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orchid fragrances has never been demonstrated in behavioral experiments. Instead, it is now thought that the function of the male odors is to signal male 'genetic quality' to females, because great effort must be expended by males to collect orchid fragrances and thus only the most fit males could gather complex odor mixes. This would constitute an unusual example of Zahavi's
484:, studies have shown that there is a significant trend in chemical preference for cineole during later times in the year as opposed to methyl salicylate. In the local fragrance environment, a shift in the wind direction is another factor which may also cause another fragrance 'hot spot' to be included in the odor plume for euglossine bees.
434:
The chemicals are picked up using special brushes on the forelegs, transferred from there by rubbing the brushes against combs on the middle legs, and finally these combs are pressed into grooves on the dorsal edge of the hind legs, squeezing the chemicals past the waxy hairs which block the opening
438:
The accumulated "fragrances" are evidently released by the males at their display sites in the forest understory, where matings are known to take place. The accumulated volatiles were long believed to be used by males as a pheromone to attract females; however, female attraction to male odors or to
477:
It is also important to note that resource 'hot spots' wax and wane throughout the year as plants bloom and die, largely due to temporal changes, particularly between the changing of seasons. This often shifts euglossine bee preferences for certain chemicals over others. For
495:
only occurs between orchids of the same species. Different orchid bee males are attracted to different chemicals, so there is also some specificity regarding which orchid bees visit which types of orchid. The early description of this pollination system was by
331:
Females gather pollen and nectar as food from a variety of plants, and resins, mud and other materials for nest building. Some of the same food plants are also used by the males, which leave the nest upon hatching and do not return.
500:, though at the time, he believed the bees were females. Not all orchids utilize euglossines as pollen vectors, of course; among the other types of insects exploited are other types of bees, wasps, flies, ants, and moths.
374:
under an anther cap; orchids are not visited by females, as females require both nectar and pollen as food provisions for their offspring, and visit other types of plants to obtain these resources. The whole
846:(2004): Abejas De Orquídeas De La América Tropical: Biología y Guía De Campo / Orchid Bees of Tropical America: Biology and Field Guide. Santo Domingo, Costa Rica: INBio. In Spanish and English.
446:
Scientists use single synthetic compounds as bait to attract and collect males for study; among them are many familiar flavorings and odors considered appealing to humans (e.g.,
256:
Most of the tribe's species are solitary, though a few are communal, or exhibit simple forms of eusociality. There are about 200 described species, distributed in five genera:
619:
Eltz, T., Roubik, D.W., Whitten, M.W., 2003. Fragrances, male display and mating behaviour of
Euglossa hemichlora: a flight cage experiment. Physiol. Entomol. 28, 251-260.
610:
Eltz, T., Whitten, W.M., Roubik, D.W., Linsenmair, K.E., 1999. Fragrance collection, storage, and accumulation by individual male orchid bees. J. Chem. Ecol. 25, 157- 176.
646:
Armbruster, W. Scott. "Within-habitat heterogeneity in baiting samples of male euglossine bees: possible causes and implications." Biotropica (1993): 122-128.
443:, analogous to the male peacock's tail. The relationship between male euglossine bees and volatile chemicals is essentially unique in the animal kingdom.
834:
554:(Friese) (Apidae: Euglossini) in Arizona, with notes on northern distributions of other Mesoamerican bees. J. Kansas Entomol. Soc. 69(1): 102-104.
1078:
575:
Evoy, W. H., & Jones, B. P. (1971). Motor patterns of male euglossine bees evoked by floral fragrances. Animal
Behaviour, 19(3), 583-588.
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370:, where all species are exclusively pollinated by euglossine males. These orchids do not produce nectar, and hide the pollen on a single
1065:
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becomes attached to the male as it leaves the flower. Several flowers from other plant families are also visited by the bees:
1157:
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Vetter, Walter; Roberts, Donald (2007-05-15). "Revisiting the organohalogens associated with 1979-samples of
Brazilian bees (
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509:
is highly unusual among insects in seeking out and collecting large quantities of insecticide. Dressler (1967) discovered
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Neotropical orchids themselves often exhibit elaborate adaptations involving highly specific placement of pollen packets (
1147:
910:
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354:
Male orchid bees have uniquely modified legs which are used to collect and store different volatile compounds (often
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806:(1983): Orchid floral fragrances and male euglossine bees: methods and advances in the last sesquidecade.
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525:, amounting to several percent of the bee's weight, without suffering any harm from the activity.
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Cameron, Sydney A. (2004). "Phylogeny and
Biology of Neotropical Orchid Bees (Euglossini)".
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Zahavi, A., 1975. Mate selection: a selection for a handicap. J. Theor. Biol. 53, 205-214.
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491:) on the bodies of the male orchid bees; the specificity of their placement ensures that
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are characterized by brilliant metallic coloration, primarily green, gold, and blue.
880:(2005): Juggling with volatiles: fragrance exposure by displaying male orchid bees.
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The special fragrance collection organs are seen on the large hind legs of this
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893:(2006): Species-specific attraction to pheromonal analogues in orchid bees.
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286:. All species occur in South or Central America, though one species,
270:
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and phylogeny of the orchid bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae; Euglossini).
435:
of the groove, and into a sponge-like cavity inside the hind tibia.
