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Explicit formulae for L-functions

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4349: 3400: 3961: 2121: 1378: 3728: 3950: 711: 4344:{\displaystyle \sum _{n=1}^{\infty }{\frac {\varphi (n)}{\sqrt {n}}}g(\log n)={\frac {6}{\pi ^{2}}}\int _{-\infty }^{\infty }dx\,g(x)e^{3x/2}+\sum _{\rho }{\frac {h(\gamma )\zeta (\rho -1)}{\zeta '(\rho )}}+{\frac {1}{2}}\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }{\frac {\zeta (-2n-1)}{\zeta '(-2n)}}\int _{-\infty }^{\infty }dx\,g(x)e^{-x(2n+1/2)}.} 1834: 1104: 1084:, considered as a zero of multiplicity −1, and the remaining small terms come from the trivial zeros. This formula says that the zeros of the Riemann zeta function control the oscillations of primes around their "expected" positions. (For graphs of the sums of the first few terms of this series see 1566: 2462:
Roughly speaking, the explicit formula says the Fourier transform of the zeros of the zeta function is the set of prime powers plus some elementary factors. Once this is said, the formula comes from the fact that the Fourier transform is a unitary operator, so that a scalar product in time domain is
2973: 914: 3470: 3739: 428: 4638: 2116:{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}&\Phi (1)+\Phi (0)-\sum _{\rho }\Phi (\rho )\\&=\sum _{p,m}{\frac {\log(p)}{p^{m/2}}}{\Big (}F(\log(p^{m}))+F(-\log(p^{m})){\Big )}-{\frac {1}{2\pi }}\int _{-\infty }^{\infty }\varphi (t)\Psi (t)\,dt\end{aligned}}} 395: 1373:{\displaystyle \psi _{0}(x)={\dfrac {1}{2\pi i}}\int _{\sigma -i\infty }^{\sigma +i\infty }\left(-{\dfrac {\zeta '(s)}{\zeta (s)}}\right){\dfrac {x^{s}}{s}}\,ds=x-\sum _{\rho }{\frac {~x^{\rho }\,}{\rho }}-\log(2\pi )-{\dfrac {1}{2}}\log(1-x^{-2})} 3127: 2993:
of the non trivial zeros is equal to the primes power symmetrized plus a minor term. Of course, the sum involved are not convergent, but the trick is to use the unitary property of Fourier transform which is that it preserves scalar product:
1760: 1389: 2590: 1660: 1025: 4908: 2621: 737: 4503: 3723:{\displaystyle \sum _{n=1}^{\infty }{\frac {\mu (n)}{\sqrt {n}}}g(\log n)=\sum _{\rho }{\frac {h(\gamma )}{\zeta '(\rho )}}+\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }{\frac {1}{\zeta '(-2n)}}\int _{-\infty }^{\infty }dxg(x)e^{-(2n+1/2)x}.} 2425: 4937:
has gone much further into the functional-analytic background, providing a trace formula the validity of which is equivalent to such a generalized Riemann hypothesis. A slightly different point of view was given by
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von Mangoldt, Hans (1895), "Zu Riemanns Abhandlung "Über die Anzahl der Primzahlen unter einer gegebenen Grösse"" [On Riemann's paper "The number of prime numbers less than a given magnitude"],
3945:{\displaystyle \sum _{n=1}^{\infty }{\frac {\lambda (n)}{\sqrt {n}}}g(\log n)=\sum _{\rho }{\frac {h(\gamma )\zeta (2\rho )}{\zeta '(\rho )}}+{\frac {1}{\zeta (1/2)}}\int _{-\infty }^{\infty }dx\,g(x).} 3331: 1839: 706:{\displaystyle \pi _{0}(x)=\sum _{n}{\frac {1}{n}}\,\mu (n)\,f(x^{1/n})=f(x)-{\frac {1}{2}}\,f(x^{1/2})-{\frac {1}{3}}\,f(x^{1/3})-{\frac {1}{5}}\,f(x^{1/5})+{\frac {1}{6}}\,f(x^{1/6})-\cdots ,} 4394: 2322: 5039: 4511: 4708: 247: 3000: 2477: 5074: 3360: 2171: 2445: 1671: 3182: 3156: 1561:{\displaystyle \sigma >1\,,\quad \psi (x)=\sum _{p^{k}\leq x}\log p\,,\quad {\text{and}}\quad \psi _{0}(x)={\frac {1}{2}}\lim _{h\to 0}(\psi (x+h)+\psi (x-h))} 3384: 3202: 4797:, and the main correction is the sum over non-trivial zeros of the zeta function. (There is a minor technical problem in using this case, in that the function 2180: 81: 1584: 3421: 2968:{\displaystyle {\frac {d}{du}}\left=\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }\Lambda (n)\left+{\frac {1}{2}}{\frac {d\ln(1-e^{-2|u|})}{du}}=e^{u}-\sum _{\rho }e^{\rho u},} 909:{\displaystyle f(x)=\operatorname {li} (x)-\sum _{\rho }\operatorname {li} (x^{\rho })-\log(2)+\int _{x}^{\infty }{\frac {dt}{~t\,(t^{2}-1)~\log(t)~}}} 5334: 945: 4834: 1091:
The first rigorous proof of the aforementioned formula was given by von Mangoldt in 1895: it started with a proof of the following formula for the
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Riemann's original use of the explicit formula was to give an exact formula for the number of primes less than a given number. To do this, take
2328: 17: 5307:(1952), "Sur les "formules explicites" de la théorie des nombres premiers" [On "explicit formulas" in the theory of prime numbers], 117: 65: 241:
of the limit from the left and the limit from the right at discontinuities. His formula was given in terms of the related function
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This series is also conditionally convergent and the sum over zeroes should again be taken in increasing order of imaginary part:
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Assuming Riemann zeta function has only simple zeros. In all cases the sum is related to the imaginary part of the Riemann zeros
5222: 5234: 5519: 5490: 5275: 3447: 3429: 85: 5192: 5168: 4810: 927:, but may be evaluated by taking the zeros in order of the absolute value of their imaginary part. The function 5478: 5443: 4922: 4357: 3425: 2266: 4633:{\displaystyle \sum _{n=1}^{\infty }\sigma _{0}(n)f(n)=\sum _{m=-\infty }^{\infty }\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }f(mn)} 3184:. At a first look, it seems to be a formula for functions only, but in fact in many cases it also works when 5545: 4981: 932: 390:{\displaystyle f(x)=\pi _{0}(x)+{\frac {1}{2}}\,\pi _{0}(x^{1/2})+{\frac {1}{3}}\,\pi _{0}(x^{1/3})+\cdots } 4646: 69: 5226: 5221:, Cambridge Tracts in Mathematics and Mathematical Physics, vol. 30, reissued with a foreword by 3122:{\displaystyle \int _{-\infty }^{\infty }f(u)g^{*}(u)\,du=\int _{-\infty }^{\infty }F(t)G^{*}(t)\,dt} 3410: 5370:
Meyer, Ralf (2005), "On a representation of the idele class group related to primes and zeros of
3414: 1092: 419: 101: 5044: 3336: 4828:. The sum over the zeros of the explicit formula is then (at least formally) given by a trace: 4746: 2471: 936: 36: 4785:
and 0 elsewhere. Then the main term of the sum on the right is the number of primes less than
2156: 1755:{\displaystyle S(x,T)=\sum _{\rho :\left|\Im \rho \right|\leq T}{\frac {x^{\rho }}{\rho }}\,.} 4960: 4955: 3461: 2983: 2615:
Weil's explicit formula can be understood like this. The target is to be able to write that:
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counted with multiplicities, so the poles at 0 and 1 are counted as zeros of order −1.
5415: 5363: 5316: 5244: 4926: 4794: 4727: 3363: 2430: 924: 5529: 5500: 5431: 5355: 5324: 5285: 5252: 8: 4918: 4731: 3161: 3135: 4714:
turns the Poisson summation formula into a formula involving the Mellin transform. Here
5460: 5419: 5385: 3369: 3187: 728: 5515: 5486: 5423: 5403: 5343: 5271: 5230: 5117: 4930: 3460:
The Riemann-Weil formula can be generalized to arithmetical functions other than the
2990: 1789: 5464: 5135: 2585:{\displaystyle \zeta ^{*}(s)=\Gamma (s/2)\pi ^{-s/2}\prod _{p}{\frac {1}{1-p^{-s}}}} 5525: 5496: 5452: 5427: 5395: 5351: 5320: 5281: 5248: 5107: 2448: 5399: 4913:
Development of the explicit formulae for a wide class of L-functions was given by
4745:
More generally, the Riemann zeta function and the L-series can be replaced by the
1655:{\displaystyle \sum _{\rho }{\frac {x^{\rho }}{\rho }}=\lim _{T\to \infty }S(x,T)} 1575:, and then converting it into the formula that Riemann himself actually sketched. 5514:, Progress in Mathematics, vol. 126 (2nd ed.), Boston, MA: BirkhĂ€user, 5411: 5359: 5312: 5267: 5240: 4822: 1572: 238: 1020:{\displaystyle \operatorname {li} (x)=\int _{0}^{x}{\frac {dt}{\,\log(t)\,}}\,.} 5485:, Pure and Applied Mathematics, vol. 58, New York-London: Academic Press, 4903:{\displaystyle \sum _{\rho }F(\rho )=\operatorname {Tr} (F({\widehat {T}})).\!} 4750: 2463:
equal to the scalar product of the Fourier transforms in the frequency domain.
