Mail
8643:
8613:
8574:
8544:
8513:
8482:
8468:
8445:
8414:
8383:
8344:
8318:The New Yorker
8303:
8284:
8252:
8240:
8210:
8180:
8164:
8146:
8121:
8096:
8070:
8044:
8026:The New Yorker
8005:
7992:Clarion Ledger
7978:
7952:
7901:
7893:21 U.S.C.
7891:, codified at
7860:
7853:
7835:
7818:Deutsche Welle
7804:
7795:
7786:
7748:
7734:
7709:
7682:
7675:
7646:
7635:(1): 135–178.
7615:
7600:
7597:
7596:
7540:
7502:
7480:Annual Reviews
7461:
7449:
7430:
7400:
7360:
7353:
7330:
7295:
7266:(4): 919–930.
7246:
7219:(4): 401–409.
7203:
7162:
7143:
7116:
7095:(6): 346–352.
7075:
7031:
6996:
6947:
6928:(6): 705–725.
6912:
6905:
6901:
6880:(6): 705–725.
6860:
6851:
6822:(4): 600–606.
6802:
6767:
6729:
6702:(3): 227–228.
6686:
6659:(5): 596–601.
6643:
6616:(2): 151–157.
6600:
6573:
6553:
6546:
6519:
6465:
6438:(5): 517–528.
6413:
6386:(5): 461–479.
6359:
6340:
6320:
6301:
6279:
6249:
6242:
6222:
6215:
6195:
6176:
6156:
6137:
6117:
6084:
6065:
6045:
6026:
6006:
5999:
5979:
5964:
5938:
5919:(4): 357–361.
5900:
5873:Anesthesiology
5856:
5803:
5762:
5723:
5688:
5637:
5610:(4): 324–325.
5594:
5572:
5546:
5502:
5477:
5428:
5401:(5): 298–307.
5385:
5342:
5316:
5309:
5282:
5255:
5236:
5216:
5209:
5180:
5161:
5130:
5104:
5085:
5065:
5046:
5026:
4994:
4975:
4955:
4948:
4928:
4921:
4901:
4876:
4846:
4817:(5): 587–593.
4797:
4766:(3): 229–234.
4743:
4732:(6): 335–337.
4712:
4661:
4610:
4583:(1): 175–192.
4567:
4548:(6): 365–378.
4532:
4507:
4477:
4449:
4408:
4378:
4371:
4348:
4341:
4324:
4270:
4215:
4172:
4142:(7): 595–603.
4115:
4108:
4081:
4074:
4054:
4035:
3976:
3941:
3934:
3903:
3866:
3837:
3789:
3770:
3750:
3731:
3711:
3681:
3674:
3650:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3582:
3579:
3569:
3566:
3552:
3549:
3540:
3539:United Kingdom
3537:
3519:
3516:
3510:
3507:
3502:
3499:
3488:
3485:
3448:
3445:
3439:
3436:
3432:United Nations
3415:
3412:
3395:
3392:
3386:
3385:United Kingdom
3383:
3340:Western Canada
3326:
3323:
3317:
3314:
3292:Sackler family
3278:The New Yorker
3272:
3269:
3252:liver damage.
3231:
3228:
3216:
3213:
3175:Theodor Morell
3173:'s physician,
3144:twilight sleep
3089:
3086:
3077:
3074:
3022:
3019:
3011:
3010:
3003:carbonyl group
2999:
2992:
2970:
2967:
2919:
2916:
2891:
2888:
2872:liver function
2853:noroxymorphone
2848:
2847:
2845:noroxymorphone
2841:
2831:
2817:glucuronidated
2785:
2784:
2774:
2760:
2750:
2728:noroxymorphone
2710:and resulting
2691:
2688:
2671:
2668:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2583:
2579:
2574:
2571:
2540:
2539:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2521:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2507:
2504:
2502:Noroxymorphone
2498:
2497:
2494:
2491:
2488:
2485:
2479:
2478:
2475:
2472:
2469:
2466:
2460:
2459:
2456:
2453:
2450:
2447:
2443:
2442:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2417:
2412:
2404:
2399:
2382:noroxymorphone
2357:
2354:
2306:downregulation
2265:, and opening
2241:(DOR) and the
2203:
2202:
2199:
2194:
2188:
2187:
2184:
2179:
2173:
2172:
2169:
2164:
2160:
2159:
2156:
2151:
2147:
2146:
2143:
2138:
2132:
2131:
2128:
2123:
2117:
2116:
2113:
2108:
2102:
2101:
2098:
2093:
2087:
2086:
2085:20–30 mg
2083:
2078:
2072:
2071:
2068:
2063:
2057:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2034:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2025:
2022:
2019:
2015:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2006:
2003:
2000:
1996:
1995:
1992:
1982:
1972:
1961:
1960:
1955:
1952:
1943:
1934:
1924:
1921:
1918:
1917:
1891:
1889:
1882:
1876:
1873:
1799:
1796:
1733:
1730:
1711:
1710:Hormone levels
1708:
1657:
1654:
1608:abdominal pain
1525:
1522:
1518:Central Powers
1498:United Kingdom
1474:
1473:
1466:
1459:
1452:
1445:
1438:
1435:
1432:
1412:
1411:
1402:
1401:
1393:
1392:
1391:
1390:
1389:
1369:
1366:
1304:
1301:
1230:hallucinations
1086:
1085:
1074:
1073:
1071:
1070:
1067:
1065:
1062:
1054:
1053:
1052:
1049:
1048:
1046:
1045:
1042:
1034:
1033:
1032:
1029:
1028:
1027:166 (HCl)
1025:
1019:
1018:
1015:
1009:
1008:
1006:
1005:
997:
995:
987:
986:
980:
974:
973:
970:
961:
955:
950:
944:
943:
939:
938:
928:
920:
919:
917:
916:
903:
901:
888:
887:
885:
884:
876:
874:
868:
867:
865:
864:
856:
854:
848:
847:
845:
844:
836:
828:
826:
820:
819:
817:
816:
808:
806:
800:
799:
797:
796:
788:
786:
780:
779:
777:
776:
768:
766:
760:
759:
757:
756:
748:
746:
740:
739:
737:
736:
728:
726:
715:
714:
712:
711:
703:
701:
695:
694:
692:
691:
672:
664:
663:
662:
659:
658:
654:
653:
647:
641:
640:
635:
629:
628:
608:
602:
593:
592:
571:
565:
564:
549:Noroxymorphone
539:
533:
532:
518:
512:
511:
508:
502:
501:
498:
492:
491:
484:
483:
481:
480:
468:
453:
441:
429:
418:
405:
391:
389:
383:
382:
378:
377:
375:
374:
311:
309:
303:
302:
297:
291:
290:
253:
251:administration
245:
244:
241:
233:
232:
229:
221:
220:
218:
217:
215:
205:
203:
195:
194:
192:
191:
173:
171:
165:
164:
157:
151:
150:
143:
133:
132:
129:
125:
124:
121:
115:
114:
71:
67:
66:
62:
61:
53:
52:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
17613:
17602:
17599:
17597:
17594:
17592:
17589:
17587:
17584:
17582:
17579:
17577:
17574:
17572:
17569:
17567:
17564:
17562:
17559:
17557:
17554:
17553:
17551:
17541:
17531:
17530:
17527:
17510:
17508:
17505:
17504:
17502:
17499:
17496:
17493:
17491:
17488:
17487:
17483:
17473:
17470:
17468:
17465:
17464:
17462:
17458:
17452:
17449:
17447:
17444:
17442:
17439:
17438:
17436:
17434:
17430:
17424:
17421:
17419:
17418:Phencyclidine
17416:
17414:
17411:
17409:
17406:
17405:
17403:
17401:
17397:
17391:
17388:
17385:
17382:
17380:
17379:Phenoperidine
17377:
17375:
17372:
17370:
17367:
17365:
17362:
17360:
17357:
17355:
17352:
17350:
17347:
17346:
17344:
17342:
17338:
17332:
17329:
17327:
17324:
17322:
17319:
17317:
17314:
17313:
17311:
17309:
17305:
17299:
17296:
17294:
17291:
17289:
17286:
17284:
17283:Narcobarbital
17281:
17279:
17276:
17274:
17271:
17269:
17266:
17265:
17263:
17261:
17257:
17251:
17248:
17246:
17243:
17241:
17238:
17237:
17235:
17233:
17229:
17226:
17224:
17220:
17214:
17211:
17209:
17206:
17204:
17201:
17199:
17196:
17194:
17193:Nitrous oxide
17191:
17189:
17186:
17184:
17181:
17179:
17176:
17174:
17171:
17169:
17166:
17164:
17161:
17159:
17156:
17154:
17153:Diethyl ether
17151:
17149:
17146:
17144:
17141:
17139:
17136:
17135:
17133:
17131:
17127:
17122:
17118:
17111:
17106:
17104:
17099:
17097:
17092:
17091:
17088:
17075:
17072:
17069:
17068:
17065:
17062:
17060:
17059:Pronociceptin
17057:
17055:
17054:Proenkephalin
17052:
17050:
17047:
17045:
17042:
17039:
17038:
17035:
17032:
17030:
17027:
17025:
17022:
17020:
17017:
17015:
17012:
17010:
17007:
17005:
17002:
17000:
16997:
16995:
16992:
16990:
16987:
16985:
16982:
16980:
16977:
16975:
16972:
16970:
16967:
16965:
16959:
16957:
16954:
16952:
16949:
16947:
16944:
16942:
16938:
16937:
16935:
16931:
16921:
16918:
16916:
16913:
16911:
16908:
16906:
16903:
16901:
16898:
16896:
16893:
16891:
16888:
16886:
16883:
16881:
16878:
16876:
16873:
16871:
16868:
16866:
16863:
16861:
16858:
16856:
16850:
16849:
16847:
16843:
16837:
16834:
16832:
16829:
16827:
16824:
16822:
16819:
16817:
16814:
16812:
16809:
16807:
16804:
16802:
16799:
16797:
16794:
16792:
16789:
16787:
16784:
16782:
16776:
16774:
16771:
16769:
16766:
16764:
16761:
16759:
16756:
16754:
16751:
16749:
16746:
16744:
16741:
16739:
16736:
16734:
16731:
16729:
16726:
16724:
16721:
16719:
16716:
16714:
16713:Buprenorphine
16711:
16709:
16706:
16704:
16698:
16696:
16690:
16688:
16678:
16676:
16670:
16668:
16665:
16664:
16662:
16658:
16655:
16651:
16647:
16637:
16634:
16632:
16629:
16627:
16624:
16622:
16619:
16617:
16614:
16612:
16609:
16607:
16604:
16602:
16599:
16597:
16594:
16592:
16589:
16587:
16584:
16582:
16579:
16577:
16574:
16572:
16569:
16567:
16564:
16562:
16559:
16557:
16554:
16552:
16549:
16547:
16544:
16542:
16539:
16537:
16534:
16532:
16529:
16527:
16524:
16522:
16519:
16517:
16514:
16512:
16509:
16507:
16504:
16502:
16499:
16497:
16494:
16492:
16489:
16487:
16484:
16482:
16479:
16477:
16474:
16472:
16469:
16467:
16464:
16462:
16459:
16457:
16454:
16452:
16449:
16447:
16446:Buprenorphine
16444:
16442:
16439:
16437:
16434:
16432:
16429:
16427:
16424:
16422:
16419:
16417:
16414:
16412:
16409:
16407:
16404:
16402:
16399:
16397:
16396:Amentoflavone
16394:
16392:
16389:
16387:
16384:
16382:
16379:
16377:
16374:
16372:
16369:
16367:
16364:
16362:
16359:
16357:
16354:
16353:
16351:
16347:
16341:
16338:
16336:
16333:
16331:
16328:
16326:
16323:
16320:
16319:nortriptyline
16316:
16312:
16308:
16307:amitriptyline
16304:
16301:
16299:
16296:
16294:
16291:
16289:
16286:
16284:
16281:
16279:
16276:
16274:
16271:
16269:
16266:
16263:
16259:
16256:
16254:
16251:
16249:
16246:
16244:
16241:
16239:
16236:
16234:
16231:
16229:
16226:
16224:
16221:
16219:
16216:
16214:
16211:
16209:
16206:
16204:
16201:
16199:
16196:
16194:
16191:
16189:
16186:
16184:
16181:
16179:
16176:
16174:
16171:
16169:
16166:
16164:
16161:
16159:
16156:
16154:
16151:
16149:
16146:
16144:
16141:
16139:
16136:
16134:
16131:
16129:
16126:
16124:
16121:
16119:
16116:
16114:
16111:
16109:
16106:
16104:
16101:
16099:
16096:
16094:
16091:
16089:
16086:
16084:
16081:
16079:
16076:
16074:
16071:
16069:
16066:
16064:
16061:
16059:
16056:
16054:
16051:
16049:
16046:
16044:
16041:
16039:
16036:
16034:
16031:
16029:
16026:
16024:
16021:
16019:
16016:
16014:
16013:Hydromorphone
16011:
16009:
16006:
16004:
16001:
15999:
15996:
15994:
15991:
15989:
15986:
15984:
15981:
15979:
15976:
15974:
15971:
15969:
15966:
15964:
15961:
15959:
15956:
15954:
15951:
15949:
15946:
15944:
15941:
15939:
15936:
15934:
15931:
15929:
15928:Diprenorphine
15926:
15924:
15921:
15919:
15916:
15914:
15911:
15909:
15908:Difelikefalin
15906:
15904:
15901:
15899:
15896:
15894:
15891:
15889:
15888:Cyprenorphine
15886:
15884:
15881:
15879:
15876:
15874:
15871:
15869:
15866:
15864:
15861:
15859:
15856:
15854:
15851:
15849:
15846:
15844:
15841:
15839:
15836:
15834:
15833:Big dynorphin
15831:
15829:
15826:
15824:
15821:
15819:
15816:
15814:
15811:
15809:
15806:
15804:
15801:
15799:
15796:
15794:
15791:
15789:
15786:
15784:
15781:
15779:
15776:
15774:
15771:
15769:
15766:
15764:
15761:
15759:
15756:
15754:
15753:3CS-nalmefene
15751:
15750:
15748:
15744:
15741:
15737:
15733:
15723:
15720:
15718:
15715:
15713:
15710:
15708:
15705:
15703:
15700:
15698:
15695:
15693:
15690:
15688:
15685:
15683:
15680:
15678:
15675:
15673:
15670:
15668:
15665:
15663:
15660:
15658:
15655:
15653:
15650:
15648:
15645:
15643:
15640:
15638:
15635:
15633:
15630:
15628:
15625:
15623:
15620:
15618:
15615:
15613:
15610:
15608:
15605:
15603:
15600:
15598:
15597:Diprenorphine
15595:
15593:
15590:
15588:
15585:
15583:
15580:
15578:
15575:
15573:
15570:
15568:
15565:
15563:
15560:
15558:
15555:
15553:
15550:
15548:
15545:
15543:
15540:
15538:
15535:
15533:
15530:
15528:
15525:
15523:
15520:
15519:
15517:
15513:
15507:
15504:
15502:
15499:
15497:
15494:
15492:
15489:
15487:
15484:
15482:
15479:
15477:
15474:
15472:
15469:
15467:
15464:
15462:
15459:
15457:
15454:
15452:
15449:
15447:
15444:
15442:
15439:
15437:
15434:
15432:
15429:
15427:
15424:
15422:
15419:
15417:
15414:
15412:
15409:
15407:
15404:
15402:
15399:
15397:
15394:
15392:
15389:
15387:
15384:
15382:
15379:
15377:
15374:
15372:
15369:
15367:
15364:
15362:
15359:
15357:
15354:
15352:
15349:
15347:
15344:
15342:
15339:
15337:
15334:
15332:
15329:
15327:
15324:
15322:
15319:
15317:
15314:
15312:
15309:
15307:
15304:
15302:
15301:Hydromorphone
15299:
15297:
15294:
15292:
15289:
15287:
15284:
15282:
15279:
15277:
15274:
15272:
15269:
15267:
15264:
15262:
15259:
15257:
15254:
15252:
15249:
15247:
15244:
15242:
15239:
15237:
15234:
15232:
15229:
15227:
15224:
15222:
15219:
15217:
15214:
15212:
15211:Deltorphin II
15209:
15207:
15204:
15202:
15199:
15197:
15194:
15192:
15189:
15187:
15184:
15182:
15179:
15177:
15174:
15172:
15169:
15167:
15164:
15162:
15159:
15157:
15154:
15152:
15149:
15147:
15144:
15142:
15139:
15137:
15134:
15132:
15129:
15127:
15124:
15122:
15119:
15117:
15114:
15112:
15109:
15107:
15104:
15102:
15099:
15097:
15096:3CS-nalmefene
15094:
15093:
15091:
15087:
15084:
15080:
15076:
15066:
15063:
15061:
15058:
15056:
15053:
15051:
15048:
15046:
15043:
15041:
15038:
15036:
15033:
15031:
15028:
15026:
15023:
15021:
15018:
15016:
15013:
15011:
15008:
15006:
15003:
15001:
14998:
14996:
14993:
14991:
14988:
14986:
14983:
14981:
14978:
14976:
14973:
14971:
14968:
14966:
14963:
14961:
14958:
14956:
14953:
14951:
14948:
14946:
14945:Methocinnamox
14943:
14941:
14938:
14936:
14933:
14931:
14928:
14926:
14923:
14921:
14918:
14916:
14913:
14911:
14908:
14906:
14905:Ginsenoside R
14903:
14901:
14898:
14896:
14893:
14891:
14888:
14886:
14883:
14881:
14878:
14876:
14875:Diprenorphine
14873:
14871:
14868:
14866:
14863:
14861:
14858:
14856:
14853:
14850:
14848:
14845:
14843:
14840:
14838:
14835:
14833:
14830:
14828:
14825:
14823:
14820:
14818:
14815:
14813:
14810:
14808:
14805:
14803:
14800:
14798:
14795:
14793:
14790:
14788:
14785:
14783:
14780:
14778:
14775:
14773:
14770:
14768:
14765:
14763:
14760:
14758:
14755:
14753:
14752:3CS-nalmefene
14750:
14748:
14745:
14743:
14740:
14739:
14737:
14733:
14727:
14724:
14722:
14719:
14717:
14714:
14712:
14709:
14707:
14704:
14702:
14699:
14697:
14694:
14692:
14689:
14687:
14684:
14682:
14679:
14677:
14674:
14672:
14669:
14667:
14664:
14662:
14659:
14657:
14654:
14652:
14649:
14647:
14644:
14642:
14639:
14637:
14634:
14632:
14629:
14627:
14624:
14622:
14619:
14617:
14614:
14612:
14609:
14607:
14604:
14602:
14599:
14597:
14594:
14592:
14589:
14587:
14584:
14582:
14581:Phencyclidine
14579:
14577:
14574:
14572:
14569:
14567:
14564:
14562:
14559:
14556:
14552:
14551:
14547:
14545:
14542:
14540:
14537:
14535:
14532:
14530:
14527:
14525:
14524:Oxymorphazone
14522:
14520:
14517:
14515:
14512:
14510:
14507:
14505:
14502:
14500:
14497:
14495:
14492:
14490:
14487:
14485:
14482:
14480:
14477:
14475:
14472:
14470:
14467:
14465:
14462:
14460:
14457:
14455:
14452:
14450:
14447:
14445:
14442:
14440:
14437:
14435:
14432:
14430:
14427:
14425:
14422:
14420:
14417:
14415:
14412:
14410:
14407:
14405:
14402:
14400:
14397:
14395:
14392:
14390:
14387:
14385:
14382:
14380:
14377:
14375:
14372:
14370:
14367:
14365:
14362:
14360:
14357:
14355:
14352:
14350:
14347:
14345:
14342:
14340:
14337:
14335:
14332:
14330:
14327:
14325:
14322:
14320:
14317:
14315:
14314:Hydromorphone
14312:
14310:
14307:
14305:
14302:
14300:
14297:
14295:
14292:
14290:
14287:
14285:
14282:
14280:
14277:
14275:
14272:
14270:
14267:
14265:
14262:
14260:
14259:Ethylmorphine
14257:
14255:
14252:
14250:
14249:Endomorphin-2
14247:
14245:
14244:Endomorphin-1
14242:
14240:
14237:
14235:
14232:
14230:
14227:
14225:
14224:Diphenoxylate
14222:
14220:
14217:
14215:
14212:
14210:
14207:
14205:
14202:
14200:
14197:
14195:
14192:
14190:
14187:
14185:
14182:
14180:
14177:
14175:
14172:
14170:
14167:
14165:
14162:
14160:
14157:
14155:
14152:
14150:
14147:
14145:
14142:
14140:
14137:
14135:
14132:
14130:
14127:
14125:
14122:
14120:
14117:
14115:
14112:
14110:
14109:Butyrfentanyl
14107:
14105:
14102:
14100:
14097:
14095:
14094:Buprenorphine
14092:
14090:
14087:
14085:
14082:
14080:
14077:
14075:
14072:
14070:
14067:
14065:
14062:
14060:
14057:
14055:
14052:
14050:
14047:
14045:
14042:
14040:
14037:
14035:
14032:
14030:
14027:
14025:
14022:
14020:
14017:
14015:
14012:
14010:
14009:Acrylfentanyl
14007:
14005:
14002:
14000:
13997:
13995:
13992:
13990:
13987:
13985:
13984:ψ-Akuammigine
13982:
13980:
13977:
13975:
13972:
13970:
13967:
13966:
13964:
13961:
13953:
13950:
13946:
13942:
13938:
13935:
13928:
13923:
13921:
13916:
13914:
13909:
13908:
13905:
13885:
13882:
13880:
13877:
13873:
13870:
13868:
13865:
13864:
13862:
13860:
13857:
13855:
13852:
13851:
13849:
13845:Countries by
13843:
13837:
13834:
13832:
13829:
13827:
13824:
13822:
13819:
13817:
13814:
13812:
13809:
13807:
13804:
13802:
13799:
13797:
13794:
13792:
13789:
13787:
13786:Drug checking
13784:
13783:
13781:
13777:
13768:
13767:
13766:
13763:
13761:
13758:
13756:
13755:Neurotoxicity
13753:
13751:
13748:
13746:
13743:
13741:
13738:
13734:
13731:
13730:
13729:
13726:
13724:
13721:
13719:
13716:
13714:
13711:
13709:
13706:
13704:
13701:
13700:
13698:
13692:
13680:
13677:
13675:
13672:
13670:
13669:Cannabis shop
13667:
13665:
13662:
13661:
13660:
13657:
13655:
13652:
13648:
13645:
13643:
13642:United States
13640:
13638:
13635:
13633:
13630:
13628:
13625:
13623:
13620:
13618:
13615:
13613:
13610:
13608:
13605:
13603:
13600:
13598:
13595:
13593:
13590:
13588:
13585:
13583:
13580:
13578:
13575:
13573:
13570:
13568:
13565:
13563:
13560:
13558:
13555:
13553:
13550:
13548:
13545:
13543:
13540:
13538:
13535:
13533:
13530:
13528:
13525:
13523:
13520:
13518:
13515:
13513:
13510:
13508:
13505:
13503:
13500:
13498:
13497:Latin America
13495:
13493:
13490:
13488:
13485:
13483:
13480:
13478:
13475:
13473:
13470:
13468:
13465:
13463:
13460:
13458:
13455:
13453:
13450:
13448:
13445:
13443:
13440:
13438:
13435:
13433:
13430:
13428:
13425:
13423:
13420:
13418:
13415:
13413:
13410:
13408:
13405:
13403:
13400:
13398:
13395:
13393:
13390:
13388:
13385:
13383:
13380:
13378:
13375:
13373:
13370:
13368:
13365:
13363:
13360:
13358:
13355:
13353:
13350:
13348:
13345:
13343:
13340:
13338:
13335:
13333:
13330:
13329:
13328:
13325:
13324:
13322:
13318:
13312:
13309:
13307:
13304:
13302:
13299:
13297:
13294:
13293:
13291:
13285:
13282:
13274:
13270:
13263:
13259:
13245:
13242:
13238:
13235:
13233:
13232:Plan Colombia
13230:
13228:
13225:
13224:
13223:
13220:
13218:
13215:
13213:
13210:
13208:
13205:
13203:
13200:
13198:
13195:
13193:
13192:Designer drug
13190:
13188:
13185:
13183:
13180:
13178:
13175:
13173:
13170:
13169:
13167:
13163:
13157:
13154:
13152:
13149:
13147:
13144:
13142:
13139:
13137:
13134:
13132:
13129:
13127:
13124:
