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item, and has a closed season, whereas in France, it is classed as a pest, and the season in which it may be killed covers the greater part of the year. In Great
Britain, starlings are protected under the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981, which makes it "illegal to intentionally kill, injure or take a starling, or to take, damage or destroy an active nest or its contents". The Wildlife Order in Northern Ireland allows, with a general licence, "an authorised person to control starlings to prevent serious damage to agriculture or preserve public health and safety". The species is migratory, so birds involved in control measures may have come from a wide area and breeding populations may not be greatly affected. In Europe, the varying legislation and mobile populations mean that control attempts may have limited long-term results. Non-lethal techniques such as scaring with
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feed preference based on composition. A proposed solution to this problem is use of less palatable feed by agriculturalists, perhaps relying on larger feed types or feed which is less favorable in composition to starlings. An additional solution for mitigation control involves ensuring that livestock feeding operations are not within close proximity of each other or starling roosts. Weather conditions also had an impact on whether starlings visited livestock feeding operations, with a higher likelihood to visit in colder temperatures or following snow storms.
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2718:. Their aggressive and gregarious behaviour in terms of food thus allows them to outcompete native species. Common starlings are also aggressive in the creation of their nest cavities. Often, starlings will usurp a nest site, for example a tree hollow, and fill it rapidly with bedding and contaminants compared to other species, like the native parrots, that use little to no bedding. As cavity nesters, they are able to outcompete many native species in terms of habitat and nest sites.
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including a flock call, threat call, attack call, snarl call and copulation call. The alarm call is a harsh scream, and while foraging together common starlings squabble incessantly. They chatter while roosting and bathing, making a great deal of noise that can cause irritation to people living nearby. When a flock of common starlings is flying together, the synchronised movements of the birds' wings make a distinctive whooshing sound that can be heard hundreds of metres away.
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2458:, whose notes appear to indicate that it was speculation. About the same date, the Portland Song Bird Club released 35 pairs of common starlings in Portland, Oregon. Earlier introductions are recorded to have died out within a few years, with the 1890 New York and Portland introductions reported as being the most successful. Population of the birds is estimated to have grown to 150 million, occupying an area extending from southern Canada and Alaska to Central America.
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76:
2535:. It favours irrigated land and is absent from regions where the ground is baked so dry that it cannot probe for insects. It may compete with native birds for crevice nesting sites, but the indigenous species are probably more disadvantaged by destruction of their natural habitat than they are by inter-specific competition. It breeds from September to December and outside the breeding season may congregate in large flocks, often roosting in
1695:; although broods are generally brought up by one male and one female, occasionally the pair may have an extra helper. Pairs may be part of a colony, in which case several other nests may occupy the same or nearby trees. Males may mate with a second female while the first is still on the nest. The reproductive success of the bird is poorer in the second nest than it is in the primary nest and is better when the male remains monogamous.
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backs, where they will also feed on the mammal's external parasites. Large flocks may engage in a practice known as "roller-feeding", where the birds at the back of the flock continually fly to the front where the feeding opportunities are best. The larger the flock, the nearer individuals are to one another while foraging. Flocks often feed in one place for some time, and return to previous successfully foraged sites.
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while the spotless starling's range had been expanding northward since the 1950s. The low rate of advance, about 4.7 km (2.9 mi) per year for both species, is due to the suboptimal mountain and woodland terrain. Expansion has since slowed even further due to direct competition between the two similar species where they overlap in southwestern France and northwestern Spain.
1245:, by its relatively short tail, sharp, blade-like bill, round-bellied shape and strong, sizeable (and rufous-coloured) legs. In flight, its strongly pointed wings and dark colouration are distinctive, while on the ground its strange, somewhat waddling gait is also characteristic. The colouring and build usually distinguish this bird from other starlings, although the closely related
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roost. Another technique is to analyse the DNA of
Australian common starling populations to track where the migration from eastern to western Australia is occurring so that better preventive strategies can be used. By 2009, only 300 common starlings were left in Western Australia, and the state committed a further A$ 400,000 in that year to continue the eradication programme.
3018:(K. 522) might be written in the comical, inconsequential style of a starling's vocalisation. Other people who have owned common starlings report how adept they are at picking up phrases and expressions. The words have no meaning for the starling, so they often mix them up or use them on what to humans are inappropriate occasions in their songs. Their ability at
2262:. Small numbers of common starlings have sporadically been observed in Japan and Hong Kong but it is unclear whence these birds originated. In North America, northern populations have developed a migration pattern, vacating much of Canada in winter. Birds in the east of the country move southwards, and those from farther west winter in the southwest of the US.
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2322:. Since then, despite some initial attempts at eradication, the bird has been expanding its breeding range at an average rate of 7.5 km (4.7 mi) per year, keeping within 30 km (19 mi) of the Atlantic coast. In Argentina, the species makes use of a variety of natural and man-made nesting sites, particularly woodpecker holes.
2948:. Several birds may be kept in the same cage, and their inquisitiveness makes them easy to train or study. The only disadvantages are their messy and indiscriminate defecation habits and the need to take precautions against diseases that may be transmitted to humans. As a laboratory bird, the common starling is second in numbers only to the
2250:, although other populations migrate from regions where the winter is harsh, the ground frozen and food scarce. Large numbers of birds from northern Europe, Russia and Ukraine migrate south westwards or south eastwards. In the autumn, when immigrants are arriving from eastern Europe, many of Britain's common starlings are setting off for
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feather tips largely wearing off. Juveniles are grey-brown and by their first winter resemble adults though often retaining some brown juvenile feathering, especially on the head. They can usually be sexed by the colour of the irises, rich brown in males, mouse-brown or grey in females. Estimating the contrast between an
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a flock, the birds take off almost simultaneously, wheel and turn in unison, form a compact mass or trail off into a wispy stream, bunch up again and land in a coordinated fashion. Common starling on migration can fly at 60β80 km/h (37β50 mph) and cover up to 1,000β1,500 km (620β930 mi).
2874:
Western
Australia banned the import of common starlings in 1895. New flocks arriving from the east are routinely shot, while the less cautious juveniles are trapped and netted. New methods are being developed, such as tagging one bird and tracking it back to establish where other members of the flock
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Due to the impact of starlings on crop production, there have been attempts to control the numbers of both native and introduced populations of common starlings. Within the natural breeding range, this may be affected by legislation. For example, in Spain, the species is hunted commercially as a food
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million while losing almost 17% of the crops. Common starlings also often congregate at feeding troughs to eat grain and concurrently contaminate the food and water sources provided for livestock with their droppings. For example, high protein supplements added to cattle feed are selectively eaten by
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up young plants and eat the seeds. In caged trials, it was shown that starlings eat 7β23 g (0.25β0.81 oz) of animal food daily and 20β40 g (0.71β1.41 oz) of plant food meaning a decent portion of crops are consumed by these birds. Bird damage to grapes in 1968 cost upwards to $ 4.4
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Common starlings take advantage of agricultural fields, livestock facilities, and other human related sources of food and nest sites. Starlings often assault crops such as grapes, olives, and cherries by consuming excessive amounts of crops in large flock sizes and in new grain fields, starlings pull
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and the Outer
Hebrides. The common starling has bred in northern Sweden from 1850 and in Iceland from 1935. The breeding range spread through southern France to northeastern Spain, and there were other range expansions particularly in Italy, Austria and Finland. It started breeding in Iberia in 1960,
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occurs once a year- in late summer after the breeding season has finished; the fresh feathers are prominently tipped white (breast feathers) or buff (wing and back feathers), which gives the bird a speckled appearance. The reduction in the spotting in the breeding season is achieved through the white
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black, glossed purple or green, and spangled with white, especially in winter. The underparts of adult male common starlings are less spotted than those of adult females at a given time of year. The throat feathers of males are long and loose and are used in display while those of females are smaller
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that can potentially be transmitted by common starlings to humans, although the potential for the birds to spread infections may have been exaggerated. The spread of disease to livestock is also a concern, possibly more important than starling's effects on food consumption or transmission of disease
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lasts thirteen days, although the last egg laid may take 24 hours longer than the first to hatch. Both parents share the responsibility of brooding the eggs, but the female spends more time incubating them than does the male, and is the only parent to do so at night when the male returns to the
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There are several methods by which common starlings obtain their food, but, for the most part, they forage close to the ground, taking insects from the surface or just underneath. Generally, common starlings prefer foraging amongst short-cropped grasses and eat with grazing animals or perch on their
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from other species of bird and various naturally occurring or man-made noises. The structure and simplicity of the sound mimicked is of greater importance than the frequency with which it occurs. In some instances, a wild starling has been observed to mimic a sound it has heard only once. Each sound
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Like most terrestrial starlings the common starling moves by walking or running, rather than hopping. Their flight is quite strong and direct; their triangular wings beat very rapidly, and periodically the birds glide for a short way without losing much height before resuming powered flight. When in
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Harbor. The large roosts of the common starling pose many safety hazards for aircraft, mainly including the clogging of engines that concurrently shutdown the plane into descent. From the years 1990β2001, 852 incidents of aircraft hazard due to starlings and blackbirds were reported with 39 strikes
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A majority of starling predators are avian. The typical response of starling groups is to take flight, with a common sight being undulating flocks of starling flying high in quick and agile patterns. Their abilities in flight are seldom matched by birds of prey. Adult common starlings are hunted by
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are common in common starling nests. Female "floaters" (unpaired females during the breeding season) present in colonies often lay eggs in another pair's nest. Fledglings have also been reported to invade their own or neighbouring nests and evict a new brood. Common starling nests have a 48% to 79%
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are removed by the adults. Once the chicks are able to regulate their body temperature, about six days after hatching, the adults largely cease removing droppings from the nest. Prior to that, the fouling would wet both the chicks' plumage and the nest material, thereby reducing their effectiveness
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Singing also occurs outside the breeding season, taking place throughout the year apart from the moulting period. The songsters are more commonly male although females also sing on occasion. The function of such out-of-season song is poorly understood. Eleven other types of call have been described
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Males sing constantly as the breeding period approaches and perform less often once pairs have bonded. In the presence of a female, a male sometimes flies to his nest and sings from the entrance, apparently attempting to entice the female in. Older birds tend to have a wider repertoire than younger
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The species has declined in numbers in parts of northern and western Europe since the 1980s due to fewer grassland invertebrates being available as food for growing chicks. Despite this, its huge global population is not thought to be declining significantly, so the common starling is classified as
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The likelihood of starlings to damage the feeding operations is dependent on the number of livestock, favoring areas with more livestock. They also show preference for feed types which were not whole corn but smaller feeds, creating more damage in areas where the feed was smaller. They also showed
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There are three types of foraging behaviours observed in the common starling. "Probing" involves the bird plunging its beak into the ground randomly and repetitively until an insect has been found, and is often accompanied by bill gaping where the bird opens its beak in the soil to enlarge a hole.
3012:(KV. 453). He had bought it from a shop after hearing it sing a phrase from a work he wrote six weeks previously, which had not yet been performed in public. He became very attached to the bird and arranged an elaborate funeral for it when it died three years later. It has been suggested that his
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Unpaired males find a suitable cavity and begin to build nests in order to attract single females, often decorating the nest with ornaments such as flowers and fresh green material, which the female later disassembles upon accepting him as a mate. The amount of green material is not important, as
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than females. This is due to increased muscle mass and enlarged elements of the syringeal skeleton. The male starling's syrinx is around 35% larger than its female counterpart. However, this sexual dimorphism is less pronounced than it is in songbird species like the zebra finch, where the male's
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consisting of a wide variety of both melodic and mechanical-sounding noises as part of a ritual succession of sounds. The male is the main songster and engages in bouts of song lasting for a minute or more. Each of these typically includes four varieties of song type, which follow each other in a
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responsible for opening the jaw are enlarged and the skull is narrow, allowing the eye to be moved forward to peer down the length of the bill. This technique involves inserting the bill into the ground and opening it as a way of searching for hidden food items. Common starlings have the physical
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The early settlers in New
Zealand cleared the bush and found their newly planted crops were invaded by hordes of caterpillars and other insects deprived of their previous food sources. Native birds were not habituated to living in close proximity to man so the common starling was introduced from
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sites. Reedbeds are also favoured for roosting and the birds commonly feed in grassy areas such as farmland, grazing pastures, playing fields, golf courses and airfields where short grass makes foraging easy. They occasionally inhabit open forests and woodlands and are sometimes found in shrubby
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Where it is introduced, the common starling is unprotected by legislation, and extensive control plans may be initiated. Common starlings can be prevented from using nest boxes by ensuring that the access holes are smaller than the 1.5 in (38 mm) diameter they need, and the removal of
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petitioned the
Colonial Secretary for a β³government grant of starlings to exterminateβ³ an outbreak of grasshoppers which was causing enormous damage to their crops. The common starling was introduced to Jamaica in 1903, and the Bahamas and Cuba were colonised naturally from the US. This bird is
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where it is abundant, that group being roughly equidistant between New
Zealand and Fiji. Its spread in Fiji has been limited, and there are doubts about the population's viability. Tonga was colonised at about the same date and the birds there have been slowly spreading north through the group.
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816:
Like the nominate, but gloss on the head predominantly purple, on the back green, on the flanks usually purplish-blue, on the upper wing-coverts bluish-green. In flight, conspicuous light cinnamon-buff fringes to the under wing-coverts and axillaries; these areas may appear very pale in fresh
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typically breeds in crevices and holes in cliffs, a habitat only rarely used by the nominate form. Nests are typically made out of straw, dry grass and twigs with an inner lining made up of feathers, wool and soft leaves. Construction usually takes four or five days and may continue through
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European, or common, starlings are habitat generalists meaning they are able to exploit a multitude of habitats, nest sites and food sources. This, coupled with them being lowland birds that easily coexist with humans, enables them to take advantage of other native birds, most particularly
1300:
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Common starlings are trapped for food in some Arab countries. The meat is tough and of low quality, so it is casseroled or made into pΓ’tΓ©. One recipe said it should be stewed "until tender, however long that may be". Even when correctly prepared, it may still be seen as an acquired taste.
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In Iberia, the western
Mediterranean and northwest Africa, the common starling may be confused with the closely related spotless starling, the plumage of which, as its name implies, has a more uniform colour. At close range it can be seen that the latter has longer throat feathers, a fact
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in shape and pale blue or occasionally white, and they commonly have a glossy appearance. The colour of the eggs seems to have evolved through the relatively good visibility of blue at low light levels. The egg size is 26.5β34.5 mm (1.04β1.36 in) in length and 20.0β22.5 mm
408:; however, starlings can also be pests themselves when they feed on fruit and sprouting crops. Common starlings may also be a nuisance through the noise and mess caused by their large urban roosts. Introduced populations in particular have been subjected to a range of controls, including
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in a natural or artificial cavity in which four or five glossy, pale blue eggs are laid. These take two weeks to hatch and the young remain in the nest for another three weeks. There are normally one or two breeding attempts each year. This species is omnivorous, taking a wide range of
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Very large roosts, up to 1.5 million birds, form in city centres, woodlands and reedbeds, causing problems with their droppings. These may accumulate up to 30 cm (12 in) deep, killing trees by their concentration of chemicals. In smaller amounts, the droppings act as a
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Common starlings are hosts to a wide range of parasites. A survey of three hundred common starlings from six US states found that all had at least one type of parasite; 99% had external fleas, mites or ticks, and 95% carried internal parasites, mostly various types of worm.
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root dating back to the second millennium BC. "Starling" was first recorded in the 11th century, when it referred to the juvenile of the species, but by the 16th century it had already largely supplanted "stare" to refer to birds of all ages. The older name is referenced in
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studies suggest that it could be considered a subspecies of the common starling. There is more genetic variation between common starling populations than between the nominate common starling and the spotless starling. Although common starling remains are known from the
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and more pointed. The legs are stout and pinkish- or greyish-red. The bill is narrow and conical with a sharp tip; in the winter it is brownish-black but in summer, females have lemon yellow beaks with pink bases while males have yellow bills with blue-grey bases.
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declare "The king forbade my tongue to speak of
Mortimer. But I will find him when he is asleep, and in his ear I'll holler 'Mortimer!' Nay I'll have a starling shall be taught to speak nothing but Mortimer, and give it to him to keep his anger still in motion."
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is 97% accurate in determining sex, rising to 98% if the length of the throat feathers is also considered. The common starling is mid-sized by both starling standards and passerine standards. It is readily distinguished from other mid-sized passerines, such as
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that would both kill common starlings and would readily be eaten by them. It also needed to be of low toxicity to mammals and not likely to cause the death of pets that ate dead birds. The chemical that best fitted these criteria was DRC-1339, now marketed as
1735:
Breeding takes place during the spring and summer. Following copulation, the female lays eggs on a daily basis over a period of several days. If an egg is lost during this time, she will lay another to replace it. There are normally four or five eggs that are
887:
Like the nominate, but the wings longer and green gloss restricted to the ear-coverts, neck and upper chest. Purple gloss elsewhere except on the flanks and upper wing-coverts, where it is more bronzy. Dark underwings with slim white fringes to the coverts.
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on the ground. Earthworms are caught by pulling from soil. Common starlings that have periods without access to food, or have a reduction in the hours of light available for feeding, compensate by increasing their body mass by the deposition of fat.
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than others. Females appear to prefer mates with more complex songs, perhaps because this indicates greater experience or longevity. Having a complex song is also useful in defending a territory and deterring less experienced males from encroaching.
