1409:
2095:
2167:
material changes density from typically 30 kg/m to 330 kg/m and becomes a recyclable commodity of high value for producers of recycled plastic pellets. Expanded polystyrene scrap can be easily added to products such as EPS insulation sheets and other EPS materials for construction applications; many manufacturers cannot obtain sufficient scrap because of collection issues. When it is not used to make more EPS, foam scrap can be turned into products such as clothes hangers, park benches, flower pots, toys, rulers, stapler bodies, seedling containers, picture frames, and architectural molding from recycled PS. As of 2016, around 100 tonnes of EPS are recycled every month in the UK.
690:
2242:
pharmacokinetics, and exposure assessment. The
Harvard study reported that styrene is naturally present in trace quantities in foods such as strawberries, beef, and spices, and is naturally produced in the processing of foods such as wine and cheese. The study also reviewed all the published data on the quantity of styrene contributing to the diet due to migration of food packaging and disposable food contact articles, and concluded that risk to the general public from exposure to styrene from foods or food-contact applications (such as polystyrene packaging and foodservice containers) was at levels too low to produce adverse effects.
1978:
5541:
1708:(microcracks) are formed, which spread to the rubber particles. The energy of the propagating crack is then transferred to the rubber particles along its path. A large number of cracks give the originally rigid material a laminated structure. The formation of each lamella contributes to the consumption of energy and thus to an increase in elongation at break. Polystyrene homo-polymers deform when a force is applied until they break. Styrene-butane co-polymers do not break at this point, but begin to flow, solidify to tensile strength and only break at much higher elongation.
56:
1488:(common in Europe is a size of 100 cm x 50 cm, usually depending on an intended type of connection and glue techniques, it is, in fact, 99.5 cm x 49.5 cm or 98 cm x 48 cm; less common is 120 x 60 cm; size 4 by 8 ft (1.2 by 2.4 m) or 2 by 8 ft (0.61 by 2.44 m) in the United States). Common thicknesses are from 10 mm to 500 mm. Many customizations, additives, and thin additional external layers on one or both sides are often added to help with various properties. An example of this is
188:
158:
353:
65:
1244:
2388:
872:
2147:
6187:
47:
1394:
6193:
361:
2712:: 289â298. From p. 294: "On sait que le stryolĂšne chauffĂ© en vase scellĂ© Ă 200°, pendant Quelques heures, se change en un polymĂšre rĂ©sineux (mĂ©tastyrol), et que ce polymĂšre, distillĂ© brusquement, reproduit le styrolĂšne." ("One knows that styrene heated in a sealed vessel at 200 °C, for several hours, is changed into a resinous polymer (polystyrene), and that this polymer, distilled abruptly, reproduces styrene.")
674:
1343:
1546:
1503:
StyroChem
Finland. Adding fillers (graphites, aluminum, or carbons) has recently allowed the thermal conductivity of EPS to reach around 0.030â0.034 W/(mâ
K) (as low as 0.029 W/(mâ
K)) and as such has a grey/black color which distinguishes it from standard EPS. Several EPS producers have produced a variety of these increased thermal resistance EPS usage for this product in the UK and EU.
1236:
1700:). Co-polymerization creates a boundary layer without complete mixing. The butadiene fractions (the "rubber phase") assemble to form particles embedded in a polystyrene matrix. A decisive factor for the improved impact strength of styrene-butadiene copolymers is their higher absorption capacity for deformation work. Without applied force, the rubber phase initially behaves like a
369:
1420:, objective = 10Ă, eyepiece = 15Ă). The larger spheres are expanded polystyrene beads which were compressed and fused. The bright, star-shaped hole at the center of the image is an air-gap between the beads where the bead margins have not completely fused. Each bead is made of thin-walled, air-filled bubbles of polystyrene.
1879:. Within the rubber phase, the polystyrene phase is assembled into domains. This causes physical cross-linking on a microscopic level. When the material is heated above the glass transition point, the domains disintegrate, the cross-linking is temporarily suspended and the material can be processed like a thermoplastic.
2236:
Based on scientific tests over five decades, government safety agencies have determined that polystyrene is safe for use in foodservice products. For example, polystyrene meets the stringent standards of the U.S. Food and Drug
Administration and the European Commission/European Food Safety Authority
1600:
Although it is a closed-cell foam, both expanded and extruded polystyrene are not entirely waterproof or vapor proof. In expanded polystyrene there are interstitial gaps between the expanded closed-cell pellets that form an open network of channels between the bonded pellets, and this network of gaps
5202:
Cohen JT; Carlson G; Charnley G; Coggon D; Delzell E; Graham JD; Greim H; Krewski D; Medinsky M; Monson R; Paustenbach D; Petersen B; Rappaport S; Rhomberg L; Ryan PB; Thompson K (2011). "A comprehensive evaluation of the potential health risks associated with occupational and environmental exposure
2031:
kept the ban from going into effect until at last it was delayed when the
Republican and Conservative parties gained the majority of the county legislature. In the meantime, Berkeley became the first city to ban all foam food containers. As of 2006, about one hundred localities in the United States,
1855:
in the range of 1.05, the individual chains have thus very similar lengths). The length of the individual blocks can be adjusted by the ratio of catalyst to monomer. The size of the rubber sections, in turn, depends on the block length. The production of small structures (smaller than the wavelength
1502:
is measured according to EN 12667. Typical values range from 0.032 to 0.038 W/(mâ
K) depending on the density of the EPS board. The value of 0.038 W/(mâ
K) was obtained at 15 kg/m while the value of 0.032 W/(mâ
K) was obtained at 40 kg/m according to the datasheet of K-710 from
1463:
A significant portion of all EPS products are manufactured through injection molding. Mold tools tend to be manufactured from steels (which can be hardened and plated), and aluminum alloys. The molds are controlled through a split via a channel system of gates and runners. EPS is colloquially called
1613:
Oriented polystyrene (OPS) is produced by stretching extruded PS film, improving visibility through the material by reducing haziness and increasing stiffness. This is often used in packaging where the manufacturer would like the consumer to see the enclosed product. Some benefits to OPS are that
2241:
From 1999 to 2002, a comprehensive review of the potential health risks associated with exposure to styrene was conducted by a 12-member international expert panel selected by the
Harvard Center for Risk Assessment. The scientists had expertise in toxicology, epidemiology, medicine, risk analysis,
2166:
Most polystyrene products are currently not recycled due to the lack of incentive to invest in the compactors and logistical systems required. Due to the low density of polystyrene foam, it is not economical to collect. However, if the waste material goes through an initial compaction process, the
1846:
better in the melt. For the production of SBS, the first styrene is homopolymerized via anionic copolymerization. Typically, an organometallic compound such as butyllithium is used as a catalyst. Butadiene is then added and after styrene again its polymerization. The catalyst remains active during
761:
attractions between polymer chains. Since the molecules consist of thousands of atoms, the cumulative attractive force between the molecules is large. When heated (or deformed at a rapid rate, due to a combination of viscoelastic and thermal insulation properties), the chains can take on a higher
2195:
If polystyrene is properly incinerated at high temperatures (up to 1000 °C) and with plenty of air (14 m/kg), the chemicals generated are water, carbon dioxide, and possibly small amounts of residual halogen-compounds from flame-retardants. If only incomplete incineration is done, there will
1988:
Animals do not recognize polystyrene foam as an artificial material and may even mistake it for food. Polystyrene foam blows in the wind and floats on water due to its low specific gravity. It can have serious effects on the health of birds and marine animals that swallow significant quantities.
1428:
with a normal density range of 11 to 32 kg/m. It is usually white and made of pre-expanded polystyrene beads. The manufacturing process for EPS conventionally begins with the creation of small polystyrene beads. Styrene monomers (and potentially other additives) are suspended in water, where
772:
strength due to the hydrocarbon backbone) confers flexibility and elasticity. The ability of the system to be readily deformed above its glass transition temperature allows polystyrene (and thermoplastic polymers in general) to be readily softened and molded upon heating. Extruded polystyrene is
2063:
polystyrene foam (the initial decision was overturned on appeal). In San
Francisco, supervisors approved the toughest ban on "Styrofoam" (EPS) in the US which went into effect 1 January 2017. The city's Department of the Environment can make exceptions for certain uses like shipping medicines at
2215:(PAHs) from alkyl benzenes to benzoperylene. Over 90 different compounds were identified in combustion effluents from polystyrene." The American National Bureau of Standards Center for Fire Research found 57 chemical by-products released during the combustion of expanded polystyrene (EPS) foam.
2187:. The process involved irradiation of polystyrene with iron chloride and acetone under white light and oxygen for 20 hours. The scientists also demonstrated a similar scalable commercial process of upcycling polystyrene into valulable small-molecules (like benzoic acid) taking just a few hours.
1529:
The boards containing a flame retardant when tested in a tunnel using test method UL 723 or ASTM E84 will have a flame spread index of less than 25 and a smoke-developed index of less than 450. ICC-ES requires the use of a 15-minute thermal barrier when EPS boards are used inside of a building.
808:
is formed, attaching to the carbon of another styrene monomer to the chain. Since only one kind of monomer is used in its preparation, it is a homopolymer. The newly formed Ï bond is stronger than the Ï bond that was broken, thus it is difficult to depolymerize polystyrene. About a few thousand
2245:
Polystyrene is commonly used in containers for food and drinks. The styrene monomer (from which polystyrene is made) is a cancer suspect agent. Styrene is "generally found in such low levels in consumer products that risks aren't substantial". Polystyrene which is used for food contact may not
2078:
In March 2019, Maryland banned polystyrene foam food containers and became the first state in the country to pass a food container foam ban through the state legislature. Maine was the first state to officially get a foam food container ban onto the books. In May 2019, Maryland
Governor Hogan
1604:
Water-logging commonly occurs over a long period in polystyrene foams that are constantly exposed to high humidity or are continuously immersed in water, such as in hot tub covers, in floating docks, as supplemental flotation under boat seats, and for below-grade exterior building insulation
2162:
recycling programs and is not separated and recycled where it is accepted. In
Germany, polystyrene is collected as a consequence of the packaging law (Verpackungsverordnung) that requires manufacturers to take responsibility for recycling or disposing of any packaging material they sell.
627:. According to the Science History Institute, "Dow bought the rights to Munters's method and began producing a lightweight, water-resistant, and buoyant material that seemed perfectly suited for building docks and watercraft and for insulating homes, offices, and chicken sheds." In 1944,
2907:
4259:
Schnurr, Riley E.J.; Alboiu, Vanessa; Chaudhary, Meenakshi; Corbett, Roan A.; Quanz, Meaghan E.; Sankar, Karthikeshwar; Srain, Harveer S.; Thavarajah, Venukasan; Xanthos, Dirk; Walker, Tony R. (2018). "Reducing marine pollution from single-use plastics (SUPs): A review".
1397:
Thermocol slabs made of expanded polystyrene (EPS) beads. The one on the left is from a packing box. The one on the right is used for crafts. It has a corky, papery texture and is used for stage decoration, exhibition models, and sometimes as a cheap alternative to shola
979:. This involves using high heat and pressure to break down the chemical bonds between each styrene compound. Pyrolysis usually goes up to 430 °C. The high energy cost of doing this has made commercial recycling of polystyrene back into styrene monomer difficult.
2200:, when polystyrene is incinerated in modern facilities, the final volume is 1% of the starting volume; most of the polystyrene is converted into carbon dioxide, water vapor, and heat. Because of the amount of heat released, it is sometimes used as a power source for
2601:
Kwon BG, Saido K, Koizumi K, Sato H, Ogawa N, Chung SY, Kusui T, Kodera Y, Kogure K, et al. (May 2014). "Regional distribution of styrene analogues generated from polystyrene degradation along the coastlines of the North-East
Pacific Ocean and Hawaii".
1429:
they undergo free-radical addition polymerization. The polystyrene beads formed by this mechanism may have an average diameter of around 200 ÎŒm. The beads are then permeated with a "blowing agent", a material that enables the beads to be expanded.
2174:
is made from EPS that is combined with cement to be used as an insulating amendment in the making of concrete foundations and walls. American manufacturers have produced insulating concrete forms made with approximately 80% recycled EPS since 1993.
1870:
Styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) is produced like PS-I by graft copolymerization, but with a lower styrene content. Styrene-butadiene rubber thus consists of a rubber matrix with a polystyrene phase dispersed therein. Unlike PS-I and SBC, it is not a
2122:, through its Environmental Management Agency (EMA), banned polystyrene containers (popularly called 'kaylite' in the country), under Statutory Instrument 84 of 2012 (Plastic Packaging and Plastic Bottles) (Amendment) Regulations, 2012 (No 1.)
2253:
Whether polystyrene can be microwaved with food is controversial. Some containers may be safely used in a microwave, but only if labeled as such. Some sources suggest that foods containing carotene (vitamin A) or cooking oils must be avoided.
1601:
can become filled with liquid water. If the water freezes into ice, it expands and can cause polystyrene pellets to break off from the foam. Extruded polystyrene is also permeable by water molecules and can not be considered a vapor barrier.