13122:
13119:
13118:
13116:
13114:Drug legality
13112:
13104:
13101:
13099:
13096:
13094:
13091:
13089:
13086:
13084:
13081:
13079:
13076:
13074:
13071:
13069:
13066:
13065:
13064:
13063:United States
13061:
13059:
13056:
13054:
13051:
13049:
13046:
13044:
13041:
13039:
13036:
13034:
13031:
13029:
13026:
13024:
13021:
13019:
13016:
13014:
13011:
13009:
13006:
13005:
13003:
12997:
12989:
12986:
12984:
12981:
12977:
12976:Latin America
12974:
12973:
12972:
12969:
12967:
12964:
12962:
12959:
12957:
12954:
12952:
12949:
12948:
12947:
12946:Policy reform
12944:
12940:
12937:
12935:
12932:
12930:
12927:
12925:
12922:
12920:
12917:
12916:
12915:
12912:
12911:
12909:
12905:
12897:
12894:
12892:
12889:
12887:
12884:
12883:
12881:
12877:
12874:
12872:
12869:
12867:
12864:
12863:
12862:
12859:
12858:
12856:
12854:International
12852:
12848:
12841:
12837:
12823:
12820:
12818:
12815:
12813:
12812:Sex and drugs
12810:
12808:
12805:
12803:
12800:
12798:
12795:
12793:
12792:Poly drug use
12790:
12788:
12785:
12783:
12780:
12778:
12775:
12773:
12770:
12768:
12765:
12763:
12760:
12758:
12755:
12753:
12750:
12748:
12745:
12743:
12740:
12738:
12735:
12734:
12732:
12728:
12722:
12719:
12717:
12714:
12712:
12709:
12707:
12704:
12702:
12701:Cloud-chasing
12699:
12697:
12694:
12692:
12689:
12688:
12686:
12684:
12680:
12674:
12671:
12669:
12666:
12664:
12661:
12659:
12656:
12654:
12651:
12649:
12646:
12644:
12641:
12639:
12636:
12634:
12631:
12629:
12628:Psychonautics
12626:
12625:
12623:
12621:
12617:
12611:
12608:
12606:
12603:
12601:
12598:
12596:
12593:
12591:
12588:
12586:
12583:
12581:
12578:
12576:
12573:
12571:
12568:
12566:
12563:
12561:
12558:
12556:
12555:Drinking song
12553:
12551:
12548:
12546:
12545:Diethyl ether
12543:
12541:
12538:
12536:
12535:Beer festival
12533:
12531:
12528:
12526:
12523:
12522:
12520:
12518:
12514:
12508:
12505:
12503:
12500:
12498:
12495:
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12490:
12489:
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12475:
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12470:
12467:
12465:
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12440:
12437:
12435:
12432:
12430:
12427:
12425:
12422:
12420:
12417:
12415:
12412:
12410:
12407:
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12381:
12379:
12377:
12373:
12369:
12365:
12360:
12356:
12342:
12339:
12336:
12332:
12331:Nitrous oxide
12329:
12325:
12322:
12320:
12317:
12316:
12315:
12312:
12310:
12307:
12305:
12302:
12301:
12299:
12297:
12293:
12283:
12280:
12278:
12275:
12274:
12272:
12270:
12266:
12258:
12255:
12253:
12250:
12248:
12245:
12243:
12240:
12239:
12238:
12235:
12231:
12228:
12226:
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12221:
12218:
12217:
12216:
12213:
12212:
12210:
12208:
12204:
12198:
12195:
12193:
12190:
12186:
12183:
12181:
12178:
12176:
12173:
12171:
12168:
12167:
12166:
12162:
12159:
12158:
12156:
12154:
12150:
12142:
12139:
12138:
12137:
12134:
12132:
12129:
12125:
12122:
12121:
12120:
12117:
12115:
12112:
12110:
12107:
12103:
12100:
12098:
12095:
12093:
12090:
12087:
12083:
12082:Nitrous oxide
12080:
12079:
12078:
12075:
12073:
12070:
12067:
12063:
12060:
12059:
12057:
12055:
12054:Dissociatives
12051:
12043:
12040:
12039:
12038:
12034:
12031:
12027:
12024:
12022:
12019:
12017:
12014:
12013:
12012:
12009:
12007:
12004:
12002:
11999:
11995:
11992:
11991:
11990:
11987:
11983:
11980:
11978:
11975:
11973:
11970:
11969:
11968:
11965:
11964:
11962:
11960:
11956:
11953:
11951:
11950:Hallucinogens
11947:
11939:
11936:
11934:
11931:
11930:
11929:
11926:
11924:
11921:
11919:
11916:
11911:
11910:
11909:
11906:
11904:
11901:
11900:
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11896:
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11867:
11864:
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11844:
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11839:
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11834:
11832:
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11827:
11824:
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11810:
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11795:
11794:
11793:
11790:
11786:
11783:
11782:
11781:
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11774:
11771:
11769:
11768:Energy drinks
11766:
11764:
11761:
11760:
11759:
11756:
11754:
11751:
11747:
11744:
11743:
11742:
11739:
11737:
11734:
11733:
11731:
11729:
11725:
11719:
11716:
11712:
11709:
11708:
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11700:
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11695:
11692:
11688:
11685:
11684:
11683:
11680:
11678:
11675:
11670:
11669:
11668:
11667:Hydromorphone
11665:
11663:
11660:
11655:
11654:
11653:
11650:
11648:
11645:
11640:
11637:
11636:
11635:
11632:
11627:
11626:
11625:
11622:
11618:
11615:
11614:
11613:
11610:
11605:
11602:
11601:
11600:
11599:Buprenorphine
11597:
11596:
11594:
11592:
11588:
11582:
11579:
11577:
11574:
11572:
11569:
11563:
11560:
11559:
11557:
11553:
11552:Paint thinner
11550:
11548:
11545:
11543:
11540:
11538:
11535:
11534:
11533:
11529:
11524:
11520:
11519:Nitrous oxide
11517:
11516:
11514:
11513:
11512:
11509:
11507:
11504:
11502:
11499:
11495:
11492:
11490:
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11470:
11467:
11465:
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11438:
11434:
11427:
11422:
11420:
11415:
11413:
11408:
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11380:
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11355:
11352:
11350:
11347:
11345:
11342:
11340:
11337:
11335:
11332:
11330:
11327:
11325:
11322:
11320:
11317:
11315:
11312:
11310:
11307:
11305:
11302:
11300:
11297:
11295:
11292:
11290:
11287:
11286:
11284:
11280:
11274:
11271:
11269:
11268:Methocarbamol
11266:
11264:
11263:Mephenoxalone
11261:
11259:
11256:
11254:
11253:Chlorzoxazone
11251:
11249:
11246:
11245:
11243:
11241:
11237:
11227:
11224:
11223:
11221:
11219:
11215:
11209:
11206:
11204:
11201:
11199:
11196:
11189:
11188:
11184:
11183:amitriptyline
11180:
11177:
11175:
11172:
11170:
11167:
11164:
11160:
11156:
11153:
11151:
11148:
11146:
11145:Carbamazepine
11143:
11142:
11140:
11138:
11134:
11128:
11125:
11123:
11120:
11118:
11115:
11113:
11110:
11108:
11105:
11103:
11100:
11098:
11095:
11094:
11092:
11090:
11086:
11083:
11081:
11075:
11069:
11066:
11064:
11061:
11059:
11056:
11054:
11051:
11049:
11046:
11045:
11043:
11041:
11037:
11027:
11024:
11022:
11019:
11017:
11014:
11012:
11009:
11007:
11004:
11002:
10999:
10998:
10996:
10992:
10985:
10978:
10975:
10973:
10970:
10968:
10965:
10963:
10960:
10958:
10955:
10953:
10950:
10949:
10947:
10945:
10941:
10934:
10927:
10924:
10922:
10919:
10917:
10914:
10912:
10909:
10907:
10904:
10902:
10899:
10897:
10894:
10892:
10889:
10887:
10884:
10882:
10879:
10877:
10874:
10872:
10869:
10867:
10864:
10862:
10859:
10857:
10854:
10852:
10849:
10847:
10844:
10841:
10837:
10834:
10833:
10831:
10829:
10825:
10819:
10816:
10814:
10811:
10809:
10806:
10804:
10801:
10800:
10798:
10796:
10792:
10786:
10783:
10781:
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10776:
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10771:
10768:
10766:
10763:
10760:
10753:
10750:
10749:
10747:
10745:
10741:
10735:
10732:
10730:
10727:
10725:
10722:
10720:
10717:
10714:
10707:
10704:
10702:
10699:
10697:
10694:
10692:
10689:
10687:
10684:
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10681:
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10668:
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10663:
10661:
10658:
10656:
10653:
10651:
10648:
10647:
10645:
10641:
10635:
10632:
10630:
10627:
10625:
10622:
10620:
10617:
10615:
10612:
10610:
10607:
10604:
10603:Dexketoprofen
10597:
10594:
10591:
10583:
10576:
10573:
10571:
10568:
10566:
10563:
10561:
10558:
10557:
10555:
10551:
10548:
10546:
10542:
10536:
10533:
10531:
10528:
10526:
10523:
10519:
10516:
10514:
10511:
10509:
10506:
10504:
10501:
10499:
10496:
10494:
10491:
10489:
10486:
10484:
10481:
10480:
10479:
10476:
10474:
10471:
10469:
10466:
10464:
10461:
10460:
10458:
10455:
10451:
10441:
10438:
10435:
10431:
10424:
10421:
10419:
10416:
10414:
10411:
10409:
10406:
10404:
10401:
10399:
10396:
10394:
10391:
10389:
10386:
10384:
10381:
10379:
10378:Phenoperidine
10376:
10374:
10371:
10369:
10366:
10364:
10361:
10359:
10356:
10354:
10351:
10349:
10346:
10344:
10341:
10339:
10336:
10334:
10331:
10329:
10326:
10324:
10321:
10318:
10314:
10311:
10309:
10308:Ethoheptazine
10306:
10304:
10301:
10299:
10296:
10294:
10291:
10289:
10286:
10284:
10281:
10279:
10276:
10274:
10271:
10269:
10266:
10264:
10261:
10259:
10256:
10255:
10253:
10249:
10243:
10240:
10238:
10235:
10233:
10230:
10227:
10223:
10219:
10215:
10211:
10204:
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10194:
10191:
10189:
10186:
10184:
10181:
10179:
10176:
10174:
10171:
10169:
