Fire extinguisher - Knowledge

1779:(AFFF), used on A and B fires and for vapor suppression. The most common type in portable foam extinguishers. AFFF was developed in the 1960s under Project Light Water in a joint venture between 3M and the U.S. Navy. AFFF forms a film that floats out before the foam blanket, sealing the surface and smothering the fire by excluding oxygen. AFFF is widely used for ARFF firefighting at airports, often in conjunction with purple-K dry chemical. It contains fluoro-tensides which can be accumulated in the human body. The long-term effects of this on the human body and environment are unclear at this time. AFFF can be discharged through an air-aspirating branchpipe nozzle or a spray nozzle and is now produced only in pre-mix form, where the foam concentrate is stored mixed with water. In the past, as solid charge model was produced, the AFFF concentrate was housed as a dry compound in an external, disposable cartridge in a specially designed nozzle. The extinguisher body was charged with plain water, and the discharge pressure mixed the foam concentrate with the water upon squeezing the lever. These extinguishers received double the rating of a pre-mix model (40-B instead of 20-B), but are now considered obsolete, as parts and refill cartridges have been discontinued by the manufacturer. European regulations require the phasing out of AFFF foams containing persistent organic pollutants. These include PFAS (Per and PolyFluoroAlkylated Substances), PFOA (PerFluoroOctanoic Acid), its salts or PFOA related compounds, and PFOS (PerFluoroOctane Sulphonic acid), its salts or PFOS related compounds. Related derogations allowing delay of their removal are to end on 4th July 2025. As of April 2024, listed foam extinguishers using traditional AFFF formulas are no longer being produced for the US market, with Amerex announcing their exit from manufacturing foam extinguishers in December of 2021, and Badger in March of 2024, respectively. Once existing stocks of charges and parts are depleted, the UL listings on these units will be void and they will require replacement with other extinguisher types. Buckeye has announced that they will be producing models FFE-6L and FFE-2.5 as of April of 2024, using 3% AFFF premix (C6 Platinum Plus concentrate) extinguishers with aspirating nozzles that contain no PFOS and less than 10 ppb PFOA, with greener formulas to come in the future, though they do not seem to be available online as of April of 2024. 2282:(TMB) liquid is a boron compound dissolved in methanol to give it proper fluidity and allow it to be discharged from a portable fire extinguisher. It was developed in the late 1950s by the U.S. Navy for use on magnesium fires, especially crashed aircraft and aircraft wheel fires from hard landings. It is unique as an extinguishing agent in that the agent itself is a flammable liquid. When TMB contacts the fire, the methanol ignites and burns with a greenish flame due to the boron. As the methanol burns off, a glassy coating of boric oxide is left on the surface of the metal, creating an air-excluding crust. These extinguishers were made by the Ansul Chemical Co. utilizing TMB agent manufactured by the Callery Chemical Company, and were modified 2.5-gallon water extinguishers (Ansul used re-branded Elkhart extinguishers at the time), with a variable-stream nozzle that could deliver a straight stream or spray at the squeeze of a lever. A 6-inch fluorescent orange band with the letters "TMB" stenciled in black identified TMB from other extinguishers. This agent was problematic in that it had a shelf life of only six months to a year once the extinguisher was filled, since the methanol is extremely hygroscopic (absorbs moisture from the air), which causes corrosion to the extinguisher and renders its use on fire dangerous. These extinguishers were used from the 1950s–1970s in various applications, such as the MB-1 and MB-5 crash trucks. TMB was used experimentally by the US Air Force, specifically with regard to B-52 engine assemblies, and was tested in modified 10-gallon wheeled chlorobromomethane (CBM) extinguishers. Other agents were added to suppress the methanol flare up, such as CBM, Halon 2402, and Halon 1211, with varied success. Halon 1211 was the most successful, and the combined TMB pressurized with halon 1211 and nitrogen was called Boralon and was used experimentally by the Los Alamos National Laboratory for use on atomic metals, using sealed cylinder extinguishers made by Metalcraft and Graviner which eliminated the moisture contamination problem. TMB/Boralon was abandoned in favor of more versatile agents, though it is still mentioned in most US firefighting literature. 2276:(T.E.C.) dry powder is a dry powder invented in 1959 by Lawrence H Cope, a research metallurgist working for the UK Atomic Energy Authority, and licensed to John Kerr Co. of England. It consists of a mixture of three powdered salts: sodium, potassium and barium chloride. T.E.C. forms an oxygen-excluding layer of molten salt on the metal's surface. Along with Met-L-X (sodium chloride), T.E.C has been reported to be one of the most effective agents for use on sodium, potassium, and NaK fires, and is used specifically on atomic metals like uranium and plutonium as it will not contaminate the valuable metal unlike other agents. T.E.C. is quite toxic, due to the barium chloride content, and for this reason is no longer used in the UK, and was never used in the US aside from radioactive material handling glove boxes, where its toxicity was not an issue due their confined nature. T.E.C. is still widely used in India, despite toxicity, while the West uses chiefly sodium chloride, graphite, and copper types of powder and considers T.E.C. obsolete. 2059:), are gaseous agents that inhibit the chemical reaction of the fire. Classes B:C for 1301 and smaller 1211 fire extinguishers (2.3 kg; under 9 lbs) and A:B:C for larger units (9–17 lb or 4.1–7.7 kg). Halon gases are banned from new production under the Montreal Protocol, as of January 1, 1994, as its properties contribute to ozone depletion and long atmospheric lifetime, usually 400 years. Halon may be recycled and used to fill newly manufactured cylinders, however, only Amerex continues to do this. The rest of the industry has moved to halon alternatives, nevertheless, Halon 1211 is still vital to certain military and industrial users, so there is a need for it. Halon was completely banned in Europe and Australia, except for critical users like law enforcement and aviation, resulting in stockpiles either being destroyed via high heat incineration or being sent to the United States for reuse. Halon 1301 and 1211 are being replaced with new halocarbon agents which have no 1527:

United States. The ADA height limit of the fire extinguisher, as measured at the handle, is 48 in (1.2 m). Fire extinguisher installations are also limited to protruding no more than 4 inches into the adjacent path of travel. The ADA rule states that any object adjacent to a path of travel may not project more than 4 in (10 cm) if the object's bottom leading edge is higher than 27 in (0.69 m). The 4-inch protrusion rule was designed to protect people with low-vision and those who are blind. The height limit rule of 48 inches is primarily related to access by people with wheelchairs but it is also related to other disabilities as well. Prior to 2012, the height limit was 54 in (1.4 m) for side-reach by wheelchair-accessible installations. Installations made prior to 2012 at the 54-inch height are not required to be changed.

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expiry, now various manufacturers) and Stabilized BTP, or 2-bromo-3,3,3-trifluoro-1-propene (American Pacific Corporation, Halotron BrX). Halotron-1 was approved by the FAA for use in aircraft cabins in 2010. Considerations for halon replacement include human toxicity when used in confined spaces, ozone depleting potential, and greenhouse warming potential. The three recommended agents meet minimum performance standards, but uptake has been slow because of disadvantages. Specifically, they require two to three times the concentration to extinguish a fire compared with Halon 1211. They are heavier than halon, require a larger bottle because they are less effective, and have greenhouse gas potential. Research continues to find better alternatives.

2353: 845: 2317: 506: 1839: 450: 1786:), used on liquid fuel fires containing alcohol or other water-miscible flammable or combustible liquids (polar solvents.) Forms a membrane between the fuel and the foam preventing the alcohol from breaking down the foam blanket. As of April 2024, listed foam extinguishers using traditional AR-AFFF formulas are no longer being produced for the US market, with Amerex announcing their exit from manufacturing foam extinguishers in December of 2021, and Badger in March of 2024, respectively. Once existing stocks of charges and parts are depleted, the UL listings on these units will be void and they will require replacement with other extinguisher types. 438: 466: 1720: 518: 1827: 478: 1479: 1920:: An alkali metal salt solution added to water to lower its freezing point to about −40 °C (−40 °F). Loaded stream is basically concentrated wet chemical, discharged through a straight stream nozzle, intended for class A fires. In addition to lowering the freezing point of the water, loaded stream also increases penetration into dense class A materials and will give a slight class B rating (rated 1-B in the past), though current loaded stream extinguishers are rated only 2-A. Loaded Stream is very corrosive; extinguishers containing this agent must be recharged annually to check for corrosion. 1799:(CAFS): The CAFS extinguisher (example: TRI-MAX Mini-CAF) differs from a standard stored-pressure premix foam extinguisher in that it operates at a higher pressure of 140 psi, aerates the foam with an attached compressed gas cylinder instead of an air-aspirating nozzle, and uses a drier foam solution with a higher concentrate-to-water ratio. Generally used to extend a water supply in wildland operations. Used on class A fires and with very dry foam on class B for vapor suppression. These are very expensive, special purpose extinguishers typically used by fire departments or other safety professionals. 1793:) contains naturally occurring proteins from animal by-products and synthetic film-forming agents to create a foam blanket that is more heat resistant than the strictly synthetic AFFF foams. FFFP works well on alcohol-based liquids and is used widely in motorsports. As of 2016, Amerex has discontinued production of FFFP, instead using AR-AFFF made by Solberg. Existing model 252 FFFP units could maintain their UL listing by using the new charge, prior to the Amerex completely exiting the foam market in December 2021. These units will be obsolete as soon as existing recharge agent stocks are depleted. 1928: 96:. Stored pressure fire extinguishers are the most common type. Cartridge-operated extinguishers contain the expellant gas in a separate cartridge that is punctured before discharge, exposing the propellant to the extinguishing agent. This type is not as common, used primarily in areas such as industrial facilities, where they receive higher-than-average use. They have the advantage of simple and prompt recharge, allowing an operator to discharge the extinguisher, recharge it, and return to the fire in a reasonable amount of time. Unlike stored pressure types, these extinguishers use compressed 1886:

freeze-protected with calcium chloride (except stainless steel models), such as barns, outbuildings and unheated warehouses. They are also useful where many, frequent spot fires may occur, such as during fire watch for hot work operations. They are dependent on the user's strength to produce a decent discharge stream for firefighting. Water and antifreeze are the most common, but loaded stream and foam designs were made in the past. Backpack models exist for wildland firefighting and may be solid material such as metal or fiberglass, or collapsible vinyl or rubber bags for ease of storage.

3970: 2329: 1976: 1736: 1708: 2365: 2341: 1519: 2200: 1964: 1752: 1952: 2148: 2188: 2164: 2176: 2264:-based (G-Plus, G-1, Lith-X, Chubb Pyromet) contains dry graphite that smothers burning metals. The first type developed, designed for magnesium, works on other metals as well. Unlike sodium chloride powder extinguishers, the graphite powder fire extinguishers can be used on very hot burning metal fires such as lithium, but unlike copper powder extinguishers will not stick to and extinguish flowing or vertical lithium fires. Like copper extinguishers, the graphite powder acts as a heat sink as well as smothering the metal fire. 2289:

made by the German firm Total. After the war, the technology was more generally disseminated. Buffalo marketed a 2.5 gallon and 1 quart extinguisher using M-X liquid discharged through a low-velocity shower head-type nozzle, but it was met with limited success, as it was going up against Ansul's Met-L-X, which could be used on more types of metals and was non-combustible. M-X had the advantage of being easy to recharge and non-corrosive since it was oil-based, but production did not last long due to its limited applications.

1692: 288:. This consisted of a glass sphere filled with CTC, that was intended to be hurled at the base of a fire (early ones used salt-water, but CTC was more effective). Carbon tetrachloride was suitable for liquid and electrical fires and the extinguishers were fitted to motor vehicles. Carbon tetrachloride extinguishers were withdrawn in the 1950s because of the chemical's toxicity – exposure to high concentrations damages the nervous system and internal organs. Additionally, when used on a fire, the heat can convert CTC to 1897:

completely non-toxic and does not cause cardiac sensitization like some gaseous clean agents. These extinguishers come in 1-3/4 and 2-1/2 gallon sizes, painted white in the United States. Models used in MRI facilities are non-magnetic and are safe for use inside the room that the MRI machine is operating. Models available in Europe come in smaller sizes as well, and some even carry a Class F rating for commercial kitchens, essentially using steam to smother the fire and the water content to cool the oil.

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Key features were a screw-down stopper that kept the liquids from mixing until it was manually opened, carrying straps, a longer hose, and a shut-off nozzle. Fire department types were often private label versions of major brands, sold by apparatus manufacturers to match their vehicles. Examples are Pirsch, Ward LaFrance, Mack, Seagrave, etc. These types are some of the most collectable extinguishers as they cross into both the apparatus restoration and fire extinguisher areas of interest.

1263: 1236: 1290: 105: 414: 2015:) extinguishes the fire by forming an air-excluding soapy foam blanket over the burning oil through the chemical process of saponification (a base reacting with a fat to form a soap) and by the water content cooling the oil below its ignition temperature. Generally, class A and K (F in Europe) only, although older models also achieved class B and C fire-fighting capability in the past, current models are rated A:K (Amerex, Ansul, Buckeye and Strike First) or K only (Badger/Kidde). 1851: 1299: 2488:(NFPA). They commonly require, for fire extinguishers in all buildings other than single-family dwellings, inspections every 30 days to ensure the unit is pressurized and unobstructed (done by an employee of the facility) and an annual inspection and service by a qualified technician. Some jurisdictions require more frequent service. The servicer places a tag on the extinguisher to indicate the type of service performed (annual inspection, recharge, new fire extinguisher). 1617:

A fires because the agent is expended and the cloud of gas dissipates quickly, and if the fuel is still sufficiently hot, the fire starts up again. While liquid and gas fires do not usually store much heat in their fuel source, solid fires do. Sodium bicarbonate was very common in commercial kitchens before the advent of wet chemical agents, but now is falling out of favor as it is much less effective than wet chemical agents for class K fires, less effective than

277: 5571: 4639: 1940: 1653:, which is a sodium bicarbonate (BC) based dry chemical, was developed for use with protein foams for fighting class B fires. Most dry chemicals contain metal stearates to waterproof them, but these will tend to destroy the foam blanket created by protein (animal) based foams. Foam compatible type uses silicone as a waterproofing agent, which does not harm foam. Effectiveness is identical to regular dry chemical, and it is light green in color (some 2128:, or Saffire fluid), a fluorinated ketone that works by removing massive amounts of heat. Available in fixed systems (various manufacturers), portables (Ansul Cleanguard+) wheeled units (Amerex)in the US and in portables (Tyco/Johnson Controls Sapphire) in Australia. Unlike other clean agents, this one has the advantage of being a liquid at atmospheric pressure and can be discharged as a stream or a rapidly vaporizing mist, depending on application. 38: 1326: 1272: 2393:

which extinguishes the fire. The coverage area is about 5 m (54 sq ft). One benefit of this type is that it may be used for passive suppression. The ball can be placed in a fire-prone area and will deploy automatically if a fire develops, being triggered by heat. They may also be manually operated by rolling or tossing into a fire. Most modern extinguishers of this type are designed to make a loud noise upon deployment.