2237:
for use in packaging to store and serve food. The Hong Kong Food and
Environmental Hygiene Department recently reviewed the safety of serving various foods in polystyrene foodservice products and reached the same conclusion as the U.S. FDA.
1740:) consists of a continuous polystyrene matrix and a rubber phase dispersed therein. It is produced by polymerization of styrene in the presence of polybutadiene dissolved (in styrene). Polymerization takes place simultaneously in two ways:
1433:
is commonly used as the blowing agent. The beads are added to a continuously agitated reactor with the blowing agent, among other additives, and the blowing agent seeps into pores within each bead. The beads are then expanded using steam.
2129:, Canada, has announced its Zero Waste 2040 plan in 2018. The city will introduce bylaw amendments to prohibit business license holders from serving prepared food in polystyrene foam cups and take-out containers, beginning 1 June 2019.
458:. General-purpose polystyrene is clear, hard, and brittle. It is an inexpensive resin per unit weight. It is a poor barrier to air and water vapor and has a relatively low melting point. Polystyrene is one of the most widely used
2246:
contain more than 1% (0.5% for fatty foods) of styrene by weight. Styrene oligomers in polystyrene containers used for food packaging have been found to migrate into the food. Another Japanese study conducted on wild-type and
3075:
Yang Y, Yang J, Wu WM, Zhao J, Song Y, Gao L, Yang R, Jiang L (October 2015). "Biodegradation and Mineralization of Polystyrene by Plastic-Eating Mealworms: Part 1. Chemical and Physical Characterization and Isotopic Tests".
2690:
Blyth and Hofmann, 1845, p. 312. From p. 312: "Analysis, as well as synthesis, have equally demonstrated, that styrol and the solid, glassy material, for which we suggest the name 'meta styrol', possess the same percentage
998:, could digest and subsist healthily on a diet of EPS. About 100 mealworms could consume between 34 and 39 milligrams of this white foam in a day. The droppings of mealworm were found to be safe for use as soil for crops.
5172:
4045:
634:
Before 1949, chemical engineer Fritz Stastny (1908â1985) developed pre-expanded PS beads by incorporating aliphatic hydrocarbons, such as pentane. These beads are the raw material for molding parts or extruding sheets.
927:(melting point) of 270 °C (518 °F). Syndiotactic polystyrene resin is currently produced under the trade name XAREC by Idemitsu corporation, who use a metallocene catalyst for the polymerisation reaction.
1525:
of EPS as measured by ASTM D2863 be greater than 24 volume %. Typical EPS has an oxygen index of around 18 volume %; thus, a flame retardant is added to styrene or polystyrene during the formation of EPS.
1222:
are also produced; these contain one or more other monomers in addition to styrene. In recent years the expanded polystyrene composites with cellulose and starch have also been produced. Polystyrene is used in some
858:
describes the extent to which the phenyl group is uniformly aligned (arranged at one side) in the polymer chain. Tacticity has a strong effect on the properties of the plastic. Standard polystyrene is atactic. The
1537:) is 1.35 to 1.80 pounds per cubic foot (21.6 to 28.8 kg/m). This is either Type II or Type IX EPS according to ASTM C578. EPS blocks or boards used in building construction are commonly cut using hot wires.
3984:
940:), chlorinated solvents, and aromatic hydrocarbon solvents. Because of its resilience and inertness, it is used for fabricating many objects of commerce. Like other organic compounds, polystyrene burns to give
2483:
935:
Polystyrene is relatively chemically inert. While it is waterproof and resistant to breakdown by many acids and bases, it is easily attacked by many organic solvents (e.g. it dissolves quickly when exposed to
1306:
play an important role in biomedical research and science. For these uses, articles are almost always made by injection molding, and often sterilized post-molding, either by irradiation or by treatment with
5617:
3643:
Faller, Ronald; Bielenberg, Robert; Sicking, Dean; Rohde, John; Reid, John (5 December 2006). Development and Testing of the SAFER Barrier â Version 2, SAFER Barrier Gate, and Alternative Backup Structure.
2079:
allowed the foam ban (House Bill 109) to become law without a signature making Maryland the second state to have a food container foam ban on the books, but is the first one to take effect on 1 July 2020.
585:
showed that the same transformation of styrol took place in the absence of oxygen. They called the product "meta styrol"; analysis showed that it was chemically identical to Simon's Styroloxyd. In 1866
2105:
banned expanded polystyrene takeout/takeaway containers and tableware around 1999. However, compliance has been a problem and, in 2013, the Chinese plastics industry was lobbying for the ban's repeal.
2273:
as a "B3" product, meaning highly flammable or "Easily Ignited". As a consequence, although it is an efficient insulator at low temperatures, its use is prohibited in any exposed installations in
1553:
Extruded polystyrene foam (XPS) consists of closed cells. It offers improved surface roughness, higher stiffness and reduced thermal conductivity. The density range is about 28â34 kg/m.
1378:
is informally used (mainly US & Canada) for all foamed polystyrene products, although strictly it should only be used for "extruded closed-cell" polystyrene foams made by Dow Chemicals.
1937:, which may pose a flammability hazard in manufacturing or storage of newly manufactured material, but have relatively mild environmental impact. Extruded polystyrene is usually made with
6794:
5968:
1568:
models. Because of the extrusion manufacturing process, XPS does not require facers to maintain its thermal or physical property performance. Thus, it makes a more uniform substitute for
817:
1319:, is often done to introduce polar groups. Much of modern biomedical research relies on the use of such products; they, therefore, play a critical role in pharmaceutical research.
2921:
617:
in many applications. Success was achieved when they developed a reactor vessel that extruded polystyrene through a heated tube and cutter, producing polystyrene in pellet form.
2905:, Digenis, George A. & Digenis, Alexander G., "Method of fixing radioactive tritiated water in a stable tritiated polystyrene product", issued 2017-08-22
1711:
With a high proportion of polybutadiene, the effect of the two phases is reversed. Styrene-butadiene rubber behaves like an elastomer but can be processed like a thermoplastic.
5180:
5549:
4814:
2211:
When polystyrene was burned at temperatures of 800â900 °C (the typical range of a modern incinerator), the products of combustion consisted of "a complex mixture of
5605:
1618:(PP), (PET), and high-impact polystyrene (HIPS), and it is less hazy than HIPS or PP. The main disadvantage of OPS is that it is brittle, and will crack or tear easily.
639:
and Stastny applied for a patent that was issued in 1949. The molding process was demonstrated at the Kunststoff Messe 1952 in DĂŒsseldorf. Products were named Styropor.
1605:
constantly exposed to groundwater. Typically an exterior vapor barrier such as impermeable plastic sheeting or a sprayed-on coating is necessary to prevent saturation.
2183:
A March 2022 joint study by scientists Sewon Oh and Erin Stache at Cornell University in Ithaca, New York found a new processing method of upcycling polystyrene to
1945:), which have global warming potentials of approximately 1000â1300 times that of carbon dioxide. Packaging, particularly expanded polystyrene, is a contributor of
1060:. This may someday be of use in the effective disposing of polystyrene foam. It is worthy to note the polystyrene must undergo pyrolysis to turn into styrene oil.
3174:"Insights into plastic biodegradation: community composition and functional capabilities of the superworm (Zophobas morio) microbiome in styrofoam feeding trials"
3246:
Ward PG, Goff M, Donner M, Kaminsky W, O'Connor KE (April 2006). "A two step chemo-biotechnological conversion of polystyrene to a biodegradable thermoplastic".
2998:
Ho, Ba Thanh; Roberts, Timothy K.; Lucas, Steven (August 2017). "An overview on biodegradation of polystyrene and modified polystyrene: the microbial approach".
2250:-null mice found that the styrene trimer, which the authors detected in cooked polystyrene container-packed instant foods, may increase thyroid hormone levels.
1507:
1408:
835:. If the backbone were to be laid as a flat elongated zig-zag chain, each phenyl group would be tilted forward or backward compared to the plane of the chain.
5264:
2285:, sheet metal, or concrete. Foamed polystyrene plastic materials have been accidentally ignited and caused huge fires and losses of life, for example at the
2048:
became reportedly the largest city in the country to ban polystyrene foam food containers. Some communities have implemented wide polystyrene bans, such as
1933:
Polystyrene foams are produced using blowing agents that form bubbles and expand the foam. In expanded polystyrene, these are usually hydrocarbons such as
1350:
Polystyrene foams are 95â98% air. Polystyrene foams are good thermal insulators and are therefore often used as building insulation materials, such as in
6518:
5692:
275:
Soluble in benzene, carbon disulfide, chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons, chloroform, cyclohexanone, dioxane, ethyl acetate, ethylbenzene, MEK, NMP, THF
5080:
5381:"Styrene trimer may increase thyroid hormone levels via down-regulation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) target gene UDP-glucuronosyltransferase"
1770:
the butadiene repeat unit. However, the middle block often does not consist of such depicted butane homo-polymer but of a styrene-butadiene co-polymer:
4970:
4621:
3944:
3371:
Doroudiani, Saeed; Kortschot, Mark T. (2016). "Expanded Wood Fiber Polystyrene Composites: ProcessingâStructureâMechanical Properties Relationships".
2876:
4031:
5106:
Hawley-Fedder, R.A.; Parsons, M.L.; Karasek, F.W. (1984). "Products obtained during combustion of polymers under simulated incinerator conditions".
3406:
Doroudiani, Saeed; Chaffey, Charles E.; Kortschot, Mark T. (2002). "Sorption and diffusion of carbon dioxide in wood-fiber/polystyrene composites".
3045:
1630:) polystyrene has an excellent property profile about transparency, surface quality and stiffness. Its range of applications is further extended by
890:
distributed on both sides of the polymer chain. This random positioning prevents the chains from aligning with sufficient regularity to achieve any
3559:
1696:
The impact strength of styrene-butadiene co-polymers is based on phase separation, polystyrene and poly-butane are not soluble in each other (see
5051:
BASF Technische Information TI 0/2-810d 81677 Juni 1989, Verwertungs- und Beseitigungsverfaren gebrauchter Schaumstoff-Verpackungen aus StyroporÂź
3909:
4214:"Toxicity of polystyrene microplastics on juvenile Oncorhynchus mykiss (rainbow trout) after individual and combined exposure with chlorpyrifos"
1856:
of the light) ensure transparency. In contrast to PS-I, however, the block copolymer does not form any particles but has a lamellar structure.
1364:
and John Gudbrand Tandberg of Sweden received a US patent for polystyrene foam as an insulation product in 1935 (USA patent number 2,023,204).
4756:
4646:
4078:
3926:
Owens Corning FOAMULAR Extruded Polystrene Insulation: Resisting Water Absorption, the Key for High-Performance Foam Plastic Rigid Insulation
1572:. Thermal conductivity varies between 0.029 and 0.039 W/(m·K) depending on bearing strength/density and the average value is ~0.035 W/(m·K).
2007:. Efforts have been made to find alternatives to polystyrene, especially foam in restaurant settings. The original impetus was to eliminate
5465:
1040:, in the gut of superworms that contain encoded enzymes associated with the degradation of polystyrene and the breakdown product styrene.
4557:
2132:
In 2019, the European Union voted to ban expanded polystyrene food packaging and cups, with the law officially going into effect in 2021.
5553:
1521:
Evaluation Service) requires EPS boards used in building construction meet ASTM C578 requirements. One of these requirements is that the
4504:
4108:
920:
polystyrene with the phenyl groups positioned on alternating sides of the hydrocarbon backbone. This form is highly crystalline with a
4782:
1650:
of homopolymeric polystyrene is overcome by elastomer-modified styrene-butadiene copolymers. Copolymers of styrene and acrylonitrile (
3481:
17:
5379:
Yanagiba Y, Ito Y, Yamanoshita O, Zhang SY, Watanabe G, Taya K, Li CM, Inotsume Y, Kamijima M, Gonzalez FJ, Nakajima T (June 2008).
5063:
2511:
Maul, J.; Frushour, B. G.; Kontoff, J. R.; Eichenauer, H.; Ott, K.-H. and Schade, C. (2007) "Polystyrene and Styrene Copolymers" in
987:
Polystyrene is generally considered to be non-biodegradable. However, certain organisms are able to degrade it, albeit very slowly.
4881:
4370:
3507:
1989:
Juvenile rainbow trout exposed to polystyrene fragments show toxic effects in the form of substantial histomorphometrical changes.
3537:
6511:
5685:
3442:
6900:
5428:
4002:. Elsner, Peter., Eyerer, Peter., Hirth, Thomas. (8., neu bearbeitete und erweiterte Auflage ed.). Heidelberg: Springer.
