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207:) which are environmental and are not hedgehog exclusive. These mites bury their eggs in the skin where they later hatch and cause many health issues for the hedgehog host. The parasite blinds and kills large numbers of hedgehogs and probably played a big role in reducing their numbers. These are the same mites that may be carried by domesticated cats and dogs, and are environmental mites.
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these pests in New
Zealand. They have since spread throughout the country, being absent only in inhospitable environments. The general public has a benign attitude to them in urban environments, but conservationists and regional councils regard them as pests, as they prey on native animals and compete with them for food.
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on their noses. By the 1950s hedgehog numbers reached their maximum. To judge by roadkill figures, hedgehogs were 50 times more numerous in New
Zealand than anywhere else. Since the 1950s, their numbers have fallen but over large parts of New Zealand hedgehogs are still more numerous than in Britain.
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Throughout much of the 20th century New
Zealand-born hedgehogs were liberated in many parts of the country, from those few animals, hedgehog numbers increased dramatically. In the 1920s hedgehogs were so numerous that they were blamed for reducing the tally of small game birds and a bounty was put
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Hedgehogs are therefore humanely controlled in many parts of New
Zealand. DOC says on its website "You can help stop hedgehogs, don't encourage them into your backyard by creating burrows for them or leaving milk out. Set a suitable trap for the situation you are in (suburban or rural)" and goes on
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by
British colonists in the 1870s as a way to deal with insect pests that had hitched a ride on crops the colonists had brought from their homeland for farming. Long regarded as a gardener’s helper in Britain, the introduction of Hedgehogs seemed a good solution to the lack of natural predators for
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Since coming to New
Zealand the hedgehog has grown a little smaller and never reaches the size or weight of animals in Britain and continental Europe. This is because European animals must reach a larger size and greater weight to survive the 6 month long period of hibernation. In central and
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By 1972 they may have reached their maximum range. Today hedgehogs are present in almost all habitats, including urban, rural, braided river and forests areas. The few areas they are not present in are inhospitable environments like above the permanent snow line and in the wettest parts of
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Their diet includes the eggs and chicks of ground-nesting birds, so they may have already contributed to the decline and extinction of up to fifteen bird species and are a threat to those that remain. They also pose a threat to endangered native
201:). But it appears that none survived the six-month voyage to New Zealand in the 19th century, so the New Zealand animals are free of fleas. But they suffer from another ectoparasite - mange mites (
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Following studies, the
Department of Conservation (DOC), regional and local councils have now recognised the damage hedgehogs cause and now actively attempt to manage their population.
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Brockie, R.E. 1960: Road mortality of the hedgehog (Erinaceus europaeus L) in New
Zealand. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. 134: 505–508.
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southern New
Zealand, hedgehogs hibernate for about three months of the year but few hibernate at all in the warmer northern parts of the country.
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Brockie, R.E., R.F.M.S. Sadleir & W.L. Linklater 2009. Long-term wildlife road-kill in New
Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Zoology. 36:
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Many people have a benign attitude to these introduced predators who eat garden pests, and a few have implemented hedgehog rescue efforts.
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Discussions on importing hedgehogs into New Zealand began as early as 1868. The first recorded introductions of the European hedgehog (
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scavenges road killed hedgehogs (along with anything else killed on the roads), but it is unknown whether they actively prey on them.
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465:
305:. Caroline King (ed.). Auckland, NZ: Oxford University Press in association with the Mammal Society, New Zealand Branch. 1995.
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P.A. Morris & M.J. Morris (1988). "Distribution and abundance of hedgehogs (Erinaceus europaeus) on New Zealand roads".
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Brockie, R.E. 1974: The hedgehog mange mite Caparinia tripilis in New Zealand. New Zealand Veterinary Journal 22" 243–47.
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in 1870, with subsequent introductions in 1871, 1885, 1890 and 1894. It is likely that they all came from Britain.
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Beyond acclimatisation, hedgehogs were introduced to control garden pests such as slugs, snails and grass grubs.
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Brockie, R.E. 1964: Dental abnormalities in European and New Zealand hedgehogs. Nature. 202. 1355–56.
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species, and various other native invertebrates. The critically endangered Cromwell chafer beetle (
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Immigrant Killers: Introduced Predators and the Conservation of Birds in New Zealand
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Wild pigs, dogs, cats are predators of the hedgehog, and the flightless, endemic
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Forget 'cute Mrs Tiggy-Winkle': Hedgehogs are much-loved, but they wreak havoc
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440:"'Please don't': Hedgehog lover's library talk crashed by Forest and Bird"
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Young hedgehog found on the track outside the pest exclusion fence of the
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to describe the trapping systems recommended, which are kill traps.
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Hedgehogs prey on the endangered, endemic giant snails (
519:. Wellington, N.Z.: Ministry for the Environment.
85:Australasian harrier hawk chick with dead hedgehog
410:"Hedgehogs pose prickly problem for native fauna"
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416:media release. 17 September 2003. Archived from
191:In Europe hedgehogs carry a large number of the
516:The State of New Zealand's Environment, 1997
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556:. Auckland, NZ: Oxford University Press.
393:"Hedgehog distribution – Acclimatisation"
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233:cartoon strip often featured hedgehogs
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596:. Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand.
395:. Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand.
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303:The Handbook of New Zealand Mammals
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56:Canterbury Acclimatisation Society
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488:"Environment Southland - Animals"
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187:Young hedgehog with skin diseases
52:Erinaceus europaeus occidentalis
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468:. NZ Department of Conservation
346:. NZ Department of Conservation
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379:10.1080/03014223.1988.10422629
367:New Zealand Journal of Zoology
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101:will prey on nestlings. The
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601:Hedgehog Rescue New Zealand
222:Conservation in New Zealand
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582:, Stuff, 12 February 2023
466:"Hedgehogs: Animal pests"
270:"Acclimatisation Society"
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120:Relationships with humans
103:Australasian harrier hawk
24:Karori Wildlife Sanctuary
626:Invasive mammal species
631:Mammals of New Zealand
552:King, Carolyn (1985).
513:Taylor, Rowan (1997).
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217:Mammals of New Zealand
198:Archaeopsylla erinacei
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131:Threat to native fauna
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494:on 14 January 2015
204:Caparinia tripilis
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141:black-fronted tern
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563:978-0-19-558115-7
533:on 9 October 2009
526:978-0-478-09000-0
420:on 1 October 2003
414:Landcare Research
312:978-0-19-558320-5
160:Prodontria lewisi
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39:New Zealand
610:Categories
537:6 December
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257:References
114:Timms trap
636:Hedgehogs
616:Erinaceus
350:1 January
321:cite book
274:The Press
71:Fiordland
211:See also
179:Diseases
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472:18 June
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238:Papers
169:skinks
99:pūkeko
444:Stuff
231:Bogor
558:ISBN
539:2011
521:ISBN
500:2014
474:2014
452:2018
426:2011
352:2022
327:link
307:ISBN
282:2012
155:wētā
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