1515:" in locations such as those storing and transporting pressurized flammable liquids and pressurized flammable gas or areas with possibility of three-dimensional class B hazards are required to have "fast flow extinguishers" as required by NFPA 5.5.1.1. Varying classes of competition vehicles require fire extinguishing systems, the simplest requirements being a 1A:10BC hand-held portable extinguisher mounted to the interior of the vehicle. 5619: 2566: 2305: 244:. When the solutions were mixed, usually by inverting the unit, the two liquids reacted to create a frothy foam, and carbon dioxide gas. The gas expelled the foam in the form of a jet. Although liquorice-root extracts and similar compounds were used as additives (stabilizing the foam by reinforcing the bubble-walls), there was no "foam compound" in these units. The foam was a combination of the products of the chemical reactions: 5607: 5595: 5583: 4651: 3747: 1245: 1218: 551: 2469: 264:) to extinguish fires. The liquid vaporized and extinguished the flames by inhibiting the chemical chain reaction of the combustion process (it was an early 20th-century presupposition that the fire suppression ability of carbon tetrachloride relied on oxygen removal). In 1911, they patented a small, portable extinguisher that used the chemical. This consisted of a 1819:

Aerosol versions are preferred by users for cars, boats, RVs, and kitchens. Used primarily by law enforcement, fire departments, EMS, and the racing industry across North America. Cold Fire offered Amerex equipment (converted 252 and 254 models) prior to their exit from the foam market in December of 2021, as well as imported equipment in smaller sizes.

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brands, such as Red Comet, were designed for passive operation and included a special holder with a spring-loaded trigger that would break the glass ball when a fusible link melted, or were sealed with wax to melt in contact with flame and release the contents. As was typical of this era, some glass extinguishers contained the toxic (but effective)

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constantly monitor an extinguisher's physical presence, internal pressure and whether an obstruction exists that could prevent ready access. In the event that any of the above conditions are found, the system must send an alert to officials so they can immediately rectify the situation. Electronic monitoring can be wired or wireless.

240:. Loran first used it to extinguish a pan of burning naphtha. It worked and looked similar to the soda-acid type, but the inner parts were slightly different. The main tank contained a solution of sodium bicarbonate in water, whilst the inner container (somewhat larger than the equivalent in a soda-acid unit) contained a solution of 1341:

gallons of water. The number preceding the B indicates the size of fire in square feet that an ordinary user should be able to extinguish. There is no additional rating for class C, as it only indicates that the extinguishing agent will not conduct electricity, and an extinguisher will never have a rating of just C.

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Whereas dry chemical systems must be directly aimed at the flame, condensed aerosols are flooding agents and therefore effective regardless of the location and height of the fire. Wet chemical systems, such as the kind generally found in foam extinguishers, must, similarly to dry chemical systems, be

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in water were popular. The addition of the salts was to prevent freezing, with ammonium chloride thought to be more effective in extinguishing flame. They were deployed by hurling them at the base of the fire. Containing only about one imperial pint (0.57 L), they were of limited use. Some later

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cools burning material by absorbing heat via conversion of liquid water to steam. Effective on class A fires, it has the advantage of being inexpensive, harmless, and relatively easy to clean up. In the United States, stored pressure units contain 2-1/2 gallons of water in a stainless steel cylinder.

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container with an integrated handpump, which was used to expel a jet of liquid towards the fire. It was usually of 1 imperial quart (1.1 L) or 1 imperial pint (0.57 L) capacity but was also available in up to 2 imperial gallons (9.1 L) size. As the container was unpressurized, it could

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Fire extinguishers are further divided into handheld and cart-mounted (also called wheeled extinguishers). Handheld extinguishers weigh from 0.5 to 14 kilograms (1.1 to 30.9 lb), and are hence, easily portable by hand. Cart-mounted units typically weigh more than 23 kilograms (51 lb). These

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Water mist uses a fine misting nozzle to break up a stream of de-ionized (minerals removed by reverse osmosis or resin column ion exchange) water to the point of not conducting electricity back to the operator. Class A and C rated. It is used widely in hospitals and MRI facilities because it is both

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used on class B and C fires, was the first of the dry chemical agents developed. In the heat of a fire, it releases a cloud of carbon dioxide that smothers the fire. That is, the gas drives oxygen away from the fire, thus stopping the chemical reaction. This agent is not generally effective on class

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There is no official standard in the United States for the color of fire extinguishers, though they are usually red, except for class D extinguishers which are usually yellow, water and Class K wet chemical extinguishers which are usually silver, and water mist extinguishers which are usually white.

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extinguisher will bear an electrical pictogramme as standard signifying that it can be used on live electrical fires (given the symbol E in the table). If a water-based extinguisher has passed the 35 kV test it will also bear the same electrical pictogramme – however, any water-based extinguisher is

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instead of nitrogen, although nitrogen cartridges are used on low-temperature (–60 rated) models. Cartridge-operated extinguishers are available in dry chemical and dry powder types in the U.S. and water, wetting agent, foam, dry chemical (classes ABC and B.C.), and dry powder (class D) types in the

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Recently the NFPA and ICC voted to allow for the elimination of the 30-day inspection requirement so long as the fire extinguisher is monitored electronically. According to NFPA, the system must provide record keeping in the form of an electronic event log at the control panel. The system must also

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Some water-based suppressants may be used on certain class D fires, such as burning titanium and magnesium. Examples include the Fire Blockade and FireAde brands of suppressant. Some metals, such as elemental lithium, will react explosively with water so water-based chemicals are not used on such

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was a short-lived oil-based extinguishing agent for magnesium fires, made by Buffalo in the 1950s. It was discovered by the Germans in World War II that a heavy oil could be applied to burning magnesium chips to cool and smother them, and was easy to apply from a pressurized extinguisher, which was

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is an organic, eco-friendly wetting agent that works by cooling, and by encapsulating the hydrocarbon fuel, which prevents it from entering into the combustion reaction. Bulk Cold Fire is used in booster tanks and is acceptable for use in CAFS systems. Cold Fire is UL listed for A and B fires only.

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Fire extinguishing capacity is rated in accordance with ANSI/UL 711: Rating and Fire Testing of Fire Extinguishers. The ratings are described using numbers preceding the class letter, such as 1-A:10-B:C. The number preceding the A multiplied by 1.25 gives the equivalent extinguishing capability in

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Most countries in the world require regular fire extinguisher maintenance by a competent person to operate safely and effectively, as part of fire safety legislation. Lack of maintenance can lead to an extinguisher not discharging when required, or rupturing when pressurized. Deaths have occurred,

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The height limit for installation, as determined by the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), is 60 in (1.5 m) for fire extinguishers weighing less than 40 lb (18 kg). However, compliance with the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) also needs to be followed within the

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in 1954. Both 1211 and 1301 work by inhibiting the chain reaction of the fire, and in the case of Halon 1211, cooling class A fuels as well. Halon is still in use today but is falling out of favor for many uses due to its environmental impact. Europe and Australia have severely restricted its use,

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salt-gels inflated by the carbon dioxide. Because of this, the foam was discharged directly from the unit, with no need for an aspirating branchpipe (as in newer mechanical foam types). Special versions were made for rough service, and vehicle mounting, known as apparatus of fire department types.

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cartridge. The operator turned a wheel valve on top to puncture the cartridge and squeezed a lever on the valve at the end of the hose to discharge the chemical. This was the first agent available for large-scale three-dimensional liquid and pressurized gas fires, but remained largely a specialty

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Several modern "ball" or grenade-style extinguishers are available on the market. The modern version of the ball is a hard foam shell, wrapped in fuses that lead to a small black powder charge within. The ball bursts shortly after contact with flame, dispersing a cloud of ABC dry chemical powder

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Copper-based (Copper Powder Navy 125S) developed by the U.S. Navy in the 1970s for hard-to-control lithium and lithium-alloy fires. The powder smothers and acts as a heat sink to dissipate heat, but also forms a copper-lithium alloy on the surface which is non-combustible and cuts off the oxygen

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Potassium aerosol particle-generator, contains a form of solid potassium salts and other chemicals referred to as aerosol-forming compounds (AFC). The AFC is activated by an electric current or other thermodynamic exchange which causes the AFC to ignite. The majority of installed currently are

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is a foaming agent that emulsifies burning liquids and renders them non-flammable. It is able to cool heated material and surfaces similar to CAFS. Used on A and B (said to be effective on some class D hazards, although not recommended due to the fact that fireade still contains amounts of water

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is a specialty variation of sodium bicarbonate for fighting pyrophoric (ignites on contact with air) liquid fires. In addition to sodium bicarbonate, it also contains silica gel particles. The sodium bicarbonate interrupts the chain reaction of the fuel and the silica soaks up any unburned fuel,

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was discovered as an extinguishing agent in the 1920s and was used extensively in Europe. It is a low-pressure gas that works by inhibiting the chain reaction of the fire and is the most toxic of the vaporizing liquids, used until the 1960s. The vapor and combustion by-products of all vaporizing

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Basic service: All types of extinguisher require a basic inspection annually to check weight, externally validate the correct pressure, and find any signs of damage or corrosion. Cartridge extinguishers are to be opened up for internal inspection, and to have the weight of the cartridge tested.

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Halon replacements include HCFC Blend B (Halotron I, American Pacific Corporation), HFC-227ea (FM-200, Great Lakes Chemicals Corporation), HFC-236fa (FE-36, DuPont, Cleanguard, Ansul/Tyco), FK 5-1-2 (Cleanguard+ {USA}, Sapphire {Australia}, Ansul/Johnson Controls, Novec 1230, 3M prior to patent

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In open public spaces, extinguishers are ideally kept inside cabinets that have glass that must be broken to access the extinguisher, or which emit an alarm siren that cannot be shut off without a key, to alert people the extinguisher has been handled by an unauthorized person if a fire is not

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10 all commercial vehicles must carry at least one fire extinguisher, with size/UL rating depending on type of vehicle and cargo (i.e., fuel tankers usually must have a 20 lb (9.1 kg), while most others can carry a 5 lb (2.3 kg)). The revised NFPA 10 created criteria on the

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chamber of gunpowder. This was connected with a system of fuses which were ignited, exploding the gunpowder and scattering the solution. This device was probably used to a limited extent, as Bradley's Weekly Messenger for November 7, 1729, refers to its efficiency in stopping a fire in London.

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extinguishers, due to their high operating pressure, are subject to pressure vessel safety legislation, and must be hydraulic pressure tested, inspected internally and externally, and date stamped every 10 years. As it cannot be pressure tested, a new valve is also fitted. If any part of the

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Extinguishers are marked with pictograms depicting the types of fires that the extinguisher is approved to fight. In the past, extinguishers were marked with colored geometric symbols, and some extinguishers still use both symbols. The types of fires and additional standards are described in

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or dry chemical fire extinction. As with gaseous fire suppressants, condensed aerosol suppressants use clean agents to suppress the fire. The agent can be delivered by means of mechanical operation, electric operation, or combined electro-mechanical operation. To the difference of gaseous

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Pump-Type water extinguisher typically consist of a 2-1/2 or 5-gallon non-pressurized metal or plastic container with a pump mounted to it, as well as a discharge hose and nozzle. Pump type water extinguishers are often used where freezing conditions may occur, as they can be economically

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Specifications of fire extinguishers are set out in the standard AS/NZS 1841, the most recent version being released in 2007. All fire extinguishers must be painted signal red. Except for water extinguishers, each extinguisher has a coloured band near the top, covering at least 10% of the

1647:, or Super-K, dry chemical was developed in an effort to create a high efficiency, protein-foam compatible dry chemical. Developed in the 1960s, prior to Purple-K, it was never as popular as other agents since, being a salt, it was quite corrosive. For B and C fires, white in color. 1771:

Applied to fuel fires as either an aspirated (mixed and expanded with air in a branch pipe) or nonaspirated form to create a frothy blanket or seal over the fuel, preventing oxygen reaching it. Unlike powder, foam can be used to progressively extinguish fires without flashback.

2222:(Super-D, Met-L-X, M28, Pyrene Pyromet) contains sodium chloride salt, which melts to form an oxygen-excluding crust over the metal. A thermoplastic additive such as nylon is added to allow the salt to more readily form a cohesive crust over the burning metal. Useful on most 212:

to expel pressurized water onto a fire. A vial of concentrated sulfuric acid was suspended in the cylinder. Depending on the type of extinguisher, the vial of acid could be broken in one of two ways. One used a plunger to break the acid vial, while the second released a

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Most class D extinguishers will have a special low-velocity nozzle or discharge wand to gently apply the agent in large volumes to avoid disrupting any finely divided burning materials. Agents are also available in bulk and can be applied with a scoop or shovel.

