192:. That is exemplified by the restrictions on the export of certain strategic or military items to the Soviet bloc or to other countries that it felt, if permitted, would be detrimental to American foreign policy. The last motive became so strong that it brought legislation directing the president to enlist the co-operation of other nations in enacting controls on trade with the Soviet block to parallel those of the United States. The benefits of the various economic and military aid programs were to be withheld from non-cooperating nations.
3858:
137:
Following the failure of diplomatic efforts to protect endangered
American lives, rights, and economic interests in China, America considered commercial retaliation against Japan, Japanese authorities, or Japanese-sponsored agents in China. The American government felt that its 1911 commercial treaty
98:
The foreign policy motive became so strong that it brought legislation directing the president to enlist the co-operation of other nations in enacting controls on trade with the Soviet block to parallel those of the United States. The benefits of the various economic and military aid programs were to
170:
After World War II, the Export
Control Act was expanded to prevent the diversion of advanced technology to the Soviet bloc and China and, in later years, to alter the behavior of foreign countries. Scarcity of certain goods in the world markets made the continuance of controls necessary to prevent a
77:
The scarcity of certain goods in the world markets, however, made the continuance of controls necessary to prevent a drain on such goods from plentiful
American supplies with its consequential inflationary effects. National security and foreign policy concerns, especially following the outbreak of
128:
In 1939, the nonbinding embargo was extended to materials essential to airplane manufacture and to plans, plants, and technical information for the production of high-quality aviation gasoline. The measures resulted in the suspension of the export to Japan of aircraft, aeronautical equipment, and
182:
The Export
Control Act of 1949 is an example of the type of legislation that it renders, subject to the regulations promulgated under it, all persons wherever situated. Under its provisions, exports of scarce materials are controlled both from an economic standpoint (short supply and consequent
124:
condemned the slaughter and its "material encouragement." A month later, the
Department of State notified aircraft manufacturers and exporters that the US government was "strongly opposed" to the sale of airplanes and related materiel to nations using airplanes to attack civilian populations.
150:
The embargo, which halted the shipment of material such as airplanes, parts, machine tools, and aviation gasoline, was designed to be an unfriendly act. However, expanding it to include oil was specifically avoided. Since Japan was dependent on US oil, it was then thought that it would be a
171:
drain on such goods from plentiful
American supplies, with its consequential inflationary influence. It was envisioned that remaining controls would soon disappear at the time of re-enactment in 1949, but national security and foreign policy, especially following the outbreak of the
161:
Controls were first authorized in 1940 in regard to munitions and similar materials essential to the defense effort, and they were extended in 1942 to all commodities. Always intended to be temporary, the 1940 act was successfully extended in 1944, 1945, 1946, and 1947.
516:
Act of May 16, 1951, ch. 83, 65 Stat. 43; Act of June 16, 1953, ch.116, 67 Stat. 62; Act of June 29, 1956, ch.473, § 1, 70 Stat.407; Pib. L. No.466, 72 Stat.220 (U.S. Code Cong. & Ad. (July 20, 1958)). See H.R. Rep. No.318, 82nd Cong., 1st Sess. (1951). Cited in
187:
and self-sufficiency in strategic resources not available in sufficiently large quantities). They are both domestic policies aimed primarily at conditions within the United States, but controls are also directed at conditions outside the country as an instrument of
480:
Act of July 1, 1944, ch,360, 58 Stat. 671; Act of June 30, 1945, ch. 205, 59 Stat.270; Act of May 23, 1946, ch.269, 60 Stat. 215; Act of June 30, 1947, ch. 184, § 1, 61 Stat. 214; Second
Decontrol Act of 1947, ch. 248, § 4, 61 Stat. 323. Cited in
86:
and in extending it until (at least) 1958. The law included both domestic policies aimed primarily at conditions within the United States as well as controls directed at conditions outside the country, as instruments of
American foreign policy.
142:, legally prevented the adoption of retaliatory measures against Japanese commerce. The United States gave its six months' notice of its withdrawal from the treaty in July 1939 and so removed the primary legal obstacle for embargo.
129:
other materials within the scope of the moral embargoes. As
Japanese purchases of items other than aircraft and aeronautical equipment were minuscule, the moral embargo ultimately stopped the exportation of arms to Japan.
65:
Although controls were first authorized in 1940 in regard to munitions and similar materials essential to the defense effort, its coverage was extended in 1942 to all commodities and broader geographic coverage after the
90:
That is exemplified by the restrictions on export of certain strategic or military items to the Soviet bloc or to other countries that it felt, if permitted, would be detrimental to US foreign policy during the
61:
The text stated that whenever the
President deemed it "necessary in the interest of national defense," he could prohibit or curtail the exportation of military equipment, munitions, tools, and materials.
50:. The act originated as a presidential proclamation by Roosevelt forbidding the exporting of aircraft parts, chemicals, and minerals without a license, and it was intended to induce Japan to curtail its
395:
116:
The act was seen as a codified "moral embargo" in that it was an expression of moral outrage stemming from the Japanese bombing of civilians in mainland China in the late 1930s. In June 1938,
138:
with Japan was not affording an appropriate level of protection to US commerce in areas within or occupied by Japan. Simultaneously, Japan's position under the treaty, as a
176:
83:
2422:
2167:
1768:
3780:
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2111:
1707:
1679:
823:
258:
74:. The act was extended with modifications through 1948, and it was envisioned that remaining controls would soon disappear at the time of re-enactment in 1949.