10168:Hydromorphone
10166:
10164:
10161:
10158:
10154:
10150:
10143:
10140:
10138:
10137:Ethylmorphine
10135:
10133:
10130:
10128:
10125:
10122:
10115:
10112:
10110:
10107:
10105:
10102:
10100:
10097:
10094:
10087:
10086:Buprenorphine
10084:
10082:
10079:
10077:
10074:
10073:
10071:
10069:Semisynthetic
10067:
10061:
10058:
10056:
10053:
10051:
10048:
10045:
10041:
10038:
10034:
10031:
10029:
10026:
10025:
10024:
10021:
10020:
10018:
10016:
10012:
10008:
10005:
10003:
9999:
9994:
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9979:
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9665:
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9639:
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9635:
9618:
9614:
9610:
9603:
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9561:
9557:
9553:
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9526:
9520:
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9421:
9417:
9416:
9411:
9405:
9389:
9385:
9379:
9363:
9359:
9352:
9336:
9333:(in German).
9332:
9325:
9323:
9306:
9302:
9298:
9291:
9283:
9279:
9275:
9269:
9261:
9257:
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9232:
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9213:
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9119:
9115:
9108:
9089:
9082:
9076:
9074:
9054:
9047:
9040:
9024:
9020:
9019:MedPage Today
9016:
9009:
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7735:0-03-062416-9
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3400:Purdue Pharma
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3371:Blood Reserve
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3249:drug overdose
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3230:United States
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3204:Purdue Pharma
3201:
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3194:Richard Nixon
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3097:Edmund Speyer
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3093:Martin Freund
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3044:semisynthetic
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2928:Purdue Pharma
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2839:6β-oxymorphol
2836:
2835:6α-oxymorphol
2832:
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2826:
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2821:
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2814:
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2806:
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2764:Ketoreduction
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2740:Demethylation
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2655:~60 minutes.
2654:
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2611:. Along with
2610:
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2363:
2360:A few of the
2353:
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2345:
2344:interleukin 2
2342:activity and
2341:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2324:
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2317:
2316:expression).
2315:
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2137:
2134:
2133:
2129:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2118:
2114:
2109:
2107:
2106:Hydromorphone
2104:
2103:
2099:
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2092:
2091:Hydromorphone
2089:
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2084:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2073:
2069:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2058:
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2017:
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2013:
2010:
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2001:
1998:
1997:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1962:
1953:
1947:
1938:
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1904:
1898:
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1896:Equianalgesic
1890:
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1866:
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1844:
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1802:Oxycodone is
1795:
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1778:
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1759:
1755:
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1561:
1557:
1553:
1544:
1537:
1532:
1528:
1521:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1506:intramuscular
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1478:
1471:
1467:
1464:
1460:
1457:
1453:
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1406:
1397:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1365:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1350:
1348:
1345:
1341:
1335:
1333:
1329:
1328:hydromorphone
1325:
1321:
1316:
1314:
1310:
1300:
1298:
1294:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1269:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1238:gastroparesis
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1158:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
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1120:
1116:
1112:
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1100:
1096:
1092:
1082:
1075:
1066:
1061:
1060:
1057:
1050:
1041:
1040:
1037:
1030:
1026:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1014:
1013:Melting point
1010:
1003:
999:
998:
996:
993:
988:
981:
979:
975:
951:
949:
945:
940:
936:
932:
929:
927:
925:ECHA InfoCard
921:
913:
909:
908:DTXSID5023407
905:
904:
902:
893:
889:
882:
878:
877:
875:
873:
869:
862:
858:
857:
855:
853:
849:
842:
838:as HCl:
837:
834:
830:
829:
827:
825:
821:
814:
810:
809:
807:
805:
801:
794:
790:
789:
787:
785:
781:
774:
770:
769:
767:
765:
761:
754:
750:
749:
747:
745:
741:
734:
730:
729:
727:
720:
716:
709:
705:
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702:
700:
696:
688:
684:
680:
676:
671:
670:
667:
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655:
651:
648:
646:
642:
636:
634:
630:
621:
612:
603:
601:
594:
587:
577:
572:
570:
566:
560:
554:
550:
544:
540:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
519:
517:
513:
509:
507:
503:
499:
497:
493:
489:
485:
479:
469:
466:
454:
452:
442:
439:
430:
428:
419:
416:
406:
403:
393:
392:
390:
388:
384:
379:
371:
366:
361:
356:
351:
346:
341:
336:
331:
326:
321:
316:
313:
312:
310:
308:
304:
301:
298:
296:
292:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
264:intramuscular
261:
257:
254:
252:
246:
242:
240:
234:
230:
228:
222:
216:
207:
206:
204:
202:
196:
189:
184:
175:
174:
172:
170:
166:
162:
158:
156:
152:
148:
144:
142:
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
120:
116:
110:
72:
70:Pronunciation
68:
65:Clinical data
63:
59:
54:
50:
45:
37:
33:
19:
17561:Drug culture
17451:Hydroxydione
17384:Remifentanil
17353:
17278:Methohexital
17273:Hexobarbital
17260:Barbiturates
17143:Cyclopropane
17130:Inhalational
17070:
17049:Prodynorphin
17041:Propeptides:
17040:
16939:
16910:Thienorphine
16733:JNJ-19385899
16718:Cebranopadol
16700:Ac-RYYRIK-NH
16692:Ac-RYYRWK-NH
16376:6β-Naltrexol
16293:Thienorphine
16258:Salvinorin A
16217:
16058:Levallorphan
15863:Cebranopadol
15722:Thienorphine
15532:6β-Naltrexol
15410:
15316:JNJ-20788560
15311:Isomethadone
15206:Deltorphin I
15201:Deltorphin A
15181:Cebranopadol
15176:Casokefamide
15010:Naltrexazone
15000:Naloxonazine
14925:Levallorphan
14772:6β-Naltrexol
14671:Thienorphine
14626:Remifentanil
14548:
14518:
14479:Nicomorphine
14474:Nicodicodine
14429:Morphiceptin
14329:Ketobemidone
14164:Desomorphine
14149:DAMGO (DAGO)
14129:Cebranopadol
14124:Casokefamide
13872:Lifetime use
13674:Liquor store
13592:South Africa
13222:War on drugs
13048:Soviet Union
12924:Legalization
12762:Drug tourism
12610:Wine tasting
12530:Beer culture
12492:Coffee break
12429:Cannabis tea
12364:Drug culture
12207:Cannabinoids
12136:Salvinorin A
12102:amyl nitrite
11959:Psychedelics
11711:/paracetamol
11705:
11624:Desomorphine
11464:Barbiturates
11273:Orphenadrine
11248:Carisoprodol
11240:Myorelaxants
11190:
11040:Cannabinoids
11006:Floctafenine
10911:Salicylamide
10590:+paracetamol
10582:Dexibuprofen
10570:Flurbiprofen
10560:Benoxaprofen
10535:Propacetamol
10525:Parapropamol
10493:+hydrocodone
10434:+paracetamol
10403:Remifentanil
10393:Proheptazine
10323:Ketobemidone
10263:Alphaprodine
10210:+paracetamol
10202:
10198:Nicomorphine
10193:Nicodicodine
10149:+paracetamol
10121:+paracetamol
10104:Desomorphine
10033:+paracetamol
9944:the original
9931:
9927:
9898:. Retrieved
9891:the original
9886:
9873:
9861:. Retrieved
9852:
9845:
9833:. Retrieved
9812:
9787:
9783:
9763:
9731:
9719:
9707:. Retrieved
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9695:
9683:
9671:. Retrieved
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9621:. Retrieved
9612:
9602:
9590:. Retrieved
