359:, a dam in Canada that caused major loss of fish, a major source of food for her people. She quotes Freda Huson in saying, âOur peopleâs belief is that we are part of the land. The land is not separate from us. The land sustains us. And if we donât take care of her, she wonât be able to sustain us, and we as a generation of people will die.â She also defines extractivism in another work, stating it is âstealing. Itâs taking something, whether itâs a process, an object, a gift, or a person, out of the relationships that give it meaning, and placing it in a nonrelational context for the purposes of accumulation.â The colonial action of theft goes beyond only extracting from the earth. This philosophy of entitlement is the cause behind colonization itself, and we are watching the continuation of theft in real-time through practices such as extractivism.
485:. Indigenous communities tend to be particularly susceptible to the social impacts of extractivism. Indigenous peoples rely on their environment to sustain their lifestyles as well as connect with the land in spiritual ways. Extractivist policies and practices heavily destroy the land as explained above. This changes game populations, migration patterns for animals, pollutes rivers and much more. Doing so, does not allow Indigenous populations to practice their culture and ways of life because the environment they depend on to hunt, fish etc. is drastically changed. In addition, this destruction hinders the practice of Indigenous culture and creation of knowledge making it more difficult for Indigenous individuals to pass down their traditions to future generations.
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maintained large amounts of control over various extraction-based industries. This success is credited to the oftentimes weak governance structure of the resource dependent economies where extraction is taking place. Through complex arrangements and agreements, resources have slowly become denationalized. As a result of this, the government has taken a âhands-offâ approach, awarding most of the control over resource enclaves and the social responsibility that accompanies them to TNCs. However, the government still plays an important role in leading development by determining which TNCs they allow to extract their resources and how thorough they are when it comes to enforcing certain standards of social responsibility.
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projects that would be beneficial for the community. The TNC said they would abandon the project if they could not do so on socially and economically responsible terms. However, this guarantee failed to be actualized and violent conflict broke out as a result of chemical spills and environmental degradation. Regional and national governments had opposing opinions on the project and protests broke out injuring more than 20 people and killing five. The regional government sided with the community protestors, rejecting the
Cajamarca mining project, but in the end, the national government overrode the concerns of the community and pushed the mine forward, leaving the task of social responsibility to the corporations.
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free trade. In contrast to older forms of extractivism, neo-extractivism regulates the allotment of resources and their revenue, pushes state-ownership of companies and raw materials, revises contracts, and raises export duties and taxes. The success of neo-extractivism is debatable as the communities at the sites of extraction rarely experience improved living conditions. More commonly, the people at these sites experience worsened living conditions, such as in the cases of extraction from
Indigenous communities in Canadaâs boreal forest. Neo-extractivism has similarities to older forms of extractivism and exists in the realm of neo-colonialism.
435:, expanding the middle class and reducing poverty. This is done by using surplus revenue to invest in development projects such as expanding social programs and infrastructure. Overall, extraction based economies are seen as long-term development projects that guarantee a robust economic foundation. It has created a new hegemonic order that closely intertwines with the dominant capitalist system of the world. The green economy has emerged as an economic model in response to the arising tensions between the economy and the environment. Extractivism is one of the many issues that exist at this intersection between the economy and the environment.
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profits. As well, foreigners usually fill the highest paying managerial positions, leaving local community members to do the most labour intensive jobs. Frequently, the enclaves where extractivism occurs are distanced from government involvement, therefore allowing them to avoid being subjected to the enforcement of national laws to protect citizens. This can result in widespread human rights violations. It is argued that prolonged social transformation cannot thrive on export dependent extractivism alone therefore making neo-extractivism a potentially flawed development method on its own.
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societies in the world, capitalist and non-capitalist, are also extractivist to a greater or lesser extent. The agrarian non-capitalist societies that processed iron, copper, gold or bronze on a greater or lesser scale, had some type of specialized extractive activity, complemented in some cases with the simple or complex processing of that raw material. Even the societies that lived or live from the extraction of wood and chestnut along with hunting and fishing, maintain a type of extractive activity of renewable natural resources.
153:(TNCs) as the main players, but are not limited to them, because they also include the government and some (chiefly economic) community members. Trends have demonstrated that countries do not often extract their own resources; extraction is often led from abroad. These interactions have contributed to extractivism being rooted in the hegemonic order of global capitalism. Extractivism is controversial because it exists at the intersection where economic growth and environmental protection meet. This intersection is known as the
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406:. Resources are typically extracted from developing countries as a raw material. This means that it has not been processed or has been processed only slightly. These materials then travel elsewhere to be turned into goods that are for sale on the world market. An example of this would be gold that is mined as a raw mineral and later in the supply chain manufactured into jewellery.