3759:
2431:
2118:
1245:
3919:
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2097:
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1024:
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1309:
719:
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1530:
1406:
424:"The Documentary History of the Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidency:Vol. 7: U.S.-Japan Relations: Trade Relations and the Sino-Japanese War, 1938-1940"
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763:
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791:
228:
3295:
2355:
2267:
2211:
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343:
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42:
to accomplish two tasks: to avoid scarcity of critical commodities in a likely prewar environment and to limit the exportation of
2510:
2307:
1959:
1337:
837:
749:
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2225:
1068:
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463:
Act of July 2, 1940, ch. 508, § 6, 54 Stat. 714; Act of June 30, 1942, ch. 461, 56 Stat. 463. Cited in Paul H Silverstone,
450:, p. 96 After it was announced in September iron and steel scrap export would also be prohibited, Japanese Ambassador
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3464:
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1938:
1208:
1077:
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206:
1725:
1293:
154:
The act was expanded in September of that year to include iron and steel scrap, an act that Japanese Ambassador
3736:
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1986:
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2007:
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558:
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100:
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2014:
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protested to Secretary Hull on October 8, 1940 warning this might be considered an "unfriendly act."
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1945:
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957:
51:
1302:
1279:
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2069:
1930:
1900:
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1523:
1505:
1169:
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627:
20:
236:
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2791:
2574:
2462:
2188:
1979:
1563:
1544:
1514:
1061:
1031:
201:
19:
This article is about Export Control Act of 1940. For the Arms Export Control Act of 1976, see
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47:
39:
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139:
8:
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1835:
1362:
1192:
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451:
155:
3803:
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3200:
3018:
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2132:
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1118:
1097:
807:
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189:
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3323:
3081:
3067:
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2907:
2858:
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2524:
2471:
2281:
2232:
2146:
1369:
1346:
879:
888:
3745:
3457:
3372:
3330:
3228:
3171:
3032:
2814:
2805:
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1139:
3857:
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3288:
3214:
1252:
1111:
490:
S.Rep. Bo. 31, 81st Cong., 1st Sess. 2-3 (1949). Cited in, Paul H Silverstone,
288:
3893:
3563:
1474:
1323:
1162:
67:
35:
3862:
3666:
1952:
1857:
1488:
851:
615:
552:
121:
71:
313:
3501:
3487:
3149:
1811:
1632:
1617:
971:
526:
Sect 2, 63 Stat.7 (1949), 50 USC App. § 2022 (1952). Cited in Silverstone
2849:
2602:
2581:
1467:
800:
728:
491:
464:
184:
172:
158:
warned Hull on October 8, 1940, might be considered an "unfriendly act
79:
538:(ch 575, 65 Stat. 644, 22 USC § 1611-13c (1952). Cited in Silverstone)
3112:
2517:
2314:
2125:
1916:
1871:
398:
The Rising Sun: The Decline and Fall of the Japanese Empire 1936â1945
55:
1392:
183:
inflationary effect on foreign demand) and the security standpoint (
1376:
1104:
92:
43:
579:
373:
507:
63 Stat.7, 50 U.S.C. App. §§2021-32 (1952). Cited in Silverstone
1993:
584:
2181:
557:, Washington D.C.: United States Government Printing Office,
492:
The Export Control Act of 1949: Extraterritorial Enforcement
465:
The Export Control Act of 1949: Extraterritorial Enforcement
99:
be withheld from nations unless they co-operated, as in the
536:
Mutual Defense Assistance Control Act of 1951 (Battle Act)
374:"Peace and War: United States Foreign Policy, 1931-1941"
259:"July 5, 1940: United States passes Export Control Act"
1246:
Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany
554:
Peace and War, United States Foreign Policy 1931â1941
175:, were new and compelling reasons for extending the
550:
447:
338:
336:
334:
82:, were new and compelling reasons for passing the
34:was one in a series of legislative efforts by the
3891:
331:
498:, Vol. 107, No. 3, Jan., 1959, p.331-32 and ff
38:and initially the administration of President
600:
580:"Peace and War: United States Foreign Policy"
132:
101:Mutual Defense Assistance Control Act of 1951
3920:United States home front during World War II
111:
607:
593:
471:, Vol. 107, No. 3, Jan., 1959, p. 331-32.
223:
221:
314:"U.S. Naval Chronology Of W.W.II, 1940"
179:in 1951, 1953, 1956 and again in 1958.
