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stimulated. The brain interprets different colors (and with a lot of information, an image) when the rate of firing of these neurons alters. Red light stimulates the red cone, which in turn stimulates the red/green ganglion cell. Likewise, green light stimulates the green cone, which stimulates the green/red ganglion cell and blue light stimulates the blue cone which stimulates the blue/yellow ganglion cell. The rate of firing of the ganglion cells is increased when it is signaled by one cone and decreased (inhibited) when it is signaled by the other cone. The first color in the name of the ganglion cell is the color that excites it and the second is the color that inhibits it. i.e.: A red cone would excite the red/green ganglion cell and the green cone would inhibit the red/green ganglion cell. This is an
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1344:) show deficits in object processing with spared face processing. Behaviorally, it has been shown that faces, but not objects, are subject to inversion effects, leading to the claim that faces are "special". Further, face and object processing recruit distinct neural systems. Notably, some have argued that the apparent specialization of the human brain for face processing does not reflect true domain specificity, but rather a more general process of expert-level discrimination within a given class of stimulus, though this latter claim is the subject of
1014:" of vision which maintained that vision occurs when rays emanate from the eyes and are intercepted by visual objects. If an object was seen directly it was by 'means of rays' coming out of the eyes and again falling on the object. A refracted image was, however, seen by 'means of rays' as well, which came out of the eyes, traversed through the air, and after refraction, fell on the visible object which was sighted as the result of the movement of the rays from the eye. This theory was championed by scholars who were followers of
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1530:(a lipid). There are 3 specific photopigments (each with their own wavelength sensitivity) that respond across the spectrum of visible light. When the appropriate wavelengths (those that the specific photopigment is sensitive to) hit the photoreceptor, the photopigment splits into two, which sends a signal to the bipolar cell layer, which in turn sends a signal to the ganglion cells, the axons of which form the
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perception and are of three distinct types labelled red, green and blue. Rods are responsible for the perception of objects in low light. Photoreceptors contain within them a special chemical called a photopigment, which is embedded in the membrane of the lamellae; a single human rod contains approximately 10 million of them. The photopigment molecules consist of two parts: an
1121:(1452–1519) is believed to be the first to recognize the special optical qualities of the eye. He wrote "The function of the human eye ... was described by a large number of authors in a certain way. But I found it to be completely different." His main experimental finding was that there is only a distinct and clear vision at the line of sight—the optical line that ends at the
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this would address the question of figure-ground organization, or grouping. The role of perceptual organizing constraints, overlooked by Marr, in the production of 3D shape percepts from binocularly-viewed 3D objects has been demonstrated empirically for the case of 3D wire objects, e.g. For a more detailed discussion, see Pizlo (2008).
1360:
distinguish between certain particular pairments of objects. This shows that the IT cortex is divided into regions that respond to different and particular visual features. In a similar way, certain particular patches and regions of the cortex are more involved in face recognition than other object recognition.
1232:
this theory, there are eight main factors that determine how the visual system automatically groups elements into patterns: Proximity, Similarity, Closure, Symmetry, Common Fate (i.e. common motion), Continuity as well as Good
Gestalt (pattern that is regular, simple, and orderly) and Past Experience.