662:, which proposed that the international community would compensate Ecuador $ 3.5 billion for the lost income that an oil reserve would have generated in exchange for protecting the forest. The initiative only raised $ 13 million dollars, and was cancelled in 2013. Drilling began in 2016, and in 2023 several oil platforms had been developed with over 100 oil wells in production.
747:, a phenomenon that causes countries rich in natural resources to have slow economic growth, low development, corrupt governments and unequal distribution of wealth, since the wealth produced with the resource is exported to other countries or oligopolic companies, which use a part of the wealth generated to bribe local governments to increase extractivism, creating a
188:. Social and political implications include violation of human rights, unsafe labour conditions, unequal wealth distribution and conflict. As a result of this, extractivism remains a prominent debate in policy related discourse because while it sometimes delivers high economic gains in the short term, it also poses social and environmental dangers. Case studies in
369:. She writes, "Extractivism ran rampant under colonialism because relating to the world as a frontier of conquest- rather than a home- fosters this particular brand of irresponsibility. The colonial mind nurtures the belief that there is always somewhere else to go to and exploit once the current site of extraction has been exhausted."
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take place where
Indigenous communities are located, the conflicts are making these landscapes politicized and contested. The conflicts are driven because Indigenous lives are put in jeopardy when they are dispossessed, when they lose their livelihoods, when their water and land is polluted and the environment is commodified.
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that runs through Canada and the U.S. was put to a halt due to
Indigenous activism. Its construction officially ended in June 2021. Despite the difficulties they face in protesting these projects, their resilience continues to flourish and oftentimes they succeed in ending extractivism on their land.
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Because extractivism so often has negative implications for the
Indigenous communities it affects, there is much resistance and activism on their end. For example, from the 1980s and through today we can see examples of âextrACTIVISMâ, a term coined by author Anna J. Willow. In protest of the logging
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Extractivism near or on
Indigenous land without the permission of Indigenous peoples begins to threaten the land based self-determination of Indigenous groups. Conflicts between Indigenous peoples, corporations and governments are occurring around the world. Because many of the extractivist practices
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One of the main consequences of extractivism is the toll that it takes on the natural environment. Due to the scale extraction takes place on; several renewable resources are becoming non-renewable. This means that the environment is incapable of renewing its resources as quickly as the rate they are
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All societies and modes of production have these different levels of processing of "raw materials" in their own way. If we conceptualize "extractivism" as the activity that only extracts raw materials (renewable or non-renewable), without introducing further transformation in labor activity, then all
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However, while these short-term economic benefits can be substantial, extractivism as a development model is often critiqued for failing to deliver the improved living conditions it promises and failing to work collaboratively with already existing programs, therefore inflicting environmental, social
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began the project. The government favoured this project and saw it as an opportunity for development therefore giving large amounts of control to the mining companies. Local communities expressed concerns about water contamination. The corporations promised the creation of 7,000 jobs and development
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Extractivism has been promoted as a potential development path in which raw materials are exported and revenues are used to improve people's living conditions. This approach is called âneo-extractivismâ. This transition to neo-liberal economies is rooted in a nationâs subordination to an emphasis on
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Chagnon, Christopher W.; Durante, Francesco; Gills, Barry K.; Hagolani-Albov, Sophia E.; Hokkanen, Saana; Kangasluoma, Sohvi M. J.; Konttinen, Heidi; Kröger, Markus; LaFleur, William; Ollinaho, Ossi; Vuola, Marketta P. S. (2022-05-09). "From extractivism to global extractivism: the evolution of an
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Scholarly work on extractivism has since applied the concept to other geographical areas and also to more abstract forms of extraction such as the digital and intellectual realms or to finance. Regardless of its range of application, the concept of extractivism may be essentially conceived as "a
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While employment opportunities are brought to local communities as a pillar of neo-extractivism projects, the conditions are often unsafe for workers. TNCs can take advantage of more lenient health and safety conditions in developing countries and pay inadequate wages in order to maximize their
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Transnational corporations (TNCs) are a primary actor in neo-extractivism. Originally, as TNCs began to explore raw material extraction in developing countries they were applauded for taking a risk to extract high-demand resources. TNCs were able to navigate their way into a position where they