3892:
2461:
2439:Romanian prisoners in the Soviet Union
390:
251:
229:"Overview of U.S. Export Control Laws"
3317:Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign
2742:Japanese invasion of French Indochina
2388:Italian prisoners in the Soviet Union
2344:Finnish prisoners in the Soviet Union
1442:Rape during the occupation of Germany
588:
496:University of Pennsylvania Law Review
469:University of Pennsylvania Law Review
441:
218:
2432:Polish prisoners in the Soviet Union
1457:Rape during the liberation of France
378:U.S. Department of State Publication
3915:Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt
13:
2658:German invasion of the Netherlands
931:Weather events during World War II
14:
3936:
3296:Northern Burma and Western Yunnan
573:
561:from the original on May 12, 2008
344:"Relations with Japan: 1938-1940"
3856:
614:
16:United States export control law
529:
520:
510:
501:
484:
474:
457:
207:Foreign Economic Administration
3543:Vietnamese famine of 1944â1945
1239:Territorial changes of Germany
1147:Indonesian National Revolution
544:
416:
384:
366:
306:
281:
165:
1:
3925:JapanâUnited States relations
2936:Japanese invasion of Thailand
2887:Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran
2651:German invasion of Luxembourg
1025:Mediterranean and Middle East
212:
106:
2843:Invasion of the Soviet Union
2532:Occupation of Czechoslovakia
1843:Independent State of Croatia
551:Department of State (1943),
7:
3834:End of World War II in Asia
3674:Western invasion of Germany
3181:Chinese famine of 1942â1943
3158:Second Battle of El Alamein
2721:Hundred Regiments Offensive
2693:Battle of the Mediterranean
2546:Italian invasion of Albania
713:Air warfare of World War II
195:
10:
3941:
3905:Chronology of World War II
3760:Naval bombardment of Japan
3121:First Battle of El Alamein
3040:Battle of Christmas Island
2985:Japanese invasion of Burma
2749:Italian invasion of Greece
2665:German invasion of Belgium
2637:German invasion of Denmark
2610:1939â1940 Winter Offensive
2479:Second Italo-Ethiopian War
736:Comparative military ranks
402:. New York: Random House.
177:Export Control Act of 1949
145:
133:End of commercial treaties
84:Export Control Act of 1949
32:Export Control Act of 1940
18:
3849:
3681:BratislavaâBrno offensive
3621:
3612:Dutch famine of 1944â1945
3349:
3236:Allied invasion of Sicily
3190:
3089:Aleutian Islands campaign
3061:Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign
3008:
2999:Greek famine of 1941â1944
2894:Second Battle of Changsha
2799:German invasion of Greece
2767:
2644:Battle of ZaoyangâYichang
2619:
2557:
2452:
2333:
2059:
1969:
1810:
1513:
1504:
1262:
1087:
979:North and Central Pacific
940:
702:
695:
622:
3273:Allied invasion of Italy
3250:Solomon Islands campaign
2992:Third Battle of Changsha
2589:First Battle of Changsha
2495:Second Sino-Japanese War
1428:German military brothels
1294:United States war crimes
448:Department of State 1943
289:"World War II Resources"
3695:Second Guangxi campaign
3550:Philippines (1944â1945)
3047:Battle of the Coral Sea
2950:Fall of the Philippines
2596:Battle of South Guangxi
2502:Battles of Khalkhin Gol
1901:Italian Social Republic
21:Arms Export Control Act
3910:Attack on Pearl Harbor
3280:Armistice of Cassibile
3075:Battle of Dutch Harbor
3026:Battle of the Java Sea
2929:Attack on Pearl Harbor
2829:SyriaâLebanon campaign
2822:Battle of South Shanxi
2792:Invasion of Yugoslavia
2575:Battle of the Atlantic
2189:Korean Liberation Army
1895:(until September 1943)
1852:(until September 1944)
1830:(until September 1944)
348:Mt. Holyoke University
202:Causes of World War II
3444:Second Battle of Guam
3340:Bengal famine of 1943
3310:Second Battle of Kiev
3266:Battle of the Dnieper
3135:Kokoda Track campaign
2964:Battle of Wake Island
2836:East African campaign
2778:Battle of South Henan
2423:atrocities by Germans
2196:Korean Volunteer Army
1170:Occupation of Germany
924:Music in World War II
118:US Secretary of State
40:Franklin D. Roosevelt
3730:Surrender of Germany
3208:Battle of West Hubei
3165:Guadalcanal campaign
3128:Battle of Stalingrad
3054:Battle of Madagascar
1821:Albania protectorate
1608:(formerly Swaziland)
1317:Wehrmacht war crimes
1133:Expulsion of Germans
917:Art and World War II
815:British contribution
764:Governments in exile
380:(1983): 87â97. 1983.
140:most favoured nation
3820:Potsdam Declaration
3709:Italy (Spring 1945)
3472:Liberation of Paris
2922:Siege of Sevastopol
1933:(until August 1944)
1836:Wang Jingwei regime
1658:from September 1943
1618:from September 1944
1556:from September 1944
1416:Romanian war crimes
1407:Persecution of Jews
1393:Croatian war crimes
1363:Japanese war crimes
1177:Occupation of Japan
1126:First Indochina War
838:Military production
750:Declarations of war
239:on October 26, 2008
3813:Surrender of Japan
3646:Battle of Iwo Jima
3495:Belgrade offensive
2901:Siege of Leningrad
2785:Battle of Shanggao
2714:British Somaliland
2679:Dunkirk evacuation
2630:Norwegian campaign
2568:Invasion of Poland
2395:Japanese prisoners
1356:Italian war crimes
1287:British war crimes
1202:Soviet occupations
986:South-West Pacific
873:Allied cooperation
831:Military equipment
452:Kensuke Horinouchi
156:Kensuke Horinouchi
151:provocative step.
