89:
31:
115:, as an unstated condition to win her hand. The King demonstrated his wish to completely and forever eradicate Judaism from Portugal by issuing two decrees. The initial edict of expulsion of 1496 was turned into an edict of forced conversion in 1497, whereby Portuguese Jews were prevented from leaving the country and were forcibly baptized and converted to Christianity. Those Jews who refused to pay taxes in protest were deported from Portugal and abandoned to their fate in the islands of
135:
292:, the Portuguese government originally planned to forcibly convert or execute Muslims as they had done to Jews, but fear of retaliation from Muslim kingdoms in North Africa led the king to settle on deportations instead. Manuel I's motivation behind the order is unclear, but some contemporary historians say it was part of a greater goal of Queen
263:
in
Castelo Branco, plus some scattered families) by their practice of intermarriage and their very limited cultural contacts with the outside world. Only recently, in the late 20th century, have they re-established contact with the international Jewish community and openly practice their religion in
250:
who continued to secretly practice their religion; they eventually left the country in the centuries to come, and openly embraced their Jewish faith again in foreign lands. Such was the case, for example, of the ancestors of Baruch
Spinoza in the Netherlands. Some other Portuguese Jews, very few in
332:
expelled from
Portugal. The law is a reaction to historical events that led to their expulsion from Portugal, but also due to increased concerns over Jewish communities throughout Europe. In order to obtain Portuguese nationality, the person must attest being a direct descendant of a Sephardi of
304:") to rid the peninsula of Muslims and create "religious uniformity" and "monolithic Catholic Christian unity". Other historians say it was influenced by ambitions of conquering Morocco, or by the suggestion of the Dominican confessor to the king, Friar Jorge Vogado. Some Muslims found refuge in
276:
According to contemporary historian François Soyer, the expulsion of
Muslims from Portugal has been overshadowed by the forced conversion of Jews in the country. While tolerance of Muslim minorities in Portugal was higher than in any other part of Europe, Muslims were still perceived as "alien."
73:
were home to important Jewish communities. The Jewish community, along with the Moors, had control in Spain as well, until around 1478 when Queen
Isabella and King Ferdinand had started buying the land that anyone who was not Catholic had controlled.
1407:
242:, and were always under the constant surveillance of the Inquisition. The Holy Office in Portugal lasted for almost three hundred years, until the Portuguese Inquisition was abolished in 1821 by the "General Extraordinary and Constituent
316:
In the 19th century, some affluent families of
Sephardi Jewish Portuguese origin such as the Ruah and Bensaude, resettled in Portugal from Morocco. The first synagogue to be built in Portugal since the 15th century was the
1377:
1088:
1395:
1412:
643:
1372:
255:, opted for a different and radical solution, practicing their faith in a strictly secret manner among a rural and isolated community. Known as the "Last of the
333:
Portuguese origin or family connections in a collateral line from a former
Portuguese Sephardi community. Use of expressions in Portuguese in Jewish rites or
1311:
17:
754:
658:
1428:
1440:
728:
284:
In
December 1496, Manuel I ordered all Muslim subjects to leave without any apparent provocation. According to 16th-century Portuguese historians
801:
112:
1506:
935:
471:
1400:
1211:
88:
1466:
1271:
991:
677:
1083:
834:
1130:
979:
1196:
839:
703:
357:
1486:
1501:
1496:
1476:
1026:
794:
30:
1491:
1346:
1120:
1471:
1093:
967:
764:
396:
391:
António José Saraiva: The
Marrano Factory: The Portuguese Inquisition and Its New Christians 1536-1765, BRILL, 2001,
1103:
53:
Until the 15th century, some Jews occupied prominent places in
Portuguese political and economic life. For example,
1047:
1173:
1125:
1113:
1108:
984:
940:
915:
83:
450:"King Manuel I and the expulsion of the Castilian Conversos and Muslims from Portugal in 1497: new perspectives"
1201:
1152:
1069:
1042:
945:
930:
787:
756:
The Persecution of the Jews and Muslims of Portugal: King Manuel I and the End of Religious Tolerance (1496–7)
1296:
1021:
1016:
1006:
449:
116:
1362:
1098:
1052:
962:
844:
45:
signed the decree of expulsion of Jews and Muslims to take effect by the end of October of the next year.