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involving the zeros of the zeta function need some care in their definition as
45: 84:" Riemann sketched an explicit formula (it was not fully proven until 1895 by 64:. Such explicit formulae have been applied also to questions on bounding the 5539: 5407: 5376: 5347: 5266:, Graduate Texts in Mathematics, vol. 110 (2nd ed.), New York, NY: 5214: 5121: 5112: 5095: 2601: 2600:, and the term at the end involving Ψ coming from the gamma factor (the 5304: 4742:), and the terms Ί(1) and Ί(0) disappear because the L-series has no poles. 4498:{\textstyle g(u)={\frac {1}{2\pi }}\int _{-\infty }^{\infty }h(x)\exp(-iux)} 1825: 4934: 1043: 53: 5156: 5507: 2420:{\displaystyle \Psi (t)=-\log(\pi )+\operatorname {Re} (\psi (1/4+it/2))} 1824:
There are several slightly different ways to state the explicit formula.
31: 5456: 5438: 5259: 4943: 4818: 49: 40: 5390: 4753:. The sum over primes then gets replaced by a sum over prime ideals. 3389: 2255:{\displaystyle \varphi (t)=\int _{-\infty }^{\infty }F(x)e^{itx}\,dx} 4942:, who derived the explicit formula of Weil via harmonic analysis on 3399: 2151:
is a smooth function all of whose derivatives are rapidly decreasing
4978:
The original prime counting function can easily be recovered via
227:{\displaystyle \pi _{0}(x)={\frac {1}{2}}\lim _{h\to 0}\left\,,} 5294:"Ueber die Anzahl der Primzahlen unter einer gegebenen Grösse" 1069:. The other terms also correspond to zeros: The dominant term 5096:"Explicit formulas for Dirichlet and Hecke $ L$ -functions" 3326:{\displaystyle g(u)=\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }\Lambda (n)\left,} 4734:χ. The sum over prime powers then gets extra factors of 88:, see below) for the normalized prime-counting function 4410: 4360: 3955:
For the Euler-Phi function the explicit formula reads
5047: 4984: 4837: 4793:(1); which turns out to be the dominant terms of the 4649: 4514: 3964: 3742: 3473: 3386:
and its Fourier transform, we get the formula above.
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The terms in the formula arise in the following way.
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Prime numbers and computer methods for factorization
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runs over the non-trivial zeros of the zeta function
82:
On the Number of Primes Less Than a Given Magnitude
5068: 5033: 4902: 4702: 4632: 4497: 4388: 4343: 3944: 3722: 3390:Explicit formulae for other arithmetical functions 3378: 3354: 3325: 3196: 3176: 3150: 3121: 2967: 2584: 2439: 2419: 2316: 2254: 2165: 2115: 1754: 1654: 1560: 1383:where the LHS is an inverse Mellin transform with 1372: 1019: 908: 705: 389: 226: 4925:in this setting, as a positivity statement for a 4899: 2037: 1962: 5537: 1619: 1498: 154: 5335:Journal fĂŒr die reine und angewandte Mathematik 4726:The Riemann zeta function can be replaced by a 2470:The terms on the right hand side come from the 5441:(1977), "The first 50 million prime numbers", 3464:. For example for the Möbius function we have 2607:The left-hand side is a sum over all zeros of 931:occurring in the first term is the (unoffset) 5157:Confused about the explicit formula for ψ0(x) 923:of the Riemann zeta function. The sum is not 75: 5330: 4801:does not satisfy the smoothness condition.) 1765:The error involved in truncating the sum to 5311:(in French), Tome SupplĂ©mentaire: 252–265, 4804: 3428:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 1788:in absolute value, and when divided by the 919:involving a sum over the non-trivial zeros 4389:{\textstyle \rho ={\frac {1}{2}}+i\gamma } 2592:with the terms corresponding to the prime 1819: 5389: 5111: 4508:For the divisor function of zeroth order 4286: 4071: 3926: 3733:Also for the Liouville function we have 3448:Learn how and when to remove this message 3112: 3053: 2317:{\displaystyle \Phi (1/2+it)=\varphi (t)} 2245: 2102: 1748: 1454: 1402: 1296: 1254: 1013: 1009: 993: 859: 666: 625: 584: 543: 487: 474: 346: 298: 220: 214: 174: 66:discriminant of an algebraic number field 5477: 5291: 5034:{\displaystyle ~\pi (x)=\pi _{0}(x+1)~} 1828:'s form of the explicit formula states 422:can be recovered from this function by 57: 14: 5538: 5506: 5437: 5213: 1085: 5369: 4939: 3204:is a distribution. Hence, by setting 44:are relations between sums over the 5303: 5298:Monatsberichte der Berliner Akademie 5258: 5141: 4914: 4703:{\displaystyle g(x)=f(ye^{x})e^{ax}} 3426:adding citations to reliable sources 3393: 3366:, and carefully choosing a function 5193:"the Riemann-Weil explicit formula" 5169:"the Riemann-Weil explicit formula" 24: 5471: 5093: 4749:of an algebraic number field or a 4721: 4643:Using a test function of the form 4610: 4589: 4584: 4531: 4454: 4449: 4275: 4270: 4202: 4060: 4055: 3981: 3915: 3910: 3759: 3655: 3650: 3605: 3490: 3247: 3242: 3076: 3071: 3017: 3012: 2776: 2771: 2678: 2503: 2332: 2270: 2212: 2207: 2090: 2073: 2068: 1883: 1858: 1843: 1796:, has absolute value smaller than 1712: 1629: 1178: 1164: 837: 25: 5557: 5219:The Distribution of Prime Numbers 4917:, who first extended the idea to 1571:and the RHS is obtained from the 4921:, and formulated a version of a 4400:is related to the test function 3398: 2596:coming from the Euler factor of 5100:Illinois Journal of Mathematics 4789:. The main term on the left is 4756: 1464: 1458: 1406: 1046:at 0 and 1, and are defined by 5444:The Mathematical Intelligencer 5185: 5161: 5150: 5128: 5087: 5025: 5013: 4997: 4991: 4972: 4923:generalized Riemann hypothesis 4893: 4890: 4875: 4869: 4857: 4851: 4811:Hilbert–PĂłlya conjecture 4805:Hilbert–PĂłlya conjecture 4684: 4668: 4659: 4653: 4627: 4618: 4564: 4558: 4552: 4546: 