2758:
6394:
5569:
5241:"A Comprehensive Evaluation of the Potential Health Risks Associated with Occupational and Environmental Exposure to Styrene"
4311:
4196:
3339:
2464:
2430:
2379:
4451:
4343:
6853:
6804:
6773:
5978:
5947:
810:
623:(1918â1996), a chemical engineer of Dow Chemical, rediscovered a process first patented in early 1930s by Swedish inventor
1654:) are more resistant to thermal stress, heat and chemicals than homopolymers and are also transparent. Copolymers called
5511:
4906:
4396:
3925:
3769:
2138:
passed the Environmental Management Bill in December 2020. Imports of polystyrene products were banned in January 2021.
2044:, required restaurants to switch to disposable food containers that would biodegrade if added to food compost. In 2013,
6504:
6011:
5678:
5583:
2094:
2071:
does not allow polystyrene foam to be used as part of its certification standard. Several green leaders, including the
520:, since it can be cast into molds with fine detail. The temperatures behavior can be controlled by photocrosslinking.
500:
polymer, polystyrene is in a solid (glassy) state at room temperature but flows if heated above about 100 °C, its
5486:
Guidelines for the use of expanded foam polystyrene panel systems in industrial buildings to minimize the risk of fire
4007:
3972:
3684:
3359:
2052:, which did so in 1990. In 1988, the first U.S. ban of general polystyrene foam was enacted in Berkeley, California.
1697:
5320:
4479:
3622:
2028:
1160:
4672:
2554:
Carroll, Gregory T.; Sojka, Melissa E.; Lei, Xuegong; Turro, Nicholas J.; Koberstein, Jeffrey T. (1 August 2006).
340:
6496:
6036:
5670:
5084:
4602:
4212:
Karbalaei, Samaneh; Hanachi, Parichehr; Rafiee, Gholamreza; Seifori, Parvaneh; Walker, Tony R. (September 2020).
2880:
2212:
1888:
1655:
4697:
2722:
6789:
6768:
6665:
6419:
5963:
5942:
5839:
3795:
2947:
1275:
assembly kits, and many other objects where a rigid, economical plastic is desired. Production methods include
2059:
became the largest city in the United States to attempt to prohibit the sale, possession, and distribution of
1445:, and packing material either as solid blocks formed to accommodate the item being protected or as loose-fill
5469:
4840:
1998:
1913:
1848:
1683:
1534:
1452:
fragile items inside boxes. EPS also has been widely used in automotive and road safety applications such as
4728:
3602:
3567:
6925:
6910:
6843:
6763:
5937:
5484:
3941:
2068:
594:
process. About 80 years later it was realized that heating of styrol starts a chain reaction that produces
501:
153:
31:
689:
471:
6836:
6758:
6574:
6171:
5932:
5748:
5268:
5260:
4931:
2702:"Sur Les caractÚres de la benzine et du styrolÚne, comparés avec ceux des Autres carburetors d'hydrogÚne"
2645:
2072:
1962:
1917:
1651:
1218:, or extruded, while expanded polystyrene is either extruded or molded in a special process. Polystyrene
1008:
166:
46:
5070:. Newton.dep.anl.gov. Retrieved 25 December 2011. Q and A page with an partially incorrect information.
4424:
3053:
1533:
According to the EPS-IA ICF organization, the typical density of EPS used for insulated concrete forms (
6101:
6076:
5621:
5176:
3942:"XPS Insulation Extracted After Field Exposure Confirms High Water Absorption & Diminished RâValue"
3290:
2322:
2229:
2197:
2004:
1518:
1493:
913:
582:
3906:
3811:"Measurements of thermal properties of insulation materials by using transient plane source technique"
3810:
2556:"Photoactive Additives for Cross-Linking Polymer Films: Inhibition of Dewetting in Thin Polymer Films"
2286:
573:, that he dubbed styrol oxide ("Styroloxyd") because he presumed that it had resulted from oxidation (
6905:
6876:
6610:
6409:
6234:
6051:
6041:
5784:
4673:"Maryland's new laws: banning foam food containers, raising tobacco-buying age, reforming UMMS board"
2247:
2151:
2027:, became the first U.S. jurisdiction to ban polystyrene in general. However, legal challenges by the
1351:
536:
381:
777:
but much more flexible and much less dense (1.05 g/cm for polystyrene vs. 2.70 g/cm for aluminium).
6680:
6670:
6532:
6219:
6166:
6056:
5854:
5844:
5706:
5350:[Quantitative Analysis of Styrene Dimer and Trimers Migrated from Disposable Lunch Boxes].
2701:
2337:
2290:
2024:
2003:
Restricting the use of foamed polystyrene takeout food packaging is a priority of many solid waste
1901:
1690:
1549:
Extruded polystyrene has a smooth texture, and can be cut into sharp-edged shapes without crumbling
1224:
462:, with the scale of its production being several million tonnes per year. Polystyrene is naturally
183:
4075:
3224:
1977:
705:
terms, polystyrene is a long chain hydrocarbon wherein alternating carbon centers are attached to
539:, particularly along shores and waterways, especially in its foam form, and in the Pacific Ocean.
6930:
6920:
6915:
6270:
6161:
6146:
6126:
4512:
4456:
2257:
Because of the pervasive use of polystyrene, these serious health related issues remain topical.
1417:
5540:
5136:"Polystyrenes: A Review of the Literature on the Products of Thermal Decomposition and Toxicity"
5135:
6685:
6563:
6318:
6046:
6004:
5859:
5737:
5124:
Quoted from a campaign site giving no details of the original source and experiment conditions.
3755:
3623:"Method for manufacturing expanded polystyrene foam components from used polystyrene materials"
2205:
1188:
1173:
569:. Several days later, Simon found that it had thickened into a jelly, now known to have been a
561:
377:
3485:
3309:
2670:
6865:
6569:
6214:
5743:
5325:
Code of Federal Regulations, Title 21âFood and Drugs, Subchapter BâFood for Human Consumption
5060:
3119:
2820:
Natta, G.; Corradini, P.; Bassi, I. W. (1960). "Crystal structure of isotactic polystyrene".
2420:
2327:
2274:
1522:
1367:
PS foams also exhibit good damping properties, therefore it is used widely in packaging. The
1150:
1057:
1054:
832:
463:
77:
5240:
4866:
2454:
1893:
Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) is a material that is stronger than pure polystyrene.
6585:
6580:
6553:
6471:
5759:
5754:
5727:
4967:
4789:
4269:
3822:
3713:
3415:
3255:
3085:
2829:
2611:
2196:
also be leftover carbon soot and a complex mixture of volatile compounds. According to the
2045:
2020:
1838:
By using a statistical copolymer at this position, the polymer becomes less susceptible to
1744:
1679:
1674:
content. Styrene-butane co-polymers include PS-I and SBC (see below), both co-polymers are
1569:
1499:
1375:
1260:
949:
824:
768:
658:
602:(1881â1965). This eventually led to the substance receiving its present name, polystyrene.
447:
280:
5611:
5295:
4059:
3046:"Plastic-eating worms may offer solution to mounting waste, Stanford researchers discover"
2972:
111:
8:
6895:
6715:
6476:
6399:
6313:
6265:
5889:
4535:
3834:
2704:("On the characters of benzene and styrene, compared with those of other hydrocarbons"),
2307:
2159:
2083:
2041:
1966:
1442:
1438:
1400:
758:
587:
306:
101:
5442:
4273:
3826:
3717:
3515:
3419:
3259:
3089:
2833:
2615:
1381:
Foams are also used for non-weight-bearing architectural structures (such as ornamental
187:
157:
6730:
6648:
6389:
6363:
6333:
6293:
6275:
6224:
6176:
6156:
5904:
5822:
5654:
5629:
5405:
5380:
5228:
5027:
4733:
4316:
4293:
4241:
4161:
4134:
3737:
3462:
3388:
3200:
3173:
3023:
2845:
2371:
2060:
2008:
1701:
1413:
1239:
CD case made from general purpose polystyrene (GPPS) and high impact polystyrene (HIPS)
1128:
1084:
1045:
599:
55:
5630:"Certification of SRM1960: Nominal 10 ÎŒm Diameter Polystyrene Spheres ("Space Beads")"
5119:
1354:
and structural insulated panel building systems. Grey polystyrene foam, incorporating
6860:
6826:
6746:
6558:
6380:
6298:
5997:
5920:
5732:
5659:
5579:
5493:
5410:
5220:
5031:
5019:
5011:
4992:"Chemical Upcycling of Commercial Polystyrene via Catalyst-Controlled Photooxidation"
4285:
4245:
4233:
4192:
4166:
4135:"Photodegradation and photostabilization of polymers, especially polystyrene: review"
4013:
4003:
3968:
3838:
3741:
3729:
3680:
3466:
3392:
3355:
3335:
3271:
3205:
3101:
3015:
2849:
2772:
2744:
2627:
2583:
2575:
2460:
2426:
2375:
1938:
1865:
1675:
1469:
1453:
1284:
1211:
744:
578:
513:
490:
4297:
4281:
3951:, EPS Below Grade Series 105, March 2014, Technical Bulletin, EPS Industry Alliance.
3027:
352:
64:
6751:
6446:
6348:
6323:
6255:
6121:
6116:
6061:
5925:
5649:
5641:
5400:
5392:
5359:
5232:
5212:
5147:
5115:
5003:
4321:
4277:
4225:
4156:
4146:
3830:
3725:
3721:
3672:
3649:
3454:
3423:
3380:
3263:
3195:
3185:
3093:
3007:
2837:
2619:
2567:
2516:
2367:
2266:
2033:
1905:
1659:
1631:
1465:
1316:
1243:
1102:
964:
786:
504:. It becomes rigid again when cooled. This temperature behaviour is exploited for
398:
291:
259:
205:
6526:
5700:
5624:, arguing that the material is "safe, affordable and environmentally responsible")
4229:
3011:
2532:
2520:
2075:, advise people to reduce their environmental harm by using reusable coffee cups.
6615:
6601:
6466:
6353:
6343:
6111:
5789:
5775:
5067:
4974:
4082:
3948:
3913:
2902:
2623:
2278:
2049:
1912:
can be used for cross-linking the polystyrene chains to give the polymer used in
1843:
1036:
4991:
4579:
466:, but can be colored with colorants. Uses include protective packaging (such as
6644:
6456:
6358:
6229:
5818:
2040:
had some sort of ban on polystyrene foam in restaurants. For instance, in 2007
1958:
1909:
1852:
1561:
1323:
1308:
1280:
1264:
1215:
1003:
941:
839:
793:
763:
662:
591:
517:
373:
334:
5364:
5347:
5216:
3589:
948:, in addition to other thermal degradation by-products. Polystyrene, being an
590:
correctly identified the formation of meta styrol/Styroloxyd from styrol as a
6889:
6831:
6638:
6424:
6414:
6404:
6308:
6209:
6131:
6081:
5812:
5555:
Drowning in Plastics â Marine Litter and Plastic Waste Vital Graphics
5497:
5015:
4647:"Statement: Maryland becomes the second state to ban plastic foam containers"
4094:
4017:
3967:, 379 Seiten, Verlag Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 1. Auflage (2006)
3842:
3773:
3733:
3458:
3384:
3172:
Sun, Jiarui; Prabhu, Apoorva; Aroney, Samuel T. N.; Christian, Rinke (2022).
2579:
2555:
2332:
2056:
2037:
1982:
1946:
1872:
1847:
the whole process (for which the used chemicals must be of high purity). The
1839:
1755:. As a result, several polystyrene chains are attached to one polybutadiene.
1752:
1639:
1635:
1627:
1615:
1457:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1199:
1095:
891:
595:
574:
528:
497:
248:
238:
146:
4151:
3676:
3097:
2082:
In September 2020, the New Jersey state legislature voted to ban disposable
6451:
6441:
6303:
6250:
6151:
6096:
6071:
5663:
5545:
5466:"Styrene in the Crosshairs: Competing Standards Confuse Public, Regulators"
5414:
5224:
5023:
4289:
4237:
4170:
3960:
3916:. Institute of Thermal Insulation of Vilnius Gediminas Technical University
3275:
3209:
3105:
3019:
2631:
2587:
2184:
1565:
1361:
902:
871:
860:
828:
706:
643:
624:
620:
610:
548:
6697:
6186:
5871:
5151:
4955:
3190:
1658:
have similar properties and can be used at low temperatures, but they are
6634:
6606:
6541:
6461:
6260:
6141:
5808:
5780:
5715:
5645:
5634:
Journal of Research of the National Institute of Standards and Technology
5599:
5007:
3653:
2948:"XAREC Syndiotactic Polystyrene â Petrochemicals â Idemitsu Kosan Global"
2146:
1762:
1748:
1647:
1485:
1446:
1030:
1024:
1007:) may eat expanded polystyrene (EPS). A group of high school students in
801:
467:
5346:
Sakamoto, Hiromi; Matsuzaka, Ayako; Itoh, Rimiko; Tohyama, Yuko (2000).
3881:
3856:
1019:
larvae may consume greater amounts of EPS over longer periods of time.
816:
6710:
6338:
6328:
5884:
5205:
Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health Part B: Critical Reviews
4606:
4109:"Drowning in Plastics â Marine Litter and Plastic Waste Vital Graphics"
3667:
Bielenberg, Robert W.; Rohde, John D.; Reid, John D. (1 January 2005).