1481:
1077:
207:
489:
218:. Some of the most famous descendants of Portuguese Jews who lived outside Portugal are the philosopher
1367:
1328:
325:
1461:
1306:
1001:
974:
1147:
1336:
1135:
1036:
353:
1239:
297:
179:
128:
111:
during the negotiations of the contract of marriage between himself and their eldest daughter
1229:
1206:
1162:
293:
93:
289:
100:
58:
42:
215:
8:
950:
285:
278:
430:
260:
62:
1062:
1433:
1318:
1244:
924:
760:
392:
334:
301:
243:
163:
146:
to leave after the Lisbon massacre of 1506, many went to the Ottoman Empire, notably
108:
1221:
422:
318:
305:
211:
167:
155:
186:. In some of these places their presence can still be perceived in the use of the
1301:
1234:
955:
849:
369:
349:
124:
54:
1288:
1259:
1249:
1168:
819:
810:
338:
239:
219:
151:
507:
1455:
1140:
1057:
904:
897:
329:
281:
during the 1460s; however, no similar acts of violence occurred in Portugal.
252:
227:
187:
183:
729:"Portugal open to citizenship applications by descendants of Sephardic Jews"
1266:
345:
147:
65:, and they kept their reputation of diplomats and merchants. By this time,
119:, off the western coast of Africa. Hard times followed for the Portuguese
1011:
779:
104:
876:
259:", some have survived until today (especially the Jewish community from
1276:
996:
890:
247:
199:
678:"Amid rising European anti-Semitism, Portugal sees Jewish renaissance"
659:"Descendentes de judeus sefarditas já vão poder pedir a nacionalidade"
434:
410:
171:
869:
203:
159:
862:
828:
426:
256:
175:
70:
1254:
883:
1408:
Foundation for the Advancement of Sephardic Studies and Culture
195:
191:
66:
1178:
704:"New citizenship law has Jews flocking to tiny Portugal city"
265:
1341:
411:"The Significance of 1492 to the Jews and Muslims of Spain"
409:
Altabé, David Fintz; Altabe, David Fintz (September 1992).
328:
in order to grant Portuguese nationality to descendants of
107:
or leave the country, in order to satisfy a request by the
134:
564:
540:
92:
Expulsion of the Jews in 1497, in a 1917 watercolour by
472:"Judeus ibéricos deportados a São Tomé entre 1492-1497"
530:
528:
457:
Cadernos de Estudos Sefarditas, n.º 8, 2008, pp. 33-62
624:
612:
600:
588:
576:
552:
525:
513:
311:
759:. Leiden, The Netherlands: Koninklijke Brill NV.
238:Jews who converted to Christianity were known as
1453:
510:(Motion Picture), La Sept-Les Film d'Ici, 1990.
469:
447:
324:In 2014 the Portuguese parliament changed the
277:Anti-Muslim riots were regular in neighboring
125:the massacre of 2,000 people in Lisbon in 1506
795:
1212:Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim countries
408:
226:in Portuguese), and the classical economist
35:Epistola de victoria contra infideles habita
27:Expulsion of Muslims and Jews from Portugal
809:
802:
788:
138:Burning of Crypto-Jews in Lisbon, Portugal
387:
385:
133:
87:
29:
500:
271:
206:built by those who became known as the
190:language by some Jewish communities in
14:
1454:
476:Morashá: História Judaica Moderna (79)
103:decreed that all Jews must convert to
1197:History of the Jews under Muslim rule
783:
752:
630:
618:
606:
594:
582:
570:
558:
546:
534:
519:
382:
246:". Many of those New Christians were
127:, and later the establishment of the
1507:Persecution of Muslims by Christians
701:
348:who were able to prove descent from
77:
1396:Caracas Center of Sephardic Studies
506:Frédéric Brenner and Stan Neumann,
154:, and to the Wattasid Sultanate of
24:
18:Expulsion of the Jews from Portugal
1347:Sephardim and Oriental Communities
644:"Shaaré Tikvah Synagogue - Lisbon"
61:. Many also had an active role in
25:
1518:
675:
308:, but most fled to North Africa.
264:a public synagogue with a formal
202:of the Antilles, or the multiple
1467:Anti-Islam sentiment in Portugal
656:
1413:Institute for Sephardic Studies
721:
695:
669:
650:
636:
312:Return of some Jews to Portugal
244:Courts of the Portuguese Nation
84:History of the Jews in Portugal
1202:Antisemitism in the Arab world
482:
463:
441:
402:
341:can also be considered proof.