4492: 4477: 4468: 4462: 4420: 4414: 4333: 4310: 4296: 4290: 4256: 4244: 4231: 4213: 4167: 4161: 4148: 4136: 4130: 4124: 4081: 4075: 4024: 4012: 3998: 3992: 3936: 3930: 3896: 3882: 3864: 3858: 3845: 3836: 3830: 3824: 3802: 3790: 3776: 3770: 3709: 3686: 3675: 3669: 3636: 3624: 3580: 3574: 3561: 3555: 3533: 3521: 3507: 3501: 3349: 3343: 3312: 3294: 3285: 3267: 3256: 3250: 3220: 3214: 3158:are the Fourier transforms of 3109: 3103: 3090: 3084: 3050: 3044: 3031: 3025: 2909: 2903: 2895: 2874: 2841: 2823: 2814: 2796: 2785: 2779: 2744: 2738: 2730: 2709: 2687: 2681: 2670: 2662: 2520: 2506: 2497: 2491: 2414: 2411: 2380: 2374: 2362: 2356: 2341: 2335: 2311: 2305: 2296: 2273: 2226: 2220: 2193: 2187: 2099: 2093: 2087: 2081: 2032: 2029: 2016: 2004: 1995: 1992: 1979: 1970: 1936: 1930: 1892: 1886: 1867: 1861: 1852: 1846: 1690: 1678: 1649: 1637: 1626: 1555: 1552: 1540: 1531: 1519: 1513: 1505: 1481: 1475: 1416: 1410: 1367: 1345: 1321: 1312: 1223: 1217: 1209: 1203: 1124: 1118: 1006: 1000: 961: 955: 897: 891: 879: 860: 821: 815: 803: 790: 768: 762: 750: 744: 691: 670: 650: 629: 609: 588: 568: 547: 527: 521: 512: 491: 484: 478: 448: 442: 378: 357: 330: 309: 282: 276: 260: 254: 211: 199: 190: 178: 161: 137: 131: 18:Explicit formulae (L-function) 13: 1: 5400:10.1215/s0012-7094-04-12734-4 5081: 1812:divided by the distance from 933:logarithmic integral function 5309:Comm. SĂ©m. Math. Univ. Lund 4966: 1816:to the nearest prime power. 731:. Riemann's formula is then 7: 5094:Li, Xian-Jin (April 2004). 4949: 2145:runs over positive integers 418:of a prime. The normalized 70:conductor of a number field 10: 5562: 5292:Riemann, Bernhard (1859), 5227:Cambridge University Press 5069:{\displaystyle ~x\geq 3~.} 3355:{\displaystyle \delta (u)} 2173:is a Fourier transform of 939:of the divergent integral 76:Riemann's explicit formula 2139:runs over positive primes 4404:by a Fourier transform, 2166:{\displaystyle \varphi } 1050:in the complex variable 100:which is related to the 5483:Riemann's zeta function 5264:Algebraic number theory 4933:. More recent work by 1820:Weil's explicit formula 1780:is always smaller than 1077:comes from the pole at 420:prime-counting function 400:in which a prime power 102:prime-counting function 5113:10.1215/ijm/1258138394 5070: 5035: 4904: 4813:, the complex zeroes 4747:Dedekind zeta function 4704: 4634: 4614: 4593: 4535: 4499: 4390: 4345: 4206: 3985: 3946: 3763: 3724: 3609: 3494: 3380: 3356: 3327: 3246: 3198: 3178: 3152: 3123: 2969: 2775: 2586: 2472:logarithmic derivative 2441: 2421: 2318: 2256: 2167: 2117: 1756: 1656: 1562: 1374: 1021: 937:Cauchy principal value 910: 707: 391: 228: 5071: 5036: 4961:Selberg zeta function 4956:Selberg trace formula 4905: 4718:is a real parameter. 4705: 4635: 4594: 4570: 4515: 4500: 4391: 4346: 4186: 3965: 3947: 3743: 3725: 3589: 3474: 3462:von Mangoldt function 3381: 3357: 3328: 3226: 3199: 3179: 3153: 3124: 2984:von Mangoldt function 2970: 2755: 2587: 2442: 2440:{\displaystyle \psi } 2422: 2319: 2257: 2168: 2118: 1757: 1657: 1563: 1375: 1048:analytic continuation 1022: 925:absolutely convergent 911: 708: 392: 229: 62:Riemann zeta function 5546:Zeta and L-functions 5045: 4982: 4927:generalized function 4919:local zeta-functions 4835: 4795:prime number theorem 4777:) for 0 â‰€  4728:Dirichlet L-function 4647: 4512: 4408: 4358: 3962: 3740: 3471: 3422:improve this section 3370: 3337: 3208: 3188: 3162: 3136: 3001: 2622: 2478: 2431: 2329: 2267: 2181: 2157: 1835: 1672: 1585: 1390: 1105: 1093:Chebyshev's function 946: 738: 429: 248: 118: 27:Mathematical concept 5134:Weisstein, Eric W. 4732:Dirichlet character 4458: 4279: 4064: 3919: 3659: 3177:{\displaystyle f,g} 3151:{\displaystyle F,G} 3080: 3021: 2216: 2077: 1182: 981: 841: 80:In his 1859 paper " 5457:10.1007/bf03351556 5197:empslocal.ex.ac.uk 5173:empslocal.ex.ac.uk 5147:Ingham (1990) p.77 5066: 5031: 4900: 4847: 4710:for some positive 4700: 4630: 4495: 4441: 4386: 4341: 4262: 4117: 4047: 3942: 3902: 3817: 3720: 3642: 3548: 3376: 3352: 3323: 3194: 3174: 3148: 3119: 3063: 3004: 2965: 2948: 2677: 2582: 2553: 2437: 2417: 2314: 2252: 2199: 2163: 2113: 2111: 2060: 1920: 1882: 1752: 1730: 1652: 1633: 1597: 1558: 1512: 1444: 1370: 1337: 1279: 1252: 1228: 1150: 1148: 1017: 967: 906: 827: 783: 703: 463: 387: 224: 168: 5236:978-0-521-39789-6 5062: 5050: 5030: 4987: 4931:topological group 4887: 4838: 4809:According to the 4439: 4396:and the function 4375: 4260: 4184: 4171: 4108: 4045: 4007: 4006: 3900: 3868: 3808: 3785: 3784: 3640: 3584: 3539: 3516: 3515: 3458: 3457: 3450: 3379:{\displaystyle f} 3197:{\displaystyle g} 2991:Fourier transform 2939: 2921: 2860: 2701: 2645: 2638: 2580: 2544: 2058: 1958: 1905: 1873: 1790:natural logarithm 1746: 1696: 1618: 1613: 1588: 1497: 1495: 1462: 1422: 1336: 1301: 1285: 1270: 1251: 1227: 1147: 1011: 904: 902: 884: 855: 774: 664: 623: 582: 541: 472: 454: 344: 296: 153: 151: 56:, introduced by 37:explicit formulae 16:(Redirected from 5553: 5532: 5503: 5467: 5434: 5393: 5366: 5327: 5300: 5288: 5255: 5225:(2nd ed.), 5207: 5206: 5204: 5203: 5189: 5183: 5182: 5180: 5179: 5165: 5159: 5154: 5148: 5145: 5139: 5136:Explicit Formula 5132: 5126: 5125: 5115: 5091: 5076: 5075: 5073: 5072: 5067: 5060: 5048: 5040: 5038: 5037: 5032: 5028: 5012: 5011: 4985: 4976: 4909: 4907: 4906: 4901: 4889: 4888: 4880: 4846: 4709: 4707: 4706: 4701: 4699: 4698: 4683: 4682: 4639: 4637: 4636: 4631: 4613: 4608: 4592: 4587: 4545: 4544: 4534: 4529: 4504: 4502: 4501: 4496: 4457: 4452: 4440: 4438: 4427: 4395: 4393: 4392: 4387: 4376: 4368: 4350: 4348: 4347: 4342: 4337: 4336: 4329: 4278: 4273: 4261: 4259: 4243: 4234: 4208: 4205: 4200: 4185: 4177: 4172: 4170: 4160: 4151: 4119: 4116: 4104: 4103: 4099: 4063: 4058: 4046: 4044: 