1641:(AKA Monnex), used on class B and C fires. More effective than all other powders due to its ability to decrepitate (where the powder breaks up into smaller particles) in the flame zone creating a larger surface area for free radical inhibition. Grey in color. 299:

in 1924 in response to Bell Telephone's request for an electrically non-conductive chemical for extinguishing the previously difficult-to-extinguish fires in telephone switchboards. It consisted of a tall metal cylinder containing 7.5 pounds (3.4 kg) of

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Extended service: Water, wet chemical, foam, and powder extinguishers require a more detailed examination every five years, including a test discharge and recharge. On stored pressure extinguishers, this is the only opportunity to internally inspect for

2047:(Halons, Halotron BrX). They are referred to as clean agents because they do not leave any residue after discharge, which is ideal for protecting sensitive electronics, aircraft, armored vehicles and archival storage, museums, and valuable documents. 217:

stopple that held the vial closed. Once the acid was mixed with the bicarbonate solution, carbon dioxide gas was expelled and thereby pressurized the water. The pressurized water was forced from the canister through a nozzle or short length of hose.

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and water), it is being used by the U.S. Military in applications like the Abrams tank to replace the aging Halon 1301 units previously installed, and due to the ineffectiveness of Halon 1301 on commonplace air filter fires that occur in this

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Water cools burning carbonaceous material and is very effective against fires in furniture, fabrics, etc. (including deep-seated fires). Water-based extinguishers cannot be used safely on energized electrical fires or flammable liquid fires.

1602:, is used on class A, B and C fires. It receives its class A rating from the agent's ability to melt and flow at 374 °F (190 °C) to smother the fire. It is more corrosive than other dry chemical agents and is pale yellow in color. 312:. Carbon dioxide extinguishes fire mainly by displacing oxygen. It was once thought that it worked by cooling, although this effect on most fires is negligible. An anecdotal report of a carbon dioxide fire extinguisher was published in 2270:-based (Na-X) is used where stainless steel piping and equipment could be damaged by sodium chloride-based agents to control sodium, potassium, and sodium-potassium alloy fires. Limited use on other metals. Smothers and forms a crust. 897:

Class E has been discontinued, but covered fires involving electrical appliances. This is no longer used on the basis that, when the power supply is turned off, an electrical fire can fall into any of the remaining five categories.

337:) came out with a cartridge-operated dry chemical extinguisher, which used sodium bicarbonate specially treated with chemicals to render it free-flowing and moisture-resistant. It consisted of a copper cylinder with an internal CO 3692: 2622:"Pyromet" is a trade name that refers to two separate agents. Invented by Pyrene Co. Ltd. (UK) in the 1960s, it was originally a sodium chloride formulation with monoammonium phosphate, protein, clay and waterproofing agents. 1631:), used on class B and C fires. About two times as effective on class B fires as sodium bicarbonate, it is the preferred dry chemical agent of the oil and gas industry. The only dry chemical agent certified for use in 342:

type until the 1950s, when small dry chemical units were marketed for home use. ABC dry chemical came over from Europe in the 1950s, with Super-K being invented in the early 1960s and Purple-K being developed by the

346:

in the late 1960s. Manually applied dry agents such as graphite for class D (metal) fires had existed since World War II, but it was not until 1949 that Ansul introduced a pressurized extinguisher using an external

185:, an American inventor, was awarded a patent for an improvement in the Fire Extinguishers on March 26, 1872. His invention is listed in the U. S. Patent Office in Washington, DC under patent number 125,603. 2643: 1719: 1805:

is a liquid fire extinguishing agent that emulsifies and cools heated materials more quickly than water or ordinary foam. It is used extensively in the steel industry. Effective on classes A, B, and D.

1638: 2340: 1914:

chemicals added to water to lower its freezing point to about −40 °C (−40 °F). Has no appreciable effect on extinguishing performance. Can be glycol based or loaded stream, see below.

389: 3375:

Extinguishment of Alkali Metal Fires, S.J. Rodgers and W.A. Everson, Technical Documentary Report APL-TDR 64-114, Air Force Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio, 1964, pp. 28–31.

2429:

sprayed directionally, onto the fire. Additionally, wet chemicals (such as potassium carbonate) are dissolved in water, whereas the agents used in condensed aerosols are microscopic solids.

2328: 3699: 489: 2063:

depletion properties and low atmospheric lifetimes, but are less effective. Halon 2402 is a liquid agent (dibromotetrafluoroethane) which has had limited use in the West due to its higher

860:, and a band or circle of a second color covering between 5–10% of the surface area of the extinguisher indicates the contents. Before 1997, the entire body of the fire extinguisher was 401: 330:

which immediately extinguished the flames thus saving the building. Also in 1887, carbonic acid gas was described as a fire extinguisher for engine chemical fires at sea and ashore.

3128: 1691: 2316: 1987: 836:

Due to the ozone-depleting nature of halon, in Australia yellow (Halon) fire extinguishers are illegal to own or use on a fire, unless an essential use exemption has been granted.

533:

Internationally there are several accepted classification methods for hand-held fire extinguisher. Each classification is useful in fighting fires with a particular group of fuel.

517: 2425:) condensed aerosols are defined by the National Fire Protection Association as releasing finely divided solid particles (generally <10 μm), usually in addition to gas. 378:

In the 1970s, Halon 1211 came over to the United States from Europe where it had been used since the late 1940s or early 1950s. Halon 1301 had been developed by DuPont and the

1901:

Additives can be used to alter the properties of water extinguishers, though additives not specified by the manufacturer will void the extinguisher’s listing. These include:

4486: 2273: 1776: 84:

There are two main types of fire extinguishers: stored-pressure and cartridge-operated. In stored pressure units, the expellant is stored in the same chamber as the

465: 2651: 1838: 2725: 1889: 1751: 505: 3016: 1975: 1850: 1707: 1963: 1675: 1664: 1657:

brand formulations are blue). This agent is generally no longer used since most modern dry chemicals are considered compatible with synthetic foams such as

5498: 2285: 2279: 1927: 449: 2364: 1815: 65:, endangers the user (i.e., no escape route, smoke, explosion hazard, etc.), or otherwise requires the equipment, personnel, resources or expertise of a 2352: 205: 3316: 477: 4281: 1650: 569: 3441:

JIOA Final Report 41. "German Chemical Fire Extinguishers", Joint Intelligence Objectives Agency, Smith, Carlisle F, Washington DC, October 1945.

3041: 1826: 437: 1581:, which are highly reactive fragments of molecules that react with oxygen. The substances in dry chemical extinguishers can stop this process. 2481: 1802: 3004: 1735: 5416: 4474: 2588: 2376: 3135: 1951: 1893:

In Europe, they are typically mild steel, lined with polyethylene, painted red and contain 6–9 L (1.6–2.4 US gal) of water.

308:

is still popular today as it is an ozone-friendly clean agent and is used heavily in film and television production to extinguish burning

3569: 2147: 2953: 425: 5248: 4089: 3451: 2508:

Labels must be inspected for legibility, and where possible, dip tubes, hoses and mechanisms must be tested for clear, free operation.

3779: 2450: 1808: 383:

since the Montreal Protocol of 1987. Less severe restrictions have been implemented in the United States, the Middle East, and Asia.

2421:

suppressants, which emit only gas, and dry chemical extinguishers, which release powder-like particles of a large size (25–150

3807: 1530:

In New Zealand, the mandatory installation of fire extinguishers in vehicles is limited to self-propelled plant in agriculture and

2304: 4453: 3476: 2199: 4779: 4689: 2978: 2873: 1908:: Detergent based additives used to break the surface tension of water and improve penetration of deep-seated class A fires. 413: 370:(CBM) for use in aircraft. It was more effective and slightly less toxic than carbon tetrachloride and was used until 1969. 5406: 4498: 4492: 2863: 2598: 2485: 2396:

This technology is not new, however. From about 1880 glass "fire grenades" filled with a weak solution of common salt and

2106:

extinguishers is 10B:C. Not intended for class A fires, as the high-pressure cloud of gas can scatter burning materials. CO

1557:

Different types of extinguishing agents have different modes of action, and certain ones are only appropriate for specific

1507: 1176: 2215:

There are several class D fire extinguisher agents available; some will handle multiple types of metals, others will not.

1147:

EN3 does not recognise a separate electrical class – however there is an additional feature requiring special testing (35

2574:

present. This also alerts maintenance to check an extinguisher for usage so that it may be replaced if it has been used.

2187: 188:

The soda-acid extinguisher was first patented in 1866 by Francois Carlier of France, which mixed a solution of water and

5253: 5054: 4900: 4754: 3994: 2460:

Another proposed solution for fire extinguishers in space is a vacuum cleaner that extracts the combustible materials.

2449:

range drives oxygen away from the combustion surface, extinguishing the fire, a principle was previously tested by the

2413: 3605: 3532: 2729: 4369: 587: 2175: 2163: 5675: 4654: 3505: 2800: 844: 160:

and demonstrated in 1816 to the 'Commissioners for the affairs of Barracks'; it consisted of a copper vessel of 3

5650: 5645: 5213: 4130: 3818: 3085: 2346:

Ansul 30lb. Na-X cartridge-operated sodium carbonate fire extinguisher for sodium fires using non-corrosive agent

3666: 2520:

extinguisher is replaced with a part from another manufacturer, then the extinguisher will lose its fire rating.

5610: 5493: 4764: 3384:

Fire Protection Handbook, Thirteenth Edition, National Fire Protection Association, Boston, 1969, Ch. 15, p. 54

2480:

In the United States, state and local fire codes, as well as those established by federal agencies such as the

3110: 5586: 5303: 4870: 4480: 4437: 4109: 3772: 4598: 3630:

Nakumura, Yuji (2020). "Novel Fire Extinguisher Method Using Vacuuming Force Applicable to Space Habitats".

3586: 2752: 2110:

is not suitable for use on fires containing their own oxygen source, metals or cooking media, and may cause

304:

with a wheel valve and a woven brass, cotton-covered hose, with a composite funnel-like horn as a nozzle. CO

88:

agent itself. Depending on the agent used, different propellants are used. With dry chemical extinguishers,

5508: 5503: 5483: 4551: 4389: 3320: 1939: 1573:. It prevents the chemical reactions involving heat, fuel, and oxygen, thus extinguishing the fire. During 3159: 2334:

Ansul Lith-X Cartridge-Operated Fire Extinguisher, graphite-base for lithium fires and other alkali metals

5670: 5665: 5278: 5233: 4422: 4354: 4171: 4004: 81:. Fire extinguishers manufactured with non-cylindrical pressure vessels also exist but are less common. 5526: 5258: 5197: 4682: 3989: 3929: 2593: 2102:, a clean gaseous agent which displaces oxygen. Highest rating for 20 lb (9.1 kg) portable CO 2052: 1796: 1144:

Fire extinguishing performance per fire class is displayed using numbers and letters such as 13A, 55B.

456: 257: 17: 3068:"Fire Extinguishers – Classes, Colour Coding, Rating, Location and Maintenance : Firesafe.org.uk" 3045: 1141:

is now prohibited except under certain situations such as on aircraft and in the military and police.

148:, a celebrated chemist at that time. It consisted of a cask of fire-extinguishing liquid containing a 5660: 5655: 5238: 4769: 4504: 4339: 3999: 3751: 1917: 1658: 2492:

testing for all types of extinguishers is also required, generally every five years for water and CO

2132:

fixed units due to the possibility of harm to the user from the heat generated by the AFC generator.

5598: 5556: 5273: 5167: 5079: 4805: 4642: 4448: 4364: 4344: 4321: 4084: 3849: 3765: 2417: 3067: 2718: 5622: 5243: 5152: 4291: 4256: 4104: 4054: 3293:"Options to the Use of Halons for Aircraft Fire Suppression Systems – 2012 Update" 3020: 2438: 1512: 1478: 1168: 222: 5488: 5381: 5069: 5049: 4880: 4865: 4832: 4432: 4311: 4286: 4276: 3984: 3944: 1698: 1668:

preventing contact with air. It is effective on other class B fuels as well. Blue/red in color.

1585: 50: 3566: 1534:, passenger service vehicles with more than 12 seats and vehicles that carry flammable goods. 5574: 5426: 5008: 4774: 4675: 4619: 4593: 4546: 4161: 4049: 4029: 2056: 1726: 1624: 1138: 810: 144:

The first fire extinguisher of which there is any record was patented in England in 1723 by

5467: 5421: 5308: 4845: 4840: 4739: 4316: 4176: 3884: 3455: 3248: 2489: 2402: 1506:– this is required by law in many jurisdictions, for identified classes of vehicles. Under 565: 319: 296: 226: 157: 156:

A portable pressurised fire extinguisher, the 'Extincteur' was invented by British Captain

1538:

recommends that all company vehicles carry a fire extinguisher, including passenger cars.

61:. It is not intended for use on an out-of-control fire, such as one which has reached the 8: 5326: 5182: 5172: 5039: 4968: 4948: 4359: 4266: 2008: 1535: 1151: 314: 165: 1518: 5366: 5351: 5147: 5024: 4875: 4812: 4719: 4146: 4074: 4039: 4034: 3889: 3647: 1742: 1682: 1644: 1605: 379: 367: 343: 241: 237: 189: 114: 3482: 2855: 1522:

A dedicated trolley loaded with extinguishers ready to move where needed for rapid use

523:

Ansul Met-L-X cartridge-operated dry powder fire extinguisher for class D fires, 1950s

5531: 5391: 5386: 4988: 4963: 4572: 4567: 4562: 4458: 4349: 4331: 4059: 3969: 3954: 3651: 3542: 3230: 2869: 2826: 2397: 2254:

fires as lithium can react with NaCl to form LiCl and Na which will continue burning.