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as "the poor man's dog" and "something to love", because nestlings are easily obtained from the wild and after careful hand rearing they are straightforward to look after. They adapt well to captivity, and thrive on a diet of standard bird feed and
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in livestock and other diseases found among livestock. Though this does not appear to eliminate introduction of these diseases completely, it has been determined that they are contributors and starling control is a successful mitigation strategy.
856:
Like the nominate, but decidedly long-winged. Gloss of the head green, of the body bronze-purple, of the flanks and upper wing-coverts greenish-bronze. The underwings blackish with pale fringes of the coverts. Nearly spotless in breeding plumage.
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common starlings. In 1968, the cost of cattle rations consumed during winter by starlings was $ 84 per 1,000 starlings and is proposed to be much more expensive today given an increase in current cattle feed costs. The
English or house sparrow (
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clip is repeated several times before the bird moves on to the next. After this variable section comes a number of types of repeated clicks followed by a final burst of high-frequency song, again formed of several types. Each bird has its own
2202:
The global population of common starlings was estimated to be 310 million individuals in 2004, occupying a total area of 8,870,000 km (3,420,000 sq mi). Widespread throughout the Northern Hemisphere, the bird is native to
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710:
Slightly larger than nominate, especially in the bill and feet. Adult with darker and duller green gloss and far less spotting, even in fresh plumage. Juvenile sooty black with whitish chin and areas on the belly; the throat spotted black.
2608:
were stable or even increased, those in other areas, mainly England, declined even more sharply. The overall decline seems to be due to the low survival rate of young birds, which may be caused by changes in agricultural practices. The
306:
with a metallic sheen, which is speckled with white at some times of the year. The legs are pink and the bill is black in winter and yellow in summer; young birds have browner plumage than the adults. It is a noisy bird, especially in
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in 1857 and Sydney two decades later. By the 1880s, established populations were present in the southeast of the country thanks to the work of acclimatisation committees. By the 1920s, common starlings were widespread throughout
2385:
to control the pests. It was first brought over in 1862 by the Nelson Acclimatisation Society and other introductions followed. The birds soon became established and are now found all over the country including the subtropical
1422:-like formation in flight, frequently expanding and contracting and changing shape, seemingly without any sort of leader. Each common starling changes its course and speed as a result of the movement of its closest neighbours.
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51:
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rate of successful fledging, although only 20% of nestlings survive to breeding age; the adult survival rate is closer to 60%. The average life span is about 2β3 years, with a longevity record of 22 years 11 months.
1634:, is also used to create and widen holes in plastic garbage bags. It takes time for young common starlings to perfect this technique, and because of this the diet of young birds will often contain fewer insects. "
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and the nominate form, and their subspecies placement varies according to the authority. The dark juveniles typical of these island forms are occasionally found in mainland Scotland and elsewhere, indicating some
1301:
2330:
The common starling was introduced to Australia to consume insect pests of farm crops. Early settlers looked forward to their arrival, believing that common starlings were also important for the pollination of
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continue to be fed by their parents for another one or two weeks. Within two months, most juveniles will have moulted and gained their first basic plumage. They acquire their adult plumage the following year.
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regular order without pause. The bout starts with a series of pure-tone whistles and these are followed by the main part of the song, a number of variable sequences that often incorporate snatches of song
2282:. Their ability to adapt to a large variety of habitats has allowed them to disperse and establish themselves in diverse locations around the world resulting in a habitat range from coastal wetlands to
2438:
records mention instances of starlings being introduced in Cincinnati, Quebec and New York in the 1870s. As part of a nationwide effort, about 60 common starlings were released in 1890 into New York's
53:
2568:
The global population of the common starling is estimated to be more than 310 million individuals and its numbers are not thought to be declining significantly, so the bird is classified by the
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2671:
Common starlings introduced to areas such as Australia or North America, where other members of the genus are absent, may affect native species through competition for nest holes. In North America,
4250:
Hawkins, P; Morton, D B; Cameron, D; Cuthill, I; Francis, R; Freire, R; Gosler, A; Healey, S; Hudson, A; Inglis, I; Jones, A; Kirkwood, J; Lawton, m; Monaghan, P; Sherwin, C; Townsend, P (2001).
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methods used in northern Europe mean there is less pasture and meadow habitat available, and the supply of grassland invertebrates needed for the nestlings to thrive is correspondingly reduced.
1751:
The young are born blind and naked. They develop light fluffy down within seven days of hatching and can see within nine days. As with other passerines, the nest is kept clean and the chicks'
1194:
The common starling is 19β23 cm (7.5β9.1 in) long, with a wingspan of 31β44 cm (12β17 in) and a weight of 58β101 g (2.0β3.6 oz). Among standard measurements, the
2882:, which prohibits the taking or killing of migratory birds. No permit is required to remove nests and eggs or kill juveniles or adults. Research was undertaken in 1966 to identify a suitable
2600:, and smaller declines in much of the rest of northern and central Europe. The bird has been adversely affected in these areas by intensive agriculture, and in several countries it has been
1609:
1463:("black sun"). Flocks of anything from five to fifty thousand common starlings form in areas of the UK just before sundown during mid-winter. These flocks are commonly called murmurations.
3877:
Carere, Claudio; Montanino, Simona; Moreschini, Flavia; Zoratto, Francesca; Chiarotti, Flavia; Santucci, Daniela; Alleva, Enrico (2009). "Aerial flocking patterns of wintering starlings,
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that it stopped, leading to unsuccessful attempts to disrupt the roosts with netting, repellent chemical on the ledges and broadcasts of common starling alarm calls. An entire episode of
6315:
Ferrer, Xavier; Motis, Anna; Peris, Salvador J (1991). "Changes in the breeding range of starlings in the Iberian peninsula during the last 30 years: competition as a limiting factor".
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and North Africa. Other groups of birds are in passage across the country and the pathways of these different streams of bird may cross. Of the 15,000 birds ringed as nestlings in
1679:, the male and female continue to build the nest. Nests may be in any type of hole, common locations include inside hollowed trees, buildings, tree stumps and man-made nest-boxes.
1098:
Several other subspecies have been named, but are generally no longer considered valid. Most are intergrades that occur where the ranges of various subspecies meet. These include:
4811:
3235:
Zuccon, Dario; Cibois, Alice; Pasquet, Eric; Ericson, Per G P (2006). "Nuclear and mitochondrial sequence data reveal the major lineages of starlings, mynas and related taxa".
2033:, is also occasionally found there and probably arises from the habit of its main host of taking over the nests of other species. This flea does not occur in the US, even on
7388:
2841:
Huge urban roosts in cities can create problems due to the noise and mess made and the smell of the droppings. In 1949, so many birds landed on the clock hands of London's
7102:"Nutritional depletion of total mixed rations by European starlings: Projected effects on dairy cow performance and potential intervention strategies to mitigate damage"
7617:
Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata
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communal roost. A pair can raise up to three broods per year, frequently reusing and relining the same nest, although two broods is typical, or just one north of 48Β°N.
4212:
3274:
2604:
due to population declines of more than 50%. Numbers dwindled in the United Kingdom by more than 80% between 1966 and 2004; although populations in some areas such as
52:
8029:
6350:
Baillie, S R; Marchant, J H; Leech, D I; Renwick, A R; Eglington, S M; Joys, A C; Noble, D G; Barimore, C; Conway, G J; Downie, I S; Risely, K; Robinson, R A (2012).
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Seibels, Bob; Lamberski, Nadine; Gregory, Christopher R; Slifka, Kerri; Hagerman, Ann E. (2003). "Effective use of tea to limit dietary iron available to starlings (
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Wade, Laura L; Polack, Evelyne W; O'Connell, Priscilla H; Starrak, Gregory S; Abou-Madi, Noha; Schat, Karel A (1999). "Multicentric lymphoma in a European Starling (
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The large size of flocks can also cause problems. Common starlings may be sucked into aircraft jet engines, one of the worst instances of this being an incident in
1963:, uses the common starling as a host. Starlings are more commonly the culprits rather than victims of nest eviction however, especially towards other starlings and
1430:, and therefore woodland managers may try to move roosts from one area of a wood to another to benefit from the soil enhancement and avoid large toxic deposits.
1273:, have adaptations of the skull and muscles that help with feeding by probing. This adaptation is most strongly developed in the common starling (along with the
6305:
Introduced. Fairly common, but local. In Jamaica, and on Grand Bahama and Biminis in Bahamas. Rare elsewhere in Bahamas and eastern Cuba October through March."
1034:
Small; purple gloss restricted to the neck area and sometimes the flanks to the tail-coverts, otherwise glossed green. This is sometimes treated under the name
5977:
1406:
is highly variable, huge, noisy flocks (murmurations) may form near roosts. These dense concentrations of birds are thought to be a defence against attacks by
1599:, although they can cope with other fruits such as grapes and cherries. The isolated Azores subspecies of the common starling eats the eggs of the endangered
7146:
Carlson, James C; Engeman, Richard M; Hyatt, Doreene R; Gilliland, Rickey L; DeLiberto, Thomas J; Clark, Larry; Bodenchuk, Michael J; Linz, George M (2011).
5234:
2741:
or dig up newly sown grain and sprouting crops. They may also eat animal feed and distribute seeds through their droppings. In eastern Australia, weeds like
2910:
Alternatives to managing starling populations in agricultural areas include the use of starlicide. Use of starlicide has been found to reduce the spread of
4455:
Gwinner, Helga; Berger, Silke (2008). "Starling males select green nest material by olfaction using experience-independent and experience-dependent cues".
2356:
provides a natural barrier and control measures have been adopted that have killed 55,000 birds over three decades. The common starling has also colonised
5405:
Gaukler, Shannon M; Linz, George M; Sherwood, Julie S; Dyer, Neil W; Bleier, William J; Wannemuehler, Yvonne M; Nolan, Lisa K; Logue, Catherine M (2009).
6473:
2318:
in Venezuela in November 1949, but subsequently vanished. In 1987, a small population of common starlings was observed nesting in gardens in the city of
2646:, they are considered beneficial in northern Eurasia, and this was one of the reasons given for introducing the birds elsewhere. Around 25 million
8021:
2258:, England, individuals have been recovered at various times of year as far afield as Norway, Sweden, Finland, Russia, Ukraine, Poland, Germany and the
5068:
7148:"Efficacy of European starling control to reduce Salmonella enterica contamination in a concentrated animal feeding operation in the Texas panhandle"
6681:
2703:
4753:
Witter, Mark S; Cuthill, Innes C; Bonser, Richard H (1994). "Experimental investigations of mass-dependent predation risk in the European starling,
3818:
3761:
2335:, a major agricultural product. Nest-boxes for the newly released birds were placed on farms and near crops. The common starling was introduced to
8431:
6641:
2179:
1256:
An immature in California. It has partly moulted into its first-winter plumage; however, juvenile brown plumage is prominent on its head and neck
7100:
Carlson, J.C.; Stahl, R.S.; DeLiberto, S.T.; Wagner, J.J.; Engle, T.E.; Engeman, R.M.; Olson, C.S.; Ellis, J.W.; Werner, S.J. (February 2018).
6382:"Food limitation during breeding in a heterogeneous landscape (Escasez de alimentos durante el perΓodo reproductivo en un paisaje heterogΓ©neo)"
5919:
Woolnough, Andrew P; Massam, Marion C; Payne, Ron L; Pickles, Greg S "Out on the border: keeping starlings out of Western Australia" in Parkes
4020:
2569:
1868:) tend to take the more easily caught fledglings or juveniles. While perched in groups by night, they can be vulnerable to owls, including the
1603:. Measures are being introduced to reduce common starling populations by culling before the terns return to their breeding colonies in spring.
421:
1997:
species leave their host when it dies, but other external parasites stay on the corpse. A bird with a deformed bill was heavily infested with
8696:
8509:
7761:
4349:
Witter, M S; Swaddle, J P; Cuthill, I C (1995). "Periodic food availability and strategic regulation of body mass in the European starling,
8661:
2294:
The common starling has been introduced to and has successfully established itself in New Zealand, Australia, South Africa, North America,
1638:" is the capture of flying insects directly from the air, and "lunging" is the less common technique of striking forward to catch a moving
6939:
3775:
Luine, V.; Nottebohm, F.; Harding, C.; McEwen, B.S. (1980). "Androgen affects cholinergic enzymes in syringeal motor neurons and muscle".
8081:
5837:
2895:
million birds, the largest number of any nuisance species to be culled. In 2005, the population in the United States was estimated at 140
2194:. Captive starlings often accumulate excess iron in the liver, a condition that can be prevented by adding black tea-leaves to the food.
6185:
4860:
1931:
are known to occasionally predate starlings in North America, though the most regular predators of adults are likely to be urban-living
5640:
Crissey, Susan D; Ward, Ann M; Block, Susan E; Maslanka, Michael T (2000). "Hepatic iron accumulation over time in European starlings (
4826:
4251:
1595:
if the opportunity arises. The Sturnidae differ from most birds in that they cannot easily metabolise foods containing high levels of
5346:
Lesna, I; Wolfs, P; Faraji, F; Roy, L; Komdeur, J; Sabelis, M W. "Candidate predators for biological control of the poultry red mite
5198:
1282:
6434:
8369:
7026:
4564:
WΔgrzyn, E; Leniowski, K; Rykowska, I; Wasiak, W (2011). "Is UV and blue-green egg colouration a signal in cavity-nesting birds?".
4392:
2699:. For its role in the decline of local native species and the damages to agriculture, the common starling has been included in the
2580:
expanded its range in the British Isles, spreading into Ireland and areas of Scotland where it had formerly been absent, although
8457:
7407:
2665:
914:
Green gloss on the head and back, purple gloss on the neck and belly, more bluish on the upper wing-coverts. The underwings like
546:, part of the problem in resolving relationships in the Sturnidae is the paucity of the fossil record for the family as a whole.
2576:. It had shown a marked increase in numbers throughout Europe from the 19th century to around the 1950s and 60s. In about 1830,
1351:
ones. Those males that engage in longer bouts of singing and that have wider repertoires attract mates earlier and have greater
6553:
4071:
2134:. The latter species breaks off the feathers of its host and lives on the fats produced by growing plumage. Larvae of the moth
2821:
reported in a Nebraska manufacturing facility saw a loss of 10,000 pigs from the spread of the disease which was valued at $ 1
2757:
million annually. This bird is not considered to be as damaging to agriculture in South Africa as it is in the United States.
8182:
7956:
7937:
7906:
7809:
7790:
7732:
7601:
7544:
7520:
7446:
7401:
7275:
6782:
6752:
6080:
5406:
5330:
3196:
485:
8462:
3313:
1651:
8706:
8026:
4223:
5551:
2171:
and the common starling are the most infested wild birds. Other recorded internal parasites include the spiny-headed worm
2114:. The presence of this control on numbers of the parasitic species may explain why birds are prepared to reuse old nests.
1009:, but smaller and the wings shorter; the ear-coverts glossed purple, and the underside and upperwing gloss quite reddish.
607:
7667:
6520:
4977:
Marchesi, L; Sergio, F; Pedrini, P (2002). "Costs and benefits of breeding in humanβaltered landscapes for the eagle owl
2939:
3342:"Are European starlings breeding in the Azores archipelago genetically distinct from birds breeding in mainland Europe?"
2753:
are thought to have been spread by common starlings. Agricultural damage in the US is estimated as costing about US$ 800
2660:
in New Zealand. The original Australian introduction was facilitated by the provision of nest boxes to help this mainly
8405:
8317:
2499:. It is now common in the southern Cape region, thinning out northwards to the Johannesburg area. It is present in the
1121:
625:
8599:
6108:
8000:
7978:
7887:
7850:
7831:
7705:
7677:
7653:
7634:
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7498:
7465:
7427:
7377:
7344:
7325:
7297:
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1286:
traits that enable them to use this feeding technique, which has undoubtedly helped the species spread far and wide.
17:
1376:
8671:
8607:
8382:
8348:
6474:"The impact of two exotic hollow-nesting birds on two native parrots in savannah and woodland in eastern Australia"
6033:
3416:
Vaurie, Charles (1954). "Systematic Notes on Palearctic Birds. No. 12. Muscicapinae, Hirundinidae, and Sturnidae".
3142:
Long, John L. (1981). Introduced Birds of the World. Agricultural Protection Board of Western Australia. pp. 21β493
2447:
2414:
2265:
Common starlings prefer urban or suburban areas where artificial structures and trees provide adequate nesting and
6882:
Rollins, L A; Woolnough, Andrew P; Sherwin, W B (2006). "Population genetic tools for pest management: a review".
6496:
5230:
8686:
8514:
8361:
8330:
1675:
The males sing throughout much of the construction and even more so when a female approaches his nest. Following
1102:
515:
and relationships between its members are not fully resolved. The closest relation of the common starling is the
8073:
7390:
Australian Pest Animal Strategy β A national strategy for the management of vertebrate pest animals in Australia
6398:
6381:
5657:
3382:
Bedetti, C (2001). "Update Middle Pleistocene fossil birds data from Quartaccio quarry (Vitinia, Roma, Italy)".
1178:, and it is not clear whether it is a distinct resident population or simply migrants from southeastern Europe.
8711:
8676:
6823:
3009:
827:
8638:
8496:
8265:
7355:
2967:
tamed a common starling, "taught it words", and sent it across the Irish Sea with a message to her brothers,
2136:
1453:. They gather in March until northern Scandinavian birds leave for their breeding ranges by mid-April. Their
1347:
with more proficient birds having a range of up to 35 variable song types and as many as 14 types of clicks.