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that extractivism contributes to. As well, extraction produces large amounts of waste such as toxic chemicals and heavy metals that are difficult to dispose of properly. To what degree humans have a right to take from the environment for developmental purposes is a topic that continues to be
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organizations. As well, the relationship between the State providing the natural resources and the TNCs extracting them can be politically complex sometimes leading to corruption. Likewise, as a result of government involvement, this process as a development project becomes politicized. The
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extracted at. It is often falsely assumed that technological advancements will enable resources to renew more effectively and as a result make raw material extraction more sustainable. The environment often must compensate for overproduction driven by high demand. Global
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particular way of thinking and the properties and practices organized towards the goal of maximizing benefit through extraction, which brings in its wake violence and destruction". Guido
Pascual Galafassi and Lorena Natalia Riffo see the concept as a continuation of
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Due to the fact that the state is a prominent actor in the extractivism process it has several political implications. It pushes the state into a position where they are one of the central actors involved in development when recent decades have seen a shift to
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In addition to the environmental consequences of extractivism, social impacts arise as well. Local communities are often opposed to extractivism occurring. This is because it often uproots the communities or cause environmental impacts that will affect their
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Chagnon, Christopher W.; Durante, Francesco; Gills, Barry K.; Hagolani-Albov, Sophia E.; Hokkanen, Saana; Kangasluoma, Sohvi M. J.; Konttinen, Heidi; Kröger, Markus; LaFleur, William; Ollinaho, Ossi; Vuola, Marketta P. S. (2022-06-07).
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Neo-extractivism is seen as an opportunity for successful development in many areas of the developing world. Demand for extracted resources on the global market has allowed this industry to expand. Since the year 2000, there has been a
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Chagnon, Christopher W.; Durante, Francesco; Gills, Barry K.; Hagolani-Albov, Sophia E.; Hokkanen, Saana; Kangasluoma, Sohvi M. J.; Konttinen, Heidi; Kröger, Markus; LaFleur, William; Ollinaho, Ossi; Vuola, Marketta P. S. (2022).
424:â this has contributed to steadily high prices. Neo-extractivism has therefore been seen as a tool for economically advancing developing countries that are rich in natural resources by participating in this market.
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have both attempted to extract oil from the reserves in Yasuni. Various civil society organizations fought against the implementation of this project because of the park's valuable biodiversity. In 2007 under
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Egles-Zanden, N.; Hyllman, P. (2007). "Evaluating
Strategies for Negotiating Workers' Rights in Transnational Corporations: The Effects of Codes of Conducts and Global Agreements on Workplace Democracy".
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Egels-Zanden, N; Hyllman, P (2007). "Evaluating
Strategies for Negotiating Workers' Rights in Transnational Corporations: The Effects of Codes of Conduct and Global Agreements on Workplace Democracy".
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economic transitions to become a potential avenue for development to occur. This development occurs through stabilizing growth rates and increasing direct foreign investment.
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in the Global North in
European extractivism. The concept was coined in Portuguese as "extractivismo" in 1996 to describe the for-profit exploitation of forest resources in
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mechanisms and increased government involvement are being used to mitigate the negative implications of neo-extractivism and make it a more effective development model.
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Some resources that are obtained through extraction include but are not limited to gold, diamonds, oil, lumber, water and food. This occurs through techniques such as
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Extractivism is the removal of large quantities of raw or natural materials, particularly for export with minimal processing. The concept emerged in the 1990s (as
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Acosta, Alberto. âExtractivism and neo-extractivism: two sides of the same curse.âBeyond Development: Alternative Visions From Latin America, (2013): 61â87.
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It is argued that the emergence of this industry in the neo-liberal context has allowed extractivism to contribute to stabilizing growth rates, increasing
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Durante, Francesco; Kröger, Markus; LaFleur, William (2021-05-19), Shapiro, Judith; McNeish, John-Andrew (eds.), "Extraction and Extractivisms",
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campaign began in Canada to build indigenous sovereignty and nationhood and to protect water, air, land and all creation for future generations.
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The term and its negative connotations have drawn comments from some economists and high-ranking officials in South America.
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Burchardt, H.; Dietz, K. (2014). "(Neo)-extractivism â a new challenge for development theory from Latin America".
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increasing demand for raw materials also increases the likelihood of conflict breaking out over natural resources.