3427:
2841:
2312:
2270:
1489:
1449:
1327:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1256:
1219:
1134:
887:
805:
654:
552:
483:
270:
243:~ 240 °C (464 °F; 513 K) for isotactic polystyrene
130:
5396:
3267:
2571:
6799:
6705:
6675:
6545:
6106:
6091:
6066:
5973:
5879:
5849:
5719:
5575:
5272:
4705:
2302:
2232:, formerly known as the Chemical Manufacturers' Association, writes:
2126:
1876:
1582:
1473:
1371:
1368:
1331:
976:
855:
843:
774:
702:
628:
613:, about 1931, hoping it would be a suitable replacement for die-cast
606:
509:
505:
4213:
3146:
2293:(where polystyrene was inside a railway carriage that caught fire).
1642:
and syndiotactic polystyrene). Several copolymers are used based on
665:, the largest manufacturer of foam cups, shipped their first order.
333:
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their
6720:
5894:
5201:
3701:
2342:
2269:, polystyrene is flammable. Polystyrene is classified according to
2119:
1942:
1671:
1393:
1355:
991:
953:
751:
565:, he distilled an oily substance, that he named styrol, now called
6192:
1614:
it is less expensive to produce than other clear plastics such as
1022:
In 2022 scientists identified several bacterial genera, including
360:
6848:
6725:
6626:
6528:
6020:
5899:
5800:
5702:
2317:
2282:
1934:
1908:. Styrene can be copolymerized with other monomers; for example,
1705:
1643:
1430:
1252:
1050:
972:
968:
937:
797:
790:
710:
694:
650:
570:
566:
486:
459:
451:
443:
324:
228:
2795:
3671:. Engineering/Technology Management. ASMEDC. pp. 345â352.
2773:"NIHF Inductee Otis Ray McIntire Invented STYROFOAM Brand Foam"
2171:
2112:
1586:
1382:
1312:
1166:
747:
673:
642:
The crystal structure of isotactic polystyrene was reported by
556:
532:
3120:"Think you can't compost styrofoam? Mealworms are the answer!"
2456:
Modern Styrenic Polymers: Polystyrenes and Styrenic Copolymers
1575:
Water vapor diffusion resistance (ÎŒ) of XPS is around 80â250.
1342:
863:
where all of the phenyl groups are on the same side is called
489:, in the making of models, and as an alternative material for
431:
5173:"Q & A on the Safety of Polystyrene Foodservice Products"
4258:
4211:
3700:
Mills, N.J.; Wilkes, S.; Derler, S.; Flisch, A. (July 2009).
3441:
Mihai, Mihaela; Huneault, Michel A.; Favis, Basil D. (2016).
2201:
2108:
2102:
1557:
1545:
1424:
Expanded polystyrene (EPS) is a rigid and tough, closed-cell
1235:
945:
846:, which affects various physical properties of the material.
809:
monomers typically comprise a chain of polystyrene, giving a
5345:
4754:
4603:"The Throwaway Generation: 25 Billion Styrofoam Cups a Year"
3642:
2170:
Recycled EPS is also used in many metal casting operations.
2115:
also banned polystyrene-foam food-service ware before 2007.
1591:
Depron, a thin insulation sheet also used for model building
171:
6086:
5989:
5378:
5321:"Sec. 177.1640 Polystyrene and rubber-modified polystyrene"
5259:
5245:
The McLaughlin Centre for Population Health Risk Assessment
5105:
4882:"European Parliament approves 2021 single-use plastics ban"
4558:"S.F. supervisors OK toughest ban on foam packaging in U.S"
2877:"Celebrating 50 Years of Excellence in People and Products"
2135:
1425:
957:
682:
678:
636:
614:
524:
455:
425:
413:
5627:
3405:
3155:
Larvae as Degradation Agents of Expanded Polystyrene Foam"
2533:"Polystyrene phonograph record and process of manufacture"
1920:(SAN) has a greater thermal resistance than pure styrene.
1689:
If styrene-butane co-polymer has a high butylene content,
1251:
Polystyrene (PS) is used for producing disposable plastic
407:
4622:"Maryland Foam Packaging Ban, Energy Bills to Become Law"
4483:
3965:
Kunststoffe: Synthese, Herstellungsverfahren, Apparaturen
3907:
LONG-TERM WATER ABSORPTION OF EXPANDED POLYSTYRENE BOARDS
1682:, SBC by anionic block co-polymerization, which makes it
842:
relationship of consecutive phenyl groups determines the
796:(interconnect). In the polymerization, the carbon-carbon
697:, China carrying a lot of expanded polystyrene packaging.
479:
368:
5296:"Government Says 2 Common Materials Pose Risk of Cancer"
4977:
Eccleston & Hart Polystrene. Retrieved 21 July 2016.
3171:
2671:"Ueber das Stryol und einige seiner Zersetzungsproducte"
2452:
1595:
757:
The material's properties are determined by short-range
253:
430 °C (806 °F; 703 K) and depolymerizes
4841:"Expanded polystyrene (kaylite): What are its impacts?"
4729:"Even Paper Bags Will Be Banned From N.J. Supermarkets"
3699:
882:
The only commercially important form of polystyrene is
762:
degree of confirmation and slide past each other. This
577:
is a distinct compound). By 1845 Jamaican-born chemist
475:
3514:. American Chemistry Council. May 2014. Archived from
3245:
2673:("On styrol and some of its decomposition products"),
2400:
1714:
1670:
Styrene-butane co-polymers can be produced with a low
1578:
Commonly extruded polystyrene foam materials include:
693:
Expanded polystyrene is lightweight. This is a man in
5512:"Foul Play Considered in Channel Tunnel Fire Inquiry"
4755:
Ying Sun, Nina & Toloken, Steve (21 March 2013).
3610:. Australia: Australian Urethane & Styrene. 2010.
3443:"Foaming of Polystyrene/ Thermoplastic Starch Blends"
434:
419:
401:
5628:
Lettieri TR, Hartman AW, Hembree GG, Marx E (1991).
3702:"FEA of oblique impact tests on a motorcycle helmet"
3291:"Bacteria Turn Styrofoam into Biodegradable Plastic"
3039:
3037:
2600:
2553:
2422:
Polystyrene â Synthesis, Production and Applications
428:
422:
410:
404:
5618:
Take a Closer Look at Today's Polystyrene Packaging
4867:
Single-Use Item Reduction Strategy, Zero Waste 2040
4757:"China moves to end its 'ban' on PS food packaging"
3997:
3666:
3648:(Report). SAE Technical Paper Series. Vol. 1.
3370:
2819:
2747:. National Inventor's Hall of Fame. 16 August 2023.
2488:
Introduction to Plastics Science Teaching Resources
1322:Thin sheets of polystyrene are used in polystyrene
416:
4449:
3440:
3408:Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics
2023:, banned CFC food containers. The following year,
1882:
901:of ~90 °C. Polymerization is initiated with
4958:Polystyrene recycling. Retrieved 17 October 2019.
4191:. New York: Nova Science Publishers. p. 59.
3991:
3762:
3034:
2759:"Styrofoam, a Practical and Problematic Creation"
894:. The plastic has a glass transition temperature
867:polystyrene, which is not produced commercially.
661:(EPS) foam under the trade name Dylite. In 1960,
598:, following the thesis of German organic chemist
6887:
5429:"Microwaving food in plastic: Dangerous or not?"
4419:
4417:
4182:
4180:
4038:
3669:Design of the SAFER Emergency Gate Using LS-DYNA
1330:, but has largely fallen out of use in favor of
5548:work. Licensed under Cc BY-SA 3.0 IGO (
5047:
5045:
5043:
5041:
3165:
1479:
1311:. Post-mold surface modification, usually with
1001:In 2016, it was also reported that superworms (
482:), containers, lids, bottles, trays, tumblers,
110:
5558:, United Nations Environment Programme.
4605:. E-The Environmental Magazine. Archived from
4600:
4133:Yousif, Emad; Haddad, Raghad (December 2013).
3074:
2997:
2901:
2513:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry
1965:. For this reason commercial products contain
1747:: The growing polystyrene chain reacts with a
1556:Extruded polystyrene material is also used in
1230:
6512:
6005:
5686:
5352:Journal of the Food Hygienic Society of Japan
5253:
4619:
4533:
4425:"Berkeley Widens Ban on Foam Food Containers"
4414:
4177:
2669:Blyth, John, and Hofmann, Aug. Wilh. (1845).
2011:(CFC), which was a former component of foam.
1665:
1540:
1388:
376:cup; fine details such as the glass and fork
5544: This article incorporates text from a
5038:
4452:"Styrofoam food packaging banned in Oakland"
4132:
4095:Global Warming Potentials of ODS Substitutes
3373:Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials
3350:van der Vegt, A.K. and Govaert, L.E. (2003)
2879:. Dart Container Corporation. Archived from
2723:"Business Gives Styrofoam a Rare Redemption"
2453:John Scheirs; Duane Priddy (28 March 2003).
2418:
2089:
1952:
4990:Oh, Sewon; Stache, Erin E. (6 April 2022).
4106:
3706:International Journal of Impact Engineering
3307:
3225:"Immortal Polystyrene Foam Meets its Enemy"
2158:In general, polystyrene is not accepted in
1859:
908:
668:
6519:
6505:
6012:
5998:
5693:
5679:
4371:"Ban on Plastics in Suffolk Is Overturned"
4344:"Suffolk Votes A Bill to Ban Plastic Bags"
4312:"Berkeley Barring Use of a Food Container"
4000:Kunststoffe: Eigenschaften und Anwendungen
3043:
2761:. Science History Institute. 31 July 2018.
2425:. iSmithers Rapra Publishing. p. 15.
1981:Discarded polystyrene cup on the shore of
559:, the resin of the Oriental sweetgum tree
527:standards, polystyrene is regarded as not
474:used for storage of optical discs such as
186:
156:
5653:
5404:
5363:
4985:
4983:
4601:Dineen, Shauna (NovemberâDecember 2005).
4511:. Town of Freeport, Maine. Archived from
4160:
4150:
3985:"Ăbersicht Polystyrol auf chemgapedia.de"
3799:, Insight database from Ceresana Research
3604:Expanded Polystyrene (EPS) Technical Data
3560:"Products: graphite enhanced polystyrene"
3199:
3189:
3068:
2507:
2505:
2484:"Common Plastic Resins Used in Packaging"
2412:
2362:Wypych, George (2012). "PS polystyrene".
1826:SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS
1346:Closeup of expanded polystyrene packaging
994:, the larvae form of the darkling beetle
5602:â The University of Southern Mississippi
5482:
5054:
4996:Journal of the American Chemical Society
4989:
4394:
4046:"PS-Pfropfcopolymere auf chemgapedia.de"
3808:
3334:(2nd Edition). Oxford University Press.
3147:"A Comparative Study of the Efficacy of
2706:Bulletin de la Société Chimique de Paris
2145:
2093:
1976:
1949:from both land and maritime activities.
1585:, also known as Blue Board, produced by
1544:
1412:Section of a block of thermocol under a
1407:
1392:
1341:
1242:
1234:
688:
672:
367:
359:
351:
5287:
4956:https://expandedpoly.co.uk/environment/
4932:"Grace period for polystyrene products"
4670:
4477:
3484:. Antenociti's Workshop. Archived from
3479:
1923:
1608:
1484:Sheets of EPS are commonly packaged as
1458:road barriers on automobile race tracks
182:
14:
6888:
6102:Polyethylene terephthalate (PET, PETE)
5567:
5463:
5293:
5133:
4980:
4911:Official Journal of the European Union
4726:
4702:Maryland League of Conservation Voters
4397:"Vote Blocks Plastics Ban For Suffolk"
4368:
4107:Environment, U. N. (21 October 2021).
3932:, Pub. No. 10011642-A, September 2011,
3809:Al-Ajlan, Saleh A. (1 December 2006).
3620:
3310:"Making and using an expanded plastic"
3288:
3248:Environmental Science & Technology
3126:. Living Earth Systems. 8 October 2016
3078:Environmental Science & Technology
2502:
2406:
2394:
2361:
1358:, has superior insulation properties.
877:
547:Polystyrene was discovered in 1839 by
147:
27:Polymer resin widely used in packaging
6500:
6042:Cross-linked polyethylene (PEX, XLPE)
6037:Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS)
5993:
5674:
5571:CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics
4879:
4186:
3770:"Dow Chemical Company Styrofoam page"
3756:"Moulding Expanded Polystyrene (EPS)"
3482:"Blue Foam, Pink Foam and Foam Board"
3144:
3052:. Stanford University. Archived from
2478:
2476:
1761:represents in the figure the styrene
1596:Water absorption of polystyrene foams
990:In 2015, researchers discovered that
713:). Polystyrene's chemical formula is
6854:List of environmental health hazards
6774:List of environmental health hazards
5948:List of environmental health hazards
5431:. Harvard Health. 20 September 2017.