380:. This bird is resident in western and southern Europe and southwestern Asia, while northeastern populations
1433:
Flocks of more than a million common starlings may be observed just before sunset in spring in southwestern
562:
in size and the colour tone of the adult plumage. The gradual variation over geographic range and extensive
8410:
8140:
6685:
5080:
2791:
2784:
1551:. Prey are consumed in both adult and larvae stages of development, and common starlings will also feed on
527:
476:
8527:
2812:
in humans. At roosting sites this fungus can thrive in accumulated droppings. There are a number of other
2714:
that utilize an open-bill probing technique that gives them an evolutionary advantage over birds that are
2450:. It has been widely reported that he had tried to introduce every bird species mentioned in the works of
1692:
8444:
8239:
8164:
3996:. NASA Earth Science Division, EOS Project Science Office and the Universities Space Research Association
2750:
1359:
Along with having adaptions of the skull and muscles for singing, male starlings also have a much larger
6052:
2531:. In Southern Africa populations appear to be resident and the bird is strongly associated with man and
8691:
8244:
8131:
6964:
Decino, Thomas J; Cunningham, Donald J; Schafer, Edward W (1966). "Toxicity of DRC-1339 to starlings".
3121:
2592:
Major declines in populations have been observed from 1980 onward in Sweden, Finland, northern Russia (
1664:
in the decorative material appears to be significant in attracting a mate. The scent of plants such as
575:
8169:
6648:
4419:
8612:
8547:
8195:
6855:
Woolnough, Andrew P; Lowe, T J; Rose, K (2006). "Can the Judas technique be applied to pest birds?".
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2879:
2492:
2419:
2349:
2215:), India (mainly in the north but regularly extending farther south and extending into the Maldives)
5475:
4043:
3022:
is so great that strangers have looked in vain for the human they think they have just heard speak.
100:
8681:
8522:
8052:
8047:
6351:
1471:
1167:
8488:
6139:"Environmental correlates of genetic variation in the invasive European starling in North America"
2772:) and the common starling are considerable agricultural pests, together causing an estimated US$ 1
778:
Like the nominate, but smaller, especially the feet. Often strong purple gloss on the upperparts.
412:, but these have had limited success, except in preventing the colonisation of Western Australia.
404:
Large flocks typical of this species can be beneficial to agriculture by controlling invertebrate
7770:
5168:
3340:
Neves, VerΓ³nica C; Griffiths, Kate; Savory, Fiona R; Furness, Robert W; Mable, Barbara K (2009).
3001:
2795:
2435:
8586:
6943:
5762:
4525:
Sandell, Maria I; Smith, Henrik G; Bruun, MΓ₯ns (1996). "Paternal care in the European Starling,
3608:
Linz, George M; Homan, H Jeffrey; Gaulker, Shannon M; Penry, Linda B; Bleier, William J (2007).
2804:
2348:, but by then they were considered to be pests. Although common starlings were first sighted in
2278:
forests) but are found in coastal areas, where they nest and roost on cliffs and forage amongst
589:
8701:
8436:
8213:
8093:
3710:"Sexual dimorphism and bilateral asymmetry of syrinx and vocal tract in the European starling (
2742:
2125:
2021:
1845:
1278:
1039:
928:
41:
8475:
5845:
3989:
1402:
The common starling is a highly gregarious species, especially in autumn and winter. Although
1060:
Small; green gloss restricted to the head and lower belly and back, otherwise glossed purple.
8581:
8397:
8039:
Kalmbach, E R; Gabrielson, I N (1921) "Economic value of the starling in the United States"
6200:
4994:
4875:
4599:
Wright, Jonathan; Cuthill, Innes (1989). "Manipulation of sex differences in parental care".
3812:
3755:
3064:
2986:
2979:
claimed that these birds could be taught to speak whole sentences in Latin and Greek, and in
2656:
2508:
1459:
1360:
195:
8573:
7688:
7060:"Factors Influencing Blackbird and European Starling Damage at Livestock Feeding Operations"
4286:
8594:
8218:
8151:
5497:
4722:
Powell, G V N (1974). "Experimental analysis of the social value of flocking by starlings (
4701:
4035:
3517:
Smith, E L; Cuthill, I C; Griffiths, R; Greenwood, V J; Goldsmith, A R; Evans, J E (2005).
3005:
2858:
2341:
2110:
2076:
2011:
1797:
1768:
1676:
1665:
1415:
1352:
1317:
1249:
may be physically distinguished by the lack of iridescent spots in adult breeding plumage.
1195:
1019:
699:
7491:
Handbook of Australian, New Zealand, and Antarctic Birds. Volumes 7: Boatbill to Starlings
5213:
4654:"Intraspecific brood parasitism: a strategy for floating females in the European starling"
2286:
forests, from sea cliffs to mountain ranges 1,900 m (6,200 ft) above sea level.
1380:
Composite of four images showing a starling dropping an insect then diving to recapture it
8:
8156:
7819:
7800:
Raffaele, Herbert; Wiley, James; Garrido, Orlando; Keith, Allan; Raffaele, Janis (2003).
6799:
6442:
6056:
4304:
3098:
2912:
2532:
2451:
2352:
in 1917, they have been largely prevented from spreading to the state. The wide and arid
2082:
1688:
1403:
982:
686:
531:
326:
65:
7479:
7030:
5556:
Huff, 1935, in meadowlarks and starlings of the Cheyenne Bottoms, Barton County, Kansas"
5501:
4431:
4039:
3585:, The Birds of North America Online (A. Poole, Ed.). Ithaca: Cornell Lab of Ornithology.
8537:
8252:
8226:
7182:
7147:
7079:
6981:
6411:
6403:
6332:
6166:
6007:
5740:
5724:
5685:
5669:
5622:
5591:
5575:
5518:
5477:
5458:
5442:
5276:
5149:
5122:
5047:
4926:
4774:
4683:
4616:
4581:
4546:
4507:
4472:
4423:
4370:
4331:
4278:
4127:
3937:
3906:
3800:
3738:
3709:
3545:
3518:
3364:
3305:
2955:
The common starling's gift for mimicry has long been recognised. In the medieval Welsh
2813:
2443:
2246:
Common starlings in the south and west of Europe and south of latitude 40Β°N are mainly
2164:
1967:. Nests can be raided by mammals capable of climbing to them, such as small mustelids (
1951:) sometimes evict eggs, nestlings and adult common starlings from their nests, and the
1909:
1344:
1071:
745:
543:
504:
95:
8231:
6492:
5118:
5030:
Sodhi, Navjot S; Oliphant, Lynn W (1993). "Prey selection by urban-breeding Merlins".
4739:
2154:
have been found in common starlings, but a better known pest is the brilliant scarlet
519:. The non-migratory spotless starling may be descended from a population of ancestral
8568:
8278:
8270:
8038:
7996:
7974:
7952:
7933:
7902:
7883:
7868:
7846:
7827:
7805:
7786:
7728:
7711:
7701:
7673:
7649:
7630:
7597:
7578:
7559:
7540:
7516:
7494:
7461:
7442:
7423:
7397:
7373:
7340:
7321:
7293:
7285:
7271:
7187:
7169:
7123:
6778:
6748:
6713:
6601:
6593:
6170:
6158:
6076:
6011:
5999:
5891:
5732:
5677:
5661:
5583:
5523:
5509:
5450:
5284:
4675:
4282:
4131:
3957:
3898:
3792:
3788:
3743:
3301:
3252:
2855:
of the futile efforts to disrupt the large common starling roosts in central London.
2610:
2454:
into North America, but this claim has been traced to an essay in 1948 by naturalist
2315:
2238:
2130:
1952:
1761:
1760:
remain in the nest for three weeks, where they are fed continuously by both parents.
1334:
1326:
1246:
1207:
1186:
943:
898:
524:
516:
385:
7314:
6415:
5744:
5689:
5595:
5462:
5126:
4930:
4778:
4687:
4620:
4585:
4550:
4476:
4427:
4335:
4269:(Supplement 1: Laboratory birds: refinements in husbandry and procedures): 120β126.
3910:
3804:
3549:
3309:
3275:"Phylogenetic relationships among Palearctic β Oriental starlings and mynas (genera
2402:
8666:
8283:
7925:
7531:
7475:
7177:
7159:
7113:
7071:
6973:
6891:
6864:
6740:
6733:"Economic and environmental threats of alien plant, animal, and microbe invasions*"
6488:
6393:
6324:
6150:
5989:
5716:
5653:
5567:
5513:
5505:
5476:
Corn, Joseph L; Manning, Elizabeth J; Sreevatsan, Srinand; Fischer, John R (2005).
5434:
5268:
5114:
5039:
4990:
4957:
4916:
4766:
4735:
4665:
4608:
4573:
4538:
4499:
4464:
4415:
4407:
4393:"Green nesting material has a function in mate attraction in the European starling"
4362:
4323:
4270:
4186:
4117:
3947:
3890:
3784:
3774:
3733:
3725:
3537:
3368:
3356:
3297:
3244:
3116:
3056:
2981:
2968:
2605:
2475:
2391:
2387:
2361:
1932:
1809:
1789:
1744:
1716:
1411:
1274:
1152:
727:
8625:
8335:
5327:
4468:
4411:
3894:
3541:
3204:
2664:
bird to breed successfully, and even in the US, where this is a pest species, the
1727:
Chicks waiting to be fed at the entrance of their nest made in a gap in a wall in
1457:
creates complex shapes silhouetted against the sky, a phenomenon known locally as
499:
group apart from introductions elsewhere, with the greatest numbers of species in
8555:
8387:
8257:
8033:
8022:
Ageing and sexing (PDF; 4.7 MB) by Javier Blasco-Zumeta & Gerd-Michael Heinze
7615:
7386:
6621:
5334:
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2696:
2692:
2455:
2357:
2353:
2345:
2092:
1885:
1771:
1635:
1454:
1252:
947:
559:
438:
405:
384:
south and west in the winter within the breeding range and also further south to
341:
322:
311:
and other gregarious situations, with an unmusical but varied song. Its gift for
215:
8501:
7799:
7743:
6732:
5815:
5788:
4177:
Thomas, H F (1957). "The Starling in the Sunraysia District, Victoria. Part I".
3248:
3234:
2654:, and common starlings were found to be effective in controlling the grass grub
2298:
and several Caribbean islands. As a result, it has also been able to migrate to
8356:
8343:
8067:
6744:
6682:"EUROPEAN STARLINGS: A REVIEW OF AN INVASIVE SPECIES WITH FAR-REACHING IMPACTS"
6349:
6234:
5199:"Northern Raccoon predation on European Starling nestlings in British Columbia"
4752:
3610:"European starlings: a review of an invasive species with far-reaching impacts"
3014:
2818:
2809:
2496:
2365:
2283:
2247:
1960:
1877:
1853:
1825:
1817:
1723:
1225:
1075:
799:
749:
675:
563:
500:
381:
308:
8016:
7929:
7769:. Wellington, New Zealand: The Museum of New Zealand (Te Papa). Archived from
5943:
5438:
4962:
4945:
4921:
4900:
3360:
3156:
2274:. Common starlings rarely inhabit dense, wet forests (i.e. rainforests or wet
8655:
8470:
7715:
7690:
Thermogenic mechanisms during the development of endothermy in juvenile birds
7663:
7611:
7173:
6597:
6003:
5994:
5665:
5101:
Evans, P G H (1988). "Intraspecific nest parasitism in the European starling
4274:
3961:
3902:
3685:
Feare, Chris (1996). "Studies of West Palearctic Birds: 196. Common starling
3107:
2925:
2847:
2767:
2684:
2597:
2573:
2516:
2466:
The common starling appears to have arrived in Fiji in 1925 on Ono-i-lau and
2382:
2259:
2183:
2118:
2034:
1994:
1936:
1861:
1711:
1627:
1568:
1480:
1407:
1234:
1203:
1171:
838:
795:
752:
are intermediate between this subspecies and the nominate and placement with
721:
705:
679:
617:
433:
417:
398:
361:
211:
85:
80:
6717:
5978:"Shakespeare's Starlings: Literary History and the Fictions of Invasiveness"
3952:
3925:
2668:
acknowledges that vast numbers of insects are consumed by common starlings.
2006:
566:
means that acceptance of the various subspecies varies between authorities.
8449:
8322:
8116:
7966:
7864:
7191:
7127:
7118:
7101:
6605:
6554:"Invasion Biology Introduced Species Summary Project - Columbia University"
6162:
6116:
5736:
5681:
5527:
5454:
5288:
4770:
4679:
4670:
4653:
3747:
3617:
3256:
2651:
2553:
2504:
2500:
2488:
2471:
2439:
2426:
2319:
2150:
1639:
1600:
992:
935:
535:
394:
373:
7826:. Washington DC and Barcelona: Smithsonian Institution and Lynx Edicions.
7164:
7000:
6579:
5587:
4542:
3796:
3563:
Harrison, James M (1928). "The colour of the soft parts of the starling".
348:
to western Mongolia, and it has been introduced as an invasive species to
8483:
8418:
8125:
7988:
3707:
2868:
2835:
2691:
may be affected. In Australia, competitors for nesting sites include the
2661:
2548:
2407:
2275:
2168:
1944:
1512:
1215:
988:
904:
807:
788:
481:
455:
353:
8205:
5728:
5673:
5626:
5446:
4327:
2933:
Common starlings may be kept as pets or as laboratory animals. Austrian
8620:
8560:
8374:
7370:
Starling roost dispersal from woodlands: Forestry Commission Leaflet 69
7083:
7059:
6985:
6622:
Feare, Chris J; Douville de Franssu, Pierre; Peris, Salvador J (1992).
6407:
6336:
5579:
5280:
5153:
5051:
4612:
4563:
4511:
4374:
3729:
2958:
2888:
2746:
2680:
2601:
2524:
2303:
2255:
2187:
1999:
1964:
1869:
1833:
1592:
1572:
1492:
1427:
996:
957:
878:
867:
846:
555:
345:
333:
317:
224:
6881:
6154:
5140:
Short, Lester L (1979). "Burdens of the picid hole-excavating habit".
4861:"Diet of the Australasian Harrier in Manawatu-Rangitikei Sand Country"
4122:
2634:
2539:. It is the most common bird species in urban and agricultural areas.
1309:
8423:
8304:
6581:
6053:"Shakespeare to Blame for Introduction of European Starlings to U.S."
4190:
2993:
2972:
2891:. In 2008, the United States government poisoned, shot or trapped 1.7
2788:
2715:
2672:
2336:
2271:
1901:
1757:
1752:
1669:
1560:
1552:
1524:
1508:
1504:
1484:
1438:
1395:
1084:
1067:
842:
741:
512:
496:
389:
369:
349:
299:
292:
152:
112:
8087:
7075:
6977:
6895:
6868:
6707:
6586:
Revue Scientifique et Technique (International Office of Epizootics)
6328:
6138:
5571:
5272:
5043:
4503:
4366:
1442:
8309:
8296:
8110:
5720:
4210:
3926:"Self-organized aerial displays of thousands of starlings: a model"
2945:
2934:
2711:
2676:
2647:
2643:
2585:
2369:
2299:
2266:
2191:
2159:
2155:
2145:
1982:
1893:
1837:
1520:
1145:
1055:
908:
811:
492:
162:
132:
5255:
Boyd, Elizabeth M (1951). "A Survey of Parasitism of the Starling
3942:
1756:
as insulation and increasing the risk of chilling the hatchlings.
881:, in the uplands on the eastern shore of the Black Sea, replacing
397:, as well as seeds and fruit. It is hunted by various mammals and
8633:
8190:
7436:
4898:
3273:
Zuccon, Dario; Pasquet, Eric; Ericson, Per G P (September 2008).
3019:
2964:
2883:
2862:
Visiting a bird feeder. The adult has a black beak in the winter.
2842:
2688:
2593:
2536:
2528:
2520:
2512:
2279:
2208:
2204:
1974:
1969:
1703:
1596:
1446:
1434:
1339:
1269:
1238:
1211:
1141:
1137:
1025:
874:
803:
671:
670:
Most of Europe, except the far northwest and far southeast; also
635:
599:
409:
337:
312:
303:
172:
7508:
del Hoyo, Josep; Elliott, Andrew; Christie, David, eds. (2009).
7029:. Internet Center for Wildlife Damage Management. Archived from
5890:
Peris, S; Soave, G; Camperi, A; Darrieu, C; Aramburu, R (2005).
3876:
464:
458:
8177:
7899:
The Birds of the Western Palearctic concise edition (2 volumes)
7860:
7859:
7763:
Proceedings of the 13th Australasian Vertebrate Pest Conference
7759:
7396:. Canberra: Department of the Environment and Water Resources.
7304:
Translated by Murtha Baca and Stephen Sartarelli from Artusi's
5932:
Department of the Environment and Water Resources (2007) p. 17.
5029:
2852:
2780:
2738:
2557:
2487:
In South Africa, the common starling was introduced in 1897 by
2314:
Five individuals conveyed on a ship from England alighted near
2251:
2220:
2141:
2055:
1928:
1805:
1728:
1588:
1584:
1576:
1564:
1536:
1532:
1516:
1500:
1488:
1419:
1242:
834:
773:
365:
357:
302:. It is about 20 cm (8 in) long and has glossy black
122:
7949:
RSPB Where to Discover Nature: In Britain and Northern Ireland
5608:
4976:
4490:
Michael, Edwin D (1971). "Starlings nesting in rocky cliffs".