3887:
3886:
3845:
3844:
3688:Battle of Okinawa
3587:Burma (1944â1945)
3421:Mariana and Palau
3201:Tunisian campaign
3019:Fall of Singapore
2943:Fall of Hong Kong
2686:Battle of Britain
2539:Operation Himmler
2448:
2447:
2112:Dutch East Indies
1748:Southern Rhodesia
1500:
1499:
1400:Genocide of Serbs
1303:German war crimes
1280:Soviet war crimes
1273:Allied war crimes
1119:Division of Korea
1098:Chinese Civil War
896:Strategic bombing
808:Manhattan Project
409:978-0-8129-6858-3
190:US foreign policy
3932:
3880:
3873:
3866:
3863:World portal
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3762:
3755:
3748:
3739:
3732:
3725:
3723:Prague offensive
3718:
3716:Battle of Berlin
3711:
3704:
3697:
3690:
3683:
3676:
3669:
3662:
3660:Vienna offensive
3655:
3648:
3641:
3639:Battle of Manila
3634:
3614:
3605:
3596:
3589:
3580:
3573:
3566:
3559:
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3398:
3389:
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3380:KorsunâCherkassy
3375:
3364:
3342:
3333:
3326:
3319:
3312:
3305:
3298:
3291:
3282:
3275:
3268:
3261:
3252:
3245:
3238:
3231:
3224:
3222:Bombing of Gorky
3217:
3210:
3203:
3183:
3176:
3167:
3160:
3153:
3144:
3137:
3130:
3123:
3116:
3105:
3098:
3091:
3084:
3082:Battle of Midway
3077:
3070:
3068:Battle of Gazala
3063:
3056:
3049:
3042:
3035:
3028:
3021:
3001:
2994:
2987:
2980:
2978:Battle of Borneo
2973:
2971:Malayan campaign
2966:
2959:
2952:
2945:
2938:
2931:
2924:
2917:
2915:Bombing of Gorky
2910:
2908:Battle of Moscow
2903:
2896:
2889:
2882:
2875:
2868:
2852:
2845:
2838:
2831:
2824:
2817:
2808:
2801:
2794:
2787:
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2751:
2744:
2737:
2730:
2723:
2716:
2709:
2702:
2695:
2688:
2681:
2674:
2672:Battle of France
2667:
2660:
2653:
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2639:
2632:
2612:
2605:
2598:
2591:
2584:
2577:
2570:
2548:
2541:
2534:
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2525:Munich Agreement
2520:
2513:
2504:
2497:
2490:
2481:
2474:
2459:
2458:
2441:
2434:
2425:
2418:
2411:
2410:Soviet prisoners
2404:
2397:
2390:
2381:
2374:
2365:
2358:
2351:
2350:German prisoners
2346:
2326:
2317:
2310:
2303:
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2277:
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2207:
2198:
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2163:
2156:
2149:
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2135:
2128:
2121:
2114:
2107:
2100:
2093:
2086:
2079:
2072:
2052:
2045:
2038:
2031:
2024:
2017:
2010:
2003:
1996:
1989:
1982:
1962:
1955:
1948:
1941:
1934:
1926:
1919:
1912:
1903:
1896:
1888:
1881:
1879:French Indochina
1874:
1867:
1860:
1853:
1845:
1838:
1831:
1823:
1803:
1794:
1787:
1778:
1771:
1764:
1757:
1750:
1743:
1736:
1729:
1726:from August 1944
1717:
1710:
1703:
1696:
1689:
1682:
1675:
1668:
1661:
1649:
1642:
1635:
1628:
1621:
1609:
1601:
1594:
1587:
1580:
1573:
1566:
1559:
1547:
1540:
1533:
1526:
1511:
1510:
1491:
1484:
1477:
1470:
1463:
1452:
1437:
1430:
1423:
1418:
1409:
1402:
1395:
1386:
1379:
1372:
1370:Nanjing Massacre
1365:
1358:
1349:
1347:Nuremberg trials
1340:
1333:
1326:
1319:
1312:
1305:
1296:
1289:
1282:
1275:
1255:
1248:
1241:
1232:
1225:
1218:
1211:
1204:
1197:
1188:
1179:
1172:
1165:
1158:
1149:
1142:
1135:
1128:
1121:
1114:
1107:
1100:
1080:
1071:
1064:
1057:
1048:
1041:
1034:
1027:
1018:
1011:
1004:
995:
988:
981:
974:
967:
960:
953:
951:Asia and Pacific
933:
926:
919:
912:
905:
898:
891:
882:
880:Mulberry harbour
875:
868:
861:
854:
847:
840:
833:
826:
817:
810:
803:
794:
787:
780:
773:
766:
759:
752:
745:
738:
731:
722:
715:
700:
699:
688:
681:
672:
665:
658:
651:
644:
637:
630:
609:
602:
595:
586:
585:
569:
568:
566:
539:
533:
527:
524:
518:
514:
508:
505:
499:
488:
482:
478:
472:
461:
455:
445:
439:
438:
436:
434:
420:
414:
413:
388:
382:
381:
370:
364:
363:
361:
359:
350:. Archived from
340:
329:
328:
326:
324:
310:
304:
303:
301:
299:
285:
279:
278:
276:
274:
269:on July 13, 2012
265:. Archived from
255:
249:
248:
246:
244:
235:. Archived from
225:
54:of the coast of
3940:
3939:
3935:
3934:
3933:
3931:
3930:
3929:
3890:
3889:
3888:
3883:
3876:
3869:
3855:
3853:
3841:
3832:
3825:
3818:
3811:
3802:
3795:
3788:
3779:
3774:Atomic bombings
3772:
3765:
3758:
3751:
3744:
3735:
3728:
3721:
3714:
3707:
3700:
3693:
3686:
3679:
3672:
3665:
3658:
3651:
3644:
3637:
3630:
3617:
3610:
3599:
3592:
3585:
3576:
3569:
3562:
3555:
3548:
3541:
3532:
3523:
3516:
3507:
3500:
3493:
3486:
3477:
3470:
3465:Eastern Romania
3463:
3458:Warsaw Uprising
3456:
3451:Tannenberg Line
3449:
3442:
3437:Western Ukraine
3435:
3426:
3419:
3410:
3401:
3392:
3385:
3378:
3367:
3358:
3345:
3338:
3329:
3322:
3315:
3308:
3301:
3294:
3287:
3278:
3271:
3264:
3255:
3248:
3241:
3234:
3229:Battle of Kursk
3227:
3220:
3213:
3206:
3199:
3186:
3179:
3170:
3163:
3156:
3147:
3140:
3133:
3126:
3119:
3110:
3101:
3094:
3087:
3080:
3073:
3066:
3059:
3052:
3045:
3038:
3033:St Nazaire Raid
3031:
3024:
3017:
3004:
2997:
2990:
2983:
2976:
2969:
2962:
2955:
2948:
2941:
2934:
2927:
2920:
2913:
2906:
2899:
2892:
2885:
2878:
2871:
2857:
2848:
2841:
2834:
2827:
2820:
2815:Anglo-Iraqi War
2813:
2806:Battle of Crete
2804:
2797:
2790:
2783:
2776:
2763:
2754:
2747:
2740:
2735:Eastern Romania
2733:
2726:
2719:
2712:
2705:
2698:
2691:
2684:
2677:
2670:
2663:
2656:
2649:
2642:
2635:
2628:
2615:
2608:
2601:
2594:
2587:
2580:
2573:
2566:
2553:
2544:
2537:
2530:
2523:
2516:
2509:
2500:
2493:
2486:
2477:
2470:
2444:
2437:
2430:
2421:
2414:
2409:
2400:
2393:
2386:
2377:
2370:
2361:
2354:
2349:
2342:
2329:
2322:
2313:
2306:
2301:
2296:Western Ukraine
2294:
2287:
2280:
2273:
2266:
2259:
2252:
2245:
2240:Northeast China
2238:
2231:
2224:
2217:
2210:
2203:
2194:
2187:
2180:
2173:
2166:
2159:
2152:
2145:
2138:
2131:
2124:
2117:
2110:
2103:
2096:
2089:
2082:
2075:
2068:
2055:
2048:
2041:
2034:
2027:
2020:
2013:
2006:
1999:
1992:
1985:
1978:
1965:
1958:
1951:
1944:
1939:Slovak Republic
1937:
1929:
1922:
1915:
1910:Empire of Japan
1908:
1899:
1891:
1884:
1877:
1870:
1863:
1856:
1848:
1841:
1834:
1826:
1819:
1806:
1799:
1790:
1783:
1774:
1767:
1760:
1753:
1746:
1739:
1732:
1720:
1713:
1706:
1699:
1692:
1685:
1678:
1671:
1664:
1652:
1645:
1638:
1631:
1624:
1612:
1604:
1597:
1590:
1583:
1576:
1569:
1562:
1550:
1543:
1536:
1529:
1522:
1496:
1487:
1480:
1473:
1466:
1455:
1440:
1433:
1426:
1422:Sexual violence
1421:
1414:
1405:
1398:
1391:
1382:
1375:
1368:
1361:
1354:
1345:
1336:
1329:
1322:
1315:
1308:
1301:
1292:
1285:
1278:
1271:
1258:
1251:
1244:
1237:
1228:
1221:
1214:
1207:
1200:
1191:
1182:
1175:
1168:
1161:
1152:
1145:
1140:Greek Civil War
1138:
1131:
1124:
1117:
1110:
1103:
1096:
1083:
1076:
1067:
1060:
1053:
1044:
1037:
1030:
1023:
1014:
1007:
1000:
991:
984:
977:
970:
965:South-East Asia
963:
956:
949:
936:
929:
922:
915:
908:
901:
894:
887:
878:
871:
864:
857:
850:
843:
836:
829:
824:Military awards
822:
813:
806:
799:
790:
783:
776:
769:
762:
755:
748:
741:
734:
727:
718:
711:
691:
684:
677:
668:
661:
654:
649:
640:
633:
626:
618:
613:
576:
564:
562:
547:
542:
534:
530:
525:
521:
515:
511:
506:
502:
489:
485:
479:
475:
462:
458:
446:
442:
432:
430:
422:
421:
417:
410:
389:
385:
372:
371:
367:
357:
355:
354:on June 8, 2008