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have been reported from
Arizona and Texas, respectively. The genera
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The
Various Contrivances by which Orchids are Fertilized by Insects
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Minckley, R. L., S. G. Reyes (1996). Capture of the orchid bee,
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Video showing
Euglossini Orchid Bees collecting fragrance from
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431:) contain one or more species that attract male euglossines.
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Information and photos of
Euglossini pollinating orchids
860:(2004) Odor Compound Detection in Male Euglossine Bees.
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bees whose non-parasitic members do not all possess
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721:Insect Behavior Mathews and Mathews 2010, p. 352
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324:in the nests of other orchid bees. All except
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517:and Roberts (1982) observed them collecting
804:Williams, Norris H. & Whitten, W. Mark
29:
358:) throughout their lives, primarily from
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339:
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238:Description, distribution, and behavior
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844:Roubik, David W. & Paul E. Hanson
690:10.1146/annurev.ento.49.072103.115855
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891:Zimmermann, Y., Roubik, D., Eltz, T.
740:The Science of the Total Environment
895:Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology
882:Journal of Comparative Physiology A
470:), and others which are not (e.g.,
13:
793:Darwin, Charles & Appleton, D.
14:
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858:Schiestl, F.P. & Roubik, D.W.
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760:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2007.02.009
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521:in huge amounts from houses in
878:Eltz, T., Sager, A., Lunau, K.
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1:
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1158:Hymenoptera of South America
1153:Hymenoptera of North America
566:Williams & Whitten, 1983
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292:, has become established in
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957:Featured Creatures website.
862:Journal of Chemical Ecology
673:Annual Review of Entomology
10:
1179:
1148:Insects of Central America
655:Darwin & Appleton 1877
637:Schiestl & Roubik 2004
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825:American Museum Novitates
819:(1999): The first fossil
200:
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158:
153:
54:Scientific classification
52:
37:
28:
23:
541:Roubik & Hanson 2004
226:, are the only group of
873:10.1023/A:1021932131526
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350:as it sleeps on a leaf
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1105:Paleobiology Database
343:
245:
347:Euglossa viridissima
336:Fragrance collection
218:, commonly known as
752:2007ScTEn.377..371V
736:Eufriesea purpurata
506:Eufriesea purpurata
481:Euglossa imperialis
214:, in the subfamily
1163:Orchid pollinators
940:, a Mexican Orchid
837:2007-06-11 at the
552:Eulaema polychroma
441:handicap principle
352:
280:and the monotypic
254:
1120:
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1092:Open Tree of Life
967:Taxon identifiers
817:Engel, Michael S.
493:cross-pollination
448:methyl salicylate
362:in the subtribes
300:, and species of
232:eusocial behavior
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464:methyl benzoate
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322:kleptoparasites
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224:euglossine bees
201:c. 200 species
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931:: 51–60 (2005)
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1053:iNaturalist
999:Wikispecies
867:: 253–257.
808:Biol. Bull.
684:: 377–404.
597:Zimmermann
513:collecting
424:Dalechampia
414:Cyphomandra
377:pollinarium
368:Catasetinae
228:corbiculate
220:orchid bees
134:Corbiculata
111:Hymenoptera
24:Euglossini
1143:Bee tribes
1133:Euglossini
1127:Categories
1005:Euglossini
975:Euglossini
900:: 833–843.
813:: 355–395.
787:References
419:Solanaceae
212:Euglossini
144:Euglossini
91:Arthropoda
44:(carrying
887::575–581.
768:0048-9697
698:0066-4170
529:Footnotes
388:Anthurium
309:Eufriesea
271:Eufriesea
195:Diversity
180:Eufriesea
77:Kingdom:
71:Eukaryota
1045:51384208
1014:BugGuide
990:Q1521051
984:Wikidata
835:Archived
830:: 1–14.
821:Euglossa
795:(1877):
776:17379276
706:14651469
489:pollinia
404:Gloxinia
398:Drymonia
314:Exaerete
277:Exaerete
259:Euglossa
249:Euglossa
186:Exaerete
168:Euglossa
117:Family:
87:Phylum:
81:Animalia
67:Domain:
41:Euglossa
949:on the
926:Zootaxa
748:Bibcode
472:skatole
456:cineole
452:eugenol
421:), and
393:Araceae
360:orchids
326:Eulaema
303:Eulaema
296:in the
294:Florida
265:Eulaema
174:Eulaema
154:Genera
140:Tribe:
107:Order:
101:Insecta
97:Class:
38:female
1138:Apinae
1110:179957
1097:181521
1071:633939
1058:416582
850:
774:
766:
704:
696:
599:et al.
586:et al.
523:Brazil
515:aldrin
372:anther
356:esters
216:Apinae
121:Apidae
46:pollen
1084:83310
1019:90110
680:(1).
584:Eltz
318:Aglae
283:Aglae
246:Male
209:tribe
162:Aglae
128:Clade
1079:NCBI
1066:ITIS
955:IFAS
929:1065
848:ISBN
828:3272
772:PMID
764:ISSN
738:)".
702:PMID
694:ISSN
601:2006
588:2005
401:and
385:and
366:and
320:are
316:and
306:and
207:The
1040:EoL
1032:KTV
1027:CoL
885:191
869:doi
832:PDF
811:164
756:doi
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519:DDT
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252:sp.
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