4222:. Department of Agriculture and Food Australia. Archived from
3516:
3384:
Proceedings 1st. International Congress the World of Elephants
3092:
3090:
3088:
2721:
Common starlings can eat and damage fruit in orchards such as
8291:
5702:
2734:
2730:
2726:
2722:
2467:
2224:
2216:
2212:
2038:
1737:
1661:
1580:
1556:
1265:
1229:
1220:
1029:
451:
401:, and is host to a range of external and internal parasites.
7357:
The Birds of the British Isles and Their Eggs (First series)
7145:
6115:. Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife. Archived from
2430:
A European starling in flight, suburban St. Louis, Missouri.
2117:
Flying insects that parasitise common starlings include the
7698:
Acta Universitatis Ouluensis. A, Scientiae Rerum Naturalium
7099:
6548:
6546:
6544:
6528:
6399:
10.1642/0004-8038(2006)123[0097:FLDBIA]2.0.CO;2
5658:
10.1638/1042-7260(2000)031[0491:HIAOTI]2.0.CO;2
4249:
3923:
3339:
3085:
2878:
In the United States, common starlings are exempt from the
2700:
2560:, and is rare in the rest of the Bahamas and eastern Cuba.
2332:
2295:
2232:
2228:
2140:
are nest scavengers, which feed on animal material such as
2063:
2059:
2026:
1920:
1785:
1571:
is necessary for successful breeding, common starlings are
1544:
1496:
1450:
1199:
1000:
538:
377:
295:
142:
7387:
Department of the Environment and Water Resources (2007).
6137:
Hofmeister, Natalie; Werner, Scott; Lovette, Irby (2021).
5976:
Fugate, Lauren; Miller, John MacNeill (November 1, 2021).
5486:
from free-ranging birds and mammals on livestock premises"
2626:
1313:
Adult male singing and displaying its long throat feathers
6854:
6630:. Davis: University of California, Davis. pp. 83β88.
6580:
BROCHIER B. VANGELUWE D. VAN DEN BERG T.P. (2010-08-01).
2710:
woodpecker. European starlings are considered aggressive
1924:
1548:
1540:
1528:
488:'s preferred English vernacular name is common starling.
7024:
6624:
The starling in Europe: multiple approaches to a problem
6541:
5889:
5756:
5754:
5639:
5073:(Common starling, Eurasian starling, European starling)"
2003:
lice, presumably due to its inability to remove vermin.
1128:
Buturlin and Harms, 1909, which are intergrades between
7672:. Wilson, Marjorie Kerr (translator). London: Methuen.
7507:
7367:
6963:
6628:
Proceedings of the Fifteenth Vertebrate Pest Conference
6136:
5816:"A report on the birds of Addu Atoll (Maldive Islands)"
5404:
2975:, who then sailed from Wales to Ireland to rescue her.
2799:
causing major damage that cost a total of $ 1,607,317.
736:, but intermediate in size between that subspecies and
388:
and North Africa. The common starling builds an untidy
7572:
6911:"State Government commits to help eradicate starlings"
6642:"Starlings: a threat to Australia's unique ecosystems"
5423:
in wild European starlings at a Kansas cattle feedlot"
5010:"European Starling: The Birds of North America Online"
3096:
2207:
and is found throughout Europe, northern Africa (from
1264:
Several terrestrial starlings, including those in the
7489:
Higgins, P J; Peter, J M; Cowling, S J, eds. (2006).
7458:
Birds of Prey of Europe, North Africa and Middle East
7439:
The Atlas of Breeding Birds of Alberta: A Second Look
7095:
7093:
5760:
5751:
4812:"The food of birds of prey and owls in Fenno-Scandia"
3607:
3194:
2167:
and may cause its host to suffocate. In Britain, the
1206:
is 2.5 to 3.2 cm (0.98 to 1.26 in) and the
7870:
Fleas, Flukes and Cuckoos. A study of bird parasites
7745:
Towards a Conservation Strategy of the Roseate Tern
7334:
6441:. USDA Wildlife Services. 2011-09-27. Archived from
4598:
4348:
3272:
2899:
million birds, around 45% of the global total of 310
2470:
islands. It may have colonised from New Zealand via
849:. Not found in the uplands, where it is replaced by
8068:
Species text in The Atlas of Southern African Birds
7946:
7577:. College Station: Texas A&M University Press.
7488:
3924:Hildenbrandt, H; Carere, C; Hemelrijk, C K (2010).
2029:in their nests. The small, pale house-sparrow flea
1617:
An adult foraging and finding food for young chicks
7971:A Guide to the Birds of Fiji and Western Polynesia
7897:Snow, David; Perrins, Christopher M, eds. (1998).
7760:Parkes, John; Weller, Wendy; Reddiex, Ben (2005).
7553:
7313:
7141:
7139:
7137:
7090:
6940:"Birds protected by the Migratory Bird Treaty Act"
3708:Prince, Ben; Riede, Tobias; Goller, Franz (2011).
3122:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T22710886A137493608.en
2956:
1198:is 11.8 to 13.8 cm (4.6 to 5.4 in), the
7818:
7290:Science in the Kitchen and the Art of Eating Well
6521:"100 of the World's Worst Invasive Alien Species"
5173:) in northern, central, and southern New Zealand"
4524:
1095:, subspecies formerly considered to be isolated.
8653:
8080:, National Invasive Species Information Center,
7840:
7780:
7058:Glahn, James F.; Otis, David L. (January 1986).
7001:"Shock and Caw: Pesky Starlings Still Overwhelm"
6942:. US Fish & Wildlife Service. Archived from
6462:Federation of Alberta Naturalists (2007) p. 374.
6314:
5813:
4899:Chavko, J; Danko, Ε ; Obuch, J; MihΓ³k, J (2012).
4100:Shimbov, Mario I.; Allain, Steven J. R. (2022).
2794:flew into a flock and plummeted into the sea at
2642:Since common starlings eat insect pests such as
1364:syrinx is 100% larger than the female's syrinx.
1210:is 2.7 to 3.2 cm (1.1 to 1.3 in). The
1202:is 5.8 to 6.8 cm (2.3 to 2.7 in), the
1190:A young juvenile being fed by an adult in Boston
291:in Great Britain and Ireland, is a medium-sized
7824:Birds of South Asia. The Ripley Guide. Volume 2
7512:. Volume 14: Bush-shrikes to Old World Sparrows
7441:. Edmonton: Federation of Alberta Naturalists.
7134:
6705:
6102:
6100:
6098:
6096:
6094:
6092:
5941:
5169:"Breeding dates and productivity of starlings (
5139:
3987:
3042:The table is based on Feare & Craig (1998).
2242:A flock resting on a pine tree during migration
8027:Feathers of common starling (Sturnus vulgaris)
7306:La scienza in cucina e l'arte di mangiare bene
5971:
5969:
4390:
4211:Kirkpatrick, Win; Woolnough, Andrew P (2007).
2704:List of the world's 100 worst invasive species
2570:International Union for Conservation of Nature
1475:A flock foraging at a farm in Northern Ireland
1109:Buturlin, 1904, which are intergrades between
454:for "starling" and "common" respectively. The
422:International Union for Conservation of Nature
6824:"Starling Bird Facts | Sturnus Vulgaris"
6617:
6615:
6429:
6427:
6425:
5820:Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society
5797:Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society
5534:
5389:
5380:
5371:
5362:
5353:
5304:
5233:. Royal Society for the Protection of Birds.
5079:. IZIKO, Museums of Cape Town. Archived from
4943:
4794:
4721:
4651:
4454:
4099:
3268:
3266:
2491:. It spread slowly, and by 1954, had reached
1660:long as some is present, but the presence of
7533:The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names
7246:
7053:
7051:
7049:
7047:
6917:. State of Western Australia. Archived from
6775:Bird Strike: The Crash of the Boston Electra
6647:. Threatened Species Network. Archived from
6471:
6379:
6089:
5975:
5295:
5100:
3817:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3760:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3556:
3510:
3449:
3447:
2802:Starlings' droppings can contain the fungus
2650:were erected for this species in the former
2108:is itself preyed upon by the predatory mite
8082:United States National Agricultural Library
7896:
7722:
7573:Kilham, Lawrence; Waltermire, Joan (1988).
7203:
7201:
6998:
6676:
6674:
6672:
6670:
6668:
6217:
6130:
5966:
4843:
4785:
4206:
4204:
4202:
4200:
4069:
3445:
3443:
3441:
3439:
3437:
3435:
3433:
3431:
3429:
3427:
2616:
2197:
470:
432:The common starling was first described by
427:
315:has been noted in literature including the
7783:The Status of Birds in Britain and Ireland
7686:
7437:Federation of Alberta Naturalists (2007).
7417:
7228:
6841:
6839:
6837:
6612:
6422:
5957:
5892:"Range expansion of the European starling
5844:. Merseyside Ringing Group. Archived from
4858:
4809:
4726:) in relation to predation and foraging".
4420:11370/18688a82-a350-4483-9e8c-977573cc5c85
4386:
4384:
3680:
3678:
3676:
3674:
3672:
3263:
2838:have only a temporary effect in any case.
1778:
484:poem "The Stare's Nest by My Window". The
223:
74:
40:
7915:
7841:Robertson, Hugh; Heather, Barrie (2005).
7368:Currie, F A; Elgy, D; Petty, S J (1977).
7181:
7163:
7117:
7057:
7044:
6908:
6772:
6575:
6573:
6397:
6380:Granbom, Martin; Smith, Henrik G (2006).
6282:
6232:
6106:
5993:
5915:
5913:
5873:
5871:
5540:Rothschild & Clay (1953) pp. 235β237.
5517:
5386:Rothschild & Clay (1953) pp. 180β181.
5340:
4961:
4920:
4669:
4302:
4245:
4243:
4121:
4065:
4063:
4019:West, Meredith J; King, Andrew P (1990).
3951:
3941:
3850:
3848:
3737:
3503:
3501:
3499:
3497:
3495:
3489:Parkin & Knox (2009) pp. 65, 305β306.
3474:
3411:
3409:
3228:
3161:
3120:
2920:
2289:
1741:(0.79β0.89 in) in maximum diameter.
442:in 1758 under its current binomial name.
7947:Taylor, Marianne; Holden, Peter (2009).
7624:
7620:(in Latin). Holmiae. (Laurentii Salvii).
7610:
7292:. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
7198:
7018:
6875:
6730:
6665:
6373:
6070:
5935:
5885:
5883:
5786:
5318:
5316:
5166:
5063:
5061:
4995:10.1046/j.1474-919X.2002.t01-2-00094_2.x
4197:
4159:
4157:
4155:
4153:
4151:
4149:
4147:
4145:
4143:
4141:
4018:
3846:
3844:
3842:
3840:
3838:
3836:
3834:
3832:
3830:
3828:
3562:
3424:
3403:Snow & Perrins (1998) pp. 1492β1496.
3335:
3333:
2992:
2937:Konrad Lorenz wrote of them in his book
2924:
2857:
2633:
2625:
2621:
2425:
2413:
2401:
2237:
2163:. This worm moves from the lungs to the
2005:
1722:
1710:
1702:
1650:
1605:
1470:
1383:
1375:
1371:
1316:
1308:
1297:
1251:
1185:
49:
7965:
7529:
7455:
7237:
7210:
6957:
6902:
6834:
6308:
6295:
6183:
6044:
5696:
5633:
5398:
5301:Rothschild & Clay (1953) pp. 84β85.
4645:
4518:
4489:
4483:
4448:
4381:
4014:
4012:
4010:
3669:
3631:
3603:
3601:
3599:
3597:
3595:
3593:
3591:
3471:Rasmussen & Anderton (2005) p. 583.
3399:
3397:
3395:
3393:
3381:
3375:
3170:
2867:perches discourages them from visiting
1290:particularly noticeable when it sings.
14:
8654:
8017:Very noisy Starling flocks in Scotland
7877:
7843:Hand Guide to the Birds of New Zealand
7662:
7625:Lockwood, William Burley, ed. (1984).
7493:. Melbourne: Oxford University Press.
7353:
7311:
7284:
7265:
7219:
7027:"European Starlings and their Control"
6992:
6848:
6845:Cocker & Mabey (2005) pp. 429β436.
6570:
6273:
6226:
6050:
5910:
5868:
5859:
5549:
5543:
5490:Applied and Environmental Microbiology
4694:
4652:Sandell, M I; Diemer, Michael (1999).
4636:
4592:
4391:Brouwer, Lyanne; Komdeur, Jan (2004).
4342:
4240:
4176:
4060:
3968:
3861:
3658:
3656:
3492:
3483:
3465:
3415:
3406:
3219:
3179:
3051:This form was described by Hodgson as
2511:provinces of South Africa and lowland
1989:spp.), and cats may catch the unwary.
8092:
8091:
8074:Species Profile β European Starling (
7987:
7845:. Auckland: Oxford University Press.
7741:
7627:The Oxford Book of British Bird Names
7591:
7335:Cocker, Mark; Mabey, Richard (2005).
7216:Kilham & Waltermire (1988) p. 59.
6527:. Invasive Species Specialist Group,
6465:
6025:
5963:Robertson & Heather (2005) p. 162
5926:
5880:
5814:Strickland, M J; Jenner, J C (1977).
5615:Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery
5313:
5058:
5007:
4852:
4138:
3825:
3684:
3453:Feare & Craig (1998) pp. 183β189.
3349:European Journal of Wildlife Research
3330:
3237:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
2390:to the north and the equally distant
656:
653:
647:
486:International Ornithological Congress
8697:Migratory birds (Eastern Hemisphere)
8639:7787EBA6-FFA0-409A-A5AE-7704078D2648
8548:374ff3e6-11c9-4c10-a358-d38e9618ab08
8362:d143f68a-d80e-452d-99d3-88c8b292285f
7916:Sparagano, Olivier A E, ed. (2009).
7725:Gun Digest Book of Sporting Shotguns
7700:(Thesis). Oulu: University of Oulu.
7648:. Terrey Hills: A H & A W Reed.
7643:
7474:
7418:Feare, Chris; Craig, Adrian (1998).
6800:"Sturnus vulgaris (common starling)"
6634:
6456:
6343:
5709:Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine
5646:Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine
5602:
5395:Rothschild & Clay (1953) p. 189.
5377:Rothschild & Clay (1953) p. 169.
5368:Rothschild & Clay (1953) p. 251.
5359:Rothschild & Clay (1953) p. 222.
5310:Rothschild & Clay (1953) p. 115.
5254:
5248:
5223:
5196:
5160:
4627:
4007:
3640:
3614:Managing Vertebrate Invasive Species
3588:
3583:European Starling (Sturnus vulgaris)
3456:
3390:
2552:fairly common but local in Jamaica,
2053:. Other arthropod parasites include
650:
8662:IUCN Red List least concern species
7973:. Suva: Environmental Consultants.
7901:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
7629:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
7554:Jones, Gwyn; Jones, Thomas (1970).
6031:
4601:Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology
4557:
4531:Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology
4170:
3881:, under different predation risk".
3653:
3637:Feare & Craig (1998) pp. 21β22.
3616:. Paper 24: 378β386. Archived from
3188:
3108:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
2015:, a parasite of the common starling
1626:This behaviour, first described by
760:varies according to the authority.
558:of the common starling, which vary
344:in temperate Europe and across the
287:in North America and simply as the
24:
7993:The Collected Poems of W. B. Yeats
7781:Parkin, David; Knox, Alan (2009).
7510:Handbook of the Birds of the World
7064:The Journal of Wildlife Management
6709:Starling management in agriculture
5167:Bull, P C; Flux, John E C (2006).
4305:"Foraging decisions in starlings (
4080:Introduced Species Summary Project
2776:billion per year in crop damages.
1449:municipalities between TΓΈnder and
1333:The common starling is noisy, its
841:eastwards around the coast of the
495:family, Sturnidae, is an entirely
25:
8723:
8010:
7755:. Glasgow: University of Glasgow.
6472:Pell, A S; Tidemann, C R (1997).
5231:"Are cats causing bird declines?"
4946:"Bird prey taken by British owls"
4901:"The food of the Imperial Eagle (
4800:GΓ©nsbΓΈl (1984) pp. 239, 254, 273.
4106:preyed upon by European starling
3867:Taylor & Holden (2009) p. 27.
3197:"Sugarbirds, starlings, thrushes"
1483:and feeds on both pest and other
1078:are intermediate in size between
475:are both derived from an unknown
332:The common starling has about 12
8411:common-starling-sturnus-vulgaris
7025:Johnson, Ron J; Glahn, James F.
6932:
6816:
6797:
6791:
6766:
6724:
6699:
6525:Global Invasive Species Database
6513:
6258:
6246:The Atlas of South African Birds
6177:
6064:
5761:Butchart, S; Ekstrom, J (2013).
5510:10.1128/AEM.71.11.6963-6967.2005
5350:" in Sparagano (2009) pp. 75β76.
5012:. The Cornell Lab of Ornithology
3994:Earth Science Picture of the Day
3302:10.1111/j.1463-6409.2008.00339.x
3201:IOC World Bird List 2013 (v 3.3)
2448:American Acclimatization Society
2397:
2309:
624:
606:
588:
574:
99:
8061:European starling photo gallery
7558:. London: J M Dent & Sons.
7339:. London: Chatto & Windus.
7225:Jones & Jones (1970) p. 30.