9586:the original
9576:
9564:. Retrieved
9560:the original
9555:
9545:
9533:. Retrieved
9519:
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9179:
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9134:
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9095:. Retrieved
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9060:. Retrieved
9039:
9027:. Retrieved
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9008:
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8987:
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8834:. Retrieved
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8803:. Retrieved
8794:
8784:
8773:, retrieved
8769:the original
8763:
8757:
8745:. Retrieved
8741:the original
8736:
8711:. Retrieved
8702:
8692:
8680:. Retrieved
8671:
8661:
8652:
8646:
8634:. Retrieved
8630:the original
8625:
8616:
8604:. Retrieved
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8592:
8565:. Retrieved
8547:
8535:. Retrieved
8526:
8516:
8504:. Retrieved
8495:
8485:
8474:the original
8455:
8448:
8438:19 September
8436:. Retrieved
8427:
8417:
8407:19 September
8405:. Retrieved
8396:
8386:
8374:. Retrieved
8357:
8347:
8335:. Retrieved
8316:
8306:
8287:
8277:12 September
8275:. Retrieved
8255:
8243:
8231:. Retrieved
8227:the original
8222:
8213:
8201:. Retrieved
8192:
8183:
8167:
8158:
8137:. Retrieved
8133:
8124:
8112:. Retrieved
8108:
8099:
8087:. Retrieved
8083:the original
8073:
8061:. Retrieved
8047:
8035:. Retrieved
8024:
7996:. Retrieved
7994:. Jackson MS
7991:
7981:
7969:. Retrieved
7955:
7946:
7918:
7914:
7904:
7863:
7844:
7838:
7826:. Retrieved
7817:
7807:
7798:
7789:
7767:(4): 12–14.
7764:
7760:
7739:. Retrieved
7719:
7712:
7695:
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7632:
7628:
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7609:
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7421:. Retrieved
7412:
7403:
7391:. Retrieved
7382:
7343:
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7312:
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7165:
7153:. Retrieved
7133:
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7022:. Retrieved
7013:
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6591:. Retrieved
6563:
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6483:
6435:
6431:
6383:
6379:
6350:. Retrieved
6330:
6323:
6311:. Retrieved
6292:
6282:
6270:. Retrieved
6261:
6252:
6232:
6225:
6205:
6198:
6186:. Retrieved
6166:
6159:
6147:. Retrieved
6127:
6120:
6104:(3): 63–65.
6101:
6097:
6087:
6075:. Retrieved
6055:
6048:
6036:. Retrieved
6016:
6009:
5989:
5982:
5947:
5941:
5916:
5912:
5876:
5872:
5826:
5822:
5779:
5775:
5765:
5753:. Retrieved
5741:
5701:
5697:
5691:
5656:
5650:
5640:
5607:
5603:
5597:
5585:. Retrieved
5575:
5563:. Retrieved
5559:the original
5549:
5516:
5512:
5505:
5493:. Retrieved
5489:
5480:
5445:
5441:
5431:
5398:
5394:
5388:
5376:. Retrieved
5369:the original
5360:
5333:. Retrieved
5319:
5299:
5273:. Retrieved
5258:
5246:. Retrieved
5226:
5219:
5199:
5171:. Retrieved
5151:
5121:. Retrieved
5107:
5095:. Retrieved
5075:
5068:
5056:. Retrieved
5036:
5029:
5017:. Retrieved
4997:
4985:. Retrieved
4965:
4958:
4938:
4931:
4911:
4904:
4892:. Retrieved
4888:
4879:
4867:. Retrieved
4863:the original
4858:
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4759:
4729:
4725:
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4678:
4674:
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4576:
4570:
4545:
4541:
4535:
4523:. Retrieved
4519:
4510:
4498:. Retrieved
4489:
4480:
4471:10665/371090
4461:
4452:
4425:
4421:
4411:
4399:. Retrieved
4395:the original
4390:
4381:
4361:
4332:
4327:
4290:
4286:
4261:. Retrieved
4252:
4185:
4181:
4175:
4167:
4139:
4135:
4098:
4064:
4057:
4045:. Retrieved
4025:
3967:. Retrieved
3958:
3924:
3894:. Retrieved
3885:
3857:. Retrieved
3849:
3840:
3813:
3809:
3780:. Retrieved
3760:
3753:
3741:. Retrieved
3721:
3714:
3702:. Retrieved
3693:
3684:
3665:
3641:
3618:
3606:الأوكسيكودون
3601:
3597:
3593:
3584:
3571:
3554:
3542:
3521:
3512:
3504:
3492:
3490:
3481:
3477:
3472:
3469:
3465:
3450:
3441:
3417:
3414:Legal status
3405:
3397:
3388:
3364:
3356:
3328:
3319:
3310:Maura Healey
3299:
3276:
3274:
3262:
3254:
3246:
3239:
3224:
3202:
3187:
3171:Adolf Hitler
3168:
3157:
3121:
3095:and (Jakob)
3091:
3079:
3063:
3057:
3047:
3035:
3033:
3026:
3024:
3021:Biosynthesis
3012:
2978:
2958:
2955:
2951:managed care
2943:
2931:
2921:
2911:
2907:
2893:
2861:
2849:
2790:
2786:
2744:noroxycodone
2724:noroxycodone
2693:
2673:
2670:Distribution
2657:
2598:
2576:
2545:
2543:
2483:Noroxycodone
2378:noroxycodone
2359:
2347:
2332:testosterone
2325:
2318:
2228:neuropeptide
2212:full agonist
2206:
2115:1.5 mg
2100:7.5 mg
2070:200 mg
1994:MOR:DOR:KOR
1911:October 2023
1908:
1893:
1875:Pharmacology
1869:fosphenytoin
1851:
1801:
1798:Interactions
1785:
1774:
1735:
1722:hypogonadism
1719:
1705:
1699:, and other
1677:panic attack
1665:
1640:
1628:
1568:constipation
1549:
1538:of oxycodone
1536:side effects
1527:
1524:Side effects
1483:
1418:
1351:
1336:
1317:
1306:
1303:Medical uses
1270:
1214:irritability
1166:constipation
1159:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1089:
1078:
686:
682:
678:
674:
597:Elimination
543:Noroxycodone
387:Legal status
381:Legal status
276:subcutaneous
169:License data
36:
17571:Euphoriants
17497:from market
17364:Embutramide
17359:Anileridine
17331:Remimazolam
17268:Amobarbital
17245:Fospropofol
17208:Vinyl ether
17198:Sevoflurane
16979:Kelatorphan
16956:Candoxatril
16845:Antagonists
16796:Racemorphan
16763:NNC 63-0532
16748:Lexanopadol
16743:Levorphanol
16621:Quadazocine
16606:Pawhuskin A
16601:Noribogaine
16591:Navacaprant
16581:Naltrindole
16501:Epicatechin
16466:Clocinnamox
16349:Antagonists
16311:desipramine
16278:Samidorphan
16248:Racemorphan
16233:Phenazocine
16223:Pentazocine
16203:Norketamine
16198:Noribogaine
16158:Nalfurafine
16123:Mirtazapine
16113:Metkefamide
16073:Lexanopadol
16068:Levorphanol
16048:Laudanosine
16033:ICI-204,448
16028:ICI-199,441
15998:Hemorphin-4
15958:Erinacine E
15943:Eluxadoline
15933:Dynorphin A
15878:Cyclazocine
15853:Butorphanol
15838:Bremazocine
15813:Asimadoline
15803:Allomatrine
15793:Akuammicine
15702:Quadazocine
15697:Pawhuskin A
15692:Noribogaine
15677:Naltrindole
15617:Epicatechin
15612:Eluxadoline
15587:Clocinnamox
15515:Antagonists
15446:Samidorphan
15436:Racemorphan
15416:Oxymorphone
15376:Mitragynine
15371:Metkefamide
15351:Lexanopadol
15346:Levorphanol
15331:Laudanosine
15296:Hydrocodone
15291:Hemorphin-4
15191:Cyclazocine
15166:Butorphanol
15141:β-Endorphin
15060:Samidorphan
15055:Quadazocine
15045:Pawhuskin A
15035:Noribogaine
15025:Naltrindole
14960:Naldemedine
14890:Epicatechin
14847:Clocinnamox
14735:Antagonists
14706:Tubotaiwine
14691:Trimebutine
14621:Racemorphan
14591:Piritramide
14576:Phenazocine
14561:Pentazocine
14534:Oxymorphone
14499:Oliceridine
14484:Norketamine
14469:Nicocodeine
14454:Naltalimide
14419:Mitragynine
14409:Metkefamide
14379:Loxicodegol
14369:Lexanopadol
14364:Levorphanol
14339:Laudanosine
14304:Hydrocodone
14299:Hodgkinsine
14289:Hemorphin-4
14279:Frakefamide
14239:Embutramide
14234:Dynorphin A
14194:Eluxadoline
14184:Dimenoxadol
14119:Carfentanil
14104:Butorphanol
14079:Bezitramide
14049:β-Endorphin
14039:Anileridine
14029:Akuammidine
14024:Akuammicine
13994:α-Narcotine
13879:Opiates use
13859:Cocaine use
13694:Issues with
13612:Switzerland
13597:South Korea
13567:Puerto Rico
13552:Philippines
13422:El Salvador
13332:Afghanistan
13068:Just Say No
13058:Switzerland
13033:Netherlands
12999:Drug policy
12929:Prohibition
12914:Drug policy
12907:State level
12752:Dance party
12663:Microdosing
12620:Psychedelia
12575:Oktoberfest
12497:Coffeehouse
12474:Stoner film
12165:Scopolamine
11895:Entactogens
11873:Theobromine
11736:Amphetamine
11662:Hydrocodone
11652:Diamorphine
11456:Depressants
11375:from market
11319:Frunevetmab
11299:Bedinvetmab
11208:PF-05089771
11117:Mirogabalin
11078:Ion channel
11048:Cannabidiol
11001:Benzydamine
10944:Pyrazolones
10926:Wintergreen
10876:Ethenzamide
10871:Dipyrocetyl
10828:Salicylates
10770:Lumiracoxib
10706:Indometacin
10634:Zaltoprofen
10553:Propionates
10463:Acetanilide
10454:Paracetamol
10388:Piritramide
10373:Phenazocine
10368:Phenadoxone
10358:Pentazocine
10353:Oliceridine
10348:Norpipanone
10317:+fluanisone
10298:Dimenoxadol
10278:Carfentanil
10273:Bezitramide
10268:Anileridine
10237:Papaveretum
10232:Oxymorphone
10226:+naltrexone
10188:Nicocodeine
10173:Levorphanol
10142:Hydrocodone
10099:Butorphanol
10044:+naltrexone
9709:27 November
9566:23 November
9426:11 February
9394:11 February
9311:15 December
9029:15 December
8998:15 December
8872:15 December
8747:15 December
8713:15 December
8626:Hc-sc.gc.ca
8397:WBUR Boston
8337:18 November
8139:11 November
8114:11 November
8089:11 February
8063:11 February
7998:12 December
7971:12 December
7921:: S23–S30.