4043: 4031: 4008: 4002: 4001: 3987: 3984: 3979: 3951: 3949: 3948: 3943: 3918: 3913: 3901: 3899: 3892: 3874: 3869: 3867: 3857: 3848: 3819: 3816: 3786: 3780: 3779: 3765: 3762: 3757: 3729: 3727: 3726: 3721: 3716: 3715: 3705: 3658: 3653: 3641: 3639: 3623: 3611: 3608: 3603: 3585: 3583: 3573: 3564: 3550: 3547: 3517: 3511: 3510: 3496: 3493: 3488: 3453: 3446: 3442: 3439: 3433: 3402: 3394: 3385: 3383: 3382: 3377: 3361: 3359: 3358: 3353: 3332: 3330: 3329: 3324: 3319: 3315: 3245: 3240: 3203: 3201: 3200: 3195: 3183: 3181: 3180: 3175: 3157: 3155: 3154: 3149: 3128: 3126: 3125: 3120: 3102: 3101: 3079: 3074: 3043: 3042: 3020: 3015: 2981: 2974: 2972: 2971: 2966: 2961: 2960: 2947: 2935: 2934: 2922: 2920: 2912: 2908: 2907: 2906: 2898: 2863: 2861: 2853: 2848: 2844: 2774: 2769: 2751: 2747: 2743: 2742: 2741: 2733: 2702: 2694: 2676: 2675: 2674: 2673: 2665: 2639: 2637: 2626: 2591: 2589: 2588: 2583: 2581: 2579: 2578: 2577: 2555: 2552: 2543: 2542: 2538: 2516: 2490: 2489: 2457: 2449:digamma function 2446: 2444: 2443: 2438: 2426: 2424: 2423: 2418: 2407: 2390: 2323: 2321: 2320: 2315: 2283: 2261: 2259: 2258: 2253: 2244: 2243: 2215: 2210: 2172: 2170: 2169: 2164: 2122: 2120: 2119: 2114: 2112: 2076: 2071: 2059: 2057: 2046: 2041: 2040: 2028: 2027: 1991: 1990: 1966: 1965: 1959: 1957: 1956: 1952: 1939: 1922: 1919: 1898: 1881: 1841: 1815: 1811: 1810: 1809: 1803: 1795: 1787: 1779: 1761: 1759: 1758: 1753: 1747: 1742: 1741: 1732: 1729: 1722: 1718: 1668: 1664: 1661: 1659: 1658: 1653: 1632: 1614: 1609: 1608: 1599: 1596: 1567: 1565: 1564: 1559: 1511: 1496: 1488: 1474: 1473: 1463: 1460: 1443: 1436: 1435: 1379: 1377: 1376: 1371: 1366: 1365: 1338: 1329: 1302: 1297: 1295: 1294: 1283: 1281: 1278: 1253: 1247: 1246: 1237: 1234: 1230: 1229: 1226: 1212: 1202: 1193: 1181: 1167: 1149: 1146: 1132: 1117: 1116: 1097: 1083: 1076: 1068: 1060: 1053: 1041: 1037: 1026: 1024: 1023: 1018: 1012: 1010: 991: 983: 980: 975: 930: 922: 915: 913: 912: 907: 905: 903: 900: 882: 872: 871: 853: 851: 843: 840: 835: 802: 801: 782: 726: 712: 710: 709: 704: 690: 689: 685: 665: 657: 649: 648: 644: 624: 616: 608: 607: 603: 583: 575: 567: 566: 562: 542: 534: 511: 510: 506: 473: 465: 462: 441: 440: 417: 416: 415: 410: 405: 396: 394: 393: 388: 377: 376: 372: 356: 355: 345: 337: 329: 328: 324: 308: 307: 297: 289: 275: 274: 237:which takes the 233: 231: 230: 225: 219: 215: 167: 152: 144: 130: 129: 110: 99: 21: 5561: 5560: 5556: 5555: 5554: 5552: 5551: 5550: 5536: 5535: 5522: 5493: 5474: 5472:Further reading 5278: 5268:Springer-Verlag 5237: 5210: 5201: 5199: 5191: 5190: 5186: 5177: 5175: 5167: 5166: 5162: 5155: 5151: 5146: 5142: 5133: 5129: 5092: 5088: 5084: 5079: 5046: 5043: 5042: 5007: 5003: 4983: 4980: 4979: 4977: 4973: 4969: 4952: 4879: 4878: 4842: 4836: 4833: 4832: 4823:linear operator 4807: 4759: 4724: 4722:Generalizations 4691: 4687: 4678: 4674: 4648: 4645: 4644: 4609: 4598: 4588: 4574: 4540: 4536: 4530: 4519: 4513: 4510: 4509: 4453: 4445: 4431: 4426: 4409: 4406: 4405: 4367: 4359: 4356: 4355: 4325: 4303: 4299: 4274: 4266: 4236: 4235: 4209: 4207: 4201: 4190: 4176: 4153: 4152: 4120: 4118: 4112: 4095: 4088: 4084: 4059: 4051: 4039: 4035: 4030: 3988: 3986: 3980: 3969: 3963: 3960: 3959: 3914: 3906: 3888: 3878: 3873: 3850: 3849: 3820: 3818: 3812: 3766: 3764: 3758: 3747: 3741: 3738: 3737: 3701: 3682: 3678: 3654: 3646: 3616: 3615: 3610: 3604: 3593: 3566: 3565: 3551: 3549: 3543: 3497: 3495: 3489: 3478: 3472: 3469: 3468: 3454: 3443: 3437: 3434: 3419: 3403: 3392: 3371: 3368: 3367: 3338: 3335: 3334: 3263: 3259: 3241: 3230: 3209: 3206: 3205: 3189: 3186: 3185: 3163: 3160: 3159: 3137: 3134: 3133: 3097: 3093: 3075: 3067: 3038: 3034: 3016: 3008: 3002: 2999: 2998: 2979: 2953: 2949: 2943: 2930: 2926: 2913: 2902: 2894: 2887: 2883: 2864: 2862: 2852: 2792: 2788: 2770: 2759: 2737: 2729: 2722: 2718: 2693: 2669: 2661: 2660: 2656: 2649: 2644: 2640: 2630: 2625: 2623: 2620: 2619: 2570: 2566: 2559: 2554: 2548: 2534: 2527: 2523: 2512: 2485: 2481: 2479: 2476: 2475: 2455: 2451: 2432: 2429: 2428: 2403: 2386: 2330: 2327: 2326: 2279: 2268: 2265: 2264: 2233: 2229: 2211: 2203: 2182: 2179: 2178: 2158: 2155: 2154: 2110: 2109: 2072: 2064: 2050: 2045: 2036: 2035: 2023: 2019: 1986: 1982: 1961: 1960: 1948: 1944: 1940: 1923: 1921: 1909: 1896: 1895: 1877: 1838: 1836: 1833: 1832: 1822: 1813: 1805: 1799: 1798: 1797: 1793: 1781: 1766: 1737: 1733: 1731: 1711: 1707: 1700: 1673: 1670: 1669: 1666: 1662: 1622: 1604: 1600: 1598: 1592: 1586: 1583: 1582: 1573:residue theorem 1501: 1487: 1469: 1465: 1459: 1431: 1427: 1426: 1391: 1388: 1387: 1358: 1354: 1327: 1290: 1286: 1282: 1280: 1274: 1242: 1238: 1235: 1213: 1195: 1194: 1191: 1187: 1183: 1168: 1154: 1136: 1130: 1112: 1108: 1106: 1103: 1102: 1095: 1078: 1070: 1062: 1055: 1051: 1039: 1031: 992: 984: 982: 976: 971: 947: 944: 943: 928: 920: 867: 863: 852: 844: 842: 836: 831: 797: 793: 778: 739: 736: 735: 729:Möbius function 717: 681: 677: 673: 656: 640: 636: 632: 615: 599: 595: 591: 574: 558: 554: 550: 533: 502: 498: 494: 464: 458: 436: 432: 430: 427: 426: 413: 412: 408: 407: 401: 368: 364: 360: 351: 347: 336: 320: 316: 312: 303: 299: 288: 270: 266: 249: 246: 245: 239:arithmetic mean 173: 169: 157: 143: 125: 121: 119: 116: 115: 104: 93: 89: 78: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5559: 5549: 5548: 5534: 5533: 5520: 5504: 5491: 5473: 5470: 5469: 5468: 5435: 5384:(3): 519–595, 5367: 5328: 5301: 5289: 5276: 5256: 5235: 5209: 5208: 5184: 5160: 5149: 5140: 5127: 5106:(2): 491–503. 