6739:, CRC Press, pp. 307β329,
6362:. British Trust for Ornithology
6267:The Cornubian and Redruth Times
5830:
5807:
5780:
5469:
5237:from the original on 2012-12-15
5190:
5133:
5094:
5023:
5001:
4970:
4937:
4892:
4849:GΓ©nsbΓΈl (1984) pp. 67, 74, 162.
4803:
4746:
4715:
4296:
4093:
3981:
3917:
3870:
3768:
3701:
3575:
3225:Feare & Craig (1998) p. 13.
3097:BirdLife International (2019).
3045:
3036:
2630:Congregating on wires in France
2515:, with occasional sightings in
2482:
1479:The common starling is largely
1293:
7594:Naturalised Birds of the World
7354:Coward, Thomas Alfred (1941).
7320:. London: Granada Publishing.
7259:
6966:Journal of Wildlife Management
6773:Kalafatas, Michael N. (2010).
6731:Pimentel, David (2002-06-13),
6269:. 15 February 1901. p. 3.
4566:Ethology Ecology and Evolution
3988:Winkler, Bjarne (2006-06-19).
3157:Systema Naturae ed. 10 1 p.167
3145:
3136:
2542:
2375:
2178:Common starlings may contract
1181:
1155:, 1928, an intergrade between
13:
1:
8066:(European) Common starling β
7995:. Ware: Wordsworth Editions.
7882:. Robertsbridge: Pica Press.
7880:The North American Bird Guide
7646:Introduced Birds of the World
6493:10.1016/S0006-3207(96)00112-7
6075:. Penguin Group. p. 42.
5789:"Occurrence of the Starling,
5119:10.1016/S0003-3472(88)80197-0
4740:10.1016/S0003-3472(74)80049-7
4469:10.1016/j.anbehav.2007.08.008
4412:10.1016/j.anbehav.2003.07.005
3895:10.1016/j.anbehav.2008.08.034
3542:10.1080/03078698.2005.9674332
3195:Gill, Frank; Donsker, David.
3078:
3008:which could sing part of his
2148:blood parasites of the genus
2137:Hofmannophila pseudospretella
1170:, 1928 from southern Iran's (
1144:and throughout Greece to the
956:, but smaller and completely
549:
57:The song of a common starling
8063:at VIREO (Drexel University)
7951:. London: Christopher Helm.
7804:. London: Christopher Helm.
7785:. London: Christopher Helm.
7539:. London: Christopher Helm.
7515:. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions.
7422:. London: Christopher Helm.
6684:. 2014-05-17. Archived from
6265:"Starlings v Grasshoppers".
6186:"Fiji's sedentary starlings"
6051:Mirsky, Steve (2008-05-23).
4874:(4): 241β254. Archived from
4825:(8): 307β320. Archived from
4791:GΓ©nsbΓΈl (1984) pp. 142, 151.
4702:"European Longevity Records"
4578:10.1080/03949370.2011.554882
3789:10.1016/0006-8993(80)91011-2
3167:Jobling (2010) pp. 367, 405.
2817:to humans. The spreading of
2547:In 1901, the inhabitants of
2461:
2325:
2219:, the Middle East including
1919:More than twenty species of
1437:, Denmark, over the seaward
1228:and the central always-dark
7:
8707:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
7822:; Anderton, John C (2005).
7723:Michalowski, Kevin (2011).
7687:Marjoniemi, KyΓΆsti (2001).
7592:Lever, Christopher (2010).
6034:"100 Years of the Starling"
5644:) fed two levels of iron".
5261:The Journal of Parasitology
3249:10.1016/j.ympev.2006.05.007
2638:Feeding on a windfall apple
2173:Prosthorhynchus transverses
1842:Milvus migrans & milvus
1698:
1567:. While the consumption of
1305:Chattering calls of a group
10:
8728:
8170:Sturnus_(Sturnus)_vulgaris
7918:Control of Poultry Mites (
7727:. Iola: Gun Digest Books.
7363:. London: Frederick Warne.
7308:, first published in 1891.
6999:Stark, Mike (2009-09-07).
6915:Media releases, 2009β10β19
6745:10.1201/9781420041668.ch17
6439:Wildlife Damage Management
6223:Watling (2003) pp. 142β143
5787:Ghorpade, Kumar D (1973).
5212:(1): 25β26. Archived from
4529:: nestling provisioning".
2985:, William Shakespeare had
2836:visual or auditory devices
2828:
2235:, and northwestern China.
1687:Common starlings are both
1646:
1630:and given the German term
1487:. The food range includes
1466:
27:Species of passerine birds
8100:
7930:10.1007/978-90-481-2731-3
7749:in the Azores Archipelago
7596:. London: A&C Black.
7530:Jobling, James A (2010).
7252:Michalowski (2011) p. 61.
6199:: 227β230. Archived from
5439:10.1637/8920-050809-Reg.1
4963:10.1080/00063657209476330
4922:10.2478/v10262-012-0001-y
4303:Tinbergen, J. M. (1981).
3418:American Museum Novitates
3361:10.1007/s10344-009-0316-x
3115:: e.T22710886A137493608.
3010:Piano Concerto in G Major
2880:Migratory Bird Treaty Act
2666:Department of Agriculture
2563:
2350:Albany, Western Australia
2270:areas such as Australian
1046:
1013:
976:
922:
892:
861:
821:
782:
764:
715:
693:
661:
231:
222:
201:
194:
96:Scientific classification
94:
72:
63:
48:
39:
34:
8053:Internet Bird Collection
7802:Birds of the West Indies
7742:Neves, VerΓ³nica (2005).
7268:Birds of the West Indies
7106:Journal of Dairy Science
6706:Johnson, Ron J. (1992).
6301:Arlott (2010) p. 126., "
5995:10.1215/22011919-9320167
5982:Environmental Humanities
5942:Olliver, Narena (2005).
5877:Long (1981) pp. 359β363.
5793:Linnaeus near Bangalore"
5769:. BirdLife International
4859:Baker-Gabb, D J (1981).
4633:Marjoniemi (2001) p. 19.
4275:10.1258/0023677011912164
3507:Coward (1941) pp. 38β41.
3029:
2997:Mozart's "starling song"
2617:Relationship with humans
2198:Distribution and habitat
2098:Pteronyssoides truncatus
1655:A parent feeding a chick
428:Taxonomy and systematics
298:in the starling family,
8672:Birds described in 1758
8048:"Common starling media"
7924:. Dordrecht: Springer.
7456:GΓ©nsbΓΈl, Benny (1984).
7312:Burton, Robert (1985).
7266:Arlott, Norman (2010).
7152:BMC Veterinary Research
6481:Biological Conservation
6317:Journal of Biogeography
6073:The Thing with Feathers
6071:Strycker, Noah (2014).
6032:Gup, Ted (1990-09-01).
5838:"Migration of starling
5560:Journal of Parasitology
4114:Herpetological Bulletin
3530:Ringing & Migration
3480:Neves (2005) pp. 63β73.
3176:Lockwood (1984) p. 147.
2957:
2584:was already present in
2523:and around the town of
2436:acclimatisation society
1832:). Slower raptors like
1779:Predators and parasites
1672:attractant to females.
1279:white-cheeked starlings
465:
459:
8687:Birds of North America
7878:Sibley, David (2000).
7873:. New York: Macmillan.
7119:10.3168/jds.2017-12858
6582:"Alien invasive birds"
5946:. Birds of New Zealand
5259:L. in North America".
5197:Begg, Barbara (2009).
4944:Glue, David E (1972).
4771:10.1006/anbe.1994.1227
4671:10.1006/anbe.1998.0936
3990:"Black Sun in Denmark"
3063:of 1831, and may have
2998:
2930:
2921:In science and culture
2863:
2825:million loss in 2014.
2805:Histoplasma capsulatum
2639:
2631:
2533:anthropogenic habitats
2431:
2423:
2411:
2381:Europe along with the
2290:Introduced populations
2243:
2043:Menacanthus eurystemus
2022:Ceratophyllus gallinae
2016:
1846:eastern imperial eagle
1732:
1720:
1708:
1656:
1618:
1476:
1418:. Flocks form a tight
1399:
1381:
1330:
1314:
1306:
1257:
1191:
798:eastwards through the
471:
260: Summer visitor
251: Winter visitor
239: Summer visitor
58:
8712:Invasive bird species
8677:Birds of Central Asia
8582:Paleobiology Database
7989:Yeats, William Butler
7644:Long, John A (1981).
7481:Zoological Miscellany
7243:Artusi (2003) p. 220.
7165:10.1186/1746-6148-7-9
5865:Sibley (2000) p. 416.
5554:Plasmodium hexamerium
5550:Janovy, John (1966).
5077:Biodiversity Explorer
4909:Slovak Raptor Journal
4642:Burton (1985) p. 187.
4543:10.1007/s002650050293
4167:(2006) pp. 1907β1914.
4082:. Columbia University
3953:10.1093/beheco/arq149
3858:(2006) pp. 1923β1928.
3718:Journal of Morphology
3061:Zoological Miscellany
2996:
2928:
2861:
2785:sixty-two people died
2657:Costelytra zealandica
2637:
2629:
2622:Benefits and problems
2429:
2417:
2405:
2302:, Southeast Asia and
2241:
2122:Omithomya nigricornis
2068:Analgopsis passerinus
2025:) is the most common
2009:
1726:
1714:
1706:
1654:
1616:
1474:
1416:Eurasian sparrowhawks
1393:
1379:
1372:Behaviour and ecology
1320:
1312:
1304:
1255:
1189:
1174:) is very similar to
1117:from western Russia;
960:, being separated by
482:William Butler Yeats'
450:are derived from the
283:), also known as the
56:
8357:Fauna Europaea (new)
7234:Lorenz (1961) p. 84.
7207:Lorenz (1961) p. 59.
6804:Animal Diversity Web
6737:Biological Invasions
6435:"European starlings"
6279:Lever (2010) p. 197.
6113:Living with Wildlife
5348:Dermanyssus gallinae
4104:Lissotriton vulgaris
4072:"European starling (
4070:Adeney, J M (2001).
3581:Cabe, Paul R. 1993.
3155:Linnaeus, 1758
2111:Androlaelaps casalis
2102:Trouessartia rosteri
2077:Dermanyssus gallinae
2012:Dermanyssus gallinae
1949:Acridotheres tristis
1862:Australasian harrier
1798:Eurasian sparrowhawk
1353:reproductive success
907:through the eastern
523:that survived in an
7820:Rasmussen, Pamela C
7669:King Solomon's Ring
7460:. London: Collins.
7420:Starlings and Mynas
7372:. Edinburgh: HMSO.
7270:. London: Collins.
6235:"European starling
6184:Watling, D (1982).
6057:Scientific American
5923:(2005) pp. 183β189.
5502:2005ApEnM..71.6963C
5480:Mycobacterium avium
5417:Mycobacterium avium
5142:The Wilson Bulletin
4810:Bergman, G (1961).
4328:10.5253/arde.v69.p1
4040:1990AmSci..78..106W
4021:"Mozart's Starling"
3650:(2009) pp. 665β667.
3185:Yeats (2000) p. 173
3006:pet common starling
2940:King Solomon's Ring
2913:Salmonella enterica
2814:infectious diseases
2452:William Shakespeare
2446:, president of the
2144:or dead nestlings.
2083:Ornithonyssus bursa
1707:Five eggs in a nest
924:S. v. porphyronotus
911:and adjacent areas
770:Hartert, EJO, 1903
687:nominate subspecies
644:
582:S. v. porphyronotus
327:William Shakespeare
66:Conservation status
8227:BirdLife-Australia
8032:2020-02-05 at the
7861:Rothschild, Miriam
7484:. Wurtz: Treuttel.
7286:Artusi, Pellegrino
6038:The New York Times
5333:2013-12-03 at the
4613:10.1007/BF00302916
4355:Functional Ecology
4263:Laboratory Animals
4028:American Scientist
3978:(1977) leaflet 69.
3930:Behavioral Ecology
3730:10.1002/jmor.11007
3523:using iris colour"
3519:"Sexing Starlings
3462:Gray (1831) p. 84.
3065:taxonomic priority
2999:
2931:
2864:
2640:
2632:
2444:Eugene Schieffelin
2432:
2424:
2412:
2394:far to the south.
2244:
2180:avian tuberculosis
2051:Stumidoecus sturni
2017:
1910:Eurasian eagle-owl
1866:Circus approximans
1794:Accipiter gentilis
1733:
1721:
1709:
1657:
1619:
1477:
1400:
1382:
1331:
1315:
1307:
1283:protractor muscles
1258:
1192:
1163:in northern Iran.
1136:from the southern
873:Eastern Turkey to
863:S. v. purpurascens
784:S. v. poltaratskyi
642:
554:There are several
544:Middle Pleistocene
505:sub-Saharan Africa
340:across its native
59:
8692:Birds of Pakistan
8649:
8648:
8569:Open Tree of Life
8398:european-starling
8094:Taxon identifiers
8041:USDA Bulletin 868
7958:978-1-4081-0864-2
7939:978-90-481-2730-6
7908:978-0-19-854099-1
7811:978-0-7136-5419-6
7792:978-1-4081-2500-7
7734:978-1-4402-2669-4
7612:Linnaeus, Carolus
7603:978-1-4081-2825-1
7575:On Watching Birds
7546:978-1-4081-2501-4
7522:978-84-96553-50-7
7476:Gray, John Edward
7448:978-0-9696134-9-7
7403:978-0-642-55369-0
7277:978-0-00-727718-6
6884:Wildlife Research
6857:Wildlife Research
6784:978-1-58465-897-9
6754:978-0-8493-0836-9
6303:Status and range:
6155:10.1111/mec.15806
6143:Molecular Ecology
6082:978-1-59448-635-7
5763:"Common starling
5552:"Epidemiology of
5496:(11): 6963β6967.
4213:"Common starling"
4123:10.33256/hb161.46
3724:(12): 1527β1536.
3290:Zoologica Scripta
2769:Passer domesticus
2611:intensive farming
2582:S. v. zetlandicus
2344:, Queensland and
2316:Lago de Maracaibo
2131:Carnus hemapterus
2047:Brueelia nebulosa
1953:lesser honeyguide
1941:Falco columbarius
1933:peregrine falcons
1830:Falco tinnunculus
1715:Eggs, Collection
1681:S. v. zetlandicus
1614:
1575:and can also eat
1412:peregrine falcons
1394:A large flock in
1391:
1327:Spring Creek Park
1302:
1247:spotless starling
1080:S. v. zetlandicus
1064:
1063:
944:Dzungarian Alatau
717:S. v. zetlandicus
517:spotless starling
336:breeding in open
321:and the works of
285:European starling
271:
270:
89:
54:
18:European Starling
16:(Redirected from
8719:
8642:
8641:
8629:
8628:
8626:Sturnus-vulgaris
8616:
8615:
8603:
8602:
8590:
8589:
8577:
8576:
8564:
8563:
8551:
8550:
8541:
8540:
8531:
8530:
8518:
8517:
8505:
8504:
8502:NHMSYS0000530628
8492:
8491:
8479:
8478:
8466:
8465:
8453:
8452:
8440:
8439:
8427:
8426:
8414:
8413:
8401:
8400:
8391:
8390:
8378:
8377:
8365:
8364:
8352:
8351:
8339:
8338:
8326:
8325:
8313:
8312:
8300:
8299:
8287:
8286:
8274:
8273:
8261:
8260:
8248:
8247:
8235:
8234:
8222:
8221:
8209:
8208:
8199:
8198:
8196:94A4403295E2D9BE
8186:
8185:
8183:sturnus-vulgaris
8173:
8172:
8160:
8159:
8157:Sturnus_vulgaris
8147:
8146:
8136:
8135:
8134:
8132:Sturnus vulgaris
8121:
8120:
8119:
8102:Sturnus vulgaris
8089:
8088:
8076:Sturnus vulgaris
8057:
8006:
7984:
7962:
7943:
7912:
7893:
7874:
7856:
7837:
7815:
7796:
7777:
7775:
7768:
7756:
7754:
7747:Sterna dougallii
7738:
7719:
7695:
7683:
7664:Lorenz, Konrad Z
7659:
7640:
7621:
7607:
7588:
7569:
7550:
7538:
7526:
7504:
7485:
7471:
7452:
7433:
7414:
7412:
7406:. Archived from
7395:
7383:
7364:
7362:
7350:
7337:Birds Britannica
7331:
7319:
7303:
7281:
7253:
7250:
7244:
7241:
7235:
7232:
7226:
7223:
7217:
7214:
7208:
7205:
7196:
7195:
7185:
7167:
7143:
7132:
7131:
7121:
7112:(2): 1777β1784.
7097:
7088:
7087:
7055:
7042:
7041:
7039:
7038:
7022:
7016:
7015:
7013:
7011:
6996:
6990:
6989:
6961:
6955:
6954:
6952:
6951:
6936:
6930:
6929:
6927:
6926:
6906:
6900:
6899:
6879:
6873:
6872:
6852:
6846:
6843:
6832:
6831:
6820:
6814:
6813:
6811:
6810:
6795:
6789:
6788:
6770:
6764:
6763:
6762:
6761:
6728:
6722:
6721:
6703:
6697:
6696:
6694:
6693:
6678:
6663:
6662:
6660:
6659:
6653:
6646:
6638:
6632:
6631:
6619:
6610:
6609:
6577:
6568:
6567:
6565:
6564:
6558:www.columbia.edu
6550:
6539:
6538:
6536:
6535:
6517:
6511:
6510:
6508:
6507:
6501:
6495:. Archived from
6487:(2/3): 145β153.