7560:: 837–844.
7309:"Oxycodone"
7010:"Oxycodone"
6098:Aust Prescr
5755:21 December
5555:"Oxycodone"
5495:11 November
5300:Cancer Pain
5265:"Oxycodone"
5019:11 February
4889:www.bcm.edu
4869:11 February
4859:www.msn.com
4681:(1): 1–49.
4418:"Oxycodone"
4293:: 301–311.
4263:28 December
3806:"Oxycodone"
3621:oxandrolone
3616:(Russian).
3604:(Spanish),
3298:. In 2019,
3128:scopolamine
3117:Lodz Ghetto
3015:hydrocodone
2996:double bond
2890:Elimination
2772:6β-oxycodol
2754:oxymorphone
2732:oxymorphone
2712:metabolites
2601:intravenous
2464:Oxymorphone
2374:Oxymorphone
2362:metabolites
2346:production
2231:β-endorphin
2192:Oxymorphone
2186:10 mg
2177:Oxymorphone
2171:10 mg
2158:20 mg
2145:10 mg
2130:30 mg
2076:Hydrocodone
2018:Oxymorphone
1804:metabolized
1726:sex hormone
1689:muscle pain
1604:nervousness
1514:World War I
1502:intravenous
1494:Netherlands
1442:paracetamol
1332:cancer pain
1273:opium poppy
1246:hypotension
1242:bradycardia
1139:paracetamol
1127:pain relief
1111:abused drug
985: g·mol
931:100.000.874
657:Identifiers
559:Oxymorphone
537:Metabolites
467:Schedule II
280:transdermal
268:intravenous
155:MedlinePlus
128:Other names
119:Trade names
17550:Categories
17472:Propanidid
17446:Alfaxalone
17441:Alfadolone
17423:Tiletamine
17408:Esketamine
17390:Sufentanil
17374:Alfentanil
17293:Thiopental
17178:Isoflurane
17148:Desflurane
17138:Chloroform
17074:Kyotorphin
17019:Spinorphin
16900:SB-612,111
16895:Nocistatin
16865:BAN-ORL-24
16816:SCH-486757
16811:SCH-221510
16650:Nociceptin
16611:PF-4455242
16586:Naringenin
16576:Naltrexone
16536:LY-2795050
16531:LY-2459989
16526:LY-2444296
16521:LY-2196044
16506:Hyperoside
16421:Aticaprant
16315:imipramine
16238:Proxorphan
16213:Oxilorphan
16183:Niravoline
16173:Nalorphine
16148:Nalbuphine
16133:Moxazocine
16108:Metazocine
16078:Lofentanil
16043:Ketazocine
16003:Herkinorin
15983:Gemazocine
15973:Fedotozine
15953:Eptazocine
15883:Cyclorphan
15868:Ciprefadol
15687:Naringenin
15667:Naltrexone
15662:Nalorphine
15637:LY-2196044
15627:ICI-174864
15622:ICI-154129
15567:Bevenopran
15542:α-Santolol
15506:Zenazocine
15486:Tonazocine
15441:RWJ-394674
15426:Proglumide
15366:Metazocine
15356:Lofentanil
15286:Fluorophen
15050:Rimonabant
15040:Oxilorphan
15030:Naringenin
15020:Naltrexone
14985:Naloxazone
14975:Nalorphine
14940:LY-2196044
14910:Hyperoside
14900:Gemazocine
14895:Eptazocine
14832:Bevenopran
14676:Tianeptine
14651:Tapentadol
14646:Sufentanil
14641:Sinomenine
14631:Salsolinol
14586:Piminodine
14504:Oxycodegol
14494:Octreotide
14489:Nufenoxole
14439:Nalbuphine
14394:Meptazinol
14374:Loperamide
14344:Lefetamine
14294:Herkinorin
14274:Fluorophen
14229:Dipipanone
14154:Dermorphin
14044:Apparicine
14034:Alfentanil
13957:(abridged;
13937:modulators
13867:Annual use
13718:Dependence
13582:Seychelles
13487:Kyrgyzstan
13402:Costa Rica
13347:Bangladesh
13320:Drug trade
13289:production
13278:production
13197:Drug court
13083:California
13001:by country
12934:Regulation
12668:Smart shop
12653:Literature
12648:Experience
12595:Sports bar
12560:Happy hour
12525:Bartending
12296:Club drugs
12269:Oneirogens
12153:Deliriants
12033:Psilocybin
11856:Polacrilex
11826:Mephedrone
11728:Stimulants
11530:Hazardous
11474:Carbamates
11349:Rimazolium
11344:Proglumide
11289:Analgecine
11226:Flupirtine
11169:Mexiletine
11150:Lacosamide
11127:Ziconotide
11122:Pregabalin
11112:Leconotide
11102:Gabapentin
11080:modulators
11063:Nabiximols
11026:Proquazone
11021:Nimesulide
11016:Nabumetone
10967:Nifenazone
10881:Guacetisal
10866:Diflunisal
10851:Benorylate
10785:Valdecoxib
10765:Etoricoxib
10696:Diclofenac
10686:Acemetacin
10655:Lornoxicam
10609:Loxoprofen
10596:Ketoprofen
10565:Fenoprofen
10530:Phenacetin
10508:+oxycodone
10498:+ibuprofen
10430:+celecoxib
10413:Tapentadol
10408:Sufentanil
10383:Piminodine
10333:Meptazinol
10328:Lofentanil
10303:Dipipanone
10258:Alfentanil
10218:+ibuprofen
10183:Nalbuphine
10153:+ibuprofen
9985:Analgesics
9623:7 November
8903:30 January
8775:23 January
8682:7 February
8567:7 December
8537:23 January
8506:23 January
8428:Boston.com
8376:3 February
8037:2 February
7897:§ 801
7887:, enacted
7879:, 84
7024:24 January
6583:2016009254
6352:1 February
5587:10 October
4894:6 November
4401:27 October
3859:22 October
3646:References
3629:oxybutynin
3600:(French),
3590:convention
3375:Lethbridge
3234:See also:
3219:See also:
3136:compounded
3068:to turn a
3054:transgenes
2973:See also:
2904:eliminated
2716:conjugated
2696:metabolism
2690:Metabolism
2637:Intranasal
2617:sublingual
2276:(PAG) and
2224:endogenous
2201:1 mg
1937:Affinities
1865:Rifampicin
1823:inhibitors
1714:See also:
1668:withdrawal
1660:See also:
1594:(6%), and
1580:somnolence
1560:relaxation
1556:anxiolysis
1520:soldiers.