2136: 2067:

than 1211 or 1301. It is widely used in Russia and parts of Asia, and it was used by

2012: 2004: 225:

of England in 1881, which used water or water-based solutions. They later invented a

2726:"Staffordshire Past Track – "Petrolex" half gallon fire extinguisher" 1569:

This is a powder-based agent that extinguishes by separating the three parts of the

5228: 4923: 4556: 3894: 3639: 3355: 3183: 2603: 2267: 1590: 182: 3417: 3269:"Options to the Use of Halons for Aircraft Fire Suppression Systems – 2012 Update" 3195: 2982: 5331: 5223: 5192: 5177: 4973: 4855: 4800: 4734: 4714: 4251: 4186: 4125: 4094: 4069: 4019: 4014: 3828: 3788: 3729: 3573: 3395: 2911: 2895: 2756: 2219: 352: 233: 145: 129: 70: 684: 5411: 5361: 5263: 5187: 5112: 5064: 5034: 4953: 4885: 4417: 4394: 4379: 4241: 4181: 4151: 4120: 4064: 4024: 3959: 3949: 3844: 3643: 3537: 2044: 1621:

for class B fires, and is ineffective on class A fires. White or blue in color.

1495: 371: 269: 197: 97: 31: 3341: 2940: 2927: 2848: 2786: 2772: 2079: 1725:

An 18 lb (8.2 kg) US Navy cartridge-operated purple-K dry chemical (

5639: 5551: 5401: 5268: 5142: 5117: 5102: 5059: 4998: 4624: 4614: 4412: 4384: 4301: 3919: 3909: 3879: 3823: 3546: 2712: 2699: 2223: 1905: 1570: 1531: 1482:

Automatic engine compartment fire extinguisher installed on a hybrid city bus

395:

Fire extinguishers in a museum storeroom, cut to display their inner workings

327: 209: 208:. His extinguisher used the reaction between sodium bicarbonate solution and 193: 2687: 881:

involve flammable or combustible liquids, including petrol, grease, and oil.

856:, fire extinguishers in the United Kingdom as all throughout Europe are red 104: 5457: 5442: 5341: 5132: 5097: 4983: 4958: 4943: 4918: 4913: 4890: 4817: 4744: 4724: 4698: 4541: 4427: 4306: 4296: 4231: 4196: 4156: 4115: 4079: 3869: 3864: 3834: 3292: 3268: 2583: 2442: 1578: 1558: 1397: 1392: 1387: 1194: 913: 878: 868: 609: 85: 66: 2322:

Amerex 30lb. Stored Pressure Sodium Chloride Class D Dry Powder, 1990s, US

1697:

A typical dry chemical extinguisher containing 5 lb (2.3 kg) of

1298: 5462: 5137: 5122: 5029: 5003: 4993: 4928: 4908: 4850: 4795: 4749: 4706: 4261: 4216: 4206: 4099: 4044: 4009: 3904: 2454: 2115: 848:

A British fire extinguisher with ID sign, call point and fire action sign

295:

The carbon dioxide extinguisher was invented (at least in the US) by the

273:

be refilled after use through a filling plug with a fresh supply of CTC.

58: 2913:

Scientific American, "Improved Fire Extinguishing Apparatus For Vessels"

2135:

E-36 Cryotec, a type of high concentration, high-pressure wet chemical (

1208: 276: 5371: 5157: 5127: 5107: 5044: 5014: 4978: 4822: 4729: 4521: 4374: 3874: 3859: 3839: 3606:"Two students created a device that extinguishes fires with soundwaves" 2804: 2121: 2088: 2040: 2032: 1911: 1758: 1574: 1499: 1316: 861: 169: 3089: 1969:

2.5 gallon water mist fire extinguisher for medical and MRI facilities

1262: 1235: 260:

of Delaware filed a patent for using carbon tetrachloride (CTC, or CCl

229:

model called the "Petrolex" which was marketed toward automotive use.

37: 5396: 5376: 5356: 5346: 5336: 5218: 5162: 5092: 5087: 4938: 4443: 4271: 4236: 4226: 4211: 4191: 4166: 3939: 3934: 3899: 3854: 3802: 3012: 2247: 2235: 2231: 2111: 1981:

6-liter wet chemical fire extinguisher for use in commercial kitchens

1713:

A 10 lb (4.5 kg) stored pressure purple-K fire extinguisher

249: 125: 69:. Typically, a fire extinguisher consists of a hand-held cylindrical 3210: 3042:"ExtinguisherServicing – Everything you need to know" 2565: 1325: 1289: 1271: 375:

liquids were highly toxic and could cause death in confined spaces.

204:) gas. A soda-acid extinguisher was patented in the U.S. in 1880 by 5452: 5447: 5288: 4860: 4759: 4536: 4246: 4201: 3924: 3914: 3813: 2405:. These glass fire grenade bottles are sought after by collectors. 2261: 2243: 2239: 2064: 1628: 1618: 1503: 1487: 1148: 857: 356: 309: 289: 89: 54: 3757: 179:

patents was issued to Alanson Crane of Virginia on Feb. 10, 1863.

2749: 2534:

Water – annually (some states) or 5 years (NFPA 10, 2010 edition)

2310:

Ansul Met-L-X 30lb. cartridge-operated sodium chloride dry powder

2251: 1783: 133: 121: 118: 62: 3111:"Do you need to carry a fire extinguisher in a company vehicle?" 1062:

Red with a canary yellow panel above the operating instructions

471:

Pyrene 1 qt. pump-type chlorobromomethane (CB or CBM), 1960s, UK

30:"Extinguisher" redirects here. For the candle extinguisher, see 4667: 3746: 2382:

Ternary Eutectic Chloride fire extinguisher for metal fires, UK

2370:

Buffalo fire extinguishers for magnesium fires using M-X liquid

2227: 2024: 360: 245: 161: 149: 1993:

Indian 5-gal. backpack pump tank for wildland firefighting, US

1541:

Fire extinguishers mounted inside aircraft engines are called

1244: 1217: 92:

is typically used; water and foam extinguishers typically use

5019: 4577: 4531: 2569:

A fire extinguisher stored inside a cabinet mounted to a wall

2484:, are generally consistent with standards established by the 2477:

even in recent times, from corroded extinguishers exploding.

2457:, with none of the clean-up required for mass-based systems. 2446: 2068: 2060: 2036: 1933:

General 2.5 gal. pump-type water fire extinguisher, 1960s, US

1654: 334: 265: 3444: 3396:"Aviation Boatswain's Mate 1 & C: Navy Training Courses" 2453:(DARPA). One proposed application is to extinguish fires in 2422: 1844:

Amerex Solid-Charge AFFF Fire Extinguisher, 1980s (obsolete)

1179:

10: Standard for Portable Fire Extinguishers, 2013 edition.

875:

Class A fires involve organic solids such as paper and wood.

407:

A glass grenade-style extinguisher, to be thrown into a fire

4526: 4487:

National Council of Examiners for Engineering and Surveying

3394:

Personnel, United States Bureau of Naval (1 January 1959).

2556:

Stored-pressure dry chemical mounted on vehicles – annually

2472:

An empty fire extinguisher which was not replaced for years

2468: 1790: 1632: 1491: 853: 431:

A US building-type chemical foam extinguisher with contents

214: 78: 2210: 1159:

only recommended for inadvertent use on electrical fires.

284:

Another type of carbon tetrachloride extinguisher was the

2096: 2031:

or inert gases), removing heat from the combustion zone (

511:

Du Gas cartridge-operated dry chemical extinguisher, 1945

318:

in 1887 which describes the case of a basement fire at a

108:

Wheeled fire extinguisher and a sign inside a parking lot

93: 3506:"The beauty and danger in Victorian Glass Fire Grenades" 2553:

Cartridge-operated dry chemical or dry powder – annually

2524:

In the United States, there are three types of service:

2258:

supply. Will cling to a vertical surface. Lithium only.

1035:

Red with a black panel above the operating instructions

976:

Red with a cream panel above the operating instructions

2979:"Questions and Answers on Halons and Their Substitutes" 2688:

Improved Apparatus for Extinguishing Fires in Buildings

2416:

is a particle-based form of fire extinction similar to

2071:'s Italian branch, marketed under the name "Fluobrene". 1090:

Red with a blue panel above the operating instructions

1003:

Red with a blue panel above the operating instructions

355:) was the first extinguisher developed in the US, with 232:

The chemical foam extinguisher was invented in 1904 by

3017:

Department of the Environment and Heritage (Australia)

1494:

in a high-traffic area. They are also often fitted to

890:

Class E fires involve electrical equipment/appliances.

483:

National Methyl Bromide extinguishers, UK, 1930s–1940s

326:(called carbonic acid gas at the time) intended for a 2496:

models up to every 12 years for dry chemical models.

2408: 2087:-powered fire extinguisher on standby at a temporary 542:

extinguisher's body length, specifying its contents.

2916:. Munn & Company. 1877-06-23. pp. 383, 388. 2503:

In the UK, three types of maintenance are required:

1490:

at an easily accessible location, such as against a

221:

The cartridge-operated extinguisher was invented by

57:

used to extinguish or control small fires, often in

3418:

Extinguishing Agent for Magnesium Fire: Phases I-IV

1757:Met-L-Kyl cartridge-operated fire extinguisher for 560:

may be too technical for most readers to understand

3196:"Wasserfilmbildendes Schaummittel – Extensid AFFF" 1856:A 2.5 US gal (9.5 L) USCG-approved 172:. When operated it expelled liquid onto the fire. 74: 4282:Penetrant (mechanical, electrical, or structural) 3356:"The Non Numismatic Bibliography of Dr L.H. Cope" 2829:. IPCS International Programme on Chemical Safety 363:, and several other types being developed later. 5637: 3576:, "Report on Aerosol Extinguishing Technology,". 3481:. Earth Times. 14 September 2007. Archived from 3184:http://nwfireinc.com/main/msds/badger/msds02.pdf 1552: 419:A US copper building type soda-acid extinguisher 322:pharmacy which melted a lead pipe charge with CO 3587:"Dousing flames with low-frequency sound waves" 3086:"Disposal Of Halon – Envirowise" 2644:"Fire extinguishers: The unlikely origin story" 1957:Stored pressure loaded stream fire extinguisher 1685:dry chemical unit intended for home kitchen use 3734:(second ed.), John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 3423:(Report). Naval Air Systems Command. July 1986 2900:. Munn & Company. 1887-09-03. p. 149. 2827:"Carbon Tetrachloride Health and Safety Guide" 1782:Alcohol-resistant aqueous film-forming foams ( 1635:by the NFPA. Colored violet to distinguish it. 864:according to the type of extinguishing agent. 236:in Russia, based on his previous invention of 4683: 3773: 2482:Occupational Safety and Health Administration 1832:1970s Light Water AFFF foam fire extinguisher 1167:For additional US UL rating information, see 5417:Wildfire suppression equipment and personnel 2803:. Vintage Fire Extinguishers. Archived from 814: 536: 2547:Dry chemical and dry powder – every 6 years 2023:Clean agents extinguish fire by displacing 351:cartridge to discharge the agent. Met-L-X ( 5249:International Association of Fire Fighters 4690: 4676: 4090:Hypoxic air technology for fire prevention 3780: 3766: 3078: 2441:announced that high volume sound with low 2432: 2387: 893:Class F fires involve cooking fat and oil. 784:Vaporizing liquid (non-halon clean agents) 459:, brass, carbon tetrachloride extinguisher 443:Pyrene apparatus type chemical foam, 1960s 366:In the 1940s, Germany invented the liquid 113:wheeled models are most commonly found at 4475:Fire Equipment Manufacturers' Association 3533:"Vintage Fire Grenades History and Value" 3530: 3393: 3345:, filed July 5, 1960. UK Patent GB884946. 2997: 2589:Fire Equipment Manufacturers' Association 2451:Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency 1486:Fire extinguishers are usually fitted in 887:Class D fires involve combustible metals. 588:Learn how and when to remove this message 572:, without removing the technical details. 292:gas, formerly used as a chemical weapon. 3808:Boiling liquid expanding vapor explosion 3667:"NFPA Regulations on Fire Extinguishers" 3629: 3317:"Chubb Fire Pyromet Powder Extinguisher" 3060: 2861: 2564: 2467: 2078: 1812:which will react with some metal fires). 1639:Potassium bicarbonate & Urea Complex 1517: 1477: 843: 275: 103: 53:device usually filled with a dry or wet 36: 4454:Listing and approval use and compliance 3664: 2550:Halon and clean agents – every 6 years. 2211:Dry powder and metal fire extinguishers 917:(brackets denote sometimes applicable) 612:(brackets denote sometimes applicable) 499:extinguisher made by Walter Kidde, 1928 77:that can be discharged to extinguish a 14: 5638: 3603: 3503: 2358:A TMB extinguisher for magnesium fires 1154:test per EN 3-7:2004). A powder or CO 884:Class C fires involve flammable gases. 4671: 4499:Society of Fire Protection Engineers 3761: 3160:"Aircraft Fire Extinguishing Systems" 1998: 906: 605: 570:make it understandable to non-experts 5582: 5407:Modular Airborne FireFighting System 4650: 4493:National Fire Protection Association 3727: 3567:National Fire Protection Association 2865:Secrets of Hollywood special effects 2599:National Fire Protection Association 2486:National Fire Protection Association 544: 3787: 1870:-gallon AFFF foam fire extinguisher 41:A stored-pressure fire extinguisher 24: 5055:Self-contained breathing apparatus 4755:Firefighter assist and search team 3995:Condensed aerosol fire suppression 3721: 3504:Walter, Sophie (4 November 2020). 3497: 2959:. Government of the United Kingdom 2650:. 21 November 2016. Archived from 2414:Condensed aerosol fire suppression 2409:Condensed aerosol fire suppression 2205:FE-36 Cleanguard fire extinguisher 1945:Stored pressure water extinguisher 25: 5687: 4370:Fire alarm notification appliance 3739: 3531:McCormick, David (1 April 2021). 3398:. U.S. Government Printing Office 2193:5lb. Halotron-1 fire extinguisher 2157:Fire Extinguisher, Circa 1989, US 839: 528: 5617: 5605: 5593: 5581: 5570: 5569: 4780:Fire department ranks by country 4697: 4649: 4638: 4637: 3968: 3745: 3604:Conrad, Henry (March 25, 2015). 2375: 2363: 2351: 2339: 2327: 2315: 2303: 2198: 2186: 2174: 2162: 2146: 1986: 1974: 1962: 1950: 1938: 1926: 1849: 1837: 1825: 1750: 1734: 1718: 1706: 1690: 1674: 1426: 1423: 1324: 1315: 1297: 1288: 1270: 1261: 1243: 1234: 1216: 1207: 1162: 1115: 549: 516: 504: 488: 476: 464: 448: 436: 424: 412: 400: 388: 333:In 1928, DuGas (later bought by 5618: 5254:International Firefighters' Day 5214:Candidate Physical Ability Test 4131:Vehicle fire suppression system 3819:Combustibility and flammability 3685: 3658: 3623: 3597: 3579: 3560: 3524: 3469: 3435: 3410: 3387: 3378: 3369: 3348: 3334: 3309: 3285: 3261: 3241: 3223: 3203: 3188: 3177: 3152: 3121: 3103: 3034: 2971: 2946: 2933: 2920: 2904: 2888: 2841: 2819: 2793: 2750:Loran and the fire extinguisher 2616: 2018: 1564: 1473: 4765:Special operations firefighter 3731:Automatic Sprinkler Protection 3698:. 1 March 2013. Archived from 2779: 2765: 2743: 2705: 2692: 2681: 2666: 2636: 2463: 1875: 1277:Energized electrical equipment 13: 1: 5304:Wildfire emergency management 4871:Hazardous materials apparatus 4481:Institution of Fire Engineers 4438:Fire Safety Evaluation System 4110:Personal protective equipment 3249:"Handheld Fire Extinguishers" 3231:"Types of Fire Extinguishers" 2629: 2234:, and other metals including 2043:) or inhibiting the chemical 1553:Types of extinguishing agents 27:Active fire protection device 4552:GHS precautionary statements 4390:Manual fire alarm activation 3512:. London Fire Brigade Museum 3478:Chuck a ball to put out fire 2954:"Ozone Depleting Substances" 2445:frequencies in the 30 to 60 2181:Halon 1301 Fire Extinguisher 2169:Halon 1211 Fire Extinguisher 1789:Film-forming fluoroprotein ( 1577:, the fuel breaks down into 258:Pyrene Manufacturing Company 168:) solution contained within 164:(13.6 liters) of pearl ash ( 7: 5279:World Police and Fire Games 5234:Fire protection engineering 4423:Fire protection engineering 4355:Explosive gas leak detector 4172:Electromagnetic door holder 4005:External water spray system 3452:"Fireade 2000 Applications" 2862:McCarthy, Robert E (1992). 2852:, filed September 26, 1925. 2801:"Pyrene Fire Extinguishers" 2677:. 26 March 1816. p. 3. 2577: 1345:Comparison of fire classes 1250:Flammable liquids and gases 1223:Ordinary solid combustibles 196:, producing the propellant 10: 5692: 5527:Glossary of wildfire terms 5259:List of firefighting films 4707:Personnel and organization 4599:Harry C. Bigglestone Award 3990:Automatic fire suppression 3930:K-factor (fire protection) 3644:10.1007/s10694-019-00854-4 3129:"Your safe driving policy" 2594:K-factor (fire protection) 2437:In 2015, researchers from 1797:Compressed air foam system 1659:aqueous film forming foams 1627:(principal constituent of 1166: 852:According to the standard 139: 29: 5565: 5544: 5519: 5476: 5435: 5317: 5296: 5287: 5239:Geography of firefighting 5206: 5078: 4899: 4831: 4788: 4770:Volunteer fire department 4705: 4633: 4607: 4586: 4514: 4505:Underwriters Laboratories 4467: 4403: 4340:Aspirating smoke detector 4330: 4139: 4000:Detonation flame arrester 3977: 3966: 3795: 3406:– via Google Books. 2884:– via Google Books. 2274:Ternary eutectic chloride 1777:Aqueous film-forming foam 1383: 1187: 1116:No longer in general use 912: 909: 903: 608: 602: 537:Australia and New Zealand 5557:Template:Fire protection 5274:World Firefighters Games 5168:Gaseous fire suppression 4449:Kitchen exhaust cleaning 4365:Fire alarm control panel 4345:Carbon monoxide detector 4322:Standpipe (firefighting) 4085:Gaseous fire suppression 3850:Enthalpy of vaporization 3211:"Cold Fire – Firefreeze" 2790:, filed January 7, 1911. 2609: 2418:gaseous fire suppression 2118:if used on human beings. 1766: 736:Dry powder (metal fires) 5676:18th-century inventions 5244:History of firefighting 4292:Pressurisation ductwork 4257:Firewall (construction) 4105:Passive fire protection 4055:Fire suppression system 2981:. §B.11. Archived from 2528:Maintenance inspection 2439:George Mason University 2433:Experimental techniques 2388:Fire extinguishing ball 1513:fast flow extinguishers 1169:Fast Flow Extinguishers 5651:Firefighting equipment 5646:Active fire protection 5382:Firefighting apparatus 5070:Thermal imaging camera 5050:Secure information box 4866:Firefighting apparatus 4468:Industry organizations 4433:Fire-resistance rating 4312:Smoke exhaust ductwork 4287:Penetration (firestop) 4277:Packing (firestopping) 3985:Active fire protection 3945:Spontaneous combustion 3200:071027 intersales.info 2776:, filed April 5, 1910. 2570: 2531:Internal maintenance: 2473: 2092: 1699:monoammonium phosphate 1586:Monoammonium phosphate 1523: 1483: 1379:Ordinary combustibles 1137:In the UK, the use of 867:The UK recognises six 849: 281: 109: 51:active fire protection 42: 5427:Wildland water tender 5009:Hydraulic rescue tool 4775:Women in firefighting 4620:Template:Firefighting 4594:Arthur B. Guise Medal 4547:GHS hazard statements 4050:Fire sprinkler system 4030:Fire-retardant fabric 3728:Dana, Gorham (1919), 3342:U.S. patent 3,095,372 2941:U.S. patent 1,793,420 2928:U.S. patent 1,792,826 2849:U.S. patent 1,760,274 2787:U.S. patent 1,105,263 2773:U.S. patent 1,010,870 2568: 2471: 2082: 1890:Stored pressure water 1727:potassium bicarbonate 1625:Potassium bicarbonate 1543:extinguishing bottles 1521: 1481: 1433:Electrical equipment 847: 279: 107: 40: 5468:Wildland fire module 5422:Wildland fire engine 5309:Wildfire suppression 4846:Fire command vehicle 4841:Airport crash tender 4740:Retained firefighter 4404:Professions, trades, 4317:Smokeproof enclosure 4177:Electromagnetic lock 3885:Flammability diagram 3796:Fundamental concepts 3754:at Wikimedia Commons 2540:Wet chemical, and CO 2537:Foam – every 3 years 2490:Hydrostatic pressure 2403:carbon tetrachloride 1681:A small, disposable 910:BS EN 3 colour code 320:Louisville, Kentucky 297:Walter Kidde Company 227:carbon tetrachloride 158:George William Manby 5327:Aerial firefighting 5183:Stop, drop and roll 5173:Multiple-alarm fire 5040:Portable water tank 4949:Fire proximity suit 4360:Fire alarm call box 4267:Heat and smoke vent 3665:Charpentier, Will. 3072:www.firesafe.org.uk 3048:on 25 November 2016 2897:Scientific American 2713:U.S. patent 258,293 2700:U.S. patent 233,235 2561:Hydrostatic testing 2009:potassium carbonate 1665:MET-L-KYL / PYROKYL 1536:NZ Transport Agency 1467:Cooking oil or fat 1450:Combustible metals 1346: 1057:Yellow (not in use) 815:No longer produced 315:Scientific American 223:Read & Campbell 166:potassium carbonate 101:rest of the world. 