4780:
3835:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2006.04.006
3301:
2459:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 3.
5443:"Polystyrene & Health Homepage"
5327:. U.S. Food and Drug Administration
4815:"Government bans kaylite packaging"
4727:Zaveri, Mihir (25 September 2020).
4534:Tony Dokoupil (22 September 2015).
4450:Herron Zamora, Jim (28 June 2006).
4060:"styrenic block copolymers â IISRP"
4032:"SchlagzÀhes PS auf chemgapedia.de"
3222:
2098:Expanded polystyrene waste in Japan
2086:and cups made of polystyrene foam.
1715:Impact-resistant polystyrene (PS-I)
1686:in case of appropriate block size.
609:began manufacturing polystyrene in
24:
6659:Miscellaneous additives incl. PHCs
5833:Miscellaneous additives incl. PHCs
5608:â Society of the Plastics Industry
4783:"letter to Public Works Committee"
4671:The Sun, Baltimore (24 May 2019).
3289:Biello, David (27 February 2006).
2473:
2372:10.1016/B978-1-895198-47-8.50162-4
815:
804:is broken and a new carbon-carbon
531:. It is accumulating as a form of
285:0.033 W/(m·K) (foam, Ï 0.05 g/cm)
25:
6942:
5593:
5464:Entine, Jon (14 September 2011).
5385:Environmental Health Perspectives
5348:"äœżăæšăŠćŒćœćźčćšăăæș¶ćșăăăčăăŹăłăă€ăăŒćăłăăȘăăŒăźćźé"
5294:Harris, Gardiner (10 June 2011).
4480:"San Jose Approves Styrofoam Ban"
3857:"National Commercial Corporation"
3000:Critical Reviews in Biotechnology
2793:
2490:. American Chemistry Council, Inc
2073:Dutch Ministry of the Environment
1063:
886:, in which the phenyl groups are
6191:
6185:
6077:Polybutylene terephthalate (PBT)
6052:Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)
5620:(brochure by the industry group
5568:Haynes, William M., ed. (2011).
5539:
5504:
5476:
5457:
5435:
5421:
5372:
5339:
5313:
5195:
5165:
5127:
5099:
5073:
4961:
4505:"CHAPTER 33 STYROFOAM ORDINANCE"
4478:Sanchez, Kris (27 August 2013).
3621:Howard, Kevin A. (8 June 1993).
3352:Polymeren, van keten tot kunstof
3044:Jordan, R. (29 September 2015).
2675:Annalen der Chemie und Pharmacie
2287:DĂŒsseldorf International Airport
2213:polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
2029:Society of the Plastics Industry
2014:
1161:Coefficient of thermal expansion
870:
827:, and those carbons that have a
823:Each carbon of the backbone has
773:about as strong as an unalloyed
681:, and releases large amounts of
397:
63:
54:
45:
6057:Poly(ethyl methacrylate) (PEMA)
5561:
5061:Polystyrene Foam Burning Danger
4949:
4924:
4899:
4873:
4859:
4833:
4807:
4774:
4748:
4720:
4690:
4664:
4639:
4613:
4594:
4572:
4550:
4527:
4497:
4471:
4443:
4395:Barbanel, Josh (4 March 1992).
4388:
4369:Hevesi, Dennis (4 March 1990).
4362:
4336:
4304:
4282:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.10.001
4252:
4205:
4126:
4113:UNEP - UN Environment Programme
4100:
4088:
4069:
4052:
4024:
3977:
3954:
3935:
3919:
3899:
3874:
3849:
3802:
3788:
3748:
3693:
3660:
3636:
3614:
3595:
3582:
3552:
3530:
3500:
3473:
3434:
3399:
3364:
3344:
3324:
3282:
3239:
3216:
3138:
3112:
2991:
2965:
2940:
2914:
2895:
2869:
2856:
2813:
2787:
2765:
2751:
2737:
2715:
2694:
2684:
2663:
2638:
2594:
2260:
2190:
1928:
1889:Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene
1883:Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene
1782:SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS
813:of 100,000â400,000 g/mol.
337:(at 25 °C , 100 kPa).
6420:Category:Plastics applications
6167:Styrene maleic anhydride (SMA)
6162:Polyvinylidene chloride (PVDC)
6147:Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)
4880:Pyzyk, Katie (29 March 2019).
4582:. Green Restaurant Association
4218:Journal of Hazardous Materials
4189:Marine pollution: new research
3726:10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2008.12.011
2547:
2525:
2446:
2355:
2281:. It must be concealed behind
1621:
930:
454:. Polystyrene can be solid or
364:A polystyrene yogurt container
356:Expanded polystyrene packaging
13:
1:
6901:Building insulation materials
6127:Poly(p-phenylene oxide) (PPO)
5612:Polystyrene: Local Ordinances
5606:SPI resin identification code
5470:American Enterprise Institute
5120:10.1016/S0021-9673(01)90737-X
4936:Fiji Broadcasting Corporation
4704:. 30 May 2019. Archived from
4626:news.bloombergenvironment.com
4230:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123980
3012:10.1080/07388551.2017.1355293
2646:"Ueber den flĂŒssigen Storax (
2521:10.1002/14356007.a21_615.pub2
2348:
1999:Phase-out of polystyrene foam
1914:solid phase peptide synthesis
1851:of the polymers is very low (
1849:molecular weight distribution
1698:FloryâHuggins solution theory
1535:expanded polystyrene concrete
1474:brand of extruded polystyrene
1142:Glass transition temperature
780:
6844:Persistent organic pollutant
6805:Toxic Substances Control Act
6764:Persistent organic pollutant
6047:Ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA)
6019:
5979:Toxic Substances Control Act
5938:Persistent organic pollutant
5614:â Californians Against Waste
5550:license statement/permission
5265:"12th Report on Carcinogens"
4085:. Earth Resource Foundation.
3998:Domininghaus, Hans. (2012).
3447:Journal of Cellular Plastics
3308:Goodier, K. (22 June 1961).
3223:Roy, Robert (7 March 2006).
2624:10.1016/j.envpol.2014.01.019
2178:
2141:
2069:Green Restaurant Association
1490:lamination with cement board
1480:EPS in building construction
1247:Disposable polystyrene razor
982:
914:ZieglerâNatta polymerization
849:
831:(benzene ring) attached are
502:glass transition temperature
32:Polystyrene (disambiguation)
7:
6837:Great Pacific garbage patch
6759:Great Pacific garbage patch
6172:Styrene-acrylonitrile (SAN)
6087:Polyetheretherketone (PEEK)
5933:Great Pacific garbage patch
5269:National Toxicology Program
5261:National Toxicology Program
5179:. 2010â2011. Archived from
5108:Journal of Chromatography A
4781:Quan, Jean (13 June 2006).
3815:Applied Thermal Engineering
2296:
2005:environmental organisations
1992:
1918:Styrene-acrylonitrile resin
1231:Sheet or molded polystyrene
1009:Ateneo de Manila University
10:
6947:
6800:Japan Toxic Substances Law
6595:Miscellaneous plasticizers
5974:Japan Toxic Substances Law
5769:Miscellaneous plasticizers
5622:American Chemistry Council
5534:
5177:American Chemistry Council
5134:Gurman, Joshua L. (1987).
2323:Structural insulated panel
2230:American Chemistry Council
2198:American Chemistry Council
1996:
1886:
1863:
1666:Styrene-butane co-polymers
1541:Extruded polystyrene (XPS)
1519:International Code Council
1514:) of EPS is around 30â70.
1494:structural insulated panel
1389:Expanded polystyrene (EPS)
1326:as it forms a very stable
789:that results when styrene
766:weakness (versus the high
657:, Pennsylvania, developed
583:August Wilhelm von Hofmann
542:
446:made from monomers of the
29:
6874:
6819:
6795:European REACH regulation
6790:California Proposition 65
6782:
6739:
6696:
6658:
6625:
6594:
6540:
6533:polyhalogenated compounds
6489:
6434:
6410:High-performance plastics
6379:
6372:
6284:
6243:
6235:High-performance plastics
6200:
6183:
6027:
5969:European REACH regulation
5964:California Proposition 65
5956:
5913:
5870:
5832:
5799:
5768:
5714:
5707:polyhalogenated compounds
5365:10.3358/shokueishi.41.200
5217:10.1080/10937400252972162
4907:"Directive (EU) 2019/904"
4262:Marine Pollution Bulletin
4187:Hofer, Tobias N. (2008).
3905:Gnip, Ivan et al. (2007)
2223:
2218:
2152:resin identification code
2090:Outside the United States
2064:prescribed temperatures.
1972:
1961:but it is susceptible to
1953:Environmental degradation
1896:
1634:and other modifications (
1352:insulating concrete forms
1225:polymer-bonded explosives
1070:
1049:is capable of converting
382:resin identification code
331:
313:
198:
94:
86:
76:
71:
62:
53:
44:
18:Expanded polystyrene foam
6220:Fibre-reinforced plastic
6157:Polyvinyl chloride (PVC)
5445:. Energy Justice Network
5066:26 February 2015 at the
4973:22 November 2020 at the
3459:10.1177/0021955X07076532
3385:10.1177/0892705704035405
2338:Insulating concrete form
2025:Suffolk County, New York
1860:Styrene-butadiene rubber
1704:. Under tensile stress,
1691:styrene-butadiene rubber
1564:building, in particular
1337:
1210:Polystyrene is commonly
1204:X years, still decaying
909:Syndiotactic polystyrene
669:Structure and production
384:symbol are easily molded
6271:Biodegradable additives
5600:Polystyrene Composition
5552:). Text taken from
5483:Nelligan, R.J. (2006).
4870:City of Vancouver, 2018
4457:San Francisco Chronicle
4152:10.1186/2193-1801-2-398
4076:Polystyrene Foam Report
3947:6 February 2015 at the
3912:28 January 2018 at the
3677:10.1115/imece2005-81078
3540:. EPS Industry Alliance
3512:ChemicalSafetyFacts.org
3330:Mark, James E. (2009).
3098:10.1021/acs.est.5b02661
2862:Ferrigno, T.H. (1967).
2604:Environmental Pollution
2515:, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim,
2277:if the material is not
1680:graft co-polymerization
1011:found that compared to
916:can produce an ordered
6686:Perfluorooctanoic acid
6122:Polyphenyl ether (PPE)
6117:Polyoxymethylene (POM)
6062:Polyacrylic acid (PAA)
5860:Perfluorooctanoic acid
4651:environmentamerica.org
4580:"Disposables Standard"
3796:Expandable Polystyrene
3590:U.S. patent 02,023,204
2866:, 2nd edition. p. 207.
2239:
2206:electricity generation
2155:
2154:symbol for polystyrene
2099:
1985:
1745:Graft copolymerization
1678:. PS-I is prepared by
1550:
1421:
1405:
1347:
1248:
1240:
1174:Specific heat capacity
820:
698:
686:
562:Liquidambar orientalis
385:
378:food contact materials
365:
357:
81:Poly(1-phenylethylene)
6866:Biodegradable plastic
6215:Thermosetting polymer
6112:Polylactic acid (PLA)
5152:10.1002/fam.810110302
4429:The Los Angeles Times
4081:25 March 2013 at the
3332:Polymer Data Handbook
3191:10.1099/mgen.0.000842
3050:Stanford News Service
2700:Berthelot, M. (1866)
2419:Wunsch, J.R. (2000).
2328:Polystyrene sulfonate
2275:building construction
2234:
2149:
2097:
1980:
1548:
1523:limiting oxygen index
1411:
1396:
1345:
1246:
1238:
1151:Vicat softening point
1055:biodegradable plastic
967:polystyrene into its
954:combusts incompletely
819:
692:
676:
371:
363:
355:
6877:Identification codes
6477:Foam food containers
6400:Engineering plastics
5646:10.6028/jres.096.044
5146:(3). NIST: 109â130.
5008:10.1021/jacs.2c01411
4609:on 12 November 2006.
3654:10.4271/2006-01-3612
3630:United States Patent
3145:Aumentado, Dominic.
2973:"What is Pyrolysis?"
2926:Chemistry LibreTexts
2864:Rigid Plastics Foams
2364:Handbook of Polymers
2084:foam food containers
2021:Berkeley, California
1924:Environmental issues
1904:is a copolymer with
1609:Oriented polystyrene
1570:corrugated cardboard
1508:diffusion resistance
1500:Thermal conductivity
1441:, molded sheets for
1404:) stems for artwork.
1376:Dow Chemical Company
1120:Elongation at break
956:as indicated by the
950:aromatic hydrocarbon
825:tetrahedral geometry
659:expanded polystyrene
309:2.6 (1 kHz â 1 GHz)
281:Thermal conductivity
233:0.96â1.05 g/cm
30:For other uses, see
6926:Commodity chemicals
6911:Packaging materials
6716:Endocrine disruptor
6314:Compression molding
6266:Polymer stabilizers
5890:Endocrine disruptor
4620:Andrew M. Ballard.