5085: 5083: 5080: 5078: 5077: 5065: 5059: 5056: 5053: 5027: 5024: 5021: 5018: 5015: 5010: 5006: 5002: 4999: 4996: 4993: 4990: 4970: 4968: 4965: 4964: 4963: 4958: 4951: 4948: 4911: 4910: 4898: 4895: 4892: 4886: 4883: 4877: 4874: 4871: 4868: 4865: 4862: 4859: 4856: 4853: 4850: 4845: 4841: 4817:should be the 4806: 4803: 4758: 4755: 4751:Hecke L-series 4723: 4720: 4697: 4694: 4690: 4686: 4681: 4677: 4673: 4670: 4667: 4664: 4661: 4658: 4655: 4652: 4629: 4626: 4623: 4620: 4617: 4612: 4607: 4604: 4601: 4597: 4591: 4586: 4583: 4580: 4577: 4573: 4569: 4566: 4563: 4560: 4557: 4554: 4551: 4548: 4543: 4539: 4533: 4528: 4525: 4522: 4518: 4494: 4491: 4488: 4485: 4482: 4479: 4476: 4473: 4470: 4467: 4464: 4461: 4456: 4451: 4448: 4444: 4437: 4434: 4430: 4425: 4422: 4419: 4416: 4413: 4385: 4382: 4379: 4374: 4371: 4366: 4363: 4352: 4351: 4340: 4335: 4332: 4328: 4324: 4321: 4318: 4315: 4312: 4309: 4306: 4302: 4298: 4295: 4292: 4289: 4285: 4282: 4277: 4272: 4269: 4265: 4258: 4255: 4252: 4249: 4246: 4242: 4239: 4233: 4230: 4227: 4224: 4221: 4218: 4215: 4212: 4204: 4199: 4196: 4193: 4189: 4183: 4180: 4175: 4169: 4166: 4163: 4159: 4156: 4150: 4147: 4144: 4141: 4138: 4135: 4132: 4129: 4126: 4123: 4115: 4111: 4107: 4102: 4098: 4094: 4091: 4087: 4083: 4080: 4077: 4074: 4070: 4067: 4062: 4057: 4054: 4050: 4042: 4038: 4034: 4029: 4026: 4023: 4020: 4017: 4014: 4011: 4005: 4000: 3997: 3994: 3991: 3983: 3978: 3975: 3972: 3968: 3953: 3952: 3941: 3938: 3935: 3932: 3929: 3925: 3922: 3917: 3912: 3909: 3905: 3898: 3895: 3891: 3887: 3884: 3881: 3877: 3872: 3866: 3863: 3860: 3856: 3853: 3847: 3844: 3841: 3838: 3835: 3832: 3829: 3826: 3823: 3815: 3811: 3807: 3804: 3801: 3798: 3795: 3792: 3789: 3783: 3778: 3775: 3772: 3769: 3761: 3756: 3753: 3750: 3746: 3731: 3730: 3719: 3714: 3711: 3708: 3704: 3700: 3697: 3694: 3691: 3688: 3685: 3681: 3677: 3674: 3671: 3668: 3665: 3662: 3657: 3652: 3649: 3645: 3638: 3635: 3632: 3629: 3626: 3622: 3619: 3614: 3607: 3602: 3599: 3596: 3592: 3588: 3582: 3579: 3576: 3572: 3569: 3563: 3560: 3557: 3554: 3546: 3542: 3538: 3535: 3532: 3529: 3526: 3523: 3520: 3514: 3509: 3506: 3503: 3500: 3492: 3487: 3484: 3481: 3477: 3456: 3455: 3438:September 2020 3406: 3404: 3397: 3391: 3388: 3375: 3351: 3348: 3345: 3342: 3322: 3318: 3314: 3311: 3308: 3305: 3302: 3299: 3296: 3293: 3290: 3287: 3284: 3281: 3278: 3275: 3272: 3269: 3266: 3262: 3258: 3255: 3252: 3249: 3244: 3239: 3236: 3233: 3229: 3225: 3222: 3219: 3216: 3213: 3193: 3173: 3170: 3167: 3147: 3144: 3141: 3130: 3129: 3118: 3115: 3111: 3108: 3105: 3100: 3096: 3092: 3089: 3086: 3083: 3078: 3073: 3070: 3066: 3062: 3059: 3056: 3052: 3049: 3046: 3041: 3037: 3033: 3030: 3027: 3024: 3019: 3014: 3011: 3007: 2976: 2975: 2964: 2959: 2956: 2952: 2946: 2942: 2938: 2933: 2929: 2925: 2919: 2916: 2911: 2905: 2901: 2897: 2893: 2890: 2886: 2882: 2879: 2876: 2873: 2870: 2867: 2859: 2856: 2851: 2847: 2843: 2840: 2837: 2834: 2831: 2828: 2825: 2822: 2819: 2816: 2813: 2810: 2807: 2804: 2801: 2798: 2795: 2791: 2787: 2784: 2781: 2778: 2773: 2768: 2765: 2762: 2758: 2754: 2750: 2746: 2740: 2736: 2732: 2728: 2725: 2721: 2717: 2714: 2711: 2708: 2705: 2700: 2697: 2692: 2689: 2686: 2683: 2680: 2672: 2668: 2664: 2659: 2655: 2652: 2648: 2643: 2636: 2633: 2629: 2613: 2612: 2605: 2576: 2573: 2569: 2565: 2562: 2558: 2551: 2547: 2541: 2537: 2533: 2530: 2526: 2522: 2519: 2515: 2511: 2508: 2505: 2502: 2499: 2496: 2493: 2488: 2484: 2460: 2459: 2453: 2436: 2416: 2413: 2410: 2406: 2402: 2399: 2396: 2393: 2389: 2385: 2382: 2379: 2376: 2373: 2370: 2367: 2364: 2361: 2358: 2355: 2352: 2349: 2346: 2343: 2340: 2337: 2334: 2324: 2313: 2310: 2307: 2304: 2301: 2298: 2295: 2292: 2289: 2286: 2282: 2278: 2275: 2272: 2262: 2251: 2248: 2242: 2239: 2236: 2232: 2228: 2225: 2222: 2219: 2214: 2209: 2206: 2202: 2198: 2195: 2192: 2189: 2186: 2162: 2152: 2146: 2140: 2134: 2124: 2123: 2108: 2105: 2101: 2098: 2095: 2092: 2089: 2086: 2083: 2080: 2075: 2070: 2067: 2063: 2056: 2053: 2049: 2044: 2039: 2034: 2031: 2026: 2022: 2018: 2015: 2012: 2009: 2006: 2003: 2000: 1997: 1994: 1989: 1985: 1981: 1978: 1975: 1972: 1969: 1964: 1955: 1951: 1947: 1943: 1938: 1935: 1932: 1929: 1926: 1918: 1915: 1912: 1908: 1904: 1901: 1899: 1897: 1894: 1891: 1888: 1885: 1880: 1876: 1872: 1869: 1866: 1863: 1860: 1857: 1854: 1851: 1848: 1845: 1842: 1840: 1821: 1818: 1763: 1762: 1751: 1745: 1740: 1736: 1728: 1725: 1721: 1717: 1714: 1710: 1706: 1703: 1699: 1695: 1692: 1689: 1686: 1683: 1680: 1677: 1651: 1648: 1645: 1642: 1639: 1636: 1631: 1628: 1625: 1621: 1617: 1612: 1607: 1603: 1595: 1591: 1569: 1568: 1557: 1554: 1551: 1548: 1545: 1542: 1539: 1536: 1533: 1530: 1527: 1524: 1521: 1518: 1515: 1510: 1507: 1504: 1500: 1494: 1491: 1486: 1483: 1480: 1477: 1472: 1468: 1457: 1453: 1450: 1447: 1442: 1439: 1434: 1430: 1425: 1421: 1418: 1415: 1412: 1409: 1405: 1401: 1398: 1395: 1381: 1380: 1369: 1364: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1350: 1347: 1344: 1341: 1335: 1332: 1326: 1323: 1320: 1317: 1314: 1311: 1308: 1305: 1300: 1293: 1289: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1266: 1263: 1260: 1257: 1250: 1245: 1241: 1233: 1225: 1222: 1219: 1216: 1211: 1208: 1205: 1201: 1198: 1190: 1186: 1180: 1177: 1174: 1171: 1166: 1163: 1160: 1157: 1153: 1145: 1142: 1139: 1135: 1129: 1126: 1123: 1120: 1115: 1111: 1054:in the region 1028: 1027: 1016: 1008: 1005: 1002: 999: 996: 990: 987: 979: 974: 970: 966: 963: 960: 957: 954: 951: 917: 916: 899: 896: 893: 890: 887: 881: 878: 875: 870: 866: 862: 858: 850: 847: 839: 834: 830: 826: 823: 820: 817: 814: 811: 808: 805: 800: 796: 792: 789: 786: 781: 777: 773: 770: 767: 764: 761: 758: 755: 752: 749: 746: 743: 714: 713: 702: 699: 696: 693: 688: 684: 680: 676: 672: 669: 663: 660: 655: 652: 647: 643: 639: 635: 631: 628: 622: 619: 614: 611: 606: 602: 598: 594: 590: 587: 581: 578: 573: 570: 565: 561: 557: 553: 549: 546: 540: 537: 532: 529: 526: 523: 520: 517: 514: 509: 505: 501: 497: 493: 490: 486: 483: 480: 477: 471: 468: 461: 457: 453: 450: 447: 444: 439: 435: 398: 397: 386: 