342:
341:
332:
322:
320:
312:
311:
307:
297:
295:
287:
286:
282:
272:
270:
257:
256:
252:
242:
240:
227:
226:
219:
215:
198:
168:
148:
135:
114:
112:"Moral embargo"
109:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3938:
3928:
3927:
3922:
3917:
3912:
3907:
3902:
3885:
3884:
3882:
3881:
3874:
3867:
3850:
3847:
3846:
3843:
3842:
3840:
3839:
3838:
3837:
3830:
3823:
3809:
3808:
3807:
3793:
3790:South Sakhalin
3786:
3785:
3784:
3770:
3763:
3756:
3749:
3742:
3741:
3740:
3726:
3719:
3712:
3705:
3698:
3691:
3684:
3677:
3670:
3663:
3656:
3649:
3642:
3635:
3627:
3625:
3619:
3618:
3616:
3615:
3608:
3607:
3606:
3590:
3583:
3582:
3581:
3567:
3560:
3553:
3546:
3539:
3530:
3521:
3514:
3505:
3498:
3491:
3484:
3475:
3468:
3461:
3454:
3447:
3440:
3433:
3424:
3417:
3408:
3399:
3390:
3383:
3376:
3365:
3355:
3353:
3347:
3346:
3344:
3343:
3336:
3335:
3334:
3327:
3313:
3306:
3299:
3292:
3285:
3284:
3283:
3269:
3262:
3253:
3246:
3239:
3232:
3225:
3218:
3215:Battle of Attu
3211:
3204:
3196:
3194:
3188:
3187:
3185:
3184:
3177:
3168:
3161:
3154:
3145:
3138:
3131:
3124:
3117:
3108:
3107:
3106:
3099:
3085:
3078:
3071:
3064:
3057:
3050:
3043:
3036:
3029:
3022:
3014:
3012:
3006:
3005:
3003:
3002:
2995:
2988:
2981:
2974:
2967:
2960:
2957:Battle of Guam
2953:
2946:
2939:
2932:
2925:
2918:
2911:
2904:
2897:
2890:
2883:
2880:Battle of Kiev
2876:
2869:
2855:
2854:
2853:
2839:
2832:
2825:
2818:
2811:
2810:
2809:
2795:
2788:
2781:
2773:
2771:
2765:
2764:
2762:
2761:
2752:
2745:
2738:
2731:
2724:
2717:
2710:
2703:
2696:
2689:
2682:
2675:
2668:
2661:
2654:
2647:
2640:
2633:
2625:
2623:
2617:
2616:
2614:
2613:
2606:
2599:
2592:
2585:
2578:
2571:
2563:
2561:
2555:
2554:
2552:
2551:
2550:
2549:
2542:
2535:
2528:
2521:
2507:
2506:
2505:
2498:
2484:
2483:
2482:
2467:
2465:
2456:
2450:
2449:
2446:
2445:
2443:
2442:
2435:
2428:
2427:
2426:
2419:
2407:
2406:
2405:
2391:
2384:
2383:
2382:
2379:United Kingdom
2375:
2368:
2367:
2366:
2347:
2339:
2337:
2331:
2330:
2328:
2327:
2320:
2319:
2318:
2311:
2299:
2292:
2285:
2278:
2271:
2264:
2257:
2250:
2243:
2236:
2229:
2222:
2215:
2208:
2201:
2200:
2199:
2192:
2178:
2171:
2164:
2157:
2150:
2143:
2136:
2129:
2122:
2115:
2108:
2101:
2094:
2087:
2080:
2073:
2065:
2063:
2057:
2056:
2054:
2053:
2046:
2039:
2032:
2025:
2018:
2011:
2004:
1997:
1990:
1983:
1975:
1973:
1967:
1966:
1964:
1963:
1956:
1949:
1942:
1935:
1927:
1920:
1913:
1906:
1905:
1904:
1889:
1882:
1875:
1868:
1861:
1854:
1846:
1839:
1832:
1824:
1816:
1814:
1808:
1807:
1805:
1804:
1797:
1796:
1795:
1781:
1780:
1779:
1776:British Empire
1769:United Kingdom
1765:
1758:
1751:
1744:
1737:
1730:
1718:
1711:
1704:
1697:
1690:
1683:
1676:
1669:
1662:
1650:
1643:
1636:
1629:
1622:
1610:
1602:
1595:
1588:
1585:Czechoslovakia
1581:
1574:
1567:
1560:
1548:
1541:
1534:
1527:
1519:
1517:
1508:
1502:
1501:
1498:
1497:
1495:
1494:
1493:
1492:
1485:
1482:Rape of Manila
1478:
1471:
1464:
1453:
1438:
1431:
1419:
1412:
1411:
1410:
1403:
1389:
1388:
1387:
1380:
1373:
1359:
1352:
1351:
1350:
1343:
1342:
1341:
1334:
1320:
1313:
1299:
1298:
1297:
1290:
1283:
1268:
1266:
1260:
1259:
1257:
1256:
1253:United Nations
1249:
1242:
1235:
1234:
1233:
1226:
1219:
1212:
1198:
1189:
1180:
1173:
1166:
1159:
1150:
1143:
1136:
1129:
1122:
1115:
1112:Decolonization
1108:
1101:
1093:
1091:
1085:
1084:
1082:
1081:
1074:
1073:
1072:
1058:
1051:
1050:
1049:
1042:
1035:
1021:
1020:
1019:
1012:
998:
997:
996:
989:
982:
975:
968:
961:
946:
944:
938:
937:
935:
934:
927:
920:
913:
906:
899:
892:
885:
884:
883:
876:
862:
855:
848:
841:
834:
827:
820:
819:
818:
804:
797:
796:
795:
788:
785:United Kingdom