4324:. 24 September 1987
4274:2018MarPB.137..157S
3882:"Technical details"
3827:2006AppTE..26.2184A
3718:2009IJIE...36..913M
3488:on 26 February 2008
3420:2002JPoSB..40..723D
3295:Scientific American
3260:2006EnST...40.2433W
3090:2015EnST...4912080Y
2834:1960NCim...15S..68N
2745:"Otis Ray McIntire"
2725:. 21 September 2007
2616:2014EPoll.188...45K
2308:Foam food container
2160:curbside collection
2042:Oakland, California
2009:chlorofluorocarbons
1957:Polystyrene is not
1464:"styrofoam" in the
1443:building insulation
1401:Aeschynomene aspera
1298:containers such as
878:Atactic polystyrene
588:Marcellin Berthelot
581:and German chemist
307:dielectric constant
260:Solubility in water
41:
6731:Polymer fume fever
6390:Commodity plastics
6364:Rotational molding
6334:Fiberglass molding
6294:Injection moulding
6276:Filler (materials)
6225:Corrugated plastic
6177:Tritan copolyester
6132:Polypropylene (PP)
6082:Polycarbonate (PC)
5905:Polymer fume fever
5518:. 28 November 1996
5300:The New York Times
5140:Fire and Materials
5081:"Ease of Disposal"
4795:on 23 October 2006
4734:The New York Times
4401:The New York Times
4375:The New York Times
4348:The New York Times
4317:The New York Times
3930:Technical Bulletin
3861:www.nathanibiz.com
3538:"Recycle Your EPS"
3428:10.1002/polb.10129
3354:, DUP Blue Print,
3178:Microbial Genomics
2979:. 29 December 2012
2922:"The Phenyl Group"
2842:10.1007/BF02731861
2654:Annalen der Chemie
2366:. pp. 541â7.
2156:
2118:The government of
2100:
1986:
1939:hydrofluorocarbons
1551:
1472:of Dow Chemical's
1454:motorcycle helmets
1422:
1406:
1348:
1249:
1241:
1129:Charpy impact test
1046:Pseudomonas putida
821:
785:Polystyrene is an
743:; it contains the
699:
687:
600:Hermann Staudinger
555:from Berlin. From
491:phonograph records
386:
366:
358:
341:Infobox references
314:Related compounds
39:
6883:
6882:
6861:Plastic recycling
6827:Plastic pollution
6813:
6812:
6747:Plastic pollution
6527:Health issues of
6485:
6484:
6381:Plastics industry
6299:Plastic extrusion
6152:Polyurethane (PU)
6142:Polysulfone (PES)
6097:Polyethylene (PE)
6072:Polybutylene (PB)
5987:
5986:
5921:Plastic pollution
5701:Health issues of
5574:(92nd ed.).
5397:10.1289/ehp.10724
5183:on 24 August 2011
5002:(13): 5745â5749.
4198:978-1-60456-242-2
3821:(17): 2184â2191.
3340:978-0-19-518101-2
3268:10.1021/es0517668
3056:on 8 January 2021
2660: : 265â277.
2644:Simon, E. (1839)
2572:10.1021/la0611099
2566:(18): 7748â7754.
2466:978-0-471-49752-3
2432:978-1-85957-191-0
2409:, pp. 13â17.
2381:978-1-895198-47-8
2267:organic compounds
1967:light stabilizers
1866:Styrene-butadiene
1693:(SBR) is formed.
1285:injection molding
1208:
1207:
1079:16â640 kg/m
745:chemical elements
709:(a derivative of
579:John Buddle Blyth
478:and occasionally
349:Chemical compound
347:
346:
320:Related compounds
167:CompTox Dashboard
16:(Redirected from
6938:
6906:Organic polymers
6752:Rubber pollution
6602:Organophosphates
6521:
6514:
6507:
6498:
6497:
6377:
6376:
6349:Filament winding
6324:Transfer molding
6251:Polymer additive
6195:
6189:
6137:Polystyrene (PS)
6014:
6007:
6000:
5991:
5990:
5926:Rubber pollution
5776:Organophosphates
5695:
5688:
5681:
5672:
5671:
5667:
5657:
5589:
5543:
5528:
5527:
5525:
5523:
5508:
5502:
5501:
5491:
5480:
5474:
5473:
5461:
5455:
5454:
5452:
5450:
5439:
5433:
5432:
5425:
5419:
5418:
5408:
5376:
5370:
5369:
5367:
5343:
5337:
5336:
5334:
5332:
5317:
5311:
5310:
5308:
5306:
5291:
5285:
5284:
5282:
5280:
5271:. Archived from
5263:(10 June 2011).
5257:
5251:
5248:
5236:
5199:
5193:
5192:
5190:
5188:
5169:
5163:
5162:
5160:
5158:
5131:
5125:
5123:
5103:
5097:
5096:
5094:
5092:
5083:. Archived from
5077:
5071:
5058:
5052:
5049:
5036:
5035:
4987:
4978:
4965:
4959:
4953:
4947:
4946:
4944:
4942:
4928:
4922:
4921:
4919:
4917:
4903:
4897:
4896:
4894:
4892:
4877:
4871:
4863:
4857:
4856:
4854:
4852:
4837:
4831:
4830:
4828:
4826:
4811:
4805:
4804:
4802:
4800:
4794:
4788:. Archived from
4787:
4778:
4772:
4771:
4769:
4767:
4752:
4746:
4745:
4743:
4741:
4724:
4718:
4717:
4715:
4713:
4694:
4688:
4687:
4685:
4683:
4677:baltimoresun.com
4668:
4662:
4661:
4659:
4657:
4643:
4637:
4636:
4634:
4632:
4617:
4611:
4610:
4598:
4592:
4591:
4589:
4587:
4576:
4570:
4569:
4567:
4565:
4554:
4548:
4547:
4545:
4543:
4531:
4525:
4524:
4522:
4520:
4515:on 29 March 2014
4501:
4495:
4494:
4492:
4490:
4475:
4469:
4468:
4466:
4464:
4447:
4441:
4440:
4438:
4436:
4421:
4412:
4411:
4409:
4407:
4392:
4386:
4385:
4383:
4381:
4366:
4360:
4359:
4357:
4355:
4340:
4334:
4333:
4331:
4329:
4322:Associated Press
4308:
4302:
4301:
4256:
4250:
4249:
4209:
4203:
4202:
4184:
4175:
4174:
4164:
4154:
4130:
4124:
4123:
4121:
4119:
4104:
4098:
4092:
4086:
4073:
4067:
4066:
4064:
4056:
4050:
4049:
4042:
4036:
4035:
4028:
4022:
4021:
3995:
3989:
3988:
3981:
3975:
3958:
3952:
3939:
3933:
3923:
3917:
3903:
3897:
3896:
3894:
3892:
3878:
3872:
3871:
3869:
3867:
3853:
3847:
3846:
3806:
3800:
3792:
3786:
3785:
3783:
3781:
3776:on 24 March 2008
3772:. Archived from
3766:
3760:
3759:
3752:
3746:
3745:
3697:
3691:
3690:
3664:
3658:
3657:
3640:
3634:
3633:
3627:
3618:
3612:
3611:
3609:
3599:
3593:
3592:
3586:
3580:
3579:
3577:
3575:
3570:on 11 March 2018
3566:. Archived from
3556:
3550:
3549:
3547:
3545:
3534:
3528:
3527:
3525:
3523:
3504:
3498:
3497:
3495:
3493:
3477:
3471:
3470:
3438:
3432:
3431:
3403:
3397:
3396:
3368:
3362:
3348:
3342:
3328:
3322:
3321:
3305:
3299:
3298:
3286:
3280:
3279:
3243:
3237:
3236:
3234:
3232:
3220:
3214:
3213:
3203:
3193:
3169:
3163:
3162:
3149:Tenebrio molitor
3142:
3136:
3135:
3133:
3131:
3116:
3110:
3109:
3072:
3066:
3065:
3063:
3061:
3041:
3032:
3031:
2995:
2989:
2988:
2986:
2984:
2977:AZoCleantech.com
2969:
2963:
2962:
2960:
2958:
2952:www.idemitsu.com
2944:
2938:
2937:
2935:
2933:
2928:. 2 October 2013
2918:
2912:
2911:
2910:
2906:
2899:
2893:
2892:
2890:
2888:
2873:
2867:
2860:
2854:
2853:
2822:Il Nuovo Cimento
2817:
2811:
2810:
2808:
2806:
2791:
2785:
2784:
2782:
2780:
2775:. www.invent.org
2769:
2763:
2762:
2755:
2749:
2748:
2741:
2735:
2734:
2732:
2730:
2719:
2713:
2698:
2692:
2688:
2682:
2667:
2661:
2642:
2636:
2635:
2598:
2592:
2591:
2551:
2545:
2544:
2542:
2540:
2529:
2523:
2509:
2500:
2499:
2497:
2495:
2480:
2471:
2470:
2450:
2444:
2443:
2441:
2439:
2416:
2410:
2404:
2398:
2392:
2386:
2385:
2359:
2055:On 1 July 2015,
2034:Portland, Oregon
1906:maleic anhydride
1830:
1827:
1824:
1821:
1818:
1815:
1811:
1808:
1805:
1802:
1798:
1795:
1792:
1789:
1786:
1783:
1769:
1760:
1726:mpact resistant
1676:impact resistant
1632:copolymerization
1437:EPS is used for
1414:light microscope
1261:CD "jewel" cases
1212:injection molded
1189:Water absorption
1103:Tensile strength
1068:
1067:
1013:Tenebrio molitor
996:Tenebrio molitor
874:
854:In polystyrene,
787:addition polymer
742:
741:
740:
732:
731:
723:
722:
441:
440:
437:
436:
433:
430:
427:
424:
421:
418:
415:
412:
409:
406:
403:
292:Refractive index
206:Chemical formula
191:
190:
175:
173:
160:
149:
114:
67:
58:
49:
42:
38:
21:
6946:
6945:
6941:
6940:
6939:
6937:
6936:
6935:
6886:
6885:
6884:
6879:
6870:
6815:
6814:
6809:
6778:
6735:
6692:
6654:
6621:
6590:
6536:
6525:
6491:
6481:
6430:
6368:
6354:Solvent bonding
6344:Plastic welding
6286:
6280:
6239:
6202:
6196:
6190:
6181:
6092:Polyester (PEs)
6029:
6023:
6018:
5988:
5983:
5952:
5909:
5866:
5828:
5795:
5764:
5710:
5699:
5596:
5586:
5564:
5537:
5532:
5531:
5521:
5519:
5516:The Irish Times
5510:
5509:
5505:
5489:
5481:
5477:
5462:
5458:
5448:
5446:
5441:
5440:
5436:
5427:
5426:
5422:
5377:
5373:
5354:(in Japanese).
5344:
5340:
5330:
5328:
5319:
5318:
5314:
5304:
5302:
5292:
5288:
5278:
5276:
5275:on 12 June 2011
5258:
5254:
5239:
5200:
5196:
5186:
5184:
5171:
5170:
5166:
5156:
5154:
5132:
5128:
5104:
5100:
5090:
5088:
5079:
5078:
5074:
5068:Wayback Machine
5059:
5055:
5050:
5039:
4988:
4981:
4975:Wayback Machine
4966:
4962:
4954:
4950:
4940:
4938:
4930:
4929:
4925:
4915:
4913:
4905:
4904:
4900:
4890:
4888:
4878:
4874:
4864:
4860:
4850:
4848:
4839:
4838:
4834:
4824:
4822:
4813:
4812:
4808:
4798:
4796:
4792:
4785:
4779:
4775:
4765:
4763:
4753:
4749:
4739:
4737:
4725:
4721:
4711:
4709:
4708:on 20 June 2019
4698:"2019 Foam Ban"
4696:
4695:
4691:
4681:
4679:
4669:
4665:
4655:
4653:
4645:
4644:
4640:
4630:
4628:
4618:
4614:
4599:
4595:
4585:
4583:
4578:
4577:
4573:
4563:
4561:
4556:
4555:
4551:
4541:
4539:
4532:
4528:
4518:
4516:
4503:
4502:
4498:
4488:
4486:
4476:
4472:
4462:
4460:
4448:
4444:
4434:
4432:
4423:
4422:
4415:
4405:
4403:
4393:
4389:
4379:
4377:
4367:
4363:
4353:
4351:
4350:. 30 March 1988
4342:
4341:
4337:
4327:
4325:
4310:
4309:
4305:
4257:
4253:
4210:
4206:
4199:
4185:
4178:
4131:
4127:
4117:
4115:
4105:
4101:
4093:
4089:
4083:Wayback Machine
4074:
4070:
4062:
4058:
4057:
4053:
4044:
4043:
4039:
4030:
4029:
4025:
4010:
3996:
3992:
3983:
3982:
3978:
3959:
3955:
3949:Wayback Machine
3940:
3936:
3924:
3920:
3914:Wayback Machine
3904:
3900:
3890:
3888:
3880:
3879:
3875:
3865:
3863:
3855:
3854:
3850:
3807:
3803:
3793:
3789:
3779:
3777:
3768:
3767:
3763:
3754:
3753:
3749:
3698:
3694:
3687:
3665:
3661:
3641:
3637:
3625:
3619:
3615:
3607:
3601:
3600:
3596:
3588:
3587:
3583:
3573:
3571:
3558:
3557:
3553:
3543:
3541:
3536:
3535:
3531:
3521:
3519:
3518:on 8 March 2018
3506:
3505:
3501:
3491:
3489:
3478:
3474:
3439:
3435:
3404:
3400:
3369:
3365:
3349:
3345:
3329:
3325:
3306:
3302:
3287:
3283:
3244:
3240:
3230:
3228:
3221:
3217:
3170:
3166:
3143:
3139:
3129:
3127:
3118:
3117:
3113:
3084:(20): 12080â6.