5671:1723 introductions 5666:English inventions 5367:Fire retardant gel 5352:Fire lookout tower 5025:New York roof hook 4876:Light and air unit 4813:Fire lookout tower 4720:Chief fire officer 4332:Fire alarm systems 4147:Annulus (firestop) 4075:Flashback arrestor 4040:Fire-safe polymers 4035:Fire retardant gel 3890:Flammability limit 3572:2012-04-01 at the 3117:. August 27, 2018. 2755:2011-07-27 at the 2675:Manchester Mercury 2571: 2474: 2286:Buffalo M-X liquid 2280:Trimethoxyboroxine 2250:. Do not use with 2093: 1999:Wet chemical types 1743:potassium chloride 1683:sodium bicarbonate 1645:Potassium chloride 1606:Sodium bicarbonate 1524: 1484: 1402:Flammable liquids 1344: 1304:Combustible metals 1024:Carbon dioxide, CO 850: 380:United States Army 368:chlorobromomethane 344:United States Navy 282: 242:aluminium sulphate 238:fire fighting foam 190:sodium bicarbonate 115:construction sites 110: 43: 5633: 5632: 5540: 5539: 5532:List of wildfires 5392:Helicopter bucket 5387:Firefighting foam 4989:Hard suction hose 4934:Fire extinguisher 4924:Fire brigade keys 4665: 4664: 4573:Safety data sheet 4568:List of S-phrases 4563:List of R-phrases 4459:Sprinkler fitting 4350:Circuit integrity 4222:Fire extinguisher 4060:Firefighting foam 3955:Thermal radiation 3752:Fire extinguisher 3750:Media related to 3705:on 5 October 2020 3693:"Common Myth #33" 2875:978-0-240-80108-7 2512:damage/corrosion. 2398:ammonium chloride 2137:potassium acetate 2051:Halon (including 2013:potassium citrate 2005:potassium acetate 1471: 1470: 1362:Fuel/heat source 1359:Australian/Asian 1338: 1337: 1307:D for "Dynamite" 1135: 1134: 834: 833: 691:Ultramarine blue 598: 597: 590: 495:Bell Telephone CO 177:fire extinguisher 175:One of the first 47:fire extinguisher 16:(Redirected from 5683: 5661:Safety equipment 5656:Fire suppression 5621: 5620: 5609: 5608: 5597: 5596: 5585: 5584: 5573: 5572: 5294: 5293: 5229:Fire photography 5011:("Jaws of life") 4969:Fireman's switch 4692: 4685: 4678: 4669: 4668: 4653: 4652: 4641: 4640: 4557:Life Safety Code 4162:Compartmentation 3972: 3895:Flammable liquid 3782: 3775: 3768: 3759: 3758: 3749: 3735: 3715: 3714: 3712: 3710: 3704: 3697: 3689: 3683: 3682: 3680: 3678: 3662: 3656: 3655: 3627: 3621: 3620: 3618: 3616: 3601: 3595: 3594: 3583: 3577: 3564: 3558: 3557: 3555: 3553: 3528: 3522: 3521: 3519: 3517: 3501: 3495: 3494: 3492: 3490: 3473: 3467: 3466: 3464: 3463: 3454:. Archived from 3448: 3442: 3439: 3433: 3432: 3430: 3428: 3422: 3414: 3408: 3407: 3405: 3403: 3391: 3385: 3382: 3376: 3373: 3367: 3366: 3364: 3362: 3352: 3346: 3344: 3338: 3332: 3331: 3329: 3328: 3319:. Archived from 3313: 3307: 3306: 3304: 3303: 3297: 3289: 3283: 3282: 3280: 3279: 3273: 3265: 3259: 3258: 3256: 3255: 3245: 3239: 3238: 3227: 3221: 3220: 3218: 3217: 3207: 3201: 3199: 3192: 3186: 3181: 3175: 3174: 3172: 3170: 3156: 3150: 3149: 3147: 3146: 3140: 3134:. Archived from 3133: 3125: 3119: 3118: 3107: 3101: 3100: 3098: 3097: 3088:. Archived from 3082: 3076: 3075: 3064: 3058: 3057: 3055: 3053: 3044:. Archived from 3038: 3032: 3031: 3029: 3028: 3019:. Archived from 3009:Ozone Protection 3005:"Halon Disposal" 3001: 2995: 2994: 2992: 2990: 2975: 2969: 2968: 2966: 2964: 2958: 2950: 2944: 2943: 2937: 2931: 2930: 2924: 2918: 2917: 2908: 2902: 2901: 2892: 2886: 2885: 2883: 2882: 2859: 2853: 2851: 2845: 2839: 2838: 2836: 2834: 2823: 2817: 2816: 2814: 2812: 2807:on 25 March 2010 2797: 2791: 2789: 2783: 2777: 2775: 2769: 2763: 2762: 2747: 2741: 2740: 2738: 2737: 2728:. Archived from 2722: 2716: 2715: 2709: 2703: 2702: 2696: 2690: 2685: 2679: 2678: 2670: 2664: 2663: 2661: 2659: 2654:on 18 April 2021 2640: 2623: 2620: 2604:ABC dry chemical 2379: 2367: 2355: 2343: 2331: 2319: 2307: 2268:Sodium carbonate 2202: 2190: 2178: 2166: 2150: 1990: 1978: 1966: 1954: 1942: 1930: 1869: 1868: 1864: 1861: 1853: 1841: 1829: 1754: 1738: 1722: 1710: 1694: 1678: 1591:ABC dry chemical 1588:, also known as 1416:Flammable gases 1347: 1343: 1334:K for "Kitchen" 1328: 1319: 1301: 1292: 1280:C for "Current" 1274: 1265: 1247: 1238: 1220: 1211: 1188:Geometric symbol 1182: 1181: 901: 900: 600: 599: 593: 586: 582: 579: 573: 553: 552: 545: 520: 508: 492: 480: 468: 452: 440: 428: 416: 404: 392: 206:Almon M. Granger 183:Thomas J. Martin 21: 5691: 5690: 5686: 5685: 5684: 5682: 5681: 5680: 5636: 5635: 5634: 5629: 5606: 5594: 5561: 5536: 5515: 5472: 5431: 5332:Controlled burn 5319: 5313: 5283: 5224:Fire engine red 5202: 5193:Two-in, two-out 5148:Fireman's carry 5074: 4974:Flame retardant 4895: 4856:Fire motorcycle 4827: 4801:Fire department 4784: 4735:Station officer 4715:Battalion chief 4701: 4696: 4666: 4661: 4629: 4603: 4582: 4510: 4463: 4405: 4399: 4326: 4252:Firestop pillow 4187:Emergency light 4140:Building design 4135: 4126:Tank blanketing 4095:Inerting system 4070:Flame retardant 4020:Fire protection 4015:Fire prevention 3973: 3964: 3829:Dangerous goods 3791: 3789:Fire protection 3786: 3742: 3724: 3722:Further reading 3719: 3718: 3708: 3706: 3702: 3695: 3691: 3690: 3686: 3676: 3674: 3663: 3659: 3632:Fire Technology 3628: 3624: 3614: 3612: 3602: 3598: 3593:. 2 April 2015. 3585: 3584: 3580: 3574:Wayback Machine 3565: 3561: 3551: 3549: 3529: 3525: 3515: 3513: 3502: 3498: 3488: 3486: 3485:on 4 March 2016 3475: 3474: 3470: 3461: 3459: 3450: 3449: 3445: 3440: 3436: 3426: 3424: 3420: 3416: 3415: 3411: 3401: 3399: 3392: 3388: 3383: 3379: 3374: 3370: 3360: 3358: 3354: 3353: 3349: 3340: 3339: 3335: 3326: 3324: 3315: 3314: 3310: 3301: 3299: 3295: 3291: 3290: 3286: 3277: 3275: 3271: 3267: 3266: 3262: 3253: 3251: 3247: 3246: 3242: 3229: 3228: 3224: 3215: 3213: 3209: 3208: 3204: 3194: 3193: 3189: 3182: 3178: 3168: 3166: 3158: 3157: 3153: 3144: 3142: 3138: 3131: 3127: 3126: 3122: 3109: 3108: 3104: 3095: 3093: 3084: 3083: 3079: 3066: 3065: 3061: 3051: 3049: 3040: 3039: 3035: 3026: 3024: 3003: 3002: 2998: 2988: 2986: 2977: 2976: 2972: 2962: 2960: 2956: 2952: 2951: 2947: 2939: 2938: 2934: 2926: 2925: 2921: 2910: 2909: 2905: 2894: 2893: 2889: 2880: 2878: 2876: 2868:. Focal Press. 2860: 2856: 2847: 2846: 2842: 2832: 2830: 2825: 2824: 2820: 2810: 2808: 2799: 2798: 2794: 2785: 2784: 2780: 2771: 2770: 2766: 2760: 2757:Wayback Machine 2748: 2744: 2735: 2733: 2724: 2723: 2719: 2711: 2710: 2706: 2698: 2697: 2693: 2686: 2682: 2673:"Miscellanea". 2672: 2671: 2667: 2657: 2655: 2642: 2641: 2637: 2632: 2627: 2626: 2621: 2617: 2612: 2580: 2544:– every 5 years 2543: 2518: 2495: 2466: 2435: 2411: 2390: 2383: 2380: 2371: 2368: 2359: 2356: 2347: 2344: 2335: 2332: 2323: 2320: 2311: 2308: 2220:Sodium chloride 2213: 2206: 2203: 2194: 2191: 2182: 2179: 2170: 2167: 2158: 2156: 2153:Amerex 10lb. CO 2151: 2109: 2105: 2100: 2086: 2030: 2021: 2001: 1994: 1991: 1982: 1979: 1970: 1967: 1958: 1955: 1946: 1943: 1934: 1931: 1878: 1871: 1866: 1862: 1859: 1857: 1854: 1845: 1842: 1833: 1830: 1769: 1762: 1755: 1746: 1745:) extinguishers 1739: 1730: 1723: 1714: 1711: 1702: 1695: 1686: 1679: 1651:Foam-compatible 1567: 1555: 1476: 1253:B for "Barrel" 1172: 1165: 1157: 1108:Halon 1211/BCF 1082:Class D powder 1027: 916: 842: 594: 583: 577: 574: 566:help improve it 563: 554: 550: 539: 531: 524: 521: 512: 509: 500: 498: 493: 484: 481: 472: 469: 460: 453: 444: 441: 432: 429: 420: 417: 408: 405: 396: 393: 353:sodium chloride 350: 340: 325: 307: 303: 263: 234:Aleksandr Loran 203: 146:Ambrose Godfrey 142: 71:pressure vessel 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5689: 5679: 5678: 5673: 5668: 5663: 5658: 5653: 5648: 5631: 5630: 5628: 5627: 5615: 5603: 5591: 5579: 5566: 5563: 5562: 5560: 5559: 5554: 5548: 5546: 5542: 5541: 5538: 5537: 5535: 5534: 5529: 5523: 5521: 5517: 5516: 5514: 5513: 5512: 5511: 5506: 5501: 5491: 5486: 5480: 5478: 5474: 5473: 5471: 5470: 5465: 5460: 5455: 5450: 5445: 5439: 5437: 5433: 5432: 5430: 5429: 5424: 5419: 5414: 5409: 5404: 5399: 5394: 5389: 5384: 5379: 5374: 5369: 5364: 5362:Fire retardant 5359: 5354: 5349: 5344: 5339: 5334: 5329: 5323: 5321: 5315: 5314: 5312: 5311: 5306: 5300: 5298: 5291: 5285: 5284: 5282: 5281: 5276: 5271: 5266: 5261: 5256: 5251: 5246: 5241: 5236: 5231: 5226: 5221: 5216: 5210: 5208: 5204: 5203: 5201: 5200: 5195: 5190: 5188:Structure fire 5185: 5180: 5175: 5170: 5165: 5160: 5155: 5150: 5145: 5140: 5135: 5130: 5125: 5120: 5115: 5113:Door breaching 5110: 5105: 5100: 5095: 5090: 5084: 5082: 5076: 5075: 5073: 5072: 5067: 5065:Smoke detector 5062: 5057: 5052: 5047: 5042: 5037: 5032: 5027: 5022: 5017: 5012: 5006: 5001: 4996: 4991: 4986: 4981: 4976: 4971: 4966: 4964:Fireman's pole 4961: 4956: 4954:Fire retardant 4951: 4946: 4941: 4936: 4931: 4926: 4921: 4916: 4911: 4905: 4903: 4897: 4896: 4894: 4893: 4888: 4886:Rescue vehicle 4883: 4878: 4873: 4868: 4863: 4858: 4853: 4848: 4843: 4837: 4835: 4829: 4828: 4826: 4825: 4820: 4815: 4810: 4809: 4808: 4798: 4792: 4790: 4786: 4785: 4783: 4782: 4777: 4772: 4767: 4762: 4757: 4752: 4747: 4742: 4737: 4732: 4727: 4722: 4717: 4711: 4709: 4703: 4702: 4695: 4694: 4687: 4680: 4672: 4663: 4662: 4660: 4659: 4647: 4634: 4631: 4630: 4628: 4627: 4622: 4617: 4611: 4609: 4605: 4604: 4602: 4601: 4596: 4590: 4588: 4584: 4583: 4581: 4580: 4575: 4570: 4565: 4560: 4554: 4549: 4544: 4539: 4534: 4529: 4524: 4518: 4516: 4512: 4511: 4509: 4508: 4502: 4496: 4490: 4484: 4478: 4471: 4469: 4465: 4464: 4462: 4461: 4456: 4451: 4446: 4441: 4435: 4430: 4425: 4420: 4418:Fire insurance 4415: 4409: 4407: 4401: 4400: 4398: 4397: 4395:Smoke detector 4392: 4387: 4382: 4380:Flame detector 4377: 4372: 4367: 4362: 4357: 4352: 4347: 4342: 4336: 4334: 4328: 4327: 4325: 4324: 4319: 4314: 4309: 4304: 4299: 4294: 4289: 4284: 4279: 4274: 4269: 4264: 4259: 4254: 4249: 4244: 4242:Fire sprinkler 4239: 4234: 4229: 4224: 4219: 4214: 4209: 4204: 4199: 4194: 4189: 4184: 4182:Emergency exit 4179: 4174: 4169: 4164: 4159: 4154: 4152:Area of refuge 4149: 4143: 4141: 4137: 4136: 4134: 4133: 4128: 4123: 4121:Spark arrestor 4118: 4113: 4107: 4102: 4097: 4092: 4087: 4082: 4077: 4072: 4067: 4065:Flame arrester 4062: 4057: 4052: 4047: 4042: 4037: 4032: 4027: 4025:Fire retardant 4022: 4017: 4012: 4007: 4002: 3997: 3992: 3987: 3981: 3979: 3975: 3974: 3967: 3965: 3963: 3962: 3960:Water pressure 3957: 3952: 3950:Structure fire 3947: 3942: 3937: 3932: 3927: 3922: 3917: 3912: 3907: 3902: 3897: 3892: 3887: 3882: 3877: 3872: 3867: 3862: 3857: 3852: 3847: 3845:Dust explosion 3842: 3837: 3832: 3826: 3821: 3816: 3811: 3805: 3799: 