781:
767:
760:
753:
746:
739:
732:
725:
724:
723:
708:
706:
697:
693:
692:
690:
689:
682:
675:
674:
673:
666:
659:
647:
646:
645:
631:
623:
620:
619:
612:
611:
604:
597:
589:
583:
582:
575:
574:External links
572:
571:
570:
546:
543:
541:
540:
528:
519:
509:
500:
483:
473:
456:
440:
428:lexisnexis.com
415:
408:
383:
365:
330:
305:
280:
250:
216:
214:
211:
210:
209:
204:
197:
194:
167:
164:
147:
144:
134:
131:
113:
110:
108:
105:
48:Imperial Japan
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3937:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3913:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3900:Causes of war
3898:
3897:
3895:
3879:
3875:
3872:
3868:
3865:
3864:
3859:
3852:
3851:
3848:
3835:
3831:
3828:
3824:
3821:
3817:
3816:
3814:
3810:
3805:
3801:
3800:
3798:
3797:Kuril Islands
3794:
3791:
3787:
3782:
3778:
3777:
3775:
3771:
3768:
3764:
3761:
3757:
3754:
3750:
3747:
3743:
3738:
3734:
3733:
3731:
3727:
3724:
3720:
3717:
3713:
3710:
3706:
3703:
3699:
3696:
3692:
3689:
3685:
3682:
3678:
3675:
3671:
3668:
3664:
3661:
3657:
3654:
3650:
3647:
3643:
3640:
3636:
3633:
3629:
3628:
3626:
3624:
3620:
3613:
3609:
3604:
3603:
3598:
3597:
3595:
3591:
3588:
3584:
3579:
3575:
3574:
3572:
3568:
3565:
3564:Syrmian Front
3561:
3558:
3554:
3551:
3547:
3544:
3540:
3537:
3536:
3531:
3528:
3527:
3522:
3519:
3515:
3512:
3511:
3510:Market Garden
3506:
3503:
3499:
3496:
3492:
3489:
3485:
3482:
3481:
3476:
3473:
3469:
3466:
3462:
3459:
3455:
3452:
3448:
3445:
3441:
3438:
3434:
3431:
3430:
3425:
3422:
3418:
3415:
3414:
3409:
3406:
3405:
3400:
3397:
3396:
3391:
3388:
3384:
3381:
3377:
3374:
3370:
3369:Monte Cassino
3366:
3363:
3362:
3357:
3356:
3354:
3352:
3348:
3341:
3337:
3332:
3328:
3325:
3321:
3320:
3318:
3314:
3311:
3307:
3304:
3300:
3297:
3293:
3290:
3286:
3281:
3277:
3276:
3274:
3270:
3267:
3263:
3260:
3259:
3254:
3251:
3247:
3244:
3240:
3237:
3233:
3230:
3226:
3223:
3219:
3216:
3212:
3209:
3205:
3202:
3198:
3197:
3195:
3193:
3189:
3182:
3178:
3175:
3174:
3169:
3166:
3162:
3159:
3155:
3152:
3151:
3146:
3143:
3139:
3136:
3132:
3129:
3125:
3122:
3118:
3115:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3100:
3097:
3093:
3092:
3090:
3086:
3083:
3079:
3076:
3072:
3069:
3065:
3062:
3058:
3055:
3051:
3048:
3044:
3041:
3037:
3034:
3030:
3027:
3023:
3020:
3016:
3015:
3013:
3011:
3007:
3000:
2996:
2993:
2989:
2986:
2982:
2979:
2975:
2972:
2968:
2965:
2961:
2958:
2954:
2951:
2947:
2944:
2940:
2937:
2933:
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845:Naval history
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36:US government
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3871:Bibliography
3854:
3667:Project Hula
3632:VistulaâOder
3601:
3534:
3525:
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3479:
3428:
3412:
3403:
3394:
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3257:
3172:
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3111:
2862:
2755:
2700:North Africa
2402:Soviet Union
2356:Soviet Union
2282:Soviet Union
2050:Vatican City
1953:Vichy France
1858:German Reich
1755:Soviet Union
1741:South Africa
1734:Sierra Leone
1687:Newfoundland
1506:Participants
1489:Marocchinate
1193:
1184:
1154:
1032:North Africa
993:Indian Ocean
852:Nazi plunder
743:Cryptography
616:World War II
563:, retrieved
553:
531:
522:
512:
503:
486:
476:
459:
443:
431:. Retrieved
427:
418:
399:
396:
392:Toland, John
386:
377:
368:
356:. Retrieved
352:the original
347:
321:. Retrieved
317:
308:
296:. Retrieved
292:
283:
273:September 4,
271:. Retrieved
267:the original
262:
253:
241:. Retrieved
237:the original