883:"Beyond extractivism and alternative cosmologies: Arctic communities and extractive industries in uncertain times"
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Burchardt, H; Dietz, K (2014). "(Neo)-extractivism â a new challenge for development theory from Latin America".
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tribe planting corn in the path of the Keystone Pipeline as an act of resistance. Aside from active protesting,
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Fabricant, N.; Gustafson, B. (2015). "Moving Beyond the Extractivism Debate, Imagining New Social Economies".
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Fabricant, N; Gustafson, B (2015). "Moving Beyond the Extractivism Debate, Imagining New Social Economies".
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ended oil extraction on their land through blockade activism from the 90s through 2000. Just this year, the
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1774:"Indigenous ExtrACTIVISM in Boreal Canada: Colonial Legacies, Contemporary Struggles and Sovereign Futures"
1611:"Indigenous ExtrACTIVISM in Boreal Canada: Colonial Legacies, Contemporary Struggles and Sovereign Futures"
1378:"Indigenous ExtrACTIVISM in Boreal Canada: Colonial Legacies, Contemporary Struggles and Sovereign Futures"
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Gizbert-Studnicki, D (2016). "Canadian mining in Latin America (1990 to present): a provisional history".
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The New Extractivism: A Post-Neoliberal Development Model or Imperialism of the Twenty-First Century
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Durante, Francesco; Kröger, Markus; LaFleur, William (2021-05-30). "Extraction and Extractivisms".
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Szeman, Imre; Wenzel, Jennifer (2021). "What do we talk about when we talk about extractivism?".
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Picq, Manuela L. (2020-01-01). "Resistance to Extractivism and Megaprojects in Latin America".
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particularly for export with minimal processing. This economic model is common throughout the
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claimed it was a case of civil disobedience as a means to end it and succeeded. In â89,
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scholar and writer, compares these ideas of destruction versus regeneration in her book
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According to economists Andrea Cori and Salvatore Monni extractivism perpetuates a
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2225:"Extractivism, Transnational Capital and Subaltern Struggles in Latin America"
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1945:"Ecuador Tried to Curb Drilling and Protect the Amazon. The Opposite Happened"
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1084:"Extractivism, Transnational Capital and Subaltern Struggles in Latin America"
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Many actors are involved in the process of extractivism. These mainly include
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are opposed to the national government's endorsement of oil extraction in
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Example of mass extraction of trees for lumber, resulting in deforestation
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Resource Extraction and Arctic Communties: The New Extractivist Paradigm
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Acosta. "Extractivism and neo-extractivism: two sides". p. 71.
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Acosts. "Extractivism and neo-extractivism: two sides". p. 81.
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Acosta. "Extractivism and neo-extractivism: two sides". p. 69.
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Acosta. "Extractivism and neo-extractivism: two-sides". p. 63.
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Acosta. "Extractivism and neo-extractivism: two sides". p. 61.
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Acosta. "Extractivism and neo-extractivism: two sides". p. 68.
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Acosta. "Extractivism and neo-extractivism: two sides". p. 67.
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Acosta. "Extractivism and Neo-extractivism: two sides". p. 72.
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323:, which rule Chile from 1990 to 2010, pioneered "neo-extrativism".
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Gizbert-Studnicki. "Canadian Mining in Latin America". p. 98.
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Gizbert-Studnicki, D (2016). "Canadian Mining in Latin America".
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Burchardt, H. "Neo-extractivism â a new challenge". p. 469.
862:"Extractivism and neo-extractivism: two sides of the same curse"
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209:) to describe resource appropriation for export in Latin America
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Einhorn, Catrin; Andreoni, Manuela; Schaff, Erin (2023-01-14).
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Fabricant. "Moving Beyond the Extractivism Debate". p. 40.
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Sörlin, S., Dale, B., Keeling, A., & Larsen, J. N. (2022).
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peoples stood up against the building of dams on their land in
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According to Rafael DomĂnguez the Chilean government coalition
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is an anti-extractivism movement fighting against this activity
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Galafassi, Guido Pascal; Lorena Natalia, Riffo (2018-06-04).
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substantial rise in global demand and value for raw materials
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scholars argue that extractivism opposes their philosophy of
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Extractivism has been occurring for over 500 years. During
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Lopez. "Extractivism, Transnational Capital". p. 164.
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Lopez. "Extractivism, Transnational Capital". p. 162.
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Lopez. "Extractivism, Transnational Capital". p. 161.