3073:
3069:
3059:
3057:
3042:
3035:
2996:
2992:
2982:
2980:
2971:
2970:
2966:
2956:
2954:
2946:
2945:
2941:
2931:
2929:
2920:
2919:
2915:
2908:
2900:
2896:
2886:
2884:
2875:
2874:
2870:
2861:
2857:
2818:
2814:
2804:
2802:
2792:
2788:
2778:
2776:
2771:
2770:
2766:
2757:
2756:
2752:
2743:
2742:
2738:
2728:
2726:
2721:
2720:
2716:
2699:
2695:
2689:
2685:
2668:
2664:
2648:Styrax liquidus
2643:
2639:
2599:
2595:
2552:
2548:
2538:
2536:
2535:. 22 March 1949
2531:
2530:
2526:
2510:
2503:
2493:
2491:
2482:
2481:
2474:
2467:
2451:
2447:
2437:
2435:
2433:
2417:
2413:
2405:
2401:
2393:
2389:
2382:
2360:
2356:
2351:
2299:
2279:flame-retardant
2263:
2226:
2221:
2193:
2181:
2144:
2092:
2050:Freeport, Maine
2017:
2001:
1995:
1975:
1963:photo-oxidation
1955:
1931:
1926:
1899:
1891:
1885:
1868:
1862:
1828:
1825:
1822:
1819:
1816:
1813:
1809:
1806:
1803:
1800:
1796:
1793:
1790:
1787:
1784:
1781:
1767:
1758:
1717:
1668:
1624:
1611:
1598:
1543:
1482:
1439:food containers
1391:
1340:
1324:film capacitors
1233:
1111:
1085:Young's modulus
1076:Density of EPS
1066:
1037:Corynebacterium
985:
963:The process of
933:
926:
911:
900:
880:
852:
783:
739:
736:
735:
734:
730:
727:
726:
725:
721:
718:
717:
716:
714:
677:Polystyrene is
671:
651:Koppers Company
545:
535:in the outside
512:) and also for
468:packing peanuts
442:is a synthetic
400:
396:
380:symbol and the
350:
343:
338:
321:
302:
300:
262:
222:
218:
214:
208:
194:
176:
169:
141:
117:
104:
90:
82:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6944:
6934:
6933:
6931:Vinyl polymers
6928:
6923:
6921:Thermoplastics
6918:
6916:Food packaging
6913:
6908:
6903:
6898:
6881:
6880:
6875:
6872:
6871:
6869:
6868:
6863:
6858:
6857:
6856:
6851:
6846:
6841:
6840:
6839:
6823:
6821:
6817:
6816:
6811:
6810:
6808:
6807:
6802:
6797:
6792:
6786:
6784:
6780:
6779:
6777:
6776:
6771:
6766:
6761:
6756:
6755:
6754:
6743:
6741:
6737:
6736:
6734:
6733:
6728:
6723:
6718:
6713:
6708:
6702:
6700:
6694:
6693:
6691:
6690:
6689:
6688:
6678:
6673:
6668:
6662:
6660:
6656:
6655:
6653:
6652:
6645:Vinyl chloride
6642:
6639:Polycarbonates
6631:
6629:
6623:
6622:
6620:
6619:
6613:
6604:
6598:
6596:
6592:
6591:
6589:
6588:
6583:
6578:
6572:
6567:
6561:
6556:
6550:
6548:
6538:
6537:
6524:
6523:
6516:
6509:
6501:
6495:
6493:
6487:
6486:
6483:
6482:
6480:
6479:
6474:
6469:
6464:
6459:
6454:
6452:Packaging film
6449:
6444:
6438:
6436:
6435:Specific goods
6432:
6431:
6429:
6428:
6422:
6417:
6412:
6407:
6402:
6397:
6392:
6386:
6384:
6374:
6370:
6369:
6367:
6366:
6361:
6359:Vacuum forming
6356:
6351:
6346:
6341:
6336:
6331:
6326:
6321:
6316:
6311:
6306:
6301:
6296:
6290:
6288:
6282:
6281:
6279:
6278:
6273:
6268:
6263:
6258:
6253:
6247:
6245:
6241:
6240:
6238:
6237:
6232:
6230:Polymeric foam
6227:
6222:
6217:
6212:
6206:
6204:
6198:
6197:
6184:
6182:
6180:
6179:
6174:
6169:
6164:
6159:
6154:
6149:
6144:
6139:
6134:
6129:
6124:
6119:
6114:
6109:
6107:Polyimide (PI)
6104:
6099:
6094:
6089:
6084:
6079:
6074:
6069:
6067:Polyamide (PA)
6064:
6059:
6054:
6049:
6044:
6039:
6033:
6031:
6025:
6024:
6017:
6016:
6009:
6002:
5994:
5985:
5984:
5982:
5981:
5976:
5971:
5966:
5960:
5958:
5954:
5953:
5951:
5950:
5945:
5940:
5935:
5930:
5929:
5928:
5917:
5915:
5911:
5910:
5908:
5907:
5902:
5897:
5892:
5887:
5882:
5876:
5874:
5868:
5867:
5865:
5864:
5863:
5862:
5852:
5847:
5842:
5836:
5834:
5830:
5829:
5827:
5826:
5819:Vinyl chloride
5816:
5813:Polycarbonates
5805:
5803:
5797:
5796:
5794:
5793:
5787:
5778:
5772:
5770:
5766:
5765:
5763:
5762:
5757:
5752:
5746:
5741:
5735:
5730:
5724:
5722:
5712:
5711:
5698:
5697:
5690:
5683:
5675:
5669:
5668:
5640:(6): 669â691.
5625:
5615:
5609:
5603:
5595:
5594:External links
5592:
5591:
5590:
5585:978-1439855119
5584:
5563:
5560:
5536:
5533:
5530:
5529:
5503:
5475:
5456:
5434:
5420:
5371:
5358:(3): 200â205.
5338:
5312:
5286:
5252:
5250:
5249:
5211:(1â2): 1â265.
5194:
5164:
5126:
5098:
5087:on 7 June 2009
5072:
5053:
5037:
4979:
4968:EPS recycling.
4960:
4948:
4923:
4898:
4872:
4858:
4847:. 12 July 2017
4832:
4821:. 13 July 2017
4806:
4773:
4747:
4719:
4689:
4663:
4638:
4612:
4593:
4571:
4560:. 30 June 2016
4549:
4526:
4496:
4470:
4442:
4431:. 16 June 1988
4413:
4387:
4361:
4335:
4303:
4251:
4204:
4197:
4176:
4125:
4099:
4087:
4068:
4051:
4037:
4023:
4008:
3990:
3976:
3953:
3934:
3918:
3898:
3873:
3848:
3801:
3787:
3761:
3747:
3712:(7): 913â925.
3692:
3685:
3659:
3635:
3613:
3594:
3581:
3551:
3529:
3499:
3472:
3453:(3): 215â236.
3433:
3414:(8): 723â735.
3398:
3363:
3343:
3323:
3300:
3281:
3238:
3215:
3164:
3153:Zophobas morio
3137:
3111:
3067:
3033:
3006:(2): 308â320.
2990:
2964:
2939:
2913:
2894:
2883:on 4 June 2010
2868:
2855:
2812:
2786:
2764:
2750:
2736:
2714:
2708:, 2nd series,
2693:
2683:
2662:
2637:
2593:
2546:
2524:
2501:
2472:
2465:
2445:
2431:
2411:
2399:
2387:
2380:
2353:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2346:
2345:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2298:
2295:
2291:Channel Tunnel
2262:
2259:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2192:
2189:
2180:
2177:
2143:
2140:
2091:
2088:
2016:
2013:
1997:Main article:
1994:
1991:
1974:
1971:
1959:biodegradeable
1954:
1951:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1910:divinylbenzene
1898:
1895:
1887:Main article:
1884:
1881:
1864:Main article:
1861:
1858:
1853:polydispersity
1836:
1835:
1834:
1833:
1832:
1831:
1774:
1773:
1772:
1771:
1765:
1716:
1713:
1667:
1664:
1623:
1620:
1610:
1607:
1597:
1594:
1593:
1592:
1589:
1542:
1539:
1481:
1478:
1470:genericization
1390:
1387:
1339:
1336:
1309:ethylene oxide
1281:vacuum forming
1265:smoke detector
1232:
1229:
1206:
1205:
1202:
1196:
1195:
1192:
1185:
1184:
1183:1.3 kJ/(kg·K)
1181:
1170:
1169:
1163:
1157:
1156:
1153:
1147:
1146:
1143:
1139:
1138:
1131:
1125:
1124:
1121:
1117:
1116:
1113:
1109:
1099:
1098:
1092:
1081:
1080:
1077:
1073:
1072:
1065:
1064:Forms produced
1062:
1043:The bacterium
1017:Zophobas morio
1004:Zophobas morio
984:
981:
965:depolymerizing
942:carbon dioxide
932:
929:
924:
910:
907:
898:
879:
876:
851:
848:
840:stereochemical
782:
779:
769:intramolecular
764:intermolecular
737:
728:
719:
670:
667:
663:Dart Container
631:was patented.
596:macromolecules
592:polymerisation
544:
541:
518:vacuum forming
348:
345:
344:
339:
335:standard state
332:
329:
328:
322:
319:
316:
315:
311:
310:
303:
298:
290:
287:
286:
283:
277:
276:
273:
267:
266:
263:
258:
255:
254:
251:
245:
244:
241:
235:
234:
231:
225:
224:
220:
216:
212:
209:
204:
201:
200:
196:
195:
193:
192:
179:
177:
165:
162:
161:
151:
143:
142:
140:
139:
135:
133:
127:
126:
123:
122:Abbreviations
119:
118:
116:
115:
107:
105:
100:
97:
96:
92:
91:
88:
84:
83:
80:
74:
73:
69:
68:
60:
59:
51:
50:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6943:
6932:
6929:
6927:
6924:
6922:
6919:
6917:
6914:
6912:
6909:
6907:
6904:
6902:
6899:
6897:
6894:
6893:
6891:
6878:
6873:
6867:
6864:
6862:
6859:
6855:
6852:
6850:
6847:
6845:
6842:
6838:
6835:
6834:
6833:
6832:Garbage patch
6830:
6829:
6828:
6825:
6824:
6822:
6818:
6806:
6803:
6801:
6798:
6796:
6793:
6791:
6788:
6787:
6785:
6781:
6775:
6772:
6770:
6767:
6765:
6762:
6760:
6757:
6753:
6750:
6749:
6748:
6745:
6744:
6742:
6738:
6732:
6729:
6727:
6724:
6722:
6719:
6717:
6714:
6712:
6709:
6707:
6704:
6703:
6701:
6699:
6698:Health issues
6695:
6687:
6684:
6683:
6682:
6679:
6677:
6674:
6672:
6669:
6667:
6664:
6663:
6661:
6657:
6650:
6646:
6643:
6640:
6636:
6633:
6632:
6630:
6628:
6624:
6617:
6614:
6612:
6608:
6605:
6603:
6600:
6599:
6597:
6593:
6587:
6584:
6582:
6579:
6576:
6573:
6571:
6568:
6565:
6562:
6560:
6557:
6555:
6552:
6551:
6549:
6547:
6543:
6539:
6534:
6530:
6522:
6517:
6515:
6510:
6508:
6503:
6502:
6499:
6494:
6488:
6478:
6475:
6473:
6472:Shopping bags
6470:
6468:
6465:
6463:
6460:
6458:
6455:
6453:
6450:
6448:
6445:
6443:
6440:
6439:
6437:
6433:
6427:(Agriculture)
6426:
6425:Plasticulture
6423:
6421:
6418:
6416:
6413:
6411:
6408:
6406:
6405:Geosynthetics
6403:
6401:
6398:
6396:
6393:
6391:
6388:
6387:
6385:
6382:
6378:
6375:
6371:
6365:
6362:
6360:
6357:
6355:
6352:
6350:
6347:
6345:
6342:
6340:
6337:
6335:
6332:
6330:
6327:
6325:
6322:
6320:
6317:
6315:
6312:
6310:
6309:Thermoforming
6307:
6305:
6302:
6300:
6297:
6295:
6292:
6291:
6289:
6283:
6277:
6274:
6272:
6269:
6267:
6264:
6262:
6259:
6257:
6254:
6252:
6249:
6248:
6246:
6242:
6236:
6233:
6231:
6228:
6226:
6223:
6221:
6218:
6216:
6213:
6211:
6210:Thermoplastic
6208:
6207:
6205:
6199:
6194:
6188:
6178:
6175:
6173:
6170:
6168:
6165:
6163:
6160:
6158:
6155:
6153:
6150:
6148:
6145:
6143:
6140:
6138:
6135:
6133:
6130:
6128:
6125:
6123:
6120:
6118:
6115:
6113:
6110:
6108:
6105:
6103:
6100:
6098:
6095:
6093:
6090:
6088:
6085:
6083:
6080:
6078:
6075:
6073:
6070:
6068:
6065:
6063:
6060:
6058:
6055:
6053:
6050:
6048:
6045:
6043:
6040:
6038:
6035:
6034:
6032:
6026:
6022:
6015:
6010:
6008:
6003:
6001:
5996:
5995:
5992:
5980:
5977:
5975:
5972:
5970:
5967:
5965:
5962:
5961:
5959:
5955:
5949:
5946:
5944:
5941:
5939:
5936:
5934:
5931:
5927:
5924:
5923:
5922:
5919:
5918:
5916:
5912:
5906:
5903:
5901:
5898:
5896:
5893:
5891:
5888:
5886:
5883:
5881:
5878:
5877:
5875:
5873:
5872:Health issues
5869:
5861:
5858:
5857:
5856:
5853:
5851:
5848:
5846:
5843:
5841:
5838:
5837:
5835:
5831:
5824:
5820:
5817:
5814:
5810:
5807:
5806:
5804:
5802:
5798:
5791:
5788:
5786:
5782:
5779:
5777:
5774:
5773:
5771:
5767:
5761:
5758:
5756:
5753:
5750:
5747:
5745:
5742:
5739:
5736:
5734:
5731:
5729:
5726:
5725:
5723:
5721:
5717:
5713:
5708:
5704:
5696:
5691:
5689:
5684:
5682:
5677:
5676:
5673:
5665:
5661:
5656:
5651:
5647:
5643:
5639:
5635:
5631:
5626:
5623:
5619:
5616:
5613:
5610:
5607:
5604:
5601:
5598:
5597:
5587:
5581:
5577:
5573:
5572:
5566:
5565:
5559:
5557:
5556:
5551:
5547:
5542:
5517:
5513:
5507:
5499:
5495:
5492:(MS Thesis).