6478:
6469:
6463:
6460:
6454:
6453:
6451:
6450:
6431:
6420:
6419:
6401:
6377:
6371:
6370:
6368:
6367:
6360:Bird Trends 2011
6354:Sturnus vulgaris
6347:
6341:
6340:
6312:
6306:
6299:
6293:
6286:
6280:
6277:
6271:
6270:
6262:
6256:
6255:
6253:
6252:
6243:
6237:Sturnus vulgaris
6230:
6224:
6221:
6215:
6214:
6212:
6211:
6205:
6190:
6181:
6175:
6174:
6149:(5): 1251β1263.
6134:
6128:
6127:
6125:
6124:
6104:
6087:
6086:
6068:
6062:
6061:
6048:
6042:
6041:
6029:
6023:
6022:
6020:
6018:
5997:
5973:
5964:
5961:
5955:
5954:
5952:
5951:
5939:
5933:
5930:
5924:
5917:
5908:
5907:
5894:Sturnus vulgaris
5887:
5878:
5875:
5866:
5863:
5857:
5856:
5854:
5853:
5840:Sturnus vulgaris
5834:
5828:
5827:
5811:
5805:
5804:
5791:Sturnus vulgaris
5784:
5778:
5777:
5775:
5774:
5765:Sturnus vulgaris
5758:
5749:
5748:
5705:Sturnus vulgaris
5700:
5694:
5693:
5642:Sturnus vulgaris
5637:
5631:
5630:
5611:Sturnus vulgaris
5606:
5600:
5599:
5547:
5541:
5538:
5532:
5531:
5521:
5484:paratuberculosis
5473:
5467:
5466:
5421:Paratuberculosis
5409:Escherichia coli
5402:
5396:
5393:
5387:
5384:
5378:
5375:
5369:
5366:
5360:
5357:
5351:
5344:
5338:
5320:
5311:
5308:
5302:
5299:
5293:
5292:
5257:Sturnus vulgaris
5252:
5246:
5245:
5243:
5242:
5227:
5221:
5220:
5218:
5203:
5194:
5188:
5187:
5177:
5171:Sturnus vulgaris
5164:
5158:
5157:
5137:
5131:
5130:
5113:(5): 1282β1294.
5107:Animal Behaviour
5103:Sturnus vulgaris
5098:
5092:
5091:
5089:
5088:
5071:Sturnus vulgaris
5065:
5056:
5055:
5027:
5021:
5020:
5018:
5017:
5005:
4999:
4998:
4989:(4): E164βE177.
4974:
4968:
4967:
4965:
4941:
4935:
4934:
4924:
4896:
4890:
4889:
4887:
4886:
4880:
4865:
4856:
4850:
4847:
4841:
4840:
4838:
4837:
4831:
4816:
4807:
4801:
4798:
4792:
4789:
4783:
4782:
4759:Animal Behaviour
4755:Sturnus vulgaris
4750:
4744:
4743:
4728:Animal Behaviour
4724:Sturnus vulgaris
4719:
4713:
4712:
4710:
4709:
4698:
4692:
4691:
4673:
4658:Animal Behaviour
4649:
4643:
4640:
4634:
4631:
4625:
4624:
4596:
4590:
4589:
4561:
4555:
4554:
4527:Sturnus vulgaris
4522:
4516:
4515:
4487:
4481:
4480:
4457:Animal Behaviour
4452:
4446:
4445:
4443:
4442:
4436:
4430:. Archived from
4400:Animal Behaviour
4397:
4388:
4379:
4378:
4351:Sturnus vulgaris
4346:
4340:
4339:
4313:
4307:Sturnus vulgaris
4300:
4294:
4293:
4291:
4285:. Archived from
4260:
4254:Sturnus vulgaris
4247:
4238:
4237:
4235:
4234:
4228:
4217:
4208:
4195:
4194:
4191:10.1071/MU957031
4174:
4168:
4161:
4136:
4135:
4125:
4108:Sturnus vulgaris
4097:
4091:
4090:
4088:
4087:
4074:Sturnus vulgaris
4067:
4058:
4057:
4055:
4054:
4048:
4042:. Archived from
4025:
4016:
4005:
4004:
4002:
4001:
3985:
3979:
3972:
3966:
3965:
3955:
3945:
3936:(6): 1349β1359.
3921:
3915:
3914:
3883:Animal Behaviour
3879:Sturnus vulgaris
3874:
3868:
3865:
3859:
3852:
3823:
3822:
3816:
3808:
3772:
3766:
3765:
3759:
3751:
3741:
3712:Sturnus vulgaris
3705:
3699:
3698:
3687:Sturnus vulgaris
3682:
3667:
3660:
3651:
3644:
3638:
3635:
3629:
3628:
3626:
3625:
3605:
3586:
3579:
3573:
3572:
3560:
3554:
3553:
3527:
3521:Sturnus vulgaris
3514:
3508:
3505:
3490:
3487:
3481:
3478:
3472:
3469:
3463:
3460:
3454:
3451:
3422:
3421:
3413:
3404:
3401:
3388:
3387:
3379:
3373:
3372:
3346:
3337:
3328:
3327:
3325:
3324:
3318:
3312:. Archived from
3287:
3270:
3261:
3260:
3232:
3226:
3223:
3217:
3216:
3214:
3212:
3207:on 24 March 2010
3203:. Archived from
3192:
3186:
3183:
3177:
3174:
3168:
3165:
3159:
3153:Sturnus vulgaris
3149:
3143:
3140:
3134:
3133:
3131:
3129:
3124:
3101:Sturnus vulgaris
3094:
3072:
3049:
3043:
3040:
2962:
2902:
2898:
2894:
2824:
2775:
2764:
2756:
2697:eastern rosellas
2606:Northern Ireland
2476:Kermadec Islands
2392:Macquarie Island
2388:Kermadec Islands
2362:Lord Howe Island
2160:Syngamus trachea
1814:Falco peregrinus
1810:peregrine falcon
1790:northern goshawk
1717:Museum Wiesbaden
1615:
1392:
1329:, New York, USA.
1323:Sturnus vulgaris
1303:
1165:S. v. persepolis
1126:S. v. balcanicus
952:Very similar to
894:S. v. caucasicus
837:and east of the
728:Shetland Islands
678:. Introduced to
645:
641:
628:
610:
592:
578:
474:
469:, and the Latin
468:
462:
280:Sturnus vulgaris
266: Resident
265:
259:
250:
245: Resident
244:
238:
227:
207:
205:Sturnus vulgaris
187:S. vulgaris
104:
103:
83:
78:
77:
55:
44:
35:Common starling
32:
31:
21:
8727:
8726:
8722:
8721:
8720:
8718:
8717:
8716:
8682:Birds of Europe
8652:
8651:
8650:
8645:
8637:
8632:
8624:
8619:
8611:
8606:
8598:
8593:
8585:
8580:
8572:
8567:
8559:
8556:Observation.org
8554:
8546:
8544:
8538:common-starling
8536:
8534:
8526:
8521:
8513:
8508:
8500:
8495:
8487:
8482:
8474:
8469:
8461:
8456:
8448:
8443:
8435:
8430:
8422:
8417:
8409:
8404:
8396:
8394:
8386:
8381:
8373:
8368:
8360:
8355:
8347:
8342:
8334:
8329:
8321:
8316:
8308:
8303:
8295:
8290:
8282:
8277:
8269:
8264:
8256:
8251:
8243:
8238:
8232:common-starling
8230:
8225:
8217:
8212:
8204:
8202:
8194:
8189:
8181:
8176:
8168:
8163:
8155:
8150:
8144:
8139:
8130:
8129:
8124:
8115:
8114:
8109:
8096:
8046:
8034:Wayback Machine
8013:
8003:
7981:
7959:
7940:
7909:
7890:
7853:
7834:
7812:
7793:
7773:
7766:
7752:
7735:
7708:
7693:
7680:
7656:
7637:
7604:
7585:
7566:
7547:
7536:
7523:
7501:
7468:
7449:
7430:
7410:
7404:
7393:
7380:
7360:
7347:
7328:
7300:
7278:
7262:
7257:
7256:
7251:
7247:
7242:
7238:
7233:
7229:
7224:
7220:
7215:
7211:
7206:
7199:
7144:
7135:
7098:
7091:
7076:10.2307/3801481
7056:
7045:
7036:
7034:
7023:
7019:
7009:
7007:
6997:
6993:
6978:10.2307/3797809
6962:
6958:
6949:
6947:
6938:
6937:
6933:
6924:
6922:
6909:Redman, Terry.
6907:
6903:
6896:10.1071/WR05106
6880:
6876:
6869:10.1071/WR06009
6853:
6849:
6844:
6835:
6822:
6821:
6817:
6808:
6806:
6796:
6792:
6785:
6771:
6767:
6759:
6757:
6755:
6729:
6725:
6704:
6700:
6691:
6689:
6680:
6679:
6666:
6657:
6655:
6651:
6644:
6640:
6639:
6635:
6620:
6613:
6578:
6571:
6562:
6560:
6552:
6551:
6542:
6533:
6531:
6519:
6518:
6514:
6505:
6503:
6499:
6476:
6470:
6466:
6461:
6457:
6448:
6446:
6433:
6432:
6423:
6378:
6374:
6365:
6363:
6348:
6344:
6329:10.2307/2845544
6313:
6309:
6300:
6296:
6287:
6283:
6278:
6274:
6264:
6263:
6259:
6250:
6248:
6241:
6233:Craig, Adrian.
6231:
6227:
6222:
6218:
6209:
6207:
6203:
6188:
6182:
6178:
6135:
6131:
6122:
6120:
6107:Link, Russell.
6105:
6090:
6083:
6069:
6065:
6049:
6045:
6030:
6026:
6016:
6014:
5974:
5967:
5962:
5958:
5949:
5947:
5940:
5936:
5931:
5927:
5918:
5911:
5888:
5881:
5876:
5869:
5864:
5860:
5851:
5849:
5836:
5835:
5831:
5812:
5808:
5785:
5781:
5772:
5770:
5759:
5752:
5701:
5697:
5638:
5634:
5607:
5603:
5572:10.2307/3276329
5548:
5544:
5539:
5535:
5474:
5470:
5403:
5399:
5394:
5390:
5385:
5381:
5376:
5372:
5367:
5363:
5358:
5354:
5345:
5341:
5335:Wayback Machine
5321:
5314:
5309:
5305:
5300:
5296:
5273:10.2307/3273522
5253:
5249:
5240:
5238:
5229:
5228:
5224:
5216:
5206:Wildlife Afield
5201:
5195:
5191:
5175:
5165:
5161:
5138:
5134:
5099:
5095:
5086:
5084:
5067:
5066:
5059:
5044:10.2307/4088628
5028:
5024:
5015:
5013:
5006:
5002:
4975:
4971:
4942:
4938:
4897:
4893:
4884:
4882:
4878:
4863:
4857:
4853:
4848:
4844:
4835:
4833:
4829:
4814:
4808:
4804:
4799:
4795:
4790:
4786:
4751:
4747:
4720:
4716:
4707:
4705:
4700:
4699:
4695:
4650:
4646:
4641:
4637:
4632:
4628:
4597:
4593:
4562:
4558:
4523:
4519:
4504:10.2307/4511747
4488:
4484:
4453:
4449:
4440:
4438:
4434:
4395:
4389:
4382:
4367:10.2307/2390146
4347:
4343:
4311:
4301:
4297:
4289:
4258:
4252:"The starling,
4248:
4241:
4232:
4230:
4226:
4215:
4209:
4198:
4175:
4171:
4162:
4139:
4098:
4094:
4085:
4083:
4068:
4061:
4052:
4050:
4046:
4023:
4017:
4008:
3999:
3997:
3986:
3982:
3973:
3969:
3922:
3918:
3875:
3871:
3866:
3862:
3853:
3826:
3810:
3809:
3773:
3769:
3753:
3752:
3706:
3702:
3683:
3670:
3661:
3654:
3645:
3641:
3636:
3632:
3623:
3621:
3606:
3589:
3580:
3576:
3561:
3557:
3525:
3515:
3511:
3506:
3493:
3488:
3484:
3479:
3475:
3470:
3466:
3461:
3457:
3452:
3425:
3414:
3407:
3402:
3391:
3380:
3376:
3344:
3338:
3331:
3322:
3320:
3316:
3285:
3271:
3264:
3233:
3229:
3224:
3220:
3210:
3208:
3193:
3189:
3184:
3180:
3175:
3171:
3166:
3162:
3150:
3146:
3141:
3137:
3127:
3125:
3095:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3075:
3050:
3046:
3041:
3037:
3032:
2977:Pliny the Elder
2950:domestic pigeon
2923:
2900:
2896:
2892:
2831:
2822:
2808:, the cause of
2773:
2762:
2754:
2624:
2619:
2566:
2545:
2485:
2464:
2456:Edwin Way Teale
2400:
2378:
2358:Kangaroo Island
2354:Nullarbor Plain
2346:New South Wales
2328:
2312:
2292:
2200:
2104:. The hen mite
2093:Proctophyllodes
1957:Indicator minor
1886:short-eared owl
1802:Accipiter nisus
1781:
1772:brood parasites
1701:
1649:
1606:
1469:
1455:swarm behaviour
1384:
1374:
1298:
1296:
1184:
1150:S. v. heinrichi
991:, southeastern
948:Altai Mountains
938:, grading into
695:S. v. faroensis
667:Linnaeus, 1758
638:
629:
620:
614:S. v. faroensis
611:
602:
593:
584:
579:
552:
439:Systema Naturae
430:
323:Pliny the Elder
309:communal roosts
275:common starling
267:
263:
261:
257:
252:
248:
246:
242:
240:
236:
218:
209:
203:
190:
98:
90:
79:
75:
68:
50:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
8725:
8715:
8714:
8709:
8704:
8699:
8694:
8689:
8684:
8679:
8674:
8669:
8664:
8647:
8646:
8644:
8643:
8630:
8617:
8604:
8591:
8578:
8565:
8552:
8542:
8532:
8519:
8506:
8493:
8480:
8467:
8454:
8441:
8428:
8415:
8402:
8392:
8379:
8366:
8353:
8344:Fauna Europaea
8340:
8327:
8314:
8301:
8288:
8275:
8262:
8249:
8236:
8223:
8210:
8200:
8187:
8174:
8161:
8148:
8137:
8122:
8106:
8104:
8098:
8097:
8086:
8085:
8071:
8064:
8058:
8044:
8036:
8024:
8019:
8012:
8011:External links
8009:
8008:
8007:
8001:
7985:
7979:
7963:
7957:
7944:
7938:
7913:
7907:
7894:
7888:
7875:
7857:
7851:
7838:
7832:
7816:
7810:
7797:
7791:
7778:
7776:on 2013-05-15.
7757:
7739:
7733:
7720:
7706:
7684:
7678:
7660:
7654:
7641:
7635:
7622:
7608:
7602:
7589:
7583:
7570:
7564:
7556:The Mabinogion
7551:
7545:
7527:
7521:
7505:
7499:
7486:
7472:
7466:
7453:
7447:
7434:
7428:
7415:
7413:on 2013-05-14.
7402:
7384:
7378:
7365:
7351:
7345:
7332:
7326:
7316:Bird Behaviour
7309:
7298:
7282:
7276:
7261:
7258:
7255:
7254:
7245:
7236:
7227:
7218:
7209:
7197:
7133:
7089:
7043:
7017:
6991:
6972:(2): 249β253.
6956:
6931:
6901:
6890:(4): 251β261.
6874:
6863:(6): 449β455.
6847:
6833:
6815:
6790:
6783:
6765:
6753:
6723:
6698:
6664:
6633:
6611:
6569:
6540:
6512:
6464:
6455:
6421:
6372:
6342:
6323:(6): 631β636.
6307:
6294:
6292:(2003) p. 126.
6281:
6272:
6257:
6225:
6216:
6176:
6129:
6088:
6081:
6063:
6043:
6024:
5988:(2): 301β322.
5965:
5956:
5934:
5925:
5909:
5879:
5867:
5858:
5829:
5806:
5779:
5750:
5721:10.1638/02-088
5715:(3): 314β316.
5695:
5652:(4): 491β496.
5632:
5621:(2): 108β115.
5601:
5566:(3): 573β578.
5542:
5533:
5478:"Isolation of
5468:
5433:(4): 544β551.
5427:Avian Diseases
5397:
5388:
5379:
5370:
5361:
5352:
5339:
5312:
5303:
5294:
5247:
5222:
5219:on 2013-12-03.
5189:
5159:
5132:
5093:
5057:
5038:(4): 727β735.
5022:
5000:
4969:
4936:
4905:) in Slovakia"
4903:Aquila heliaca
4891:
4851:
4842:
4802:
4793:
4784:
4765:(1): 201β222.
4745:
4734:(2): 501β505.
4714:
4693:
4664:(1): 197β202.
4644:
4635:
4626:
4607:(3): 171β181.
4591:
4572:(2): 121β131.
4556:
4537:(5): 301β309.
4517:
4482:
4463:(3): 971β976.
4447:
4406:(3): 539β548.
4380:
4361:(4): 568β574.
4341:
4295:
4292:on 2015-07-19.
4239:
4196:
4169:
4137:
4092:
4059:
4034:(2): 106β114.
4006:
3980:
3967:
3916:
3889:(1): 101β107.