1486:Parenteral
1470:naltrexone
1458:(Combunox)
1372:See also:
1297:naltrexone
1218:depression
1206:dependence
1182:drowsiness
1151:naltrexone
1095:Roxicodone
990:3D model (
978:Molar mass
861:CHEBI:7852
813:CD35PMG570
784:ChemSpider
744:IUPHAR/BPS
699:CAS Number
666:IUPAC name
553:conjugated
516:Metabolism
438:Anlage III
427:Schedule I
295:Drug class
272:intranasal
260:sublingual
225:Dependence
17507:Phase III
17495:Withdrawn
17467:Etomidate
17354:Oxycodone
17326:Lorazepam
17316:Midazolam
17288:Thiamylal
17223:Injection
17173:Halothane
17168:Fluroxene
17158:Enflurane
17029:Tynorphin
17024:Thiorphan
17004:Opiorphan
16946:Amastatin
16875:J-113,397
16836:TH-030418
16806:Ro65-6570
16801:Ro64-6198
16728:Etorphine
16636:Zyklophin
16626:Taxifolin
16516:LY-255582
16476:Cyclofoxy
16426:Axelopran
16340:Xorphanol
16330:U-54,494A
16298:Tifluadom
16288:TH-030418
16218:Oxycodone
16208:Oripavine
16178:Naltriben
16163:Nalmefene
16118:Mianserin
16088:Lufuradom
15993:GR-103545
15968:Etorphine
15948:Enadoline
15848:Butorphan
15843:BRL-52537
15808:Apadoline
15717:Taxifolin
15712:SoRI-9409
15672:Naltriben
15657:Nalmefene
15632:LY-255582
15562:Axelopran
15501:Xorphanol
15471:TH-030418
15451:SB-235863
15411:Oxycodone
15406:Oripavine
15271:Etorphine
15161:Butorphan
15126:Amoxapine
15065:Taxifolin
14990:Naloxegol
14965:Nalmefene
14935:LY-255582
14865:Cyprodime
14860:Cyclofoxy
14827:Axelopran
14807:Alvimopan
14802:Akuammine
14787:α-Gliadin
14726:Xorphanol
14716:Valorphin
14661:TH-030418
14519:Oxycodone
14514:Oripavine
14449:Nalmexone
14404:Methadone
14384:LS-115509
14264:Etorphine
14254:Eseroline
14099:Butorphan
13960:full list
13863:Cannabis
13708:Addiction
13664:Beer shop
13647:Venezuela
13512:Mauritius
13342:Australia
13280:and trade
13207:Drug test
13008:Australia
12782:Nootropic
12767:Entheogen
12742:Club drug
12590:Sommelier
12585:Pub crawl
12570:Nightclub
12565:Hip flask
12502:Latte art
12439:Head shop
12309:Quaaludes
12077:Inhalants
12026:San Pedro
12011:Mescaline
11994:Ayahuasca
11967:Bufotenin
11912:Benzofury
11903:2C series
11883:Chocolate
11846:Modafinil
11836:Methylone
11809:Ephedrine
11780:Cathinone
11741:Arecoline
11706:Oxycodone
11677:Methadone
11511:Inhalants
11385:Phase III
11373:Withdrawn
11354:Tanezumab
11314:Clonidine
11309:Capsaicin
11163:lidocaine
11011:Glafenine
10972:Phenazone
10916:Salsalate
10846:Aloxiprin
10795:Fenamates
10780:Rofecoxib
10775:Parecoxib
10759:+tramadol
10752:Celecoxib
10734:Zomepirac
10719:Ketorolac
10691:Bromfenac
10670:Tenoxicam
10665:Piroxicam
10660:Meloxicam
10619:Oxaprozin
10575:Ibuprofen
10518:+tramadol
10473:Butacetin
10338:Methadone
10251:Synthetic
10222:+naloxone
10203:Oxycodone
10132:Etorphine
10093:+naloxone
10060:Paregoric
9252:"Opioids"
8703:Maclean's
8366:0362-4331
8327:0028-792X
7935:0376-8716
7536:222595431
7482:: 71–94.
7155:5 October
6593:5 October
5974:0171-2004
5776:Neurology
5448:: 94–97.
5248:5 October
5173:5 October
5097:5 October
5058:5 October
4987:5 October
4630:: 39–51.
4525:30 August
4500:30 August
4253:Drugs.com
4188:(2): 15.
4047:5 October
3969:4 January
3961:. WebMD.
3888:. WebMD.
3782:20 August
3743:20 August
3694:Drugs.com
3614:оксикодон
3602:oxicodona
3598:oxycodone
3596:(Dutch),
3568:Economics
3518:Singapore
3501:Hong Kong
3438:Australia
3360:Maclean's
3316:Australia
3179:pethidine
3148:Wehrmacht
3132:ephedrine
3113:Holocaust
3082:clearance
3040:microbial
2969:Chemistry
2778:Oxidation
2718:) in the
2641:half life
2565:into the
2446:Oxycodone
2328:prolactin
2302:Tolerance
2251:G protein
2209:selective
2163:Oxycodone
2150:Oxycodone
1999:Oxycodone
1903:talk page
1853:Ritonavir
1831:half-life
1819:clearance
1738:overdoses
1728:levels).
1636:naloxegol
1592:dry mouth
1584:dizziness
1504:(IV) and
1456:ibuprofen
1358:off-label
1347:analgesic
1202:addiction
1194:dry mouth
1186:dizziness
1143:ibuprofen
1131:injection
1099:OxyContin
1091:Oxycodone
881:ChEMBL656
645:Excretion
599:half-life
523:: mainly
249:Routes of
239:liability
237:Addiction
227:liability
199:Pregnancy
188:Oxycodone
147:Monograph
141:Drugs.com
41:Oxycodone
17540:Medicine
17413:Ketamine
17369:Fentanyl
17349:Morphine
17321:Diazepam
17250:Propofol
17240:Ciprofol
17163:Ethylene
16915:Trap-101
16905:SR-16430
16826:SR-16435
16680:(PheΨ(CH
16660:Agonists
16571:Naloxone
16481:Dezocine
16451:Catechin
16406:Apigenin
16335:U-69,593
16128:Morphine
16098:MB-1C-OH
16038:Ketamine
16023:Ibogaine
15988:GR-89696
15978:Fentanyl
15858:BW373U86
15746:Agonists
15736:κ-opioid
15682:Naloxone
15577:Catechin
15552:Apigenin
15491:Tramadol
15476:Thebaine
15386:Morphine
15306:Ibogaine
15276:Fentanyl
15256:DPI-3290
15226:Dezocine
15171:BW373U86
15151:Biphalin
15116:ADL-5859
15089:Agonists
15079:δ-opioid
15005:Naloxone
14930:Lobeline
14915:Ibogaine
14837:Catechin
14817:Apigenin
14686:Tramadol
14681:Tilidine
14666:Thebaine
14636:SC-17599
14606:Propiram
14566:Pericine
14509:OM-3-MNZ
14434:Morphine
14324:Ketamine
14269:Fentanyl
14179:Dezocine
14114:BW373U86
14084:Biphalin
13969:3-HO-PCP
13955:Agonists
13945:μ-opioid
13847:drug use
13760:Overdose
13696:drug use
13622:Thailand
13607:Suriname
13587:Slovakia
13562:Portugal
13547:Paraguay
13507:Malaysia
13447:Honduras
13397:Colombia
13382:Cambodia
13103:Virginia
13093:Maryland
13088:Colorado
13043:Slovakia
13038:Portugal
12711:Smokeasy
12605:Wine bar
12507:Teahouse
12230:Hash oil
12161:Atropine
12119:Muscimol
12109:Ketamine
12072:Glaucine
12037:Psilocin
11851:Nicotine
11758:Caffeine
11718:Tramadol
11694:Morphine
11671:Dilaudid
11647:Fentanyl
11638:Darvocet
11628:Krokodil
11603:Suboxone
11542:Gasoline
11532:solvents
11515:Medical
11324:Ketamine
11203:Funapide
11198:DSP-2230
11058:Nabilone
11053:Cannabis
10957:Ampyrone
10729:Tolmetin
10724:Sulindac
10701:Etodolac
10679:Acetates
10650:Isoxicam
10624:Suprofen
10614:Naproxen
10488:+codeine
10423:Tramadol
10418:Tilidine
10398:Propiram
10313:Fentanyl
10293:Dezocine
10242:Thebacon
10214:+aspirin
10157:+aspirin
10055:Laudanum
10040:Morphine
10028:+aspirin
9940:16012419
9900:23 March
9826:Archived
9739:Archived
9664:Archived
9617:Archived
9529:Archived
9388:Archived
9335:Archived
9305:Archived
9234:Archived
9215:Archived
9196:23 March
9160:Archived
9118:Archived
9053:Archived
8897:Archived
8836:16 April
8830:Archived
8805:12 April
8799:Archived
8707:Archived
8676:Archived
8672:CityNews
8561:Archived
8557:CTV News
8531:Archived
8527:The Star
8500:Archived
8496:The Star
8432:Archived
8401:Archived
8370:Archived
8331:Archived
8295:Archived
8268:Archived
8233:24 April
8197:Archived
8057:Archived
8031:Archived
8017:Keefe PR
7943:16529882
7899:et. seq.
7828:24 April
7822:Archived
7820:. Bonn.
7781:17494237
7592:38478470
7584:25151135
7498:26393965
7441:Archived
7417:Archived
7387:Archived
7317:Archived
7290:20590588
7241:39724277
7198:15625333
7149:Archived
7111:14516487
7062:16763013
7018:Archived
6991:26977300
6942:30652261
6896:30652261
6846:21610203
6797:17292346
6762:16533506
6724:45689872
6716:17961923
6681:14293344
6673:18784485
6638:53165907
6587:Archived
6514:16524280
6506:18227301
6460:22857902
6452:23488585
6408:21372271
6400:16678548
6346:Archived
6313:24 April
6307:Archived
6272:24 April
6266:Archived
6182:Archived
6143:Archived
6071:Archived
6032:Archived
5933:26312962
5895:19417618
5851:25770818
5843:20697700
5798:28265044
5746:Archived
5718:23414717
5683:30343356
5632:22539877
5624:12032797
5565:25 March
5541:73061000
5533:19032132
5472:29232630
5423:44986791
5415:17525040
5378:23 March
5329:Archived
5275:27 March
5269:Archived
5242:Archived
5167:Archived
5117:Archived
5091:Archived
5052:Archived
5010:Archived
4981:Archived
4841:11237376
4792:18360598
4738:32931211
4707:26987082
4656:26966387
4597:18039433
4562:29308584
4520:ClinCalc
4494:Archived
4490:ClinCalc
4460:(2023).
4444:15907646
4319:29445297
4257:Archived
4255:. AHFS.
4210:73488265
4202:30820686
4164:35076787
4041:Archived
3963:Archived
3890:Archived
3832:15907646
3776:Archived
3737:Archived
3704:12 April
3698:Archived
3633:oxytocin
3625:oxazepam
3594:oxycodon
3455:(CDSA).