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Lopez. "Extractivism, Transnational Capital". p. 153.
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Beyond Development: Alternative Visions from Latin America
1274:(1 ed.), Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge, pp. 17â30,
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is essential in their goal of protecting their own land.
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Canadian Journal of Latin American and Caribbean Studies
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Canadian Journal of Latin American and Caribbean Studies
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953:[Extractivism and its conceptual deployments].
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and not extractivism should be the concept of concern.
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as a successful example of a "deep and sophisticated
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Corporate accountability for human rights violations
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244:, Vicepresident of Bolivia from 2005 to 2019 wrote:
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904:"Patterns of Arctic Extractivism: Past and Present"
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Map of Yasuni National Park in Ecuador (green area)
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This Changes Everything: Capitalism vs. The Climate
343:and other life forms in order to create abundance.
331:Extractivism is a result of colonial thought which
255:The concept of extractivism has been criticized by
2206:"How will everything change under climate change?"
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1587:"How Will Everything Change Under Climate Change?"
107:Example of European extractivism: a quarry in the
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1469:This Changes Everything:Capitalism vs the Climate
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951:"El extractivismo y sus despliegues conceptuales"
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168:Environmental concerns of extractivism include;
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27:Process of extracting resources from the earth
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1131:Cori, Andrea; Monni, Salvatore (2015-12-01).
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157:. Extractivism has evolved in the wake of
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24:
2021:(4). Informa UK Limited: 760â792.
1883:
1690:
1679:
1570:
1559:
1550:
1522:
1508:
1497:
1492:
1481:
1376:Willow, Anna J. (September 2016).
1344:
1200:
1171:
1061:
1021:
1007:
25:
2776:
1931:
1913:
1902:
1463:
1339:
969:
949:DomĂnguez MartĂn, Rafael (2021).
881:Wilson, E.; Stammler, F. (2016).
687:Exploitation of natural resources
591:Yanacocha Mine in Cajamarca, Peru
475:
363:also touches on this in her book
2741:
2740:
751:for unequal wealth distribution.
734:for coining the concept in 2009.
341:living in balance with the earth
34:
2680:Human rights and climate change
2613:Corporate social responsibility
2449:List of environmental conflicts
1973:
1936:
1907:
1848:
1823:
1798:
1772:Willow, Anne J. (Summer 2016).
1765:
1754:
1730:
1684:
1673:
1575:
1564:
1527:
1486:
1475:
1457:
1451:A Short History of the Blockade
1442:
1402:
1333:
1305:
1263:
1189:
1124:
1075:
737:
582:
440:corporate social responsibility
353:A Short History of the Blockade
192:demonstrate these policy gaps.
2690:List of environmental killings
2223:Lopez, E.; Vertiz, F. (2015).
2149:10.1080/10714839.2014.11721813
2015:The Journal of Peasant Studies
1716:10.1080/10714839.2014.11721855
1219:The Journal of Peasant Studies
896:
875:
817:The Journal of Peasant Studies
802:
765:
724:
637:Many Amazonian communities in
618:Compañia de Minas Buenaventura
13:
1:
2186:10.1080/08263663.2015.1134498
2027:10.1080/03066150.2022.2069015
1609:Willow, Anne J. (Fall 2017).
1231:10.1080/03066150.2022.2069015
993:10.1080/08263663.2015.1134498
831:10.1080/03066150.2022.2069015
788:10.1080/0950236X.2021.1889829
758:
326:
200:
195:
184:, declining biodiversity and
2650:Environmentalism of the poor
2137:NACLA Report on the Americas
1997:10.1080/01436597.2014.893488
1726:– via Scholars Portal.
1704:NACLA Report on the Americas
1120:– via Scholars Portal.
1082:Lopez, E; Vertiz, F (2015).
1047:10.1080/01436597.2014.893488
465:contamination of fresh water
433:diversifying local economies
235:
165:and political consequences.
