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concentration of substances that pass through urine, and the substances that are supposed to dissolve them. When substances are not properly dissolved, they have the ability to build up, and form these kidney stones. These stones are most commonly made up of substances such as calcium, cystine, oxalate, and uric acid, as these are the substances that normally would dissolve within the urine. When they do not dissolve correctly and further build up, they will commonly lodge themselves in the urinary tract and in this case, are usually small enough to pass through urine. In extreme situations, however, these stones may lodge themselves within the tube that connects the kidney and the bladder, called the ureter. In this case, they become very large in size and will most likely cause great pain, bleeding, and possibly even block the flow of urine. These can occur in both men and women, and studies show that around 12% of men, and 8% of women in
America will develop kidney stones within their lifetime.
852:. A common way of removal is shock wave lithotripsy, in which the urologist will shock the kidney stone into smaller pieces via laser, allowing these pieces to further pass through the urine on their own, as a normal case of kidney stones. Larger, more serious cases may demand Cystoscopy, Ureteroscopy, or Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy, in which the doctor will use a viewing tool or camera to locate the stone, and based on the size or situation, may either chose to continue with surgical removal, or use the shock wave lithotripsy treatment. Once the kidney stone(s) are successfully eliminated, the urologist will commonly suggest medication to prevent future recurrences.
616:, is very important when it comes to instances that bring the body's temperature outside of the homeostatic temperature such as with a fever or even exercise. Together these glands make up the size of about one kidney and in one day a human can perspire amounts as much as 10 liters. The two functions consist of secretion of a filtrate in response to acetylcholine and reabsorption of sodium near the duct when there is water in excess so that a sweat can be surfacing the skin.
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344:(the other being the uteterovesical valve). The ureters run posteriorly on the lateral walls of the pelvis. They then curve anteriormedially to enter the bladder through the back, at the vesicoureteric junction, running within the wall of the bladder for a few centimeters. The backflow of urine is prevented by valves known as ureterovesical valves. In the female, the ureters pass to the bladder through the mesometrium.
681:, which filters the blood from its contents—primarily food and wastes. After the filtration process, the blood then returns to collect the food nutrients it needs, while the wastes pass into the collecting duct, to the renal pelvis, and to the ureter and are then secreted out of the body via the urinary bladder.
608:
glands allow excess water to leave the body. The majority of eccrine glands are located mainly on the forehead, the bottoms of the feet, and the palms, although the glands are everywhere throughout the body. They help the body to maintain temperature control. Eccrine glands in the skin are unique to
309:
The way the kidneys do this is with nephrons. There are over 1 million nephrons in each kidney; these nephrons act as filters inside the kidneys. The kidneys filter needed materials and waste. Needed materials go back into the bloodstream; unneeded materials become urine and are expelled through the
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Gupta, Kalpana; Hooton, Thomas M.; Naber, Kurt G.; Wullt, Björn; Colgan, Richard; Miller, Loren G.; Moran, Gregory J.; Nicolle, Lindsay E.; Raz, Raul; Schaeffer, Anthony J.; Soper, David E.; Infectious
Diseases Society of, America; European Society for Microbiology and Infectious, Diseases (1 March
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A urine culture and antibiotics sensitivity test is issued for patients who are believed to have pyelonephritis. Since most cases of pyelonephritis are caused from bacterial infections, antibiotics are a common treatment option. Depending on the species of the infecting organism and the antibiotics
658:
Biliary obstruction is typically due to masses blocking the ducts of the system such as tumors. The consequences of this depend on the site of blockage and how long it goes on for. There is inflammation of the ducts due to the irritation from the bile acids and this can cause infections. If rupture
654:
Bile salts can be considered waste that is useful for the body given that they have a role in fat absorption from the stomach. They are excreted from the liver and along with blood flow they help to form the shape of the liver where they are excreted. For instance, if biliary drainage is impaired
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In men, roughly 2-3 cases per 10,000 are treated as outpatients and 1 in 10,000 cases require admission to the hospital. In women, approximately 12–13 in 10,000 cases are treated as outpatients and 3-4 cases are admitted to a hospital. The most common age group affected by
Xanthogranulomatous
838:
Scientifically, masses referred to as a renal calculus or nephrolith, or more commonly, "kidney stones", are solid masses of crystals that may be a variety of shapes, sizes, and textures, that can reside within one or both of the kidneys. Kidney stones form when the balance is off between the
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There are three parts to the eccrine sweat gland and these are the pore, the duct, and the gland. The pore is the portion that goes through the outermost layer of the skin and is typically 5-10 microns in diameter. The duct is the part of the sweat gland that connects dermis cells to the
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In chronic pyelonephritis, patients experience persistent abdominal and flank pain, high fever, decreased appetite, weight loss, urinary tract symptoms and blood in the urine. Chronic pyelonephritis can also lead to scarring of the renal parenchyma caused by recurrent kidney infections.