3797: 3793: 3792: 3785: 3784: 3777: 3770: 3762: 3756: 3755: 3741: 3740:External links 3738: 3737: 3736: 3723: 3720: 3717: 3716: 3684: 3657: 3622: 3596: 3578: 3559: 3538:Antique Trader 3523: 3496: 3468: 3443: 3434: 3409: 3386: 3377: 3368: 3347: 3333: 3308: 3298:. p. xvii 3284: 3260: 3240: 3222: 3202: 3187: 3176: 3151: 3120: 3102: 3077: 3059: 3033: 2996: 2970: 2945: 2932: 2919: 2903: 2887: 2874: 2854: 2840: 2818: 2792: 2778: 2764: 2742: 2717: 2704: 2691: 2680: 2665: 2634: 2633: 2631: 2628: 2625: 2624: 2614: 2613: 2611: 2608: 2607: 2606: 2601: 2596: 2591: 2586: 2579: 2576: 2563: 2562: 2559: 2558: 2557: 2554: 2551: 2548: 2545: 2541: 2538: 2535: 2529: 2522: 2521: 2516: 2513: 2509: 2493: 2465: 2462: 2434: 2431: 2410: 2407: 2389: 2386: 2385: 2384: 2381: 2374: 2372: 2369: 2362: 2360: 2357: 2350: 2348: 2345: 2338: 2336: 2333: 2326: 2324: 2321: 2314: 2312: 2309: 2302: 2295: 2294: 2290: 2283: 2277: 2271: 2265: 2259: 2255: 2212: 2209: 2208: 2207: 2204: 2197: 2195: 2192: 2185: 2183: 2180: 2173: 2171: 2168: 2161: 2159: 2154: 2152: 2145: 2142: 2141: 2133: 2129: 2119: 2107: 2103: 2098: 2084: 2077: 2076: 2072: 2045:chain reaction 2028: 2020: 2017: 2003:Wet chemical ( 2000: 1997: 1996: 1995: 1992: 1985: 1983: 1980: 1973: 1971: 1968: 1961: 1959: 1956: 1949: 1947: 1944: 1937: 1935: 1932: 1925: 1922: 1921: 1915: 1909: 1906:Wetting agents 1899: 1898: 1894: 1887: 1877: 1874: 1873: 1872: 1855: 1848: 1846: 1843: 1836: 1834: 1831: 1824: 1821: 1820: 1813: 1806: 1800: 1794: 1787: 1780: 1768: 1765: 1764: 1763: 1756: 1749: 1747: 1740: 1733: 1731: 1729:) extinguisher 1724: 1717: 1715: 1712: 1705: 1703: 1696: 1689: 1687: 1680: 1673: 1670: 1669: 1662: 1648: 1642: 1636: 1622: 1603: 1566: 1563: 1554: 1551: 1511:placement of " 1496:motor vehicles 1475: 1472: 1469: 1468: 1465: 1462: 1459: 1456: 1452: 1451: 1448: 1445: 1442: 1439: 1435: 1434: 1431: 1428: 1425: 1422: 1418: 1417: 1414: 1411: 1408: 1404: 1403: 1400: 1395: 1390: 1385: 1381: 1380: 1377: 1374: 1371: 1368: 1364: 1363: 1360: 1357: 1354: 1351: 1336: 1335: 1332: 1329: 1322: 1320: 1313: 1309: 1308: 1305: 1302: 1295: 1293: 1286: 1282: 1281: 1278: 1275: 1268: 1266: 1259: 1255: 1254: 1251: 1248: 1241: 1239: 1232: 1228: 1227: 1224: 1221: 1214: 1212: 1205: 1201: 1200: 1197: 1192: 1189: 1186: 1164: 1161: 1155: 1133: 1132: 1130: 1127: 1125: 1123: 1120: 1117: 1114: 1112: 1109: 1105: 1104: 1102: 1100: 1097: 1095: 1093: 1091: 1088: 1086: 1083: 1079: 1078: 1075: 1073: 1071: 1069: 1066: 1063: 1060: 1058: 1055: 1051: 1050: 1048: 1045: 1043: 1041: 1038: 1036: 1033: 1031: 1028: 1025: 1021: 1020: 1018: 1015: 1013: 1010: 1007: 1004: 1001: 999: 996: 992: 991: 989: 987: 985: 983: 980: 977: 974: 972: 969: 965: 964: 962: 960: 958: 956: 954: 951: 948: 946: 943: 939: 938: 935: 932: 929: 926: 923: 919: 918: 911: 908: 905: 895: 894: 891: 888: 885: 882: 876: 841: 840:United Kingdom 838: 832: 831: 829: 826: 824: 822: 819: 816: 813: 807: 806: 804: 801: 799: 796: 793: 790: 789:Golden yellow 787: 785: 781: 780: 778: 775: 773: 771: 768: 765: 762: 760: 759:Carbon dioxide 756: 755: 753: 751: 748: 746: 744: 742: 739: 737: 733: 732: 730: 727: 725: 722: 719: 716: 713: 711: 707: 706: 704: 702: 700: 698: 695: 692: 689: 687: 681: 680: 677: 675: 673: 671: 669: 666: 663: 661: 657: 656: 654: 652: 650: 648: 646: 643: 640: 638: 634: 633: 630: 627: 624: 621: 618: 614: 613: 607: 604: 596: 595: 578:September 2024 557: 555: 548: 538: 535: 530: 529:Classification 527: 526: 525: 522: 515: 513: 510: 503: 501: 496: 494: 487: 485: 482: 475: 473: 470: 463: 461: 454: 447: 445: 442: 435: 433: 430: 423: 421: 418: 411: 409: 406: 399: 397: 394: 387: 372:Methyl bromide 348: 338: 323: 305: 301: 280:A fire grenade 261: 201: 198:carbon dioxide 170:compressed air 141: 138: 98:carbon dioxide 73:containing an 49:is a handheld 32:candle snuffer 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5688: 5677: 5674: 5672: 5669: 5667: 5664: 5662: 5659: 5657: 5654: 5652: 5649: 5647: 5644: 5643: 5641: 5626: 5625: 5616: 5614: 5613: 5604: 5602: 5601: 5592: 5590: 5589: 5580: 5578: 5577: 5568: 5567: 5564: 5558: 5555: 5553: 5552:Template:Fire 5550: 5549: 5547: 5543: 5533: 5530: 5528: 5525: 5524: 5522: 5518: 5510: 5507: 5505: 5502: 5500: 5497: 5496: 5495: 5494:United States 5492: 5490: 5487: 5485: 5482: 5481: 5479: 5475: 5469: 5466: 5464: 5461: 5459: 5456: 5454: 5451: 5449: 5446: 5444: 5441: 5440: 5438: 5434: 5428: 5425: 5423: 5420: 5418: 5415: 5413: 5410: 5408: 5405: 5403: 5400: 5398: 5395: 5393: 5390: 5388: 5385: 5383: 5380: 5378: 5375: 5373: 5370: 5368: 5365: 5363: 5360: 5358: 5355: 5353: 5350: 5348: 5345: 5343: 5340: 5338: 5335: 5333: 5330: 5328: 5325: 5324: 5322: 5316: 5310: 5307: 5305: 5302: 5301: 5299: 5295: 5292: 5290: 5286: 5280: 5277: 5275: 5272: 5270: 5269:Saint Florian 5267: 5265: 5262: 5260: 5257: 5255: 5252: 5250: 5247: 5245: 5242: 5240: 5237: 5235: 5232: 5230: 5227: 5225: 5222: 5220: 5217: 5215: 5212: 5211: 5209: 5207:Miscellaneous 5205: 5199: 5196: 5194: 5191: 5189: 5186: 5184: 5181: 5179: 5176: 5174: 5171: 5169: 5166: 5164: 5161: 5159: 5156: 5154: 5151: 5149: 5146: 5144: 5143:Fire triangle 5141: 5139: 5136: 5134: 5131: 5129: 5126: 5124: 5121: 5119: 5116: 5114: 5111: 5109: 5106: 5104: 5103:Dead man zone 5101: 5099: 5096: 5094: 5091: 5089: 5086: 5085: 5083: 5081: 5077: 5071: 5068: 5066: 5063: 5061: 5058: 5056: 5053: 5051: 5048: 5046: 5043: 5041: 5038: 5036: 5033: 5031: 5028: 5026: 5023: 5021: 5018: 5016: 5013: 5010: 5007: 5005: 5002: 5000: 4999:Heat detector 4997: 4995: 4992: 4990: 4987: 4985: 4982: 4980: 4977: 4975: 4972: 4970: 4967: 4965: 4962: 4960: 4957: 4955: 4952: 4950: 4947: 4945: 4942: 4940: 4937: 4935: 4932: 4930: 4927: 4925: 4922: 4920: 4917: 4915: 4912: 4910: 4907: 4906: 4904: 4902: 4898: 4892: 4889: 4887: 4884: 4882: 4879: 4877: 4874: 4872: 4869: 4867: 4864: 4862: 4859: 4857: 4854: 4852: 4849: 4847: 4844: 4842: 4839: 4838: 4836: 4834: 4830: 4824: 4821: 4819: 4816: 4814: 4811: 4807: 4804: 4803: 4802: 4799: 4797: 4794: 4793: 4791: 4787: 4781: 4778: 4776: 4773: 4771: 4768: 4766: 4763: 4761: 4758: 4756: 4753: 4751: 4748: 4746: 4743: 4741: 4738: 4736: 4733: 4731: 4728: 4726: 4723: 4721: 4718: 4716: 4713: 4712: 4710: 4708: 4704: 4700: 4693: 4688: 4686: 4681: 4679: 4674: 4673: 4670: 4658: 4657: 4648: 4646: 4645: 4636: 4635: 4632: 4626: 4625:Template:HVAC 4623: 4621: 4618: 4616: 4615:Template:Fire 4613: 4612: 4610: 4606: 4600: 4597: 4595: 4592: 4591: 4589: 4585: 4579: 4576: 4574: 4571: 4569: 4566: 4564: 4561: 4558: 4555: 4553: 4550: 4548: 4545: 4543: 4540: 4538: 4535: 4533: 4530: 4528: 4525: 4523: 4520: 4519: 4517: 4513: 4506: 4503: 4500: 4497: 4494: 4491: 4488: 4485: 4482: 4479: 4476: 4473: 4472: 4470: 4466: 4460: 4457: 4455: 4452: 4450: 4447: 4445: 4442: 4439: 4436: 4434: 4431: 4429: 4426: 4424: 4421: 4419: 4416: 4414: 4413:Duct cleaning 4411: 4410: 4408: 4402: 4396: 4393: 4391: 4388: 4386: 4385:Heat detector 4383: 4381: 4378: 4376: 4373: 4371: 4368: 4366: 4363: 4361: 4358: 4356: 4353: 4351: 4348: 4346: 4343: 4341: 4338: 4337: 4335: 4333: 4329: 4323: 4320: 4318: 4315: 4313: 4310: 4308: 4305: 4303: 4302:Smoke control 4300: 4298: 4295: 4293: 4290: 4288: 4285: 4283: 4280: 4278: 4275: 4273: 4270: 4268: 4265: 4263: 4260: 4258: 4255: 4253: 4250: 4248: 4245: 4243: 4240: 4238: 4235: 4233: 4230: 4228: 4225: 4223: 4220: 4218: 4215: 4213: 4210: 4208: 4205: 4203: 4200: 4198: 4195: 4193: 4190: 4188: 4185: 4183: 4180: 4178: 4175: 4173: 4170: 4168: 4165: 4163: 4160: 4158: 4155: 4153: 4150: 4148: 4145: 4144: 4142: 4138: 4132: 4129: 4127: 4124: 4122: 4119: 4117: 4114: 4111: 4108: 4106: 4103: 4101: 4098: 4096: 4093: 4091: 4088: 4086: 4083: 4081: 4078: 4076: 4073: 4071: 4068: 4066: 4063: 4061: 4058: 4056: 4053: 4051: 4048: 4046: 4043: 4041: 4038: 4036: 4033: 4031: 4028: 4026: 4023: 4021: 4018: 4016: 4013: 4011: 4008: 4006: 4003: 4001: 3998: 3996: 3993: 3991: 3988: 3986: 3983: 3982: 3980: 3976: 3971: 3961: 3958: 3956: 3953: 3951: 3948: 3946: 3943: 3941: 3938: 3936: 3933: 3931: 3928: 3926: 3923: 3921: 3920:Heat transfer 3918: 3916: 3913: 3911: 3910:Friction loss 3908: 3906: 3903: 3901: 3898: 3896: 3893: 3891: 3888: 3886: 3883: 3881: 3880:Fire triangle 3878: 3876: 3873: 3871: 3868: 3866: 3863: 3861: 3858: 3856: 3853: 3851: 3848: 3846: 3843: 3841: 3838: 3836: 3833: 3830: 3827: 3825: 3824:Conflagration 3822: 3820: 3817: 3815: 3812: 3809: 3806: 3804: 3801: 3800: 3798: 3794: 3790: 3783: 3778: 3776: 3771: 3769: 3764: 3763: 3760: 3753: 3748: 3744: 3743: 3733: 3732: 3726: 3725: 3701: 3694: 3688: 3672: 3668: 3661: 3653: 3649: 3645: 3641: 3637: 3633: 3626: 3611: 3607: 3600: 3592: 3591:Physics World 3588: 3582: 3575: 3571: 3568: 3563: 3548: 3544: 3541:. Boone, IA. 3540: 3539: 3534: 3527: 3511: 3507: 3500: 3484: 3480: 3479: 3472: 3458:on 2009-11-01 3457: 3453: 3447: 3438: 3419: 3413: 3397: 3390: 3381: 3372: 3357: 3351: 3343: 3337: 3323:on 2017-02-20 3322: 3318: 3312: 3294: 3288: 3270: 3264: 3250: 3244: 3236: 3232: 3226: 3212: 3206: 3197: 3191: 3185: 3180: 3165: 3164:skybrary.aero 3161: 3155: 3141:on 2019-01-23 3137: 3130: 3124: 3116: 3115:Driving Tests 3112: 3106: 3092:on 2008-12-03 3091: 3087: 3081: 3073: 3069: 3063: 3047: 3043: 3037: 3023:on 2006-09-16 3022: 3018: 3014: 3010: 3006: 3000: 2985:on 2015-09-24 2984: 2980: 2974: 2955: 2949: 2942: 2936: 2929: 2923: 2915: 2914: 2907: 2899: 2898: 2891: 2877: 2871: 2867: 2866: 2858: 2850: 2844: 2828: 2822: 2806: 2802: 2796: 2788: 2782: 2774: 2768: 2759:at p-lab.org 2758: 2754: 2751: 2746: 2732:on 2010-01-22 2731: 2727: 2721: 2714: 2708: 2701: 2695: 2689: 2684: 2676: 2669: 2653: 2649: 2648:Fire Rescue 1 2645: 2639: 2635: 2619: 2615: 2605: 2602: 2600: 2597: 2595: 2592: 2590: 2587: 2585: 2582: 2581: 2575: 2567: 2560: 2555: 2552: 2549: 2546: 2539: 2536: 2533: 2532: 2530: 2527: 2526: 2525: 2514: 2510: 2506: 2505: 2504: 2501: 2497: 2491: 2487: 2483: 2478: 2470: 2461: 2458: 2456: 2452: 2448: 2444: 2440: 2430: 2426: 2424: 2419: 2415: 2406: 2404: 2399: 2394: 2378: 2373: 2366: 2361: 2354: 2349: 2342: 2337: 2330: 2325: 2318: 2313: 2306: 2301: 2300: 2299: 2291: 2287: 2284: 2281: 2278: 2275: 2272: 2269: 2266: 2263: 2260: 2256: 2253: 2249: 2245: 2241: 2237: 2233: 2229: 2225: 2224:alkali metals 2221: 2218: 2217: 2216: 2201: 2196: 2189: 2184: 2177: 2172: 2165: 2160: 2149: 2144: 2143: 2138: 2134: 2130: 2127: 2123: 2120: 2117: 2113: 2101: 2095: 2094: 2090: 2083:Heavy-duty CO 2081: 2073: 2070: 2066: 2062: 2058: 2054: 2050: 2049: 2048: 2046: 2042: 2038: 2034: 2026: 2016: 2014: 2010: 2006: 1989: 1984: 1977: 1972: 1965: 1960: 1953: 1948: 1941: 1936: 1929: 1924: 1923: 1919: 1918:Loaded Stream 1916: 1913: 1910: 1907: 1904: 1903: 1902: 1895: 1891: 1888: 1884: 1883: 1882: 1852: 1847: 1840: 1835: 1828: 1823: 1822: 1817: 1814: 1810: 1807: 1804: 1801: 1798: 1795: 1792: 1788: 1785: 1781: 1778: 1775: 1774: 1773: 1760: 1753: 1748: 1744: 1741:Two Super-K ( 1737: 1732: 1728: 1721: 1716: 1709: 1704: 1700: 1693: 1688: 1684: 1677: 1672: 1671: 1666: 1663: 1660: 1656: 1652: 1649: 1646: 1643: 1640: 