7:
2485:Environmental Justice Atlas
2470:Decolonization of knowledge
2232:Latin American Perspectives
1088:Latin American Perspectives
665:
649:. and American corporation
538:project on their land, the
345:Leanne Betasamosake Simpson
300:Brazilian Romantic painting
220:Open Veins of Latin America
186:contamination of freshwater
138:, but also happens in some
61:conditions to do so are met
10:
2781:
2560:Central and Eastern Europe
2098:Journal of Business Ethics
1637:Journal of Business Ethics
1410:GeopolĂtica de la Amazonia
645:. The Spanish corporation
526:
523:Anti-extractivist activism
446:Environmental consequences
298:by Moritz Rugendas, 1820 (
286:
265:mining sector of Australia
151:transnational corporations
2738:
2695:Locally unwanted land use
2590:
2537:
2462:
2315:
2110:10.1007/s10551-006-9269-0
1649:10.1007/s10551-006-9269-0
1149:10.1057/s41301-016-0053-x
429:direct foreign investment
372:
296:Devastation of the jungle
95:Example of extractivism:
2437:racism in Western Europe
2377:Corporate accountability
2244:10.1177/0094582X14549538
1100:10.1177/0094582X14549538
963:University of ConcepciĂłn
860:Acosta, Alberto (2013).
717:
390:Resources and techniques
349:Michi Saagiig Nishnaabeg
2490:Environmental sociology
2070:10.4324/9781003127611-3
1281:10.4324/9781003127611-3
658:, Ecuador launched the
410:Impacts of extractivism
2633:Environmental defender
692:Indigenous land rights
634:
592:
506:
493:Political implications
386:
303:
279:Eyzaguirre argue that
120:
100:
2454:Urban forest inequity
2308:Environmental justice
2013:organizing concept".
1985:Third World Quarterly
1408:Ălvaro GarcĂa Linera
1035:Third World Quarterly
677:Dispossession of land
660:YasunĂ-ITT Initiative
632:
590:
500:
384:
357:TrentâSevern Waterway
355:. She references the
294:
106:
94:
2480:Ecological economics
2412:inequality in the UK
2265:Minnesota Law Review
1540:Minnesota Law Review
920:Duc, Marine (2017).
643:Yasuni National Park
469:environmental issues
461:loss of biodiversity
312:metropolitan centres
242:Ălvaro GarcĂa Linera
2519:Joan Martinez Alier
2514:Dina Gilio-Whitaker
2417:injustice in Europe
2259:Reikoff, L (2014).
1534:Reikoff, T (2014).
1426:Eyzaguirre, NicolĂĄs
1319:La Izquierda Diario
596:Yanacocha gold mine
261:Minister of Finance
48:of this article is
2670:Global waste trade
2062:Our Extractive Age
1949:The New York Times
1272:Our Extractive Age
635:
593:
577:Tribal sovereignty
507:
387:
304:
257:NicolĂĄs Eyzaguirre
126:is the removal of
121:
101:
2765:Natural resources
2752:
2751:
2720:Toxic colonialism
2675:Green imperialism
2660:Environmental law
2495:Political ecology
2442:Rights Amdenments
2432:racism in the USA
2079:978-1-003-12761-1
1876:978-0-19-022863-7
1830:Abourezk, Kevin.
1621:– via MDPI.
1449:Simpson, Leanne.
1291:978-1-003-12761-1
749:positive feedback
707:Toxic colonialism
568:Keystone Pipeline
415:Economic benefits
128:natural resources
89:
88:
81:
16:(Redirected from
2772:
2744:
2743:
2700:Rights of nature
2685:Impact investing
2655:Environmentalism
2628:Electronic waste
2582:US-Mexico border
2524:Kyle Powys Whyte
2392:Energy democracy
2309:
2300:
2293:
2286:
2277:
2276:
2272:
2255:
2229:
2219:
2217:
2216:
2197:
2168:
2131:
2121:
2091:
2056:
2038:
2008:
1967:
1966:
1964:
1963:
1940:
1934:
1933:
1929:
1916:
1915:
1911:
1905:
1904:
1900:
1881:
1880:
1852:
1846:
1845:
1843:
1842:
1827:
1821:
1820:
1802:
1796:
1795:
1793:
1791:10.3390/h5030055
1769:
1763:
1762:
1758:
1752:
1751:
1749:
1748:
1734:
1728:
1727:
1699:
1693:
1692:
1688:
1682:
1681:
1677:
1671:
1670:
1660:
1632:
1623:
1622:
1606:
1595:
1594:
1579:
1573:
1572:
1568:
1562:
1561:
1557:
1548:
1547:
1531:
1525:
1524:
1520:
1511:
1510:
1506:
1495:
1494:
1490:
1484:
1483:
1479:
1473:
1472:
1461:
1455:
1454:
1446:
1440:
1439:
1422:
1413:
1406:
1400:
1399:
1397:
1395:10.3390/h5030055
1373:
1364:
1363:
1359:
1342:
1341:
1337:
1331:
1330:
1328:
1327:
1309:
1303:
1302:
1283:
1267:
1261:
1260:
1242:
1209:
1198:
1197:
1193:
1187:
1186:
1182:
1169:
1168:
1128:
1122:
1121:
1111:
1079:
1073:
1072:
1068:
1059:
1058:
1030:
1019:
1018:
1014:
1005:
1004:
976:
967:
966:
946:
937:
936:
934:
933:
917:
911:
900:
894:
879:
873:
872:
866:
857:
836:
835:
833:
806:
800:
799:
775:Textual Practice
769:
752:
741:
735:
728:
672:Agroextractivism
656:President Correa
467:are some of the
227:Neo-extractivism
182:food sovereignty
84:
77:
73:
70:
64:
38:
37:
30:
21:
2780:
2779:
2775:
2774:
2773:
2771:
2770:
2769:
2755:
2754:
2753:
2748:
2734:
2638:Water protector
2623:Desertification
2603:Climate finance
2586:
2533:
2475:Human geography
2458:
2382:Corporate crime
2311:
2307:
2304:
2227:
2214:
2212:
2080:
1976:
1971:
1970:
1961:
1959:
1941:
1937:
1930:
1919:
1912:
1908:
1901:
1884:
1877:
1853:
1849:
1840:
1838:
1828:
1824:
1817:
1803:
1799:
1770:
1766:
1759:
1755:
1746:
1744:
1736:
1735:
1731:
1700:
1696:
1689:
1685:
1678:
1674:
1633:
1626:
1607:
1598:
1580:
1576:
1569:
1565:
1558:
1551:
1532:
1528:
1521:
1514:
1507:
1498:
1491:
1487:
1480:
1476:
1462:
1458:
1447:
1443:
1423:
1416:
1407:
1403:
1374:
1367:
1360:
1345:
1338:
1334:
1325:
1323:
1310:
1306:
1292:
1268:
1264:
1210:
1201:
1194:
1190:
1183:
1172:
1129:
1125:
1080:
1076:
1069:
1062:
1031:
1022:
1015:
1008:
977:
970:
947:
940:
931:
929:
922:"Extractivisme"
918:
914:
901:
897:
880:
876:
864:
858:
839:
807:
803:
770:
766:
761:
756:
755:
742:
738:
732:Eduardo Gudynas
729:
725:
720:
668:
627:
598:
585:
544:Borean Malaysia
535:
525:
495:
483:quality of life
478:
448:
417:
412:
392:
375:
329:
289:
238:
229:
203:
198:
140:sacrifice zones
97:open-pit mining
85:
74:
68:
65:
54:
39:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2778:
2768:
2767:
2750:
2749:
2739:
2736:
2735:
2733:
2732:
2727:
2725:Water conflict
2722:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2705:Sacrifice zone
2702:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2646:
2645:
2640:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2618:Decolonization
2615:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2594:
2592:
2591:Related topics
2588:
2587:
2585:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2572:United Kingdom
2569:
2564:
2563:
2562:
2557:
2555:Western Europe
2547:
2541:
2539:
2535:
2534:
2532:
2531:
2529:Dorceta Taylor
2526:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2509:Robert Bullard
2502:
2500:Social ecology
2497:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2466:
2464:
2460:
2459:
2457:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2445:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2373:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2342:
2341:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2323:Climate change
2319:
2317:
2313:
2312:
2303:
2302:
2295:
2288:
2280:
2274:
2273:
2256:
2220:
2204:(2015-03-08).
2198:
2169:
2132:
2092:
2078:
2057:
2009:
1980:
1975:
1972:
1969:
1968:
1935:
1917:
1906:
1882:
1875:
1847:
1822:
1815:
1797:
1764:
1753:
1729:
1694:
1683:
1672:
1624:
1596:
1574:
1563:
1549:
1526:
1512:
1496:
1485:
1474:
1471:. p. 169.
1456:
1441:
1428:(2022-02-12).
1414:
1401:
1365:
1343:
1332:
1304:
1290:
1262:
1225:(4): 760â792.
1199:
1188:
1170:
1143:(4): 594â607.
1123:
1074:
1060:
1020:
1006:
968:
957:(in Spanish).
938:
926:GĂ©oconfluences
912:
895:
874:
837:
824:(4): 760â792.
801:
782:(3): 505â523.