596:, who have no body cavities and hence no body fluid that can be drained or purified by nephrons, which is the reason acoelomate animals are thread-like (nemertans), flat (flatworms) or only consist of a thin layer of cells around a gelatinous non-cellular interior (cnidarians).
886:
In acute pyelonephritis, the patient experiences high fever, abdominal pain and pain while passing urine. Treatment for acute pyelonephritis is provided via antibiotics and an extensive urological investigation is conducted to find any abnormalities and prevent recurrence.
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Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis is an unusual form of chronic pyelonephritis. It results in severe destruction of the kidney and causes granulomatous abscess formation. Patients infected with
Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis experience recurrent fevers,
1420:"International Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Treatment of Acute Uncomplicated Cystitis and Pyelonephritis in Women: A 2010 Update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America and the European Society for Microbiology and Infectious Diseases"
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In those extreme situations, in which kidney stones are too large to pass on their own, patients may seek removal. Most of these treatments involving kidney stone removal are done by a urologist; a physician who specializes in the organs of the
471:
The large intestine's main function is to transport food particles through the body and expel the indigestible parts at the other end, but it also collects waste from throughout the body. The typical brown colour of mammal waste is due to
336:. In the human adult, the ureters are usually 25–30 cm (10–12 in) long. In humans, the ureters arise from the renal pelvis on the medial aspect of each kidney before descending towards the bladder on the front of the
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that occurs when bacteria enters the body through the urinary tract. It causes an inflammation of the renal parenchyma, calyces, and pelvis. There are three main classifications of pyelonephritis: acute, chronic and
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In some cases, excess wastes crystallize as kidney stones. They grow and can become painful irritants that may require surgery or ultrasound treatments. Some stones are small enough to be forced into the urethra.
1381:
Korkes, Fernando; Favoretto, Ricardo L.; BrĂłglio, Marcos; Silva, Carlos A.; Castro, Marilia G.; Perez, Marjo D.C. (February 2008). "Xanthogranulomatous
Pyelonephritis: Clinical Experience with 41 Cases".
483:. The lower part of the large intestine also extracts any remaining usable water and then removes solid waste. At about 10 feet long in humans, it transports the wastes through the tubes to be excreted.
558:; however, its primary functions are temperature control and pheromone release. Therefore, its role as a part of the excretory system is minimal. Sweating also maintains the level of salt in the body.
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After bile is produced in the liver, it is stored in the gall bladder. It is then secreted within the small intestine where it helps to emulsify fats in the same manner as a soap. Bile also contains
266:. The kidneys remove from the blood the nitrogenous wastes such as urea, as well as salts and excess water, and excrete them in the form of urine. This is done with the help of millions of
528:, possesses a number of blind guts that serve the similar functions. Marine invertebrates do not need the ammonia conversion of the liver, as they can usually expel ammonia directly by
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produce metabolic and other wastes, the entire organism depends on the function of the system. Breaking down of one of more of the systems is a serious health condition, for example
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muscle. The ureters cross the pelvic brim near the bifurcation of the iliac arteries (which they run over). This "pelviureteric junction" is a common site for the impaction of
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The liver detoxifies and breaks down chemicals, poisons and other toxins that enter the body. For example, the liver transforms ammonia (which is poisonous) into urea in
274:(or kidney vein) carries the filtrated blood away from the kidneys. Urine passes from the kidneys though the ureters to the urinary bladder and is ejected through the
220:. However, as excretion involves several functions that are only superficially related, it is not usually used in more formal classifications of anatomy or function.
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The kidney's primary function is the elimination of waste from the bloodstream by production of urine. They perform several homeostatic functions such as:-
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Secretions of sweat from the eccrine glands play a large role in controlling the body temperature of humans. Regulation of body temperature, also known as
624:. It is composed by two layers of cells and is between 10 and 20 microns in diameter. The gland does the actual secretion and it lies deep within the
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Only the organs specifically used for the excretion are considered a part of the excretory system. In the narrow sense, the term refers to the
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individually or in combination. For patients with xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis, treatment might include antibiotics as well as surgery.
141:
1500:
Malek, Reza S.; Elder, Jack S. (May 1978). "Xanthogranulomatous
Pyelonephritis: A Critical Analysis of 26 Cases and of the Literature".
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pyelonephritis is middle-aged women. Infants and elderly are also at an increased risk because of hormonal and anatomical changes.
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throughout the body. The sweat, helped by salt, evaporates and helps to keep the body cool when it is warm. In amphibians, the
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628:. The cells that make up the gland are larger in size than the duct cells and its lumen is around 20 microns in diameter.
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517:. Uric acid is paste-like and expelled as a semi-solid waste (the "white" in bird excrements). The liver also produces
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In small-bodied marine invertebrates, the skin is the most important excretory organ. That is particularly true for
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383:. In human males, the base of the bladder lies between the rectum and the pubic symphysis. It is superior to the
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and to drain the body of used up and broken down components in a liquid and gaseous state. In humans and other
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The urethra is a tube which transports urine from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body through the
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is the most common surgical treatment for a majority of cases involving xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis.