1637: 1634: 1630: 1626: 1623: 1620: 1615: 1611: 1607: 1604: 1601: 1597: 1593: 1592: 1587: 1584: 1583: 1582: 1580: 1579:free radicals 1576: 1572: 1571:fire triangle 1562: 1560: 1550: 1548: 1544: 1539: 1537: 1533: 1532:arboriculture 1528: 1520: 1516: 1514: 1509: 1505: 1501: 1497: 1493: 1489: 1480: 1466: 1463: 1460: 1457: 1454: 1453: 1449: 1446: 1443: 1440: 1437: 1436: 1432: 1429: 1427:Unclassified 1424:Unclassified 1420: 1419: 1415: 1412: 1409: 1406: 1405: 1401: 1399: 1396: 1394: 1391: 1389: 1386: 1382: 1378: 1375: 1372: 1369: 1366: 1365: 1361: 1358: 1355: 1352: 1349: 1348: 1342: 1333: 1331:Oils and fats 1330: 1327: 1323: 1321: 1318: 1314: 1311: 1310: 1306: 1303: 1300: 1296: 1294: 1291: 1287: 1284: 1283: 1279: 1276: 1273: 1269: 1267: 1264: 1260: 1257: 1256: 1252: 1249: 1246: 1242: 1240: 1237: 1233: 1230: 1229: 1225: 1222: 1219: 1215: 1213: 1210: 1206: 1203: 1202: 1198: 1196: 1193: 1190: 1184: 1183: 1180: 1178: 1170: 1163:United States 1160: 1153: 1150: 1145: 1142: 1140: 1131: 1128: 1126: 1124: 1121: 1118: 1113: 1111:Emerald green 1110: 1107: 1106: 1103: 1101: 1098: 1096: 1094: 1092: 1089: 1087: 1084: 1081: 1080: 1076: 1074: 1072: 1070: 1067: 1064: 1061: 1059: 1056: 1054:Wet chemical 1053: 1052: 1049: 1046: 1044: 1042: 1039: 1037: 1034: 1032: 1029: 1023: 1022: 1019: 1016: 1014: 1011: 1008: 1005: 1002: 1000: 997: 994: 993: 990: 988: 986: 984: 981: 978: 975: 973: 970: 967: 966: 963: 961: 959: 957: 955: 952: 949: 947: 944: 941: 940: 936: 933: 930: 927: 924: 921: 920: 915: 902: 899: 892: 889: 886: 883: 880: 879:Class B fires 877: 874: 873: 872: 870: 865: 863: 859: 855: 846: 837: 830: 827: 825: 823: 820: 817: 812: 809: 808: 805: 802: 800: 797: 794: 791: 788: 786: 783: 782: 779: 776: 774: 772: 769: 766: 763: 761: 758: 757: 754: 752: 749: 747: 745: 743: 740: 738: 735: 734: 731: 728: 726: 723: 720: 717: 714: 712: 709: 708: 705: 703: 701: 699: 696: 693: 690: 688: 686: 683: 682: 678: 676: 674: 672: 670: 667: 664: 662: 659: 658: 655: 653: 651: 649: 647: 644: 641: 639: 636: 635: 631: 628: 625: 622: 619: 616: 615: 611: 601: 592: 589: 581: 571: 567: 561: 556: 547: 546: 543: 534: 519: 514: 507: 502: 491: 486: 479: 474: 467: 462: 458: 451: 446: 439: 434: 427: 422: 415: 410: 403: 398: 391: 386: 385: 384: 381: 376: 373: 369: 364: 362: 358: 354: 345: 336: 331: 329: 328:soda fountain 321: 317: 316: 311: 298: 293: 291: 287: 278: 274: 271: 267: 259: 256:In 1910, The 254: 251: 247: 243: 239: 235: 230: 228: 224: 219: 216: 211: 210:sulfuric acid 207: 199: 195: 194:tartaric acid 191: 186: 184: 180: 178: 173: 171: 167: 163: 159: 154: 151: 147: 137: 135: 131: 128:, as well as 127: 123: 120: 116: 106: 102: 99: 95: 91: 87: 82: 80: 76: 72: 68: 64: 60: 56: 52: 48: 39: 33: 19: 5623: 5611: 5599: 5587: 5575: 5484:Ancient Rome 5458:Hotshot crew 5443:Fire lookout 5342:Fire flapper 5133:Fire control 5098:Chimney fire 4984:Halligan bar 4959:Fire shelter 4944:Fire hydrant 4933: 4919:Fire blanket 4914:Escape chair 4891:Water tender 4818:Fire station 4745:Fire marshal 4725:Fire captain 4699:Firefighting 4655: 4643: 4542:Flame spread 4428:Fireproofing 4406:and services 4307:Smoke damper 4297:Safety glass 4232:Fire hydrant 4221: 4197:Fire curtain 4157:Booster pump 4116:Relief valve 4080:Fusible link 3870:Fire loading 3865:Fire control 3835:Deflagration 3730: 3709:28 September 3707:. Retrieved 3700:the original 3687: 3675:. Retrieved 3673:. Leaf Group 3670: 3660: 3635: 3631: 3625: 3613:. Retrieved 3609: 3599: 3590: 3581: 3562: 3550:. Retrieved 3536: 3526: 3514:. Retrieved 3510:Museum Crush 3509: 3499: 3487:. Retrieved 3483:the original 3477: 3471: 3460:. Retrieved 3456:the original 3446: 3437: 3425:. Retrieved 3412: 3400:. Retrieved 3389: 3380: 3371: 3359:. Retrieved 3350: 3336: 3325:. Retrieved 3321:the original 3311: 3300:. Retrieved 3287: 3276:. Retrieved 3274:. p. 11 3263: 3252:. Retrieved 3243: 3234: 3225: 3214:. Retrieved 3205: 3190: 3179: 3167:. Retrieved 3163: 3154: 3143:. Retrieved 3136:the original 3123: 3114: 3105: 3094:. Retrieved 3090:the original 3080: 3071: 3062: 3050:. Retrieved 3046:the original 3036: 3025:. Retrieved 3021:the original 3008: 2999: 2987:. Retrieved 2983:the original 2973: 2961:. Retrieved 2948: 2935: 2922: 2912: 2906: 2896: 2890: 2879:. Retrieved 2864: 2857: 2843: 2831:. Retrieved 2821: 2809:. Retrieved 2805:the original 2795: 2781: 2767: 2761:(in Russian) 2745: 2734:. Retrieved 2730:the original 2720: 2707: 2694: 2683: 2674: 2668: 2656:. Retrieved 2652:the original 2647: 2638: 2618: 2584:Fire blanket 2572: 2523: 2515:Overhaul: CO 2502: 2498: 2479: 2475: 2459: 2436: 2427: 2412: 2395: 2391: 2296: 2214: 2125: 2091:landing site 2022: 2019:Clean agents 2002: 1900: 1879: 1770: 1761:liquid fires 1701:dry chemical 1613: 1609: 1600:multipurpose 1599: 1595: 1589: 1568: 1565:Dry chemical 1559:fire classes 1556: 1547:fire bottles 1546: 1542: 1540: 1529: 1525: 1485: 1474:Installation 1339: 1226:A for "Ash" 1195:Intended use 1173: 1146: 1143: 1136: 914:Fire classes 896: 869:fire classes 866: 851: 835: 710:Dry chemical 660:Wet chemical 610:Fire classes 606:Band colour 584: 575: 559: 540: 532: 377: 365: 332: 313: 294: 286:fire grenade 285: 283: 255: 231: 220: 187: 181: 176: 174: 155: 143: 111: 86:firefighting 83: 67:fire brigade 46: 44: 5477:By location 5463:Smokejumper 5320:and tactics 5198:Ventilation 5138:Fire safety 5123:False alarm 5080:Terminology 5030:PASS device 5004:Hose bridge 4994:Hazmat suit 4929:Fire bucket 4909:Bunker gear 4851:Fire engine 4796:Drill tower 4750:Fire police 4262:Grease duct 4217:Fire escape 4207:Fire damper 4100:Intumescent 4045:Fire safety 4010:Fire bucket 3905:Flash point 3638:: 361–384. 3610:ZME Science 3402:19 November 3361:19 November 3235:Futura Fire 3052:19 November 3015:Government 2989:19 November 2833:25 December 2811:23 December 2464:Maintenance 2455:outer space 2124:fluid (AKA 2116:suffocation 1876:Water types 1803:Arctic Fire 1085:French blue 998:French blue 995:Dry powder 950:Signal red 862:color coded 741:Lime green 642:Signal red 558:This table 59:emergencies 5640:Categories 5509:Washington 5504:California 5372:Fire trail 5318:Equipment 5158:Flash fire 5128:Fire class 5108:Deluge gun 5045:Rotary saw 5015:Kelly tool 4979:Fog nozzle 4823:Hose tower 4789:Facilities 4730:Fire chief 4559:(NFPA 101) 4522:CE marking 4375:Fire drill 3978:Technology 3875:Fire point 3860:Fire class 3840:Detonation 3671:HomeSteady 3462:2009-11-10 3327:2017-02-19 3302:2012-04-09 3278:2012-04-09 3254:2012-04-09 3216:2023-11-24 3145:2018-09-03 3096:2007-09-22 3027:2006-12-12 3013:Australian 2881:2010-03-17 2736:2009-05-25 2630:References 2226:including 2122:Novec 1230 2089:helicopter 2057:Halon 1301 2053:Halon 1211 2041:Novec 1230 2033:Halotron I 1912:Antifreeze 1759:pyrophoric 1575:combustion 1500:watercraft 1185:Fire class 1152:dielectric 945:Signal red 18:Extinguish 5489:Australia 5436:Personnel 5397:Hose pack 5377:Firebreak 5357:Fire rake 5347:Fire hose 5337:Driptorch 5289:Wildfires 5219:Fire camp 5163:Flashover 5093:Barn fire 5088:Backdraft 4939:Fire hose 4901:Equipment 4833:Apparatus 4515:Standards 4444:Fire test 4272:Occupancy 4237:Fire pump 4227:Fire hose 4212:Fire door 4192:Exit sign 4167:Crash bar 3940:Pyrolysis 3935:Pool fire 3900:Flashover 3855:Explosive 3803:Backdraft 3652:145894079 3615:March 25, 3547:0161-8342 3427:10 August 3169:10 August 2963:10 August 2248:zirconium 2236:magnesium 2232:potassium 2126:dry water 2112:frostbite 1816:Cold Fire 1596:tri-class 1488:buildings 1353:European 1350:American 1199:Mnemonic 1191:Pictogram 1139:Halon gas 907:Old code 250:aluminium 126:heliports 5600:Glossary 5576:Category 5545:See also 5453:Helitack 5448:Handcrew 5178:Rollover 5153:Firewall 4861:Fireboat 4760:Handcrew 4644:Category 4608:See also 4537:EN 16034 4247:Firestop 4202:Fire cut 3925:Jet fire 3915:Gas leak 3831:(HAZMAT) 3814:Boilover 3570:Archived 3552:29 March 3516:29 March 2753:Archived 2578:See also 2262:Graphite 2244:aluminum 2240:titanium 2140:vehicle. 2065:toxicity 1629:Purple-K 1619:Purple-K 1614:ordinary 1504:aircraft 1464:Class F 1461:Class F 1458:Class F 1455:Class K 1447:Class D 1444:Class D 1441:Class D 1438:Class D 1430:Class E 1421:Class C 1413:Class C 1410:Class C 1407:Class C 1384:Class B 1376:Class A 1373:Class A 1370:Class A 1367:Class A 858:RAL 3000 665:Oatmeal 357:graphite 310:stuntmen 290:phosgene 90:nitrogen 55:chemical 5624:Outline 5588:Commons 5499:History 5412:Pulaski 5297:General 5035:The pig 4656:Commons 4489:(NCEES) 3810:(BLEVE) 3677:23 June 3489:20 June 2658:8 March 2252:lithium 1865:⁄ 1809:FireAde 1784:AR-AFFF 1661:(AFFF). 1610:regular 1398:Class B 1393:Class B 1388:Class B 854:BS EN 3 564:Please 162:gallons 140:History 134:marinas 122:runways 119:airport 63:ceiling 5402:McLeod 5264:Muster 4587:Awards 4501:(SFPE) 4495:(NFPA) 4477:(FEMA) 4440:(FSES) 3650: 3545: 2872: 2293:fires. 2246:, and 2228:sodium 2025:oxygen 1598:, or 1502:, and 942:Water 764:Black 715:White 457:Pyrene 361:copper 270:chrome 246:sodium 150:pewter 5612:Index 5520:Lists 5118:Draft 5060:Siren 5020:Nomex 4881:Quint 4578:UL 94 4532:EN 54 4483:(IFE) 4112:(PPE) 3703:(PDF) 3696:(PDF) 3648:S2CID 3421:(PDF) 3296:(PDF) 3272:(PDF) 3139:(PDF) 3132:(PDF) 2957:(PDF) 2610:Notes 2447:hertz 2069:Kidde 2061:ozone 2037:FE-36 2011:, or 1767:Foams 1655:ANSUL 1030:Black 971:Cream 968:Foam 904:Type 811:Halon 637:Water 603:Type 335:ANSUL 266:brass 192:with 130:docks 75:agent 4806:list 4527:EN 3 4507:(UL) 3711:2020 3679:2018 3617:2015 3554:2022 3543:ISSN 3518:2022 3491:2009 3429:2023 3404:2016 3363:2016 3171:2023 3054:2016 2991:2016 2965:2023 2870:ISBN 2835:2009 2813:2009 2660:2021 2443:bass 2230:and 2114:and 2055:and 1791:FFFP 1633:ARFF 1508:NFPA 1492:wall 1177:NFPA 685:Foam 248:and 215:lead 132:and 79:fire 3640:doi 2027:(CO 1612:or 1545:or 1356:UK 1068:(B) 767:(A) 568:to 268:or 200:(CO 94:air 5642:: 3669:. 3646:. 3636:56 3634:. 3608:. 3589:. 3535:. 3508:. 3233:. 3162:. 3113:. 3070:. 3011:. 3007:. 2646:. 2423:μm 2242:, 2238:, 2097:CO 2039:, 2035:, 2007:, 1608:, 1594:, 1561:. 1549:. 1498:, 1149:kV 1077:F 937:F 871:: 679:F 632:F 455:A 359:, 347:CO 300:CO 136:. 124:, 117:, 45:A 4691:e 4684:t 4677:v 3781:e 3774:t 3767:v 3713:. 3681:. 3654:. 3642:: 3619:. 3556:. 3520:. 3493:. 3465:. 3431:. 3365:. 3330:. 3305:. 3281:. 3257:. 3237:. 3219:. 3198:. 3173:. 3148:. 3099:. 3074:. 3056:. 3030:. 2993:. 2967:. 2837:. 2815:. 2739:. 2662:. 2542:2 2517:2 2494:2 2155:2 2108:2 2104:2 2099:2 2085:2 2029:2 1867:2 1863:1 1860:+ 1858:2 1312:K 1285:D 1258:C 1231:B 1204:A 1171:. 1156:2 1129:E 1122:B 1119:A 1099:D 1065:A 1047:E 1040:B 1026:2 1017:E 1012:C 1009:B 1006:A 982:B 979:A 953:A 934:E 931:D 928:C 925:B 922:A 828:E 821:B 818:A 803:E 798:C 795:B 792:A 777:E 770:B 750:D 729:E 724:C 721:B 718:A 697:B 694:A 668:A 645:A 629:E 626:D 623:C 620:B 617:A 591:) 585:( 580:) 576:( 562:. 497:2 349:2 339:2 324:2 306:2 302:2 262:4 202:2 34:. 20:)

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