383: 380: 375: 371: 367: 363: 359: 354: 350: 343: 340: 335: 332: 327: 323: 319: 315: 311: 306: 302: 295: 292: 287: 284: 281: 278: 273: 269: 265: 262: 259: 256: 253: 235: 234: 223: 218: 213: 210: 207: 204: 201: 198: 195: 192: 189: 186: 183: 180: 177: 172: 166: 163: 160: 156: 150: 147: 142: 139: 136: 133: 128: 124: 91: 77: 74: 58:Riemann (1859) 52:and sums over 46:complex number 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5558: 5547: 5544: 5543: 5541: 5531: 5527: 5523: 5521:0-8176-3743-5 5517: 5513: 5509: 5505: 5502: 5498: 5494: 5492:0-12-232750-0 5488: 5484: 5480: 5479:Edwards, H.M. 5476: 5475: 5466: 5462: 5458: 5454: 5450: 5446: 5445: 5440: 5436: 5433: 5429: 5425: 5421: 5417: 5413: 5409: 5405: 5401: 5397: 5392: 5387: 5383: 5379: 5378: 5377:Duke Math. J. 5374:-functions", 5373: 5368: 5365: 5361: 5357: 5353: 5349: 5345: 5341: 5338:(in German), 5337: 5336: 5329: 5326: 5322: 5318: 5314: 5310: 5306: 5302: 5299: 5295: 5290: 5287: 5283: 5279: 5277:0-387-94225-4 5273: 5269: 5265: 5261: 5257: 5254: 5250: 5246: 5242: 5238: 5232: 5228: 5224: 5223:R. C. Vaughan 5220: 5216: 5212: 5211: 5198: 5194: 5188: 5174: 5170: 5164: 5158: 5153: 5144: 5138:on MathWorld. 5137: 5131: 5123: 5119: 5114: 5109: 5105: 5101: 5097: 5090: 5086: 5063: 5057: 5054: 5051: 5022: 5019: 5016: 5008: 5004: 5000: 4994: 4988: 4975: 4971: 4962: 4959: 4957: 4954: 4953: 4947: 4945: 4941: 4936: 4932: 4928: 4924: 4920: 4916: 4896: 4884: 4881: 4872: 4866: 4863: 4860: 4854: 4848: 4843: 4839: 4831: 4830: 4829: 4827: 4824: 4820: 4816: 4812: 4802: 4800: 4796: 4792: 4788: 4784: 4781: â‰€  4780: 4776: 4772: 4768: 4764: 4754: 4752: 4748: 4743: 4741: 4737: 4733: 4729: 4719: 4717: 4713: 4695: 4692: 4688: 4679: 4675: 4671: 4665: 4662: 4656: 4650: 4641: 4624: 4621: 4615: 4605: 4602: 4599: 4595: 4581: 4578: 4575: 4571: 4567: 4561: 4555: 4549: 4541: 4537: 4526: 4523: 4520: 4516: 4506: 4489: 4486: 4483: 4480: 4474: 4471: 4465: 4459: 4446: 4442: 4435: 4432: 4428: 4423: 4417: 4411: 4403: 4399: 4383: 4380: 4377: 4372: 4369: 4364: 4361: 4338: 4330: 4326: 4322: 4319: 4316: 4313: 4307: 4304: 4300: 4293: 4287: 4283: 4280: 4267: 4263: 4253: 4250: 4247: 4240: 4237: 4228: 4225: 4222: 4219: 4216: 4210: 4197: 4194: 4191: 4187: 4181: 4178: 4173: 4164: 4157: 4154: 4145: 4142: 4139: 4133: 4127: 4121: 4113: 4109: 4105: 4100: 4096: 4092: 4089: 4085: 4078: 4072: 4068: 4065: 4052: 4048: 4040: 4036: 4032: 4027: 4021: 4018: 4015: 4009: 4003: 3995: 3989: 3976: 3973: 3970: 3966: 3958: 3957: 3956: 3939: 3933: 3927: 3923: 3920: 3907: 3903: 3893: 3889: 3885: 3879: 3875: 3870: 3861: 3854: 3851: 3842: 3839: 3833: 3827: 3821: 3813: 3809: 3805: 3799: 3796: 3793: 3787: 3781: 3773: 3767: 3754: 3751: 3748: 3744: 3736: 3735: 3734: 3717: 3712: 3706: 3702: 3698: 3695: 3692: 3689: 3683: 3679: 3672: 3666: 3663: 3660: 3647: 3643: 3633: 3630: 3627: 3620: 3617: 3612: 3600: 3597: 3594: 3590: 3586: 3577: 3570: 3567: 3558: 3552: 3544: 3540: 3536: 3530: 3527: 3524: 3518: 3512: 3504: 3498: 3485: 3482: 3479: 3475: 3467: 3466: 3465: 3463: 3452: 3449: 3441: 3431: 3427: 3423: 3417: 3416: 3412: 3407:This section 3405: 3401: 3396: 3395: 3387: 3373: 3365: 3346: 3340: 3320: 3316: 3309: 3306: 3303: 3300: 3297: 3291: 3288: 3282: 3279: 3276: 3273: 3270: 3264: 3260: 3253: 3237: 3234: 3231: 3227: 3223: 3217: 3211: 3191: 3171: 3168: 3165: 3145: 3142: 3139: 3116: 3113: 3106: 3098: 3094: 3087: 3081: 3068: 3064: 3060: 3057: 3054: 3047: 3039: 3035: 3028: 3022: 3009: 3005: 2997: 2996: 2995: 2992: 2987: 2985: 2962: 2957: 2954: 2950: 2944: 2940: 2936: 2931: 2927: 2923: 2917: 2914: 2899: 2891: 2888: 2884: 2880: 2877: 2871: 2868: 2865: 2857: 2854: 2849: 2845: 2838: 2835: 2832: 2829: 2826: 2820: 2817: 2811: 2808: 2805: 2802: 2799: 2793: 2789: 2782: 2766: 2763: 2760: 2756: 2752: 2748: 2734: 2726: 2723: 2719: 2715: 2712: 2706: 2703: 2698: 2695: 2690: 2684: 2666: 2657: 2653: 2650: 2646: 2641: 2634: 2631: 2627: 2618: 2617: 2616: 2610: 2606: 2604:at infinity). 2603: 2599: 2595: 2574: 2571: 2567: 2563: 2560: 2556: 2549: 2545: 2539: 2535: 2531: 2528: 2524: 2517: 2513: 2509: 2500: 2494: 2486: 2482: 2473: 2469: 2468: 2467: 2464: 2450: 2434: 2408: 2404: 2400: 2397: 2394: 2391: 2387: 2383: 2377: 2371: 2368: 2365: 2359: 2353: 2350: 2347: 2344: 2338: 2325: 2308: 2302: 2299: 2293: 2290: 2287: 2284: 2280: 2276: 2263: 2249: 2246: 2240: 2237: 2234: 2230: 2223: 2217: 2204: 2200: 2196: 2190: 2184: 2176: 2160: 2153: 2150: 2147: 2144: 2141: 2138: 2135: 2132: 2129: 2128: 2127: 2106: 2103: 2096: 2084: 2078: 2065: 2061: 2054: 2051: 2047: 2042: 2024: 2020: 2013: 2010: 2007: 2001: 1998: 1987: 1983: 1976: 1973: 1967: 1953: 1949: 1945: 1941: 1933: 1927: 1924: 1916: 1913: 1910: 1906: 1902: 1900: 1889: 1878: 1874: 1870: 1864: 1855: 1849: 1831: 1830: 1829: 1827: 1817: 1808: 1802: 1791: 1785: 1777: 1773: 1769: 1749: 1743: 1738: 1734: 1726: 1723: 1719: 1715: 1708: 1704: 1701: 1697: 1693: 1687: 1684: 1681: 1675: 1646: 1643: 1640: 1634: 1623: 1615: 1610: 1605: 1601: 1593: 1589: 1581: 1580: 1579: 1576: 1574: 1549: 1546: 1543: 1537: 1534: 1528: 1525: 1522: 1516: 1508: 1502: 1492: 1489: 1484: 1478: 1470: 1466: 1455: 1451: 1448: 1445: 1440: 1437: 1432: 1428: 1423: 1419: 1413: 1407: 1403: 1399: 1396: 1393: 1386: 1385: 1384: 1362: 1359: 1355: 1351: 1348: 1342: 1339: 1333: 1330: 1324: 1318: 1315: 1309: 1306: 1303: 1298: 1291: 1287: 1275: 1271: 1267: 1264: 1261: 1258: 1255: 1248: 1243: 1239: 1231: 1220: 1214: 1206: 1199: 1196: 1188: 1184: 1175: 1172: 1169: 1161: 1158: 1155: 1151: 1143: 1140: 1137: 1133: 1127: 1121: 1113: 1109: 1101: 1100: 1099: 1094: 1089: 1087: 1081: 1074: 1066: 1058: 1049: 1045: 1044:branch points 1035: 1014: 1003: 997: 994: 988: 985: 977: 972: 968: 964: 958: 952: 949: 942: 941: 940: 938: 935:given by the 934: 926: 894: 888: 