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Within the kidney, blood first passes through the afferent artery to the capillary formation called a
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Goodman, Tr; McHugh, K; Lindsell, M (January 1998). "Paediatric xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis".
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Sato, Kenzo (1977). "The physiology, pharmacology, and biochemistry of the eccrine sweat gland".
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and prevent damage to the body. The dual function of excretory systems is the elimination of the
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is to diffuse gaseous wastes, such as carbon dioxide, from the bloodstream as a normal part of
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1056:"Skin Blood Flow in Adult Human Thermoregulation: How It Works, When It Does Not, and Why"
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can. The moist, scale-less skin is therefore essential in helping to rid the blood of
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is a passive biological system that removes excess, unnecessary materials from the
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in birds and reptiles. Urea is filtered by the kidney into urine or through the
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are very simple, and they lack the necessary means to the exhale like other
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and young children, the urinary bladder is in the abdomen even when empty.
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Excrete toxic metabolic by-products such as urea, ammonia, and uric acid.
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Czaja, C. A.; Scholes, D.; Hooton, T. M.; Stamm, W. E. (August 2007).
1138:"Histologic Variations in the Structure of Human Eccrine Sweat Glands"
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are large, bean-shaped organs which are present on each side of the
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is the organ that collects urine from the kidneys. It is a hollow
1461:"Population-Based Epidemiologic Analysis of Acute Pyelonephritis"
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Maintain pH and osmotic concentration of the extracellular fluid.
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1181:. San Diego, California: Academic Press, Inc. pp. 320–361.
262:. Humans have two kidneys that are supplied with blood from the
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and to some degree exhalation, mammals also expel them through
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Invertebrates lack a liver, but most terrestrial groups, like
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of the duct takes place it is very traumatic and even fatal.
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364:. Urine enters the bladder via the ureters and exits via the
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are muscular ducts that propel urine from the kidneys to the
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sensitivity profile of the organism, treatments may include
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Punnoose, Ann R.; Golub, Robert M.; Lynm, Cassio (2012).
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1206:"Definition & Facts for Kidney Stones | NIDDK"
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than that part of the liver will end up wasting away.
360:, and distensible (or elastic) organ, and sits on the
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Holyoke, John B.; Lobitz, Walter C. (February 1952).
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Reviews of
Physiology, Biochemistry and Pharmacology
427:. In placental mammals, the urethra also transports
1025:Dorit, R. L.; Walker, W. F.; Barnes, R. D. (1991).
51:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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561:Mammals excrete sweat through sweat glands in the
554:in the skin secrete a fluid waste called sweat or
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375:Embryologically, the bladder is derived from the
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395:. In females, the bladder sits inferior to the
205:), most of these substances leave the body as
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299:Maintain ionic balance in extracellular fluid
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403:. It is separated from the uterus by the
111:Learn how and when to remove this message
1579:The Franklin Institute: Excretory System
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1353:Concise Medical Dictionary (9 ed.)
991:Janis, C.M.; Keller, J.C. (2001).
900:Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis
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270:present in the kidney. The
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505:and mammals, and into
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149:Anatomical terminology
823:Clinical significance
1177:Jubb, K.V.F (1993).
882:Acute pyelonephritis
834:Kidney stone disease
542:Integumentary system
536:Integumentary system
399:and anterior to the
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1155:10.1038/jid.1952.18
972:on 18 December 2014
876:xanthogranulomatous
604:Like sweat glands,
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802:. You can help by
756:. You can help by
710:. You can help by
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60:"Excretory system"
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959:
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942:Epidemiology
932:trimethoprim
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43:Please help
38:verification
35:
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1338:mediLexicon
1314:MedicineNet
976:25 December
936:Nephrectomy
455:respiration
433:ejaculation
338:psoas major
179:homeostasis
171:body fluids
131:Identifiers
1319:2017-04-23
966:"Jaundice"
951:References
675:glomerulus
632:Substances
594:nemerteans
586:cnidarians
582:acoelomate
503:amphibians
481:catabolism
272:renal vein
187:metabolism
101:April 2015
71:newspapers
913:Treatment
843:Treatment
649:bilirubin
622:epidermis
609:mammals.
590:flatworms
571:tetrapods
530:diffusion
507:uric acid
474:bilirubin
381:allantois
370:urination
310:urethra.
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1296:16200192
1247:22797461
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515:tadpoles
385:prostate
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268:nephrons
211:sweating
203:reptiles
191:amniotes
175:organism
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1557:9536568
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1384:Urology
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1029:Zoology
606:eccrine
600:Eccrine
526:insects
415:Urethra
409:infants
391:by the
368:during
366:urethra
330:ureters
324:Ureters
288:Kidneys
282:Kidneys
276:urethra
258:in the
252:kidneys
235:Systems
195:mammals
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783:Breath
777:Breath
691:Faeces
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397:uterus
389:rectum
318:Ureter
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199:birds
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637:Bile
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