3367:fentanyl
3271:Lawsuits
3183:morphine
3140:analogue
3105:thebaine
3070:thebaine
2896:excreted
2708:pathways
2556:and the
2554:genotype
2546:in vitro
2398:Compound
2370:efficacy
2366:affinity
2349:in vitro
2271:midbrain
2237:for the
2235:affinity
2136:Morphine
2121:Morphine
2045:Compound
2030:1:64:176
1933:Compound
1827:inducers
1781:fentanyl
1732:Overdose
1685:insomnia
1646:naloxone
1612:diarrhea
1596:sweating
1576:vomiting
1552:euphoria
1496:and the
1463:naloxone
1421:by mouth
1354:naloxone
1340:fentanyl
1324:morphine
1277:thebaine
1266:morphine
1226:delirium
1198:sweating
1174:vomiting
1162:euphoria
1147:naloxone
1115:by mouth
1081:(verify)
764:DrugBank
616:for all
591:: 1 hour
415:Class A1
323:) ,
307:ATC code
288:epidural
256:By mouth
201:category
183:DailyMed
32:Oxytocin
17586:Opioids
17341:Opioids
17232:Phenols
17071:Others:
16999:RB-3007
16951:BL-2401
16920:UFP-101
16885:NalBzOH
16880:JTC-801
16821:SR-8993
16758:MT-7716
16708:BU08070
16561:MR-2266
16541:MeJDTic
16471:CVL-354
16441:BU09059
16431:AZ-MTAB
16411:Arodyne
16371:6'-GNTI
16366:5'-GNTI
16325:U-50488
16305:(e.g.,
16153:NalBzOH
16138:MR-2034
16103:Menthol
16093:Matrine
15828:BAM-22P
15823:BAM-18P
15818:BAM-12P
15758:6'-GNTI
15527:5'-NTII
15461:SNC-162
15401:NalBzOH
15321:KNT-127
15251:DPI-221
15186:Codeine
15146:BAM-18P
15136:AZD2327
15101:6'-GNTI
14995:Naloxol
14721:Viminol
14711:U-47700
14696:TRIMU 5
14601:Prodine
14544:OxyPNPH
14459:Neopine
14444:NalBzOH
14414:Metopon
14389:Matrine
14139:Codeine
14089:BU08070
14064:BAM-22P
14059:BAM-18P
14054:BAM-12P
14019:AH-7921
13522:Nigeria
13517:Moldova
13437:Germany
13432:Finland
13427:Estonia
13367:Bolivia
13023:Germany
12822:Whoonga
12673:Therapy
12341:Poppers
12319:Ecstasy
12304:Cocaine
12252:APINACA
12242:JWH-018
12225:Hashish
12097:poppers
11933:Ecstasy
11866:Tobacco
11814:Ephedra
11792:Cocaine
11612:Codeine
11606:Subutex
11591:Opioids
11329:Menthol
11304:Camphor
11181:(e.g.,
11174:Nefopam
11159:cocaine
11157:(e.g.,
10906:Salicin
10643:Oxicams
10468:Bucetin
10440:Viminol
10178:Metopon
10023:Codeine
10011:Opiates
10002:Opioids
9863:4 April
9835:4 April
9804:2666074
9535:8 April
9509:8 April
9480:8 April
9368:8 April
9341:6 April
9169:6 April
9124:6 April
9097:4 April
9062:4 April
8593:ccsa.ca
8266:. FDA.
7869:Pub. L.
7575:4167936
7323:3 April
7281:2935998
7233:8477556
6982:4777261
6837:4006196
6630:9415500
6188:21 June
6149:21 June
6077:22 June
6038:22 June
5948:Opioids
5674:6244554
5463:5730425
5123:21 June
4832:2363790
4783:1936259
4698:6390846
4647:4771398
4605:9099037
4310:5810535
4156:8844441
3896:8 April
3637:Roxanol
3635:", or "
3487:Germany
3430:of the
3422:of the
3379:Alberta
3336:Ontario
3158:During
3099:of the
3088:History
3034:Thodey
3007:ketones
3005:(as in
2981:codeine
2726:(70%),
2506:5.69 nM
2490:1930 nM
2487:57.1 nM
2471:42.8 nM
2468:0.36 nM
2449:16.0 nM
2247:agonist
2226:opioid
2222:of the
2214:of the
2061:Codeine
2021:0.78 nM
2011:1:53:38
1847:potency
1808:enzymes
1806:by the
1792:hypoxia
1673:anxiety
1624:hiccups
1620:dyspnea
1590:(13%),
1588:itching
1586:(13%),
1582:(23%),
1578:(12%),
1574:(23%),
1570:(23%),
1512:during
1510:Germany
1449:aspirin
1250:codeine
1190:itching
1155:aspirin
983:315.369
948:Formula
793:4447649
773:DB00497
733:5284603
719:PubChem
708:76-42-6
464:WARNING
451:Class A
436::
425::
367: (
365:N02AA56
357: (
355:N02AA55
347: (
345:N02AJ19
337: (
335:N02AJ18
327: (
325:N02AJ17
317: (
315:N02AA05
214: C
185::
161:a682132
18:Eucodal
17526:Portal
17490:WHO-EM
17460:Others
17009:Selank
16994:RB-120
16989:RB-101
16933:Others
16860:AT-076
16753:MCOPPB
16416:AT-076
16262:salvia
16143:N-MPPP
16083:LPK-26
15707:SDM25N
15557:AT-076
15496:TRV250
15456:SNC-80
15326:Kratom
15106:7-SIOM
14822:AT-076
14812:AM-251
14701:TRV734
14596:PL-017
14334:Kratom
14319:IBNtxA
13627:Turkey
13617:Taiwan
13572:Russia
13557:Poland
13537:Panama
13527:Norway
13502:Latvia
13482:Kosovo
13412:Cyprus
13372:Brazil
13362:Bhutan
13352:Belize
13098:Oregon
13053:Sweden
13013:Canada
12772:Hippie
12706:Loosie
12175:Datura
12021:Peyote
12006:LSD-25
11763:Coffee
11687:Kratom
11656:Heroin
11641:Darvon
11558:Other
11368:WHO-EM
11282:Others
10994:Others
10980:
10929:
10755:
10709:
10599:
10586:
10578:
10545:NSAIDs
10426:
10206:
10145:
10117:
10089:
9938:
9802:
9673:22 May
9656:
9592:23 May
9152:
8968:23 May
8942:23 May
8636:10 May
8606:10 May
8466:
8364:
8325:
8203:11 May
7965:C-SPAN
7941:
7933:
7895:
7883:
7877:91–513
7875:
7851:
7779:
7741:3 June
7732:
7673:
7590:
7582:
7572:
7556:(10).
7534:
7496:
7423:8 July
7393:8 July
7351:
7288:
7278:
7239:
7231:
7196:
7141:
7109:
7070:772550
7068:
7060:
6989:
6979:
6940:
6894:
6844:
6834:
6795:
6760:
6722:
6714:
6679:
6671:
6636:
6628:
6581:
6571:
6544:
6512:
6504:
6458:
6450:
6406:
6398:
6338:
6299:
6240:
6213:
6174:
6135:
6063:
6024:
5997:
5972:
5962:
5931:
5893:
5849:
5841:
5796:
5716:
5681:
5671:
5630:
5622:
5539:
5531:
5470:
5460:
5421:
5413:
5335:22 May
5307:
5234:
5207:
5159:
5083:
5044:
4973:
4946:
4919:
4839:
4829:
4790:
4780:
4736:
4705:
4695:
4654:
4644:
4603:
4595:
4560:
4442:
4369:
4339:
4317:
4307:
4208:
4200:
4162:
4154:
4106:
4072:
4033:
3932:
3830:
3768:
3729:
3672:
3587:UNESCO
3562:Oregon
3447:Canada
3407:Pfizer
3348:heroin
3342:, but
3325:Canada
3265:heroin
3036:et al.
2900:kidney
2829:UGT2B7
2758:CYP2D6
2748:CYP3A4
2684:spleen
2627:. The
2621:buccal
2613:rectal
2551:CYP2D6
2509:167 nM
2452:343 nM
2296:, and
2282:reward
2027:137 nM
2008:677 nM
2005:958 nM
1861:plasma
1815:CYP2D6
1811:CYP3A4
1777:heroin
1768:, and
1697:fevers
1681:nausea
1622:, and
1572:nausea
1562:, and
1492:, the
1384:, and
1344:opioid
1326:, and
1289:
1244:, and
1196:, and
1170:nausea
1153:, and
1103:opioid
1036:SMILES
872:ChEMBL
841:D00847
833:D05312
529:CYP2D6
476:
461:
449:
413:
400:
300:Opioid
284:rectal
181:
113:
17213:Xenon
17014:Semax
16653:(NOP)
16631:UPHIT
16616:RB-64
16556:ML350
16551:ML190
16511:JDTic
16486:DIPPA
16253:RB-64
16008:HS665
15873:CR665
15768:18-MC
15763:8-CAC
15739:(KOR)
15261:DSLET
15246:DPDPE
15196:DADLE
15156:BU-48
15082:(DOR)
14920:JDTic
14782:18-MC
14611:PZM21
14555:opium
14464:NFEPP
14144:DADLE
13948:(MOR)
13703:Abuse
13602:Spain
13477:Kenya
13472:Japan
13467:Italy
13452:India
13442:Haiti
13392:China
13387:Chile
13377:Burma
13357:Benin
13337:Aruba
13266:Other
13165:Other
13028:India
12730:Other
12658:Music
12464:NORML
12324:Molly
12257:Spice
12247:APICA
11977:Vilca
11938:Molly
11908:6-APB
11878:Cocoa
11802:Crack
11753:Betel
11746:Areca
11699:Opium
11562:Freon
10456:-type
10343:NFEPP
10050:Opium
10015:opium
9947:(PDF)
9924:(PDF)
9894:(PDF)
9883:(PDF)
9857:(PDF)
9829:(PDF)
9822:(PDF)
9703:(PDF)
9692:(PDF)
9667:(PDF)
9650:(PDF)
9550:DEA.
9474:(PDF)
9467:(PDF)
9163:(PDF)
9146:(PDF)
9091:(PDF)
9084:(PDF)
9056:(PDF)
9049:(PDF)
8936:(PDF)
8925:(PDF)
8866:(PDF)
8855:(PDF)
8600:(PDF)
8589:(PDF)
8477:(PDF)
8460:(PDF)
8271:(PDF)
8264:(PDF)
7881:Stat.
7588:S2CID
7532:S2CID
7478:(1).
7237:S2CID
7066:S2CID
6720:S2CID
6677:S2CID
6634:S2CID
6510:S2CID
6456:S2CID
6404:S2CID
5847:S2CID
5819:(PDF)
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