763:
762:
760:
757:
754:
753:
745:resource curse
736:
722:
721:
719:
716:
715:
714:
709:
704:
699:
697:Power politics
694:
689:
684:
682:Eutrophication
679:
674:
667:
664:
651:Chevron-Texaco
626:
623:
597:
594:
584:
581:
524:
521:
494:
491:
477:
476:Social impacts
474:
457:soil depletion
453:climate change
447:
444:
416:
413:
411:
408:
391:
388:
374:
371:
328:
325:
288:
285:
253:
252:
237:
234:
228:
225:
202:
199:
197:
194:
174:soil depletion
170:climate change
87:
86:
42:
40:
33:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2777:
2766:
2763:
2762:
2760:
2747:
2737:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2644:
2643:Land defender
2641:
2639:
2636:
2635:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2595:
2593:
2589:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2577:United States
2575:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2552:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2542:
2540:
2536:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2467:
2465:
2461:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2399:
2398:
2397:Environmental
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2347:
2346:
2343:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2325:
2324:
2321:
2320:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2301:
2296:
2294:
2289:
2287:
2282:
2281:
2278:
2271:(6): 2435â78.
2270:
2266:
2262:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2238:(5): 152â68.
2237:
2233:
2226:
2221:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2104:(2): 207â23.
2103:
2099:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1991:(3): 468â86.
1990:
1986:
1981:
1978:
1977:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1939:
1928:
1926:
1924:
1922:
1910:
1899:
1897:
1895:
1893:
1891:
1889:
1887:
1878:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1859:
1851:
1837:
1833:
1826:
1818:
1816:9781780329925
1812:
1808:
1801:
1792:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1768:
1757:
1743:
1739:
1733:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1698:
1687:
1676:
1668:
1664:
1659:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1631:
1629:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1605:
1603:
1601:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1578:
1567:
1556:
1554:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1530:
1519:
1517:
1505:
1503:
1501:
1489:
1478:
1470:
1466:
1460:
1452:
1445:
1438:(in Spanish).
1437:
1436:
1431:
1427:
1421:
1419:
1411:
1405:
1396:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1372:
1370:
1358:
1356:
1354:
1352:
1350:
1348:
1336:
1321:
1320:
1315:
1308:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1287:
1282:
1277:
1273:
1266:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1241:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1208:
1206:
1204:
1192:
1181:
1179:
1177:
1175:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1127:
1119:
1115:
1110:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1078:
1067:
1065:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1029:
1027:
1025:
1013:
1011:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
986:
982:
975:
973:
964:
960:
956:
952:
945:
943:
927:
923:
916:
909:
905:
899:
892:
888:
884:
878:
870:
863:
856:
854:
852:
850:
848:
846:
844:
842:
832:
827:
823:
819:
818:
813:
805:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
776:
768:
764:
750:
746:
740:
733:
727:
723:
713:
710:
708:
705:
703:
700:
698:
695:
693:
690:
688:
685:
683:
680:
678:
675:
673:
670:
669:
663:
661:
657:
652:
648:
644:
640:
631:
622:
619:
615:
611:
607:
604:gold mine in
603:
589:
580:
578:
574:
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
534:
530:
520:
516:
513:
512:civil society
504:
499:
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1742:Idle No More
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1137:Development
1109:11336/54666
928:(in French)
560:U'wa people
361:Naomi Klein
269:value chain
159:neo-liberal
69:August 2023
2370:resilience
2338:litigation
2316:Key topics
2215:2023-03-04
2180:: 95â113.
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1962:2023-04-14
1841:2021-12-09
1778:Humanities
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1435:La Tercera
1382:Humanities
1326:2023-01-29
1094:(5): 156.
1041:(3): 468.
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932:2023-01-29
759:References
647:Repsol S.A
527:See also:
337:Indigenous
327:Philosophy
281:rentierism
259:, Chilean
201:Definition
196:Background
180:, loss of
109:Apuan Alps
46:neutrality
2730:Zapatismo
2598:Blockadia
2538:By region
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2045:0306-6150
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602:Yanacocha
529:Blockadia
472:debated.
236:Criticism
216:Galeano's
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2759:Category
2746:Category
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2463:Academia
2402:conflict
2161:ProQuest
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666:See also
564:Colombia
400:drilling
223:(1971).
134:and the
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2360:justice
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2333:poverty
2328:effects
1836:Indianz
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2248:S2CID
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2190:S2CID
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540:Penan
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