885: 876: 873: 868: 864: 856: 848: 845: 832: 828: 824: 818: 812: 809: 806: 798: 794: 787: 784: 779: 775: 771: 765: 759: 756: 753: 747: 741: 734: 733: 732: 730: 724: 720: 700: 697: 694: 686: 682: 678: 674: 667: 661: 658: 653: 645: 641: 637: 633: 626: 620: 617: 612: 604: 600: 596: 592: 585: 579: 576: 571: 563: 559: 555: 551: 544: 538: 535: 530: 524: 518: 515: 507: 503: 499: 495: 488: 481: 475: 469: 466: 459: 455: 451: 445: 437: 433: 425: 424: 423: 421: 404: 384: 381: 373: 369: 365: 361: 352: 348: 341: 338: 333: 325: 321: 317: 313: 304: 300: 293: 290: 285: 279: 271: 267: 263: 257: 251: 244: 243: 242: 240: 221: 216: 208: 205: 202: 196: 193: 187: 184: 181: 175: 170: 164: 158: 148: 145: 140: 134: 126: 122: 114: 113: 112: 108: 103: 97: 87: 83: 73: 71: 67: 63: 59: 55: 51: 48:zeroes of an 47: 43: 42: 38: 33: 19: 5511: 5508:Riesel, Hans 5482: 5451:(S2): 7–19, 5448: 5442: 5391:math/0311468 5381: 5375: 5371: 5339: 5333: 5308: 5297: 5263: 5218: 5215:Ingham, A.E. 5200:. Retrieved 5196: 5187: 5176:. Retrieved 5172: 5163: 5152: 5143: 5130: 5103: 5099: 5089: 4974: 4940:Meyer (2005) 4935:Alain Connes 4912: 4825: 4814: 4808: 4798: 4790: 4786: 4782: 4778: 4774: 4770: 4766: 4762: 4760: 4757:Applications 4744: 4739: 4735: 4725: 4715: 4711: 4642: 4507: 4401: 4397: 4353: 3954: 3732: 3459: 3444: 3435: 3420:Please help 3408: 3131: 2989:So that the 2988: 2977: 2614: 2608: 2602:Euler factor 2597: 2593: 2465: 2461: 2174: 2148: 2142: 2136: 2130: 2125: 1823: 1806: 1800: 1783: 1775: 1771: 1767: 1764: 1577: 1570: 1382: 1090: 1079: 1072: 1064: 1056: 1033: 1029: 918: 722: 718: 715: 402: 399: 236: 106: 95: 86:von Mangoldt 79: 54:prime powers 35: 29: 5439:Zagier, Don 5342:: 255–305, 5305:Weil, AndrĂ© 5260:Lang, Serge 4915:Weil (1952) 4819:eigenvalues 3364:Dirac delta 1086:Zagier 1977 41:L-functions 32:mathematics 5530:0821.11001 5501:0315.10035 5432:1079.11044 5356:26.0215.03 5325:0049.03205 5286:0811.11001 5253:0715.11045 5202:2023-06-14 5178:2023-06-14 5082:References 1826:AndrĂ© Weil 1030:The terms 406:counts as 68:, and the 50:L-function 5424:119176169 5408:0012-7094 5348:0075-4102 5217:(1990) , 5122:0019-2082 5055:≥ 5005:π 4989:π 4967:Footnotes 4885:^ 4867:⁡ 4855:ρ 4844:ρ 4840:∑ 4769:)) to be 4611:∞ 4596:∑ 4590:∞ 4585:∞ 4582:− 4572:∑ 4538:σ 4532:∞ 4517:∑ 4481:− 4475:⁡ 4455:∞ 4450:∞ 4447:− 4443:∫ 4436:π 4384:γ 4362:ρ 4305:− 4276:∞ 4271:∞ 4268:− 4264:∫ 4248:− 4238:ζ 4226:− 4217:− 4211:ζ 4203:∞ 4188:∑ 4165:ρ 4155:ζ 4143:− 4140:ρ 4134:ζ 4128:γ 4114:ρ 4110:∑ 4061:∞ 4056:∞ 4053:− 4049:∫ 4037:π 4019:⁡ 3990:φ 3982:∞ 3967:∑ 3916:∞ 3911:∞ 3908:− 3904:∫ 3880:ζ 3862:ρ 3852:ζ 3843:ρ 3834:ζ 3828:γ 3814:ρ 3810:∑ 3797:⁡ 3768:λ 3760:∞ 3745:∑ 3684:− 3656:∞ 3651:∞ 3648:− 3644:∫ 3628:− 3618:ζ 3606:∞ 3591:∑ 3578:ρ 3568:ζ 3559:γ 3545:ρ 3541:∑ 3528:⁡ 3499:μ 3491:∞ 3476:∑ 3409:does not 3341:δ 3307:⁡ 3301:− 3292:δ 3280:⁡ 3265:δ 3248:Λ 3243:∞ 3228:∑ 3099:∗ 3077:∞ 3072:∞ 3069:− 3065:∫ 3040:∗ 3018:∞ 3013:∞ 3010:− 3006:∫ 2955:ρ 2945:ρ 2941:∑ 2937:− 2889:− 2881:− 2872:⁡ 2836:⁡ 2830:− 2821:δ 2809:⁡ 2794:δ 2777:Λ 2772:∞ 2757:∑ 2724:− 2716:− 2707:⁡ 2679:Λ 2654:≤ 2647:∑ 2572:− 2564:− 2546:∏ 2529:− 2525:π 2504:Γ 2487:∗ 2483:ζ 2435:ψ 2378:ψ 2372:⁡ 2360:π 2354:⁡ 2348:− 2333:Ψ 2303:φ 2271:Φ 2213:∞ 2208:∞ 2205:− 2201:∫ 2185:φ 2161:φ 2091:Ψ 2079:φ 2074:∞ 2069:∞ 2066:− 2062:∫ 2055:π 2043:− 2014:⁡ 2008:− 1977:⁡ 1928:⁡ 1907:∑ 1890:ρ 1884:Φ 1879:ρ 1875:∑ 1871:− 1859:Φ 1844:Φ 1744:ρ 1739:ρ 1724:≤ 1716:ρ 1713:ℑ 1702:ρ 1698:∑ 1630:∞ 1627:→ 1611:ρ 1606:ρ 1594:ρ 1590:∑ 1547:− 1538:ψ 1517:ψ 1506:→ 1467:ψ 1449:⁡ 1438:≤ 1424:∑ 1408:ψ 1394:σ 1360:− 1352:− 1343:⁡ 1325:− 1319:π 1310:⁡ 1304:− 1299:ρ 1292:ρ 1276:ρ 1272:∑ 1268:− 1215:ζ 1197:ζ 1189:− 1179:∞ 1170:σ 1165:∞ 1159:− 1156:σ 1152:∫ 1141:π 1110:ψ 998:⁡ 969:∫ 953:⁡ 889:⁡ 874:− 838:∞ 829:∫ 813:⁡ 807:− 799:ρ 788:⁡ 780:ρ 776:∑ 772:− 760:⁡ 698:⋯ 695:− 613:− 572:− 531:− 476:μ 456:∑ 434:π 385:⋯ 349:π 301:π 268:π 206:− 197:π 176:π 162:→ 123:π 5540:Category 5510:(1994), 5481:(1974), 5465:37866599 5262:(1994), 5041:for all 4950:See also 4946:spaces. 4821:of some 4241:′ 4158:′ 3855:′ 3621:′ 3571:′ 2427:, where 1200:′ 1098:  1067:) > 0 60:for the 5416:2132868 5364:1580379 5317:0053152 5245:1074573 3430:removed 3415:sources 3362:is the 2982:is the 2454:′ 2447:is the 1804:⁄ 727:is the 411:⁄ 105:π( 5528:  5518:  5499:  5489:  5463:  5430:  5422:  5414:  5406:  5362:  5354:  5346:  5323:  5315:  5284:  5274:  5251:  5243:  5233:  5120:  5061:  5049:  5029:  4986:  4944:adelic 3333:where 3132:where 2978:where 2126:where 1667:  1665:where 1663:  1284:  1059:> 1 901:  883:  854:  719:μ 716:where 90:π 34:, the 5461:S2CID 5420:S2CID 5386:arXiv 4929:on a 4773:/log( 4765:(log( 4730:of a 5516:ISBN 5487:ISBN 5404:ISSN 5344:ISSN 5272:ISBN 5231:ISBN 5118:ISSN 3413:any 3411:cite 1397:> 1061:and 1042:has 39:for 5526:Zbl 5497:Zbl 5453:doi 5428:Zbl 5396:doi 5382:127 5352:JFM 5340:114 5321:Zbl 5282:Zbl 5249:Zbl 5108:doi 4472:exp 4016:log 3794:log 3525:log 3424:by 2474:of 2351:log 2011:log 1974:log 1925:log 1792:of 1782:ln( 1620:lim 1499:lim 1461:and 1446:log 1340:log 1307:log 1088:.) 1082:= 1 1071:li( 1063:Re( 1032:li( 995:log 886:log 810:log 155:lim 111:by 30:In 5542:: 5524:, 5495:, 5459:, 5447:, 5426:, 5418:, 5412:MR 5410:, 5402:, 5394:, 5380:, 5360:MR 5358:, 5350:, 5319:, 5313:MR 5296:, 5280:, 5270:, 5247:, 5241:MR 5239:, 5229:, 5195:. 5171:. 5116:. 5104:48 5102:. 5098:. 4864:Tr 4640:. 4505:. 3304:ln 3277:ln 2986:. 2869:ln 2833:ln 2806:ln 2704:ln 2456:/Γ 2369:Re 2177:: 1040:li 950:li 929:li 785:li 757:li 72:. 5455:: 5449:1 5398:: 5388:: 5372:L 5205:. 5181:. 5124:. 5110:: 5064:. 5058:3 5052:x 5026:) 5023:1 5020:+ 5017:x 5014:( 5009:0 5001:= 4998:) 4995:x 4992:( 4897:. 