232:
181:
169:
160:
153:
149:
136:
127:
122:Cordell Hull
115:
97:
89:
76:
72:World War II
64:
60:
31:
29:
27:
25:
3602:Bodenplatte
3488:Gothic Line
2707:West Africa
2254:Philippines
2233:Netherlands
2098:Czech lands
2036:Switzerland
1980:Afghanistan
1924:Philippines
1792:Puerto Rico
1708:Philippines
1694:New Zealand
1680:Netherlands
1633:Free France
1384:Prosecution
1185:Osoaviakhim
1055:West Africa
1039:East Africa
686:Conferences
565:December 8,
545:Works cited
517:Silverstone
481:Silverstone
433:October 27,
358:October 27,
323:October 27,
298:October 27,
293:iBiblio.Org
263:History.com
243:October 27,
233:America.gov
166:Postwar use
3894:Categories
3702:West Hunan
3535:Pointblank
2864:Silver Fox
2850:Summer War
2603:Winter War
2582:Phoney War
2363:Azerbaijan
2324:Yugoslavia
2219:Luxembourg
2061:Resistance
1801:Yugoslavia
1666:Luxembourg
1468:Sook Ching
1264:War crimes
866:Technology
859:Opposition
801:Lend-Lease
778:Australian
771:Home front
729:Blitzkrieg
679:Casualties
670:Commanders
642:Operations
213:References
173:Korean War
107:Background
80:Korean War
52:occupation
3767:Manchuria
3653:Indochina
3429:Bagration
2873:Lithuania
2518:Anschluss
2315:Viet Minh
2212:Lithuania
2154:Hong Kong
1917:Manchukuo
1872:Azad Hind
1531:Australia
1331:Aftermath
1194:Paperclip
1089:Aftermath
889:Total war
757:Diplomacy
720:In Europe
56:Indochina
3878:Category
3827:document
3737:document
3594:Ardennes
3578:Budapest
3526:Crossbow
3404:Overlord
3243:Smolensk
2454:Timeline
2289:Slovakia
2275:Thailand
2126:Ethiopia
2091:Bulgaria
2015:Portugal
1946:Thailand
1828:Bulgaria
1606:Eswatini
1599:Ethiopia
1552:Bulgaria
1377:Unit 731
1338:Response
1155:Keelhaul
1105:Cold War
1078:Americas
1069:timeline
1062:Atlantic
942:Theaters
559:archived
394:(2003).
196:See also
185:autarchy
93:Cold War
70:entered
44:materiel
3804:Shumshu
3571:Hungary
3518:Estonia
3502:Lapland
3480:Dragoon
3413:Neptune
3395:Ichi-Go
3361:Tempest
3303:Changde
3258:Cottage
3150:Jubilee
2859:Finland
2757:Compass
2463:Prelude
2416:Finland
2302:Vietnam
2268:Romania
2140:Germany
2119:Estonia
2105:Denmark
2084:Belgium
2077:Austria
2070:Albania
2001:Ireland
1987:Andorra
1971:Neutral
1931:Romania
1865:Hungary
1850:Finland
1722:Romania
1614:Finland
1592:Denmark
1538:Belgium
1524:Algeria
1230:Romania
1216:Hungary
972:Pacific
696:General
650:Leaders
635:Battles
628:Outline
146:Effects
3781:Debate
3753:Taipei
3746:Borneo
3324:Tarawa
2511:Europe
2472:Africa
2261:Poland
2247:Norway
2226:Malaya
2205:Latvia
2147:Greece
2133:France
2029:Sweden
1994:Bhutan
1715:Poland
1701:Norway
1673:Mexico
1640:Greece
1626:France
1564:Canada
1545:Brazil
1515:Allies
1461:Serbia
1450:Poland
1223:Poland
1209:Baltic
1002:Europe
704:Topics
656:Allied
406:
3557:Leyte
3387:Narva
3373:Anzio
3331:Makin
3289:Burma
3173:Torch
3142:Rzhev
3096:Kiska
2182:Korea
2168:Japan
2161:Italy
2043:Tibet
2022:Spain
1893:Italy
1654:Italy
1647:India
1571:China
1446:Japan
1046:Italy
958:China
910:Women
3623:1945
3351:1944
3192:1943
3113:Blue
3103:Attu
3010:1942
2769:1941
2621:1940
2559:1939
2488:Asia
2335:POWs
2175:Jews
1886:Iraq
1812:Axis
1762:Tuva
1578:Cuba
663:Axis
567:2007
435:2008
404:ISBN
360:2008
325:2008
300:2008
275:2012
245:2008
78:the
30:The
46:to
3896::
3371:/
494:,
467:,
426:.
376:.
346:.
333:^
316:.
291:.
261:.
231:.
220:^
120:,
103:.
95:.
58:.
2867:)
2861:(
1728:)
1724:(
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1656:(
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1616:(
1558:)
1554:(
608:e
601:t
594:v
437:.
412:.
362:.
327:.
302:.
277:.
247:.
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.