233:
113:Isabella, Princess of Asturias
13:
1:
375:
48:
1363:American Sephardi Federation
1356:Major communal organizations
7:
1487:Islam-related controversies
1078:Western Europe and overseas
363:
208:Spanish and Portuguese Jews
57:was the treasurer of King
10:
1523:
1502:Religious expulsion orders
1497:Portuguese-Jewish diaspora
1477:Ethnic cleansing in Europe
1368:Sephardi Community Council
747:
344:From 2015 several hundred
326:Portuguese nationality law
158:. Smaller numbers went to
109:Catholic Monarchs of Spain
81:
1492:Jewish Portuguese history
1421:
1388:
1373:World Sephardi Federation
1355:
1327:
1287:
1220:
1189:
914:
818:
490:"Sao Tome & Principe"
200:Portuguese-based dialects
99:On 5 December 1496, King
43:King Manuel I of Portugal
1472:Antisemitism in Portugal
753:Soyer, François (2007).
470:Reuven Faingold (2013).
857:Expulsion from Portugal
448:François Soyer (2008).
321:, inaugurated in 1904.
494:Jewish Virtual Library
358:Portuguese citizenship
142:When the King allowed
139:
129:Portuguese Inquisition
96:
38:
1207:Antisemitism in Islam
925:Eastern Mediterranean
708:www.timesofisrael.com
682:www.timesofisrael.com
508:Les Derniers Marranes
354:emigrated to Portugal
137:
117:São Tomé and Príncipe
94:Alfredo Roque Gameiro
91:
33:
1312:Sephardi chief rabbi
1289:Religion and culture
845:Expulsion from Spain
272:Expulsion of Muslims
101:Manuel I of Portugal
59:Afonso V of Portugal
41:On 5 December 1496,
573:, pp. 260–261.
549:, p. 254, 259.
1482:Expulsions of Jews
140:
97:
63:Portuguese culture
39:
1449:
1448:
1245:Judaeo-Portuguese
702:Liphshiz, Cnaan.
352:expelled in 1497
335:Judaeo-Portuguese
302:Catholic Monarchs
224:Bento de Espinosa
78:Expulsion of Jews
16:(Redirected from
1514:
1462:1496 in Portugal
1437:
1404:
1381:
1307:Rite and customs
1280:
1163:Crypto-Sephardim
804:
797:
790:
781:
780:
777:
775:
773:
741:
740:
738:
736:
725:
719:
718:
716:
714:
699:
693:
692:
690:
688:
676:Devos, Olivier.
673:
667:
666:
654:
648:
647:
646:. Path of Faith.
640:
634:
628:
622:
616:
610:
604:
598:
592:
586:
580:
574:
568:
562:
556:
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497:
486:
480:
479:
467:
461:
460:
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445:
439:
438:
406:
400:
389:
319:Lisbon Synagogue
251:number like the
212:Amsterdam Esnoga
21:
1522:
1521:
1517:
1516:
1515:
1513:
1512:
1511:
1452:
1451:
1450:
1445:
1431:
1429:Philosephardism
1417:
1398:
1384:
1375:
1351:
1323:
1283:
1274:
1235:Sephardi Hebrew
1216:
1185:
910:
850:Alhambra Decree
814:
811:Sephardi Jewish
808:
771:
769:
767:
750:
745:
744:
734:
732:
727:
726:
722:
712:
710:
700:
696:
686:
684:
674:
670:
655:
651:
642:
641:
637:
629:
625:
617:
613:
605:
601:
593:
589:
581:
577:
569:
565:
557:
553:
545:
541:
533:
526:
518:
514:
505:
501:
488:
487:
483:
468:
464:
452:
446:
442:
407:
403:
390:
383:
378:
370:Pallache family
366:
350:Portuguese Jews
314:
300:(known as the "
290:Jerónimo Osório
274:
236:
216:Willemstad Snoa
86:
80:
55:Isaac Abrabanel
51:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1520:
1510:
1509:
1504:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1479:
1474:
1469:
1464:
1447:
1446:
1444:
1443:
1441:Sephardization
1438:
1425:
1423:
1419:
1418:
1416:
1415:
1410:
1405:
1392:
1390:
1386:
1385:
1383:
1382:
1370:
1365:
1359:
1357:
1353:
1352:
1350:
1349:
1344:
1339:
1337:Black Panthers
1333:
1331:
1325:
1324:
1322:
1321:
1316:
1315:
1314:
1304:
1299:
1293:
1291:
1285:
1284:
1282:
1281:
1269:
1264:
1263:
1262:
1260:Tetuani Ladino
1257:
1250:Judaeo-Spanish
1247:
1242:
1237:
1232:
1226:
1224:
1218:
1217:
1215:
1214:
1209:
1204:
1199:
1193:
1191:
1190:Modern history
1187:
1186:
1184:
1183:
1182:
1181:
1176:
1171:
1159:
1158:
1157:
1156:
1155:
1145:
1144:
1143:
1133:
1128:
1123:
1118:
1117:
1116:
1111:
1106:
1101:
1091:
1086:
1074:
1073:
1072:
1067:
1066:
1065:
1055:
1050:
1045:
1033:
1032:
1031:
1030:
1029:
1024:
1014:
1009:
1004:
999:
994:
989:
988:
987:
977:
972:
971:
970:
960:
959:
958:
953:
943:
938:
933:
920:
918:
912:
911:
909:
908:
901:
894:
887:
880:
873:
866:
859:
854:
853:
852:
842:
837:
832:
824:
822:
816:
815:
807:
806:
799:
792:
784:
765:
749:
746:
743:
742:
720:
694:
668:
649:
635:
633:, p. 268.
623:
621:, p. 262.
611:
609:, p. 273.
599:
597:, p. 280.
587:
585:, p. 269.
575:
563:
561:, p. 242.
551:
539:
537:, p. 258.
524:
522:, p. 241.
512:
499:
481:
462:
440:
427:10.2307/344154
401:
380:
379:
377:
374:
373:
372:
365:
362:
313:
310:
286:Damião de Góis
273:
270:
240:New Christians
235:
232:
220:Baruch Spinoza
210:, such as the
152:Constantinople
79:
76:
50:
47:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1519:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1459:
1457:
1442:
1439:
1435:
1430:
1427:
1426:
1424:
1420:
1414:
1411:
1409:
1406:
1402:
1397:
1394:
1393:
1391:
1387:
1379:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1360:
1358:
1354:
1348:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1338:
1335:
1334:
1332:
1330:
1326:
1320:
1317:
1313:
1310:
1309:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1294:
1292:
1290:
1286:
1278:
1273:
1270:
1268:
1265:
1261:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1252:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1241:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1231:
1228:
1227:
1225:
1223:
1219:
1213:
1210:
1208:
1205:
1203:
1200:
1198:
1195:
1194:
1192:
1188:
1180:
1177:
1175:
1174:Belmonte Jews
1172:
1170:
1167:
1166:
1165:
1164:
1160:
1154:
1151:
1150:
1149:
1146:
1142:
1141:Paradesi Jews
1139:
1138:
1137:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1119:
1115:
1114:New Amsterdam
1112:
1110:
1107:
1105:
1102:
1100:
1097:
1096:
1095:
1092:
1090:
1087:
1085:
1082:
1081:
1080:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1068:
1064:
1061:
1060:
1059:
1056:
1054:
1051:
1049:
1046:
1044:
1041:
1040:
1039:
1038:
1034:
1028:
1025:
1023:
1020:
1019:
1018:
1015:
1013:
1010:
1008:
1005:
1003:
1000:
998:
995:
993:
990:
986:
983:
982:
981:
978:
976:
973:
969:
966:
965:
964:
961:
957:
954:
952:
949:
948:
947:
944:
942:
939:
937:
934:
932:
929:
928:
927:
926:
922:
921:
919:
917:
913:
907:
906:
905:New Christian
902:
900:
899:
898:Maghrebi Jews
895:
893:
892:
888:
886:
885:
881:
879:
878:
874:
872:
871:
867:
865:
864:
860:
858:
855:
851:
848:
847:
846:
843:
841:
838:
836:
833:
831:
830:
826:
825:
823:
821:
817:
812:
805:
800:
798:
793:
791:
786:
785:
782:
778:
768:
766:9789004162624
762:
758:
757:
731:. Mar 3, 2015
730:
724:
709:
705:
698:
683:
679:
672:
664:
660:
653:
645:
639:
632:
627:
620:
615:
608:
603:
596:
591:
584:
579:
572:
567:
560:
555:
548:
543:
536:
531:
529:
521:
516:
509:
503:
495:
491:
485:
477:
473:
466:
458:
451:
444:
436:
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428:
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420:
416:
412:
405:
398:
397:9789004120808
394:
388:
386:
381:
371:
368:
367:
361:
359:
356:and acquired
355:
351:
347:
342:
340:
336:
331:
330:Sephardi Jews
327:
322:
320:
309:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
282:
280:
269:
267:
262:
258:
254:
253:Belmonte Jews
249:
245:
241:
231:
229:
228:David Ricardo
225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
184:New Amsterdam
181:
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
136:
132:
130:
126:
122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
95:
90:
85:
75:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
46:
44:
36:
32:
19:
1267:Judeo-Gascon
1240:Judeo-Arabic
1230:Judeo-Berber
1161:
1076:
1048:Gibraltarian
1037:North Africa
1035:
1027:Thessalonian
923:
903:
896:
889:
882:
875:
868:
861:
856:
835:Roman Empire
827:
770:. Retrieved
755:
751:
733:. Retrieved
723:
711:. Retrieved
707:
697:
685:. Retrieved
681:
671:
662:
652:
638:
626:
614:
602:
590:
578:
566:
554:
542:
515:
502:
493:
484:
475:
465:
456:
443:
418:
414:
404:
346:Turkish Jews
343:
323:
315:
283:
275:
237:
223:
143:
141:
120:
98:
52:
40:
34:
1432: [
1399: [
1376: [
1275: [
997:Palestinian
399:, p. 10-12.
248:crypto-Jews
234:Crypto-Jews
105:Catholicism
1456:Categories
980:Macedonian
968:Alexandria
916:Dispersion
891:Megorashim
870:Degredados
840:Golden Age
631:Soyer 2007
619:Soyer 2007
607:Soyer 2007
595:Soyer 2007
583:Soyer 2007
571:Soyer 2007
559:Soyer 2007
547:Soyer 2007
535:Soyer 2007
520:Soyer 2007
421:(3): 728.
376:References
204:synagogues
82:See also:
49:Background
1222:Languages
1169:Amazonian
1153:Livornese
1131:Hamburger
975:Hungarian
941:Bulgarian
863:Conversos
298:Ferdinand
296:and King
160:Amsterdam
144:conversos
131:in 1536.
121:conversos
1329:Politics
1109:Suriname
1084:American
1070:Tunisian
1058:Moroccan
1043:Algerian
1002:Romanian
985:Monastir
963:Egyptian
956:Splicani
946:Croatian
931:Albanian
884:Marranos
877:Lançados
829:Sepharad
415:Hispania
364:See also
294:Isabella
279:Valencia
261:Belmonte
257:Marranos
176:Antilles
174:and the
148:Salonica
1389:Studies
1319:Haredim
1297:Cuisine
1272:Bagitto
1255:Haketia
1148:Italian
1121:English
1104:Curaçao
1089:Antwerp
1063:Tetuani
1022:Rhodian
1007:Serbian
992:Ottoman
951:Ragusan
936:Bosnian
820:Origins
748:Sources
663:PÚBLICO
306:Castile
214:or the
180:Surinam
172:Curaçao
156:Morocco
123:, with
1179:Xuetas
1136:Indian
1126:French
1053:Libyan
1012:Syrian
813:topics
772:15 May
763:
735:Apr 4,
713:Apr 4,
687:Apr 4,
657:Lusa.
435:344154
433:
395:
339:Ladino
198:, the
196:Turkey
192:Greece
188:Ladino
168:Brazil
164:France
67:Lisbon
37:, 1507
1436:]
1422:Other
1403:]
1380:]
1302:Music
1279:]
1099:Aruba
1094:Dutch
1017:Greek
453:(PDF)
431:JSTOR
266:rabbi
71:Évora
1342:Shas
774:2017
761:ISBN
737:2019
715:2019
689:2019
393:ISBN
288:and
194:and
182:and
150:and
69:and
423:doi
337:or
1458::
1434:es
1401:es
1378:he
1277:it
706:.
680:.
661:.
527:^
492:.
474:.
455:.
429:.
419:75
417:.
413:.
384:^
360:.
268:.
230:.
178:,
170:,
166:,
162:,
803:e
796:t
789:v
776:.
739:.
717:.
691:.
665:.
496:.
478:.
459:.
437:.
425::
222:(
20:)
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