4894:) 4891:) 4882:T 4876:( 4873:F 4870:( 4861:= 4858:) 4852:( 4849:F 4826:T 4815:ρ 4799:F 4791:Ί 4787:x 4783:x 4779:y 4775:y 4771:y 4767:y 4763:F 4740:p 4738:( 4736:χ 4716:y 4712:a 4696:x 4693:a 4689:e 4685:) 4680:x 4676:e 4672:y 4669:( 4666:f 4663:= 4660:) 4657:x 4654:( 4651:g 4628:) 4625:n 4622:m 4619:( 4616:f 4606:1 4603:= 4600:n 4579:= 4576:m 4568:= 4565:) 4562:n 4559:( 4556:f 4553:) 4550:n 4547:( 4542:0 4527:1 4524:= 4521:n 4493:) 4490:x 4487:u 4484:i 4478:( 4469:) 4466:x 4463:( 4460:h 4433:2 4429:1 4424:= 4421:) 4418:u 4415:( 4412:g 4402:g 4398:h 4381:i 4378:+ 4373:2 4370:1 4365:= 4339:. 4334:) 4331:2 4327:/ 4323:1 4320:+ 4317:n 4314:2 4311:( 4308:x 4301:e 4297:) 4294:x 4291:( 4288:g 4284:x 4281:d 4257:) 4254:n 4251:2 4245:( 4232:) 4229:1 4223:n 4220:2 4214:( 4198:1 4195:= 4192:n 4182:2 4179:1 4174:+ 4168:) 4162:( 4149:) 4146:1 4137:( 4131:) 4125:( 4122:h 4106:+ 4101:2 4097:/ 4093:x 4090:3 4086:e 4082:) 4079:x 4076:( 4073:g 4069:x 4066:d 4041:2 4033:6 4028:= 4025:) 4022:n 4013:( 4010:g 4004:n 3999:) 3996:n 3993:( 3977:1 3974:= 3971:n 3940:. 3937:) 3934:x 3931:( 3928:g 3924:x 3921:d 3897:) 3894:2 3890:/ 3886:1 3883:( 3876:1 3871:+ 3865:) 3859:( 3846:) 3840:2 3837:( 3831:) 3825:( 3822:h 3806:= 3803:) 3800:n 3791:( 3788:g 3782:n 3777:) 3774:n 3771:( 3755:1 3752:= 3749:n 3718:. 3713:x 3710:) 3707:2 3703:/ 3699:1 3696:+ 3693:n 3690:2 3687:( 3680:e 3676:) 3673:x 3670:( 3667:g 3664:x 3661:d 3637:) 3634:n 3631:2 3625:( 3613:1 3601:1 3598:= 3595:n 3587:+ 3581:) 3575:( 3562:) 3556:( 3553:h 3537:= 3534:) 3531:n 3522:( 3519:g 3513:n 3508:) 3505:n 3502:( 3486:1 3483:= 3480:n 3451:) 3445:( 3440:) 3436:( 3432:. 3418:. 3374:f 3350:) 3347:u 3344:( 3321:, 3317:] 3313:) 3310:n 3298:u 3295:( 3289:+ 3286:) 3283:n 3274:+ 3271:u 3268:( 3261:[ 3257:) 3254:n 3251:( 3238:1 3235:= 3232:n 3224:= 3221:) 3218:u 3215:( 3212:g 3192:g 3172:g 3169:, 3166:f 3146:G 3143:, 3140:F 3117:t 3114:d 3110:) 3107:t 3104:( 3095:G 3091:) 3088:t 3085:( 3082:F 3061:= 3058:u 3055:d 3051:) 3048:u 3045:( 3036:g 3032:) 3029:u 3026:( 3023:f 2980:Λ 2963:, 2958:u 2951:e 2932:u 2928:e 2924:= 2918:u 2915:d 2910:) 2904:| 2900:u 2896:| 2892:2 2885:e 2878:1 2875:( 2866:d 2858:2 2855:1 2850:+ 2846:] 2842:) 2839:n 2827:u 2824:( 2818:+ 2815:) 2812:n 2803:+ 2800:u 2797:( 2790:[ 2786:) 2783:n 2780:( 2767:1 2764:= 2761:n 2753:= 2749:] 2745:) 2739:| 2735:u 2731:| 2727:2 2720:e 2713:1 2710:( 2699:2 2696:1 2691:+ 2688:) 2685:n 2682:( 2671:| 2667:u 2663:| 2658:e 2651:n 2642:[ 2635:u 2632:d 2628:d 2609:ζ 2598:p 2594:p 2575:s 2568:p 2561:1 2557:1 2550:p 2540:2 2536:/ 2532:s 2521:) 2518:2 2514:/ 2510:s 2507:( 2501:= 2498:) 2495:s 2492:( 2458:. 2452:Γ 2415:) 2412:) 2409:2 2405:/ 2401:t 2398:i 2395:+ 2392:4 2388:/ 2384:1 2381:( 2375:( 2366:+ 2363:) 2357:( 2345:= 2342:) 2339:t 2336:( 2312:) 2309:t 2306:( 2300:= 2297:) 2294:t 2291:i 2288:+ 2285:2 2281:/ 2277:1 2274:( 2250:x 2247:d 2241:x 2238:t 2235:i 2231:e 2227:) 2224:x 2221:( 2218:F 2197:= 2194:) 2191:t 2188:( 2175:F 2149:F 2143:m 2137:p 2131:ρ 2107:t 2104:d 2100:) 2097:t 2094:( 2088:) 2085:t 2082:( 2052:2 2048:1 2038:) 2033:) 2030:) 2025:m 2021:p 2017:( 2005:( 2002:F 1999:+ 1996:) 1993:) 1988:m 1984:p 1980:( 1971:( 1968:F 1963:( 1954:2 1950:/ 1946:m 1942:p 1937:) 1934:p 1931:( 1917:m 1914:, 1911:p 1903:= 1893:) 1887:( 1868:) 1865:0 1862:( 1856:+ 1853:) 1850:1 1847:( 1814:x 1807:T 1801:x 1794:x 1786:) 1784:x 1778:) 1776:T 1774:, 1772:x 1770:( 1768:S 1750:. 1735:x 1727:T 1720:| 1709:| 1705:: 1694:= 1691:) 1688:T 1685:, 1682:x 1679:( 1676:S 1650:) 1647:T 1644:, 1641:x 1638:( 1635:S 1624:T 1616:= 1602:x 1556:) 1553:) 1550:h 1544:x 1541:( 1535:+ 1532:) 1529:h 1526:+ 1523:x 1520:( 1514:( 1509:0 1503:h 1493:2 1490:1 1485:= 1482:) 1479:x 1476:( 1471:0 1456:, 1452:p 1441:x 1433:k 1429:p 1420:= 1417:) 1414:x 1411:( 1404:, 1400:1 1368:) 1363:2 1356:x 1349:1 1346:( 1334:2 1331:1 1322:) 1316:2 1313:( 1288:x 1265:x 1262:= 1259:s 1256:d 1249:s 1244:s 1240:x 1232:) 1224:) 1221:s 1218:( 1210:) 1207:s 1204:( 1185:( 1176:i 1173:+ 1162:i 1144:i 1138:2 1134:1 1128:= 1125:) 1122:x 1119:( 1114:0 1096:ψ 1080:s 1075:) 1073:x 1065:ρ 1057:x 1052:ρ 1036:) 1034:x 1015:. 1007:) 1004:t 1001:( 989:t 986:d 978:x 973:0 965:= 962:) 959:x 956:( 921:ρ 898:) 895:t 892:( 880:) 877:1 869:2 865:t 861:( 857:t 849:t 846:d 833:x 825:+ 822:) 819:2 816:( 804:) 795:x 791:( 769:) 766:x 763:( 754:= 751:) 748:x 745:( 742:f 725:) 723:n 721:( 701:, 692:) 687:6 683:/ 679:1 675:x 671:( 668:f 662:6 659:1 654:+ 651:) 646:5 642:/ 638:1 634:x 630:( 627:f 621:5 618:1 610:) 605:3 601:/ 597:1 593:x 589:( 586:f 580:3 577:1 569:) 564:2 560:/ 556:1 552:x 548:( 545:f 539:2 536:1 528:) 525:x 522:( 519:f 516:= 513:) 508:n 504:/ 500:1 496:x 492:( 489:f 485:) 482:n 479:( 470:n 467:1 460:n 452:= 449:) 446:x 443:( 438:0 414:n 409:1 403:p 382:+ 379:) 374:3 370:/ 366:1 362:x 358:( 353:0 342:3 339:1 334:+ 331:) 326:2 322:/ 318:1 314:x 310:( 305:0 294:2 291:1 286:+ 283:) 280:x 277:( 272:0 264:= 261:) 258:x 255:( 252:f 222:, 217:] 212:) 209:h 203:x 200:( 194:+ 191:) 188:h 185:+ 182:x 179:( 171:[ 165:0 159:h 149:2 146:1 141:= 138:) 135:x 132:( 127:0 109:) 107:x 98:) 96:x 94:( 92:0 20:)

Index

Explicit formulae (L-function)
mathematics
explicit formulae
L-functions
complex number
L-function
prime powers
Riemann (1859)
Riemann zeta function
discriminant of an algebraic number field
conductor of a number field
On the Number of Primes Less Than a Given Magnitude
von Mangoldt
prime-counting function
arithmetic mean
prime-counting function
Möbius function
absolutely convergent
logarithmic integral function
Cauchy principal value
branch points
analytic continuation
Zagier 1977
Chebyshev's function
residue theorem
natural logarithm
André Weil
digamma function
logarithmic derivative
Euler factor

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