3869:
3860:
3824:
3777:Brain Research
3767:
3700:
3697:(12): 549β568.
3668:
3666:(2009) p. 725.
3652:
3639:
3630:
3587:
3574:
3555:
3536:(4): 193β197.
3509:
3491:
3482:
3473:
3464:
3455:
3423:
3405:
3389:
3374:
3329:
3296:(5): 469β481.
3262:
3243:(2): 333β344.
3227:
3218:
3187:
3178:
3169:
3160:
3144:
3135:
3083:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3074:
3073:
3044:
3034:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3015:A Musical Joke
2922:
2919:
2851:in 1954 was a
2830:
2827:
2819:Histoplasmosis
2810:histoplasmosis
2783:in 1960, when
2743:bridal creeper
2685:purple martins
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2578:S. v. vulgaris
2565:
2562:
2544:
2541:
2497:Port Elizabeth
2484:
2481:
2463:
2460:
2399:
2396:
2377:
2374:
2366:Norfolk Island
2327:
2324:
2311:
2308:
2291:
2288:
2199:
2196:
2035:house sparrows
2019:The hen flea (
1961:brood parasite
1878:long-eared owl
1854:common buzzard
1850:Aquila heliaca
1826:common kestrel
1822:Falco subbuteo
1818:Eurasian hobby
1808:including the
1780:
1777:
1700:
1697:
1648:
1645:
1468:
1465:
1373:
1370:
1295:
1292:
1183:
1180:
1100:S. v. ruthenus
1076:Outer Hebrides
1062:
1061:
1058:
1053:
1050:
1044:
1043:
1032:
1023:
1017:
1011:
1010:
1003:
986:
980:
978:S. v. nobilior
974:
973:
950:
932:
926:
920:
919:
912:
902:
896:
890:
889:
885:
871:
865:
859:
858:
854:
831:
825:
823:S. v. tauricus
819:
818:
814:
800:Ural Mountains
792:
786:
780:
779:
776:
771:
768:
762:
761:
750:Outer Hebrides
730:
725:
719:
713:
712:
708:
703:
697:
691:
690:
683:
676:Canary Islands
668:
665:
663:S. v. vulgaris
659:
658:
655:
652:
649:
640:
639:
632:S. v. vulgaris
630:
623:
621:
612:
605:
603:
596:S. v. tauricus
594:
587:
585:
580:
573:
571:
564:intergradation
551:
548:
501:Southeast Asia
429:
426:
269:
268:
262:
256:
247:
241:
235:
229:
228:
220:
219:
210:
199:
198:
192:
191:
184:
182:
178:
177:
170:
166:
165:
160:
156:
155:
150:
146:
145:
140:
136:
135:
130:
126:
125:
120:
116:
115:
110:
106:
105:
92:
91:
73:
70:
69:
64:
61:
60:
46:
45:
37:
36:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8724:
8713:
8710:
8708:
8705:
8703:
8702:Talking birds
8700:
8698:
8695:
8693:
8690:
8688:
8685:
8683:
8680:
8678:
8675:
8673:
8670:
8668:
8665:
8663:
8660:
8659:
8657:
8640:
8635:
8631:
8627:
8622:
8618:
8614:
8609:
8605:
8601:
8596:
8592:
8588:
8583:
8579:
8575:
8570:
8566:
8562:
8557:
8553:
8549:
8543:
8539:
8533:
8529:
8524:
8520:
8516:
8511:
8507:
8503:
8498:
8494:
8490:
8485:
8481:
8477:
8472:
8468:
8464:
8459:
8455:
8451:
8446:
8442:
8438:
8433:
8429:
8425:
8420:
8416:
8412:
8407:
8403:
8399:
8393:
8389:
8384:
8380:
8376:
8371:
8367:
8363:
8358:
8354:
8350:
8345:
8341:
8337:
8332:
8328:
8324:
8319:
8315:
8311:
8306:
8302:
8298:
8293:
8289:
8285:
8280:
8276:
8272:
8267:
8263:
8259:
8254:
8250:
8246:
8241:
8237:
8233:
8228:
8224:
8220:
8215:
8211:
8207:
8201:
8197:
8192:
8188:
8184:
8179:
8175:
8171:
8166:
8162:
8158:
8153:
8149:
8142:
8138:
8133:
8127:
8123:
8118:
8112:
8108:
8107:
8105:
8103:
8099:
8095:
8090:
8083:
8079:
8077:
8072:
8069:
8065:
8062:
8059:
8055:
8054:
8049:
8045:
8043:
8042:
8037:
8035:
8031:
8028:
8025:
8023:
8020:
8018:
8015:
8014:
8004:
8002:1-85326-454-7
7998:
7994:
7990:
7986:
7982:
7980:982-9030-04-0
7976:
7972:
7968:
7967:Watling, Dick
7964:
7960:
7954:
7950:
7945:
7941:
7935:
7931:
7927:
7923:
7919:
7914:
7910:
7904:
7900:
7895:
7891:
7889:1-873403-98-4
7885:
7881:
7876:
7872:
7871:
7866:
7865:Clay, Theresa
7862:
7858:
7854:
7852:0-14-028835-X
7848:
7844:
7839:
7835:
7833:84-87334-66-0
7829:
7825:
7821:
7817:
7813:
7807:
7803:
7798:
7794:
7788:
7784:
7779:
7772:
7765:
7764:
7758:
7751:
7750:
7746:
7740:
7736:
7730:
7726:
7721:
7717:
7713:
7709:
7707:951-42-6542-4
7703:
7699:
7692:
7691:
7685:
7681:
7679:0-416-53860-6
7675:
7671:
7670:
7665:
7661:
7657:
7655:0-589-50260-3
7651:
7647:
7642:
7638:
7636:0-19-214155-4
7632:
7628:
7623:
7619:
7618:
7613:
7609:
7605:
7599:
7595:
7590:
7586:
7584:0-89096-763-6
7580:
7576:
7571:
7567:
7565:0-460-01097-2
7561:
7557:
7552:
7548:
7542:
7535:
7534:
7528:
7524:
7518:
7514:
7511:
7506:
7502:
7500:0-19-553996-6
7496:
7492:
7487:
7483:
7482:
7477:
7473:
7469:
7467:0-00-219176-8
7463:
7459:
7454:
7450:
7444:
7440:
7435:
7431:
7429:0-7136-3961-X
7425:
7421:
7416:
7409:
7405:
7399:
7392:
7391:
7385:
7381:
7379:0-11-710218-0
7375:
7371:
7366:
7359:
7358:
7352:
7348:
7346:0-7011-6907-9
7342:
7338:
7333:
7329:
7327:0-246-12440-7
7323:
7318:
7317:
7310:
7307:
7301:
7299:0-8020-8657-8
7295:
7291:
7287:
7283:
7279:
7273:
7269:
7264:
7263:
7249:
7240:
7231:
7222:
7213:
7204:
7202:
7193:
7189:
7184:
7179:
7175:
7171:
7166:
7161:
7157:
7153:
7149:
7142:
7140:
7138:
7129:
7125:
7120:
7115:
7111:
7107:
7103:
7096:
7094:
7085:
7081:
7077:
7073:
7069:
7065:
7061:
7054:
7052:
7050:
7048:
7033:on 2012-08-22
7032:
7028:
7021:
7006:
7002:
6995:
6987:
6983:
6979:
6975:
6971:
6967:
6960:
6946:on 2007-12-14
6945:
6941:
6935:
6921:on 2012-03-30
6920:
6916:
6912:
6905:
6897:
6893:
6889:
6885:
6878:
6870:
6866:
6862:
6858:
6851:
6842:
6840:
6838:
6829:
6825:
6819:
6805:
6801:
6798:Chow, James.
6794:
6786:
6780:
6776:
6769:
6756:
6750:
6746:
6742:
6738:
6734:
6727:
6719:
6715:
6711:
6710:
6702:
6688:on 2014-05-17
6687:
6683:
6677:
6675:
6673:
6671:
6669:
6654:on 2013-05-21
6650:
6643:
6637:
6629:
6625:
6618:
6616:
6607:
6603:
6599:
6595:
6592:(2): 217β25.
6591:
6587:
6583:
6576:
6574:
6559:
6555:
6549:
6547:
6545:
6530:
6526:
6522:
6516:
6502:on 2015-02-28
6498:
6494:
6490:
6486:
6482:
6475:
6468:
6459:
6445:on 2013-02-01
6444:
6440:
6436:
6430:
6428:
6426:
6417:
6413:
6409:
6405:
6400:
6395:
6392:(1): 97β107.
6391:
6387:
6383:
6376:
6361:
6357:
6355:
6346:
6338:
6334:
6330:
6326:
6322:
6318:
6311:
6304:
6298:
6291:
6285:
6276:
6268:
6261:
6247:
6240:
6238:
6229:
6220:
6206:on 2015-07-18
6202:
6198:
6194:
6187:
6180:
6172:
6168:
6164:
6160:
6156:
6152:
6148:
6144:
6140:
6133:
6119:on 2012-09-08
6118:
6114:
6110:
6103:
6101:
6099:
6097:
6095:
6093:
6084:
6078:
6074:
6067:
6059:
6058:
6054:
6047:
6039:
6035:
6028:
6013:
6009:
6005:
6001:
5996:
5991:
5987:
5983:
5979:
5972:
5970:
5960:
5945:
5938:
5929:
5922:
5916:
5914:
5906:(2): 359β364.
5905:
5901:
5897:
5896:in Argentina"
5895:
5886:
5884:
5874:
5872:
5862:
5848:on 2006-12-13
5847:
5843:
5841:
5833:
5825:
5821:
5817:
5810:
5803:(3): 556β557.
5802:
5798:
5794:
5792:
5783:
5768:
5766:
5757:
5755:
5746:
5742:
5738:
5734:
5730:
5726:
5722:
5718:
5714:
5710:
5706:
5699:
5691:
5687:
5683:
5679:
5675:
5671:
5667:
5663:
5659:
5655:
5651:
5647:
5643:
5636:
5628:
5624:
5620:
5616:
5612:
5605:
5597:
5593:
5589:
5585:
5581:
5577:
5573:
5569:
5565:
5561:
5557:
5555:
5546:
5537:
5529:
5525:
5520:
5515:
5511:
5507:
5503:
5499:
5495:
5491:
5487:
5485:
5481:
5472:
5464:
5460:
5456:
5452:
5448:
5444:
5440:
5436:
5432:
5428:
5424:
5422:
5418:
5414:
5410:
5401:
5392:
5383:
5374:
5365:
5356:
5349:
5343:
5336:
5332:
5329:
5325:
5319:
5317:
5307:
5298:
5290:
5286:
5282:
5278:
5274:
5270:
5266:
5262:
5258:
5251:
5236:
5232:
5226:
5215:
5211:
5207:
5200:
5193:
5185:
5181:
5174:
5172:
5163:
5155:
5151:
5147:
5143:
5136:
5128:
5124:
5120:
5116:
5112:
5108:
5104:
5097:
5083:on 2016-03-04
5082:
5078:
5074:
5072:
5064:
5062:
5053:
5049:
5045:
5041:
5037:
5033:
5026:
5011:
5004:
4996:
4992:
4988:
4984:
4980:
4973:
4964:
4959:
4955:
4951:
4947:
4940:
4932:
4928:
4923:
4918:
4914:
4910:
4906:
4904:
4895:
4881:on 2017-04-19
4877:
4873:
4869:
4862:
4855:
4846:
4832:on 2019-10-01
4828:
4824:
4820:
4819:British Birds
4813:
4806:
4797:
4788:
4780:
4776:
4772:
4768:
4764:
4760:
4756:
4749:
4741:
4737:
4733:
4729:
4725:
4718:
4703:
4697:
4689:
4685:
4681:
4677:
4672:
4667:
4663:
4659:
4655:
4648:
4639:
4630:
4622:
4618:
4614:
4610:
4606:
4602:
4595:
4587:
4583:
4579:
4575:
4571:
4567:
4560:
4552:
4548:
4544:
4540:
4536:
4532:
4528:
4521:
4513:
4509:
4505:
4501:
4497:
4493:
4486:
4478:
4474:
4470:
4466:
4462:
4458:
4451:
4437:on 2016-03-04
4433:
4429:
4425:
4421:
4417:
4413:
4409:
4405:
4401:
4394:
4387:
4385:
4376:
4372:
4368:
4364:
4360:
4356:
4352:
4345:
4337:
4333:
4329:
4325:
4321:
4317:
4310:
4308:
4299:
4288:
4284:
4280:
4276:
4272:
4268:
4264:
4257:
4255:
4246:
4244:
4229:on 2016-03-23
4225:
4221:
4214:
4207:
4205:
4203:
4201:
4192:
4188:
4184:
4180:
4173:
4166:
4160:
4158:
4156:
4154:
4152:
4150:
4148:
4146:
4144:
4142:
4133:
4129:
4124:
4119:
4115:
4111:
4109:
4105:
4102:"Smooth newt
4096:
4081:
4077:
4075:
4066:
4064:
4049:on 2014-06-30
4045:
4041:
4037:
4033:
4029:
4022:
4015:
4013:
4011:
3995:
3991:
3984:
3977:
3971:
3963:
3959:
3954:
3949:
3944:
3939:
3935:
3931:
3927:
3920:
3912:
3908:
3904:
3900:
3896:
3892:
3888:
3884:
3880:
3873:
3864:
3857:
3851:
3849:
3847:
3845:
3843:
3841:
3839:
3837:
3835:
3833:
3831:
3829:
3820:
3814:
3806:
3802:
3798:
3794:
3790:
3786:
3783:(1): 89β107.
3782:
3778:
3771:
3763:
3757:
3749:
3745:
3740:
3735:
3731:
3727:
3723:
3719:
3715:
3713:
3704:
3696:
3692:
3691:British Birds
3688:
3681:
3679:
3677:
3675:
3673:
3665:
3659:
3657:
3649:
3643:
3634:
3620:on 2014-05-17
3619:
3615:
3611:
3604:
3602:
3600:
3598:
3596:
3594:
3592:
3584:
3578:
3570:
3566:
3565:British Birds
3559:
3551:
3547:
3543:
3539:
3535:
3531:
3524:
3522:
3513:
3504:
3502:
3500:
3498:
3496:
3486:
3477:
3468:
3459:
3450:
3448:
3446:
3444:
3442:
3440:
3438:
3436:
3434:
3432:
3430:
3428:
3420:(1694): 1β18.
3419:
3412:
3410:
3400:
3398:
3396:
3394:
3385:
3378:
3370:
3366:
3362:
3358:
3355:(1): 95β100.