5488:
5487:
5479:
5471:
5467:
5460:
5444:
5438:
5430:
5424:
5416:
5412:
5407:
5402:
5398:
5394:
5390:
5386:
5382:
5375:
5366:
5361:
5357:
5353:
5349:
5342:
5326:
5322:
5316:
5301:
5297:
5290:
5274:
5270:
5266:
5262:
5256:
5246:
5242:
5238:
5237:
5234:
5230:
5226:
5222:
5218:
5214:
5210:
5206:
5203:to styrene".
5198:
5182:
5178:
5174:
5168:
5153:
5149:
5145:
5141:
5137:
5130:
5121:
5117:
5113:
5109:
5102:
5086:
5082:
5076:
5069:
5065:
5062:
5057:
5048:
5046:
5044:
5042:
5033:
5029:
5025:
5021:
5017:
5013:
5009:
5005:
5001:
4997:
4993:
4986:
4984:
4976:
4972:
4969:
4964:
4957:
4952:
4937:
4933:
4927:
4912:
4908:
4902:
4887:
4883:
4876:
4869:
4868:
4862:
4846:
4842:
4836:
4820:
4816:
4810:
4791:
4784:
4777:
4762:
4761:Plastics News
4758:
4751:
4736:
4735:
4730:
4723:
4707:
4703:
4699:
4693:
4678:
4674:
4667:
4652:
4648:
4642:
4627:
4623:
4616:
4608:
4604:
4597:
4581:
4575:
4559:
4553:
4537:
4530:
4514:
4510:
4506:
4500:
4485:
4481:
4474:
4459:
4458:
4453:
4446:
4430:
4426:
4420:
4418:
4402:
4398:
4391:
4376:
4372:
4365:
4349:
4345:
4339:
4323:
4319:
4318:
4313:
4307:
4299:
4295:
4291:
4287:
4283:
4279:
4275:
4271:
4267:
4263:
4255:
4247:
4243:
4239:
4235:
4231:
4227:
4223:
4219:
4215:
4208:
4200:
4194:
4190:
4183:
4181:
4172:
4168:
4163:
4158:
4153:
4148:
4144:
4140:
4136:
4129:
4114:
4110:
4103:
4096:
4091:
4084:
4080:
4077:
4072:
4061:
4055:
4047:
4041:
4033:
4027:
4019:
4015:
4011:
4009:9783642161735
4005:
4001:
3994:
3986:
3980:
3974:
3973:3-527-31582-9
3970:
3966:
3962:
3957:
3950:
3946:
3943:
3938:
3931:
3927:
3922:
3915:
3911:
3908:
3902:
3887:
3883:
3877:
3862:
3858:
3852:
3844:
3840:
3836:
3832:
3828:
3824:
3820:
3816:
3812:
3805:
3798:
3797:
3791:
3775:
3771:
3765:
3757:
3751:
3743:
3739:
3735:
3731:
3727:
3723:
3719:
3715:
3711:
3707:
3703:
3696:
3688:
3686:0-7918-4230-4
3682:
3678:
3674:
3670:
3663:
3655:
3651:
3647:
3639:
3631:
3624:
3617:
3606:
3605:
3598:
3591:
3585:
3569:
3565:
3561:
3555:
3539:
3533:
3517:
3513:
3509:
3508:"Polystyrene"
3503:
3487:
3483:
3480:Norton, Jed.
3476:
3468:
3464:
3460:
3456:
3452:
3448:
3444:
3437:
3429:
3425:
3421:
3417:
3413:
3409:
3402:
3394:
3390:
3386:
3382:
3378:
3374:
3367:
3361:
3360:90-407-2388-5
3357:
3353:
3347:
3341:
3337:
3333:
3327:
3319:
3315:
3314:New Scientist
3311:
3304:
3296:
3292:
3285:
3277:
3273:
3269:
3265:
3261:
3257:
3254:(7): 2433â7.
3253:
3249:
3242:
3227:. LiveScience
3226:
3219:
3211:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3183:
3179:
3175:
3168:
3160:
3156:
3154:
3150:
3141:
3125:
3121:
3115:
3107:
3103:
3099:
3095:
3091:
3087:
3083:
3079:
3071:
3055:
3051:
3047:
3040:
3038:
3029:
3025:
3021:
3017:
3013:
3009:
3005:
3001:
2994:
2978:
2974:
2968:
2953:
2949:
2943:
2927:
2923:
2917:
2904:
2898:
2882:
2878:
2872:
2865:
2859:
2851:
2847:
2843:
2839:
2835:
2831:
2828:(S1): 68â82.
2827:
2823:
2816:
2801:
2797:
2790:
2774:
2768:
2760:
2754:
2746:
2740:
2724:
2718:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2697:
2691:composition."
2687:
2681:(3): 289â329.
2680:
2676:
2672:
2666:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2649:
2641:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2609:
2605:
2597:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2557:
2550:
2534:
2528:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2508:
2506:
2489:
2485:
2479:
2477:
2468:
2462:
2458:
2457:
2449:
2434:
2428:
2424:
2423:
2415:
2408:
2403:
2396:
2391:
2383:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2358:
2354:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2333:Shrinky Dinks
2331:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2300:
2294:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2258:
2255:
2251:
2249:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2231:
2216:
2214:
2209:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2188:
2186:
2176:
2173:
2168:
2164:
2161:
2153:
2148:
2139:
2137:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2123:
2121:
2116:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2104:
2096:
2087:
2085:
2080:
2076:
2074:
2070:
2065:
2062:
2058:
2057:New York City
2053:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2038:San Francisco
2035:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2015:United States
2012:
2010:
2006:
2000:
1990:
1984:
1983:Lake Michigan
1979:
1970:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1950:
1948:
1947:microplastics
1944:
1940:
1936:
1921:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1894:
1890:
1880:
1878:
1874:
1873:thermoplastic
1867:
1857:
1854:
1850:
1845:
1841:
1840:cross-linking
1780:
1779:
1778:
1777:
1776:
1775:
1766:
1764:
1757:
1756:
1754:
1753:polybutadiene
1750:
1746:
1743:
1742:
1741:
1739:
1737:
1736:
1731:
1730:
1725:
1724:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1694:
1692:
1687:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1663:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1628:homopolymeric
1619:
1617:
1616:polypropylene
1606:
1602:
1590:
1588:
1584:
1581:
1580:
1579:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1567:
1566:architectural
1563:
1559:
1554:
1547:
1538:
1536:
1531:
1527:
1524:
1520:
1515:
1513:
1509:
1504:
1501:
1497:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1477:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1461:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1435:
1432:
1427:
1419:
1415:
1410:
1403:
1402:
1395:
1386:
1384:
1379:
1377:
1373:
1370:
1365:
1363:
1359:
1357:
1353:
1344:
1335:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1320:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1288:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1277:thermoforming
1274:
1273:plastic model
1270:
1269:license plate
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1245:
1237:
1228:
1226:
1221:
1217:
1216:vacuum formed
1213:
1203:
1201:
1200:Decomposition
1198:
1197:
1193:
1190:
1187:
1186:
1182:
1179:
1175:
1172:
1171:
1168:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1158:
1154:
1152:
1149:
1148:
1144:
1141:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1130:
1127:
1126:
1122:
1119:
1118:
1114:
1108:
1104:
1101:
1100:
1097:
1093:
1090:
1086:
1083:
1082:
1078:
1075:
1074:
1069:
1061:
1059:
1056:
1053:oil into the
1052:
1048:
1047:
1041:
1039:
1038:
1033:
1032:
1027:
1026:
1020:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1005:
999:
997:
993:
988:
980:
978:
974:
970:
966:
961:
959:
955:
951:
947:
943:
939:
928:
923:
919:
915:
906:
904:
903:free radicals
897:
893:
892:crystallinity
889:
885:
875:
873:
868:
866:
862:
857:
847:
845:
841:
838:The relative
836:
834:
830:
826:
818:
814:
812:
807:
803:
799:
795:
792:
788:
778:
776:
771:
770:
765:
760:
759:van der Waals
755:
753:
749:
746:
712:
708:
707:phenyl groups
704:
696:
691:
685:upon burning.
684:
680:
675:
666:
664:
660:
656:
652:
649:In 1954, the
647:
645:
640:
638:
632:
630:
626:
622:
618:
616:
612:
608:
603:
601:
597:
593:
589:
584:
580:
576:
575:styrene oxide
572:
568:
564:
563:
558:
554:
550:
540:
538:
534:
530:
529:biodegradable
526:
521:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
498:thermoplastic
494:
492:
488:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
439:
394:
390:
383:
379:
375:
374:vacuum-formed
370:
362:
354:
342:
336:
330:
326:
323:
318:
317:
312:
308:
304:
297:
293:
289:
288:
284:
282:
279:
278:
274:
272:
269:
268:
264:
261:
257:
256:
252:
250:
249:Boiling point
247:
246:
242:
240:
239:Melting point
237:
236:
232:
230:
227:
226:
210:
207:
203:
202:
197:
189:
185:
184:DTXSID5031925
181:
180:
178:
168:
164:
163:
159:
155:
152:
150:
148:ECHA InfoCard
145:
144:
137:
136:
134:
132:
129:
128:
124:
121:
120:
113:
109:
108:
106:
103:
99:
98:
93:
85:
79:
75:
70:
66:
61:
57:
52:
48:
43:
37:
33:
19:
6542:Plasticizers
6490:Environment
6442:Blister pack
6395:Construction
6304:Blow molding
6136:
5716:Plasticizers
5637:
5633:
5570:
5562:Bibliography
5554:
5546:free content
5538:
5520:. Retrieved
5515:
5506:
5485:
5478:
5459:
5447:. Retrieved
5437:
5423:
5391:(6): 740â5.
5388:
5384:
5374:
5355:
5351:
5341:
5329:. Retrieved
5324:
5315:
5303:. Retrieved
5299:
5289:
5277:. Retrieved
5273:the original
5255:
5244:
5208:
5204:
5197:
5185:. Retrieved
5181:the original
5167:
5155:. Retrieved
5143:
5139:
5129:
5111:
5107:
5101:
5089:. Retrieved
5085:the original
5075:
5056:
4999:
4995:
4963:
4951:
4939:. Retrieved
4935:
4926:
4914:. Retrieved
4910:
4901:
4889:. Retrieved
4885:
4875:
4865:
4861:
4849:. Retrieved
4844:
4835:
4823:. Retrieved
4818:
4809:
4797:. Retrieved
4790:the original
4776:
4764:. Retrieved
4760:
4750:
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