3354:
3350:
3343:
3336:
3334:
3319:on 2016-04-12
3315:
3311:
3307:
3303:
3299:
3295:
3291:
3284:
3283:: Sturnidae)"
3282:
3278:
3269:
3267:
3258:
3254:
3250:
3246:
3242:
3238:
3231:
3222:
3206:
3202:
3198:
3191:
3182:
3173:
3164:
3158:
3154:
3148:
3139:
3123:
3118:
3114:
3110:
3109:
3104:
3102:
3093:
3091:
3089:
3084:
3070:
3066:
3062:
3058:
3054:
3048:
3039:
3035:
3027:
3023:
3021:
3017:
3016:
3011:
3007:
3003:
2995:
2991:
2988:
2984:
2983:
2978:
2974:
2970:
2966:
2961:
2960:
2953:
2951:
2947:
2942:
2941:
2936:
2929:Pet in a cage
2927:
2918:
2915:
2914:
2908:
2904:
2890:
2885:
2881:
2876:
2872:
2870:
2860:
2856:
2854:
2850:
2849:
2848:The Goon Show
2844:
2839:
2837:
2826:
2820:
2815:
2811:
2807:
2806:
2800:
2797:
2793:
2790:
2786:
2782:
2777:
2771:
2770:
2758:
2752:
2748:
2744:
2740:
2736:
2732:
2728:
2724:
2719:
2717:
2713:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2690:
2686:
2682:
2678:
2674:
2669:
2667:
2663:
2662:insectivorous
2659:
2658:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2636:
2628:
2614:
2612:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2598:Baltic States
2595:
2590:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2574:least concern
2571:
2561:
2559:
2555:
2550:
2540:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2517:KwaZulu-Natal
2514:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2480:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2459:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2428:
2421:
2420:Half Moon Bay
2416:
2409:
2406:Flock in the
2404:
2398:North America
2395:
2393:
2389:
2384:
2383:house sparrow
2373:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2338:
2334:
2323:
2321:
2317:
2310:South America
2307:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2287:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2261:
2260:Low Countries
2257:
2253:
2249:
2240:
2236:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2195:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2184:avian malaria
2181:
2176:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2152:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2138:
2133:
2132:
2127:
2123:
2120:
2115:
2113:
2112:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2094:
2089:
2085:
2084:
2079:
2078:
2073:
2072:Boydaia stumi
2069:
2065:
2061:
2058:
2057:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2031:C. fringillae
2028:
2024:
2023:
2014:
2013:
2008:
2004:
2002:
2001:
1996:
1995:Blood-sucking
1990:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1979:Procyon lotor
1976:
1972:
1971:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1917:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1890:Asio flammeus
1887:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1874:Athene noctua
1871:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1776:
1773:
1770:
1769:Intraspecific
1766:
1763:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1746:
1742:
1739:
1730:
1725:
1718:
1713:
1705:
1696:
1694:
1690:
1685:
1682:
1678:
1673:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1653:
1644:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1628:Konrad Lorenz
1623:
1604:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1569:invertebrates
1566:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1481:insectivorous
1473:
1464:
1462:
1461:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1431:
1429:
1423:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1408:birds of prey
1405:
1398:, Netherlands
1397:
1378:
1369:
1365:
1362:
1357:
1354:
1348:
1346:
1341:
1336:
1328:
1324:
1319:
1311:
1291:
1287:
1284:
1281:), where the
1280:
1276:
1272:
1271:
1267:
1262:
1254:
1250:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1231:
1227:
1222:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1188:
1179:
1177:
1173:
1172:Fars Province
1169:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1120:
1119:S. v. graecus
1116:
1112:
1108:
1107:S. v. jitkowi
1104:
1101:
1096:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1059:
1057:
1054:
1051:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1031:
1027:
1024:
1021:
1018:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1002:
998:
995:and adjacent
994:
990:
987:
984:
981:
979:
975:
971:
967:
963:
959:
955:
951:
949:
945:
941:
937:
933:
930:
927:
925:
921:
917:
913:
910:
906:
903:
900:
897:
895:
891:
886:
884:
880:
876:
872:
869:
866:
864:
860:
855:
852:
848:
844:
840:
839:Dnieper River
836:
832:
829:
826:
824:
820:
815:
813:
809:
805:
801:
797:
796:Bashkortostan
793:
790:
787:
785:
781:
777:
775:
772:
769:
767:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
740:. Birds from
739:
735:
731:
729:
726:
723:
720:
718:
714:
709:
707:
706:Faroe Islands
704:
701:
698:
696:
692:
688:
684:
681:
680:North America
677:
673:
669:
666:
664:
660:
646:
637:
633:
627:
622:
619:
618:Faroe Islands
615:
609:
604:
601:
597:
591:
586:
583:
577:
572:
569:
568:
567:
565:
561:
557:
547:
545:
540:
537:
536:mitochondrial
534:retreat, and
533:
529:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
494:
489:
487:
483:
478:
477:Indo-European
473:
467:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
440:
435:
434:Carl Linnaeus
425:
423:
419:
418:least concern
413:
411:
407:
402:
400:
399:birds of prey
396:
395:invertebrates
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
362:United States
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
330:
328:
324:
320:
319:
314:
310:
305:
301:
297:
294:
290:
286:
282:
281:
276:
255:
234:
230:
226:
221:
217:
213:
208:
206:
200:
197:
196:Binomial name
193:
189:
188:
183:
180:
179:
176:
175:
171:
168:
167:
164:
161:
158:
157:
154:
153:Passeriformes
151:
148:
147:
144:
141:
138:
137:
134:
131:
128:
127:
124:
121:
118:
117:
114:
111:
108:
107:
102:
97:
93:
87:
82:
81:Least Concern
71:
67:
62:
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38:
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7970:
7948:
7921:
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7898:
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7869:
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7823:
7801:
7782:
7771:the original
7762:
7748:
7744:
7724:
7697:
7689:
7668:
7645:
7626:
7616:
7593:
7574:
7555:
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7408:the original
7389:
7369:
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7336:
7315:
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7289:
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7248:
7239:
7230:
7221:
7212:
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7151:
7109:
7105:
7067:
7063:
7035:. Retrieved
7031:the original
7020:
7008:. Retrieved
7004:
6994:
6969:
6965:
6959:
6948:. Retrieved
6944:the original
6934:
6923:. Retrieved
6919:the original
6914:
6904:
6887:
6883:
6877:
6860:
6856:
6850:
6827:
6818:
6807:. Retrieved
6803:
6793:
6777:. Brandeis.
6774:
6768:
6758:, retrieved
6736:
6726:
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6701:
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6686:the original
6656:. Retrieved
6649:the original
6636:
6627:
6623:
6589:
6585:
6561:. Retrieved
6557:
6532:. Retrieved
6524:
6515:
6504:. Retrieved
6497:the original
6484:
6480:
6467:
6458:
6447:. Retrieved
6443:the original
6438:
6389:
6385:
6375:
6364:. Retrieved
6359:
6353:
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6320:
6316:
6310:
6302:
6297:
6289:
6284:
6275:
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6260:
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6245:
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6201:the original
6196:
6192:
6179:
6146:
6142:
6132:
6121:. Retrieved
6117:the original
6112:
6072:
6066:
6055:
6046:
6037:
6027:
6017:November 26,
6015:. Retrieved
5985:
5981:
5959:
5948:. Retrieved
5937:
5928:
5920:
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5899:
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5861:
5850:. Retrieved
5846:the original
5839:
5832:
5823:
5819:
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5800:
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5790:
5782:
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5764:
5712:
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5342:
5323:
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5297:
5267:(1): 56β84.
5264:
5260:
5256:
5250:
5239:. Retrieved
5225:
5214:the original
5209:
5205:
5192:
5183:
5179:
5170:
5162:
5148:(1): 16β28.
5145:
5141:
5135:
5110:
5106:
5102:
5096:
5085:. Retrieved
5081:the original
5076:
5070:
5035:
5031:
5025:
5014:. Retrieved
5003:
4986:
4982:
4978:
4972:
4956:(2): 91β96.
4953:
4949:
4939:
4912:
4908:
4902:
4894:
4883:. Retrieved
4876:the original
4871:
4867:
4854:
4845:
4834:. Retrieved
4827:the original
4822:
4818:
4805:
4796:
4787:
4762:
4758:
4754:
4748:
4731:
4727:
4723:
4717:
4706:. Retrieved
4696:
4661:
4657:
4647:
4638:
4629:
4604:
4600:
4594:
4569:
4565:
4559:
4534:
4530:
4526:
4520:
4495:
4492:Bird-Banding
4491:
4485:
4460:
4456:
4450:
4439:. Retrieved
4432:the original
4403:
4399:
4358:
4354:
4350:
4344:
4319:
4315:
4306:
4298:
4287:the original
4266:
4262:
4253:
4231:. Retrieved
4224:the original
4219:
4185:(1): 31β48.
4182:
4178:
4172:
4164:
4113:
4107:
4103:
4095:
4084:. Retrieved
4079:
4073:
4051:. Retrieved
4044:the original
4031:
4027:
3998:. Retrieved
3993:
3983:
3975:
3970:
3933:
3929:
3919:
3886:
3882:
3878:
3872:
3863:
3855:
3813:cite journal
3780:
3776:
3770:
3756:cite journal
3721:
3717:
3711:
3703:
3694:
3690:
3686:
3663:
3647:
3642:
3633:
3622:. Retrieved
3618:the original
3613:
3582:
3577:
3568:
3564:
3558:
3533:
3529:
3520:
3512:
3485:
3476:
3467:
3458:
3417:
3383:
3377:
3352:
3348:
3321:. Retrieved
3314:the original
3293:
3289:
3281:Acridotheres
3280:
3276:
3240:
3236:
3230:
3221:
3209:. Retrieved
3205:the original
3200:
3190:
3181:
3172:
3163:
3152:
3147:
3138:
3126:. Retrieved
3112:
3106:
3100:
3068:
3060:
3052:
3047:
3038:
3024:
3013:
3000:
2980:
2954:
2938:
2932:
2911:
2909:
2905:
2877:
2873:
2869:bird feeders
2865:
2846:
2840:
2832:
2803:
2801:
2778:
2768:
2759:
2720:
2708:
2670:
2655:
2652:Soviet Union
2641:
2591:
2581:
2577:
2572:as being of
2567:
2554:Grand Bahama
2546:
2505:Eastern Cape
2501:Western Cape
2489:Cecil Rhodes
2486:
2483:South Africa
2465:
2440:Central Park
2433:
2422:, California
2410:, California
2379:
2329:
2320:Buenos Aires
2313:
2293:
2264:
2245:
2201:
2177:
2172:
2158:
2151:Haemoproteus
2149:
2135:
2129:
2126:saprophagous
2121:
2116:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2091:
2088:O. sylviarum
2087:
2081:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2030:
2020:
2018:
2010:
1998:
1991:
1986:
1978:
1968:
1956:
1948:
1945:Common mynas
1940:
1918:
1913:
1905:
1897:
1889:
1881:
1873:
1865:
1857:
1849:
1841:
1829:
1821:
1813:
1801:
1793:
1788:such as the
1782:
1767:
1750:
1743:
1734:
1686:
1684:incubation.
1680:
1674:
1658:
1640:invertebrate
1631:
1624:
1620:
1601:roseate tern
1513:grasshoppers
1509:damsel flies
1478:
1458:
1432:
1424:
1401:
1366:
1358:
1349:
1332:
1322:
1294:Vocalization
1288:
1268:
1263:
1259:
1193:
1175:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1149:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1118:
1115:poltaratskyi
1114:
1110:
1106:
1099:
1097:
1092:
1088:
1079:
1065:
1047:
1035:
1014:
1007:purpurascens
1006:
993:Turkmenistan
977:
969:
965:
962:purpurascens
961:
953:
942:between the
940:poltaratskyi
939:
936:Central Asia
923:
916:purpurascens
915:
893:
882:
862:
851:purpurascens
850:
822:
810:and western
802:and central
783:
766:S. v. granti
765:
757:
753:
737:
733:
722:Hartert, EJO
716:
694:
662:
631:
613:
595:
581:
553:
520:
513:polyphyletic
508:
507:. The genus
490:
447:
443:
437:
431:
414:
403:
374:South Africa
331:
316:
288:
284:
279:
278:
274:
272:
253:
232:
204:
202:
186:
185:
173:
29:
8523:Neotropical
8484:NatureServe
8419:iNaturalist
8126:Wikispecies
7920:Dermanyssus
7260:Cited texts
6352:"Starling (
6109:"Starlings"
6040:. New York.
5008:Cabe, P R.
4116:(161): 46.
3571:(2): 36β37.
3128:19 November
2681:woodpeckers
2549:Saint Kitts
2543:West Indies
2493:Clanwilliam
2408:Napa Valley
2376:New Zealand
2276:sclerophyll
2106:D. gallinae
1965:woodpeckers
1906:Strix aluco
1858:Buteo buteo
1753:faecal sacs
1668:acts as an
1525:caddisflies
1505:dragonflies
1493:crane flies
1182:Description
1140:to central
1124:, 1905 and
1105:, 1891 and
1093:zetlandicus
1066:Birds from
1052:Hume, 1873
1048:S. v. minor
1015:S. v. humii
999:to eastern
989:Afghanistan
905:Volga Delta
845:to western
808:Lake Baikal
758:zetlandicus
648:Subspecies
643:Subspecies
521:S. vulgaris
456:Old English
354:New Zealand
254:Introduced:
8656:Categories
8621:Xeno-canto
7037:2013-01-09
6950:2007-12-17
6925:2013-01-07
6809:2020-10-05
6760:2020-10-05
6692:2020-10-05
6658:2013-01-10
6563:2020-10-05
6534:2013-04-25
6506:2013-01-10
6449:2012-12-29
6366:2013-01-03
6251:2012-01-04
6210:2013-01-13
6123:2013-01-02
5950:2012-12-29
5944:"Starling"
5852:2013-01-12
5826:: 487β500.
5773:2013-01-12
5413:Salmonella
5241:2013-01-01
5186:: 208β214.
5087:2012-12-30
5016:2013-12-30
4950:Bird Study
4885:2012-12-31
4836:2015-02-20
4708:2013-01-20
4498:(2): 123.
4441:2013-03-03
4233:2013-01-19
4086:2013-01-01
4053:2013-01-17
4000:2013-01-10
3624:2013-01-22
3323:2012-12-27
3151:protonym:
3079:References
3053:S. indicus
2959:Mabinogion
2935:ethologist
2889:Starlicide
2747:blackberry
2716:frugivores
2687:and other
2677:nuthatches
2673:chickadees
2648:nest boxes
2602:red-listed
2596:) and the
2525:Oranjemund
2509:Free State
2304:New Guinea
2256:Merseyside
2188:retrovirus
2000:Mallophaga
1870:little owl
1762:Fledglings
1745:Incubation
1693:polygamous
1689:monogamous
1677:copulation
1593:food waste
1573:omnivorous
1561:amphibians
1553:earthworms
1485:arthropods
1439:marshlands
1428:fertiliser
1404:flock size
1345:repertoire
1216:iridescent
1196:wing chord
1157:caucasicus
1153:Stresemann
1020:Brooks, WE
997:Uzbekistan
966:caucasicus
958:allopatric
879:Lake Sevan
847:Asia Minor
651:Authority
570:Subspecies
556:subspecies
550:Subspecies
530:during an
346:Palearctic
334:subspecies
318:Mabinogion
7716:1796-220X
7174:1746-6148
7070:(1): 15.
6598:947048499
6288:Raffaele
6171:231642505
6012:243468840
6004:2201-1919
5666:1042-7260
5326:(2006) p.
4979:Bubo bubo
4283:208065551
4132:252034217
3962:1465-7279
3943:0908.2677
3903:0003-3472
3662:del Hoyo
3646:del Hoyo
2973:Manawydan
2946:mealworms
2903:million.
2789:turboprop
2712:omnivores
2644:wireworms
2462:Polynesia
2337:Melbourne
2326:Australia
2272:heathland
2192:lymphomas
2190:-induced
2146:Protozoan
2119:louse-fly
2096:species,
1983:squirrels
1914:Bubo bubo
1902:tawny owl
1898:Tyto alba
1882:Asio otus
1838:red kites
1758:Nestlings
1731:, Ireland
1719:, Germany
1670:olfactory
1521:lacewings
1396:Rotterdam
1241:or small
1168:Ticehurst
1089:faroensis
1085:gene flow
1072:St. Kilda
1068:Fair Isle
1038:given by
899:Lorenz, T
843:Black Sea
817:plumage.
746:St. Kilda
742:Fair Isle
734:faroensis
657:Comments
497:Old World
416:being of
370:Argentina
350:Australia
300:Sturnidae
293:passerine
181:Species:
163:Sturnidae
119:Kingdom:
113:Eukaryota
8489:2.103906
8476:22710886
8437:10878529
8271:bob15820
8219:22710886
8214:BirdLife
8203:BioLib:
8111:Wikidata
8030:Archived
7991:(2000).
7969:(2003).
7867:(1957).
7666:(1961).
7614:(1758).
7478:(1831).
7288:(2003).
7192:21324202
7158:(1): 9.
7128:29224857
7010:19 March
7005:NBC News
6828:The RSPB
6718:28283265
6606:20919578
6416:85979624
6193:Notornis
6163:33464634
5745:31559034
5737:14582799
5729:20460340
5690:37814865
5682:11428395
5674:20096036
5627:30135214
5596:34122492
5528:16269731
5463:11558914
5455:20095155
5447:25599161
5331:Archived
5322:Higgins
5289:14825028
5235:Archived
5180:Notornis
5127:53153787
4931:85142585
4915:: 1β18.
4868:Notornis
4779:53161825
4704:. Euring
4688:25788559
4680:10053087
4621:10779154
4586:85353700
4551:19891369
4477:53150932
4428:53166185
4336:88425778
4322:: 1β67.
4220:Pestnote
4163:Higgins
3911:53257103
3854:Higgins
3805:31511959
3748:22076959
3550:53669485
3386:: 18β22.
3310:56403448
3257:16806992
2982:Henry IV
2796:Winthrop
2792:airliner
2787:after a
2751:boneseed
2739:tomatoes
2735:currants
2689:swallows
2586:Shetland
2537:reedbeds
2507:and the
2434:Various
2370:Tasmania
2342:Victoria
2300:Thailand
2267:roosting
2248:resident
2156:nematode
2124:and the
2066:such as
2041:include
1975:raccoons
1894:barn owl
1699:Breeding
1559:, small
1537:sawflies
1501:mayflies
1460:sort sol
1410:such as
1340:mimicked
1321:Singing
1275:spotless
1239:icterids
1235:thrushes
1221:Moulting
1176:vulgaris
1161:nobilior
1146:Bosporus
1134:tauricus
1130:vulgaris
1111:vulgaris
1103:Menzbier
1074:and the
1056:Pakistan
970:nobilior
954:tauricus
946:and the
934:Western
909:Caucasus
883:tauricus
828:Buturlin
812:Mongolia
794:Eastern
754:vulgaris
748:and the
738:vulgaris
674:and the
560:clinally
528:refugium
493:starling
463:, later
448:vulgaris
338:habitats
289:starling
212:Linnaeus
159:Family:
133:Chordata
129:Phylum:
123:Animalia
109:Domain:
86:IUCN 3.1
8667:Sturnus
8634:ZooBank
8375:9809229
8191:Avibase
7183:3050709
7084:3801481
6986:3797809
6408:4090631
6386:The Auk
6337:2845544
5900:Ardeola
5588:5942533
5580:3276329
5519:1287718
5498:Bibcode
5482:subsp.
5281:3273522
5154:4161163
5052:4088628
5032:The Auk
4512:4511747
4375:2390146
4036:Bibcode
3974:Currie
3797:7378793
3739:3928823
3369:6618717
3277:Sturnus
3211:9 April
3020:mimicry
2987:Hotspur
2965:Branwen
2884:avicide
2843:Big Ben
2829:Control
2727:peaches
2693:crimson
2594:Karelia
2529:Namibia
2521:Gauteng
2513:Lesotho
2474:in the
2280:seaweed
2209:Morocco
2205:Eurasia
2165:trachea
1987:Sciurus
1973:spp.),
1970:Mustela
1937:merlins
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