1363:
Some studies tend to show that rather than the uniform global image, some particular features and regions of interest of the objects are key elements when the brain needs to recognise an object in an image. In this way, the human vision is vulnerable to small particular changes to the image, such as
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is often credited with the first modern study of visual perception. Helmholtz examined the human eye and concluded that it was incapable of producing a high-quality image. Insufficient information seemed to make vision impossible. He, therefore, concluded that vision could only be the result of some
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Studies of people whose sight has been restored after a long blindness reveal that they cannot necessarily recognize objects and faces (as opposed to color, motion, and simple geometric shapes). Some hypothesize that being blind during childhood prevents some part of the visual system necessary for
1231:
The
Gestalt Laws of Organization have guided the study of how people perceive visual components as organized patterns or wholes, instead of many different parts. "Gestalt" is a German word that partially translates to "configuration or pattern" along with "whole or emergent structure". According to
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perception. However, both stereoscopic and pictorial perception, as well as monocular viewing, make clear that the perception of 3D shape precedes, and does not rely on, the perception of the depth of points. It is not clear how a preliminary depth map could, in principle, be constructed, nor how
1546:
Transduction involves chemical messages sent from the photoreceptors to the bipolar cells to the ganglion cells. Several photoreceptors may send their information to one ganglion cell. There are two types of ganglion cells: red/green and yellow/blue. These neurons constantly fire—even when not
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contains three different cell layers: photoreceptor layer, bipolar cell layer and ganglion cell layer. The photoreceptor layer where transduction occurs is farthest from the lens. It contains photoreceptors with different sensitivities called rods and cones. The cones are responsible for color
1359:
has a key role in the task of recognition and differentiation of different objects. A study by MIT shows that subset regions of the IT cortex are in charge of different objects. By selectively shutting off neural activity of many small areas of the cortex, the animal gets alternately unable to
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to derive a perception from sensory data. However, it is not clear how proponents of this view derive, in principle, the relevant probabilities required by the
Bayesian equation. Models based on this idea have been used to describe various visual perceptual functions, such as the
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A more recent, alternative framework proposes that vision is composed instead of the following three stages: encoding, selection, and decoding. Encoding is to sample and represent visual inputs (e.g., to represent visual inputs as neural activities in the retina). Selection, or
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to an object or visual location to better process the visual signals at that location. Decoding is to infer or recognize the selected input signals, e.g., to recognize the object at the center of gaze as somebody's face. In this framework, attentional selection starts at the
970:
The major problem in visual perception is that what people see is not simply a translation of retinal stimuli (i.e., the image on the retina), with the brain altering the basic information taken in. Thus people interested in perception have long struggled to explain what
1063:
Both schools of thought relied upon the principle that "like is only known by like", and thus upon the notion that the eye was composed of some "internal fire" that interacted with the "external fire" of visible light and made vision possible.
2541:
Hunziker, H. W. (1970). "Visuelle
Informationsaufnahme und Intelligenz: Eine Untersuchung über die Augenfixationen beim Problemlösen" [Visual information acquisition and intelligence: A study of the eye fixations in problem solving].
1139:, that the visually perceived color of objects appeared due to the character of light the objects reflected, and that these divided colors could not be changed into any other color, which was contrary to scientific expectation of the day.
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During the 1960s, technical development permitted the continuous registration of eye movement during reading, in picture viewing, and later, in visual problem solving, and when headset-cameras became available, also during driving.
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developed a multi-level theory of vision, which analyzed the process of vision at different levels of abstraction. In order to focus on the understanding of specific problems in vision, he identified three levels of analysis: the
1303:
are comparably static points where the eye rests. However, the eye is never completely still, and gaze position will drift. These drifts are in turn corrected by microsaccades, very small fixational eye movements.
948:. However, some research suggests that humans can perceive light in wavelengths down to 340 nanometers (UV-A), especially the young. Under optimal conditions these limits of human perception can extend to 310 nm (
1047:), and his followers, this theory seems to have some contact with modern theories of what vision really is, but it remained only a speculation lacking any experimental foundation. (In eighteenth-century England,
2612:
Moscovitch, Morris; Winocur, Gordon; Behrmann, Marlene (1997). "What Is
Special about Face Recognition? Nineteen Experiments on a Person with Visual Object Agnosia and Dyslexia but Normal Face Recognition".
1439:
of the scene, based on feature extraction of fundamental components of the scene, including edges, regions, etc. Note the similarity in concept to a pencil sketch drawn quickly by an artist as an impression.
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of vision forward by insisting that vision involved a process in which rays—composed of actual corporeal matter—emanated from seen objects and entered the seer's mind/sensorium through the eye's aperture.)
924:
is a set of cortical structures, that receive information from striate cortex, as well as each other. Recent descriptions of visual association cortex describe a division into two functional pathways, a
1910:
Brainard, George C.; Beacham, Sabrina; Sanford, Britt E.; Hanifin, John P.; Streletz, Leopold; Sliney, David (March 1, 1999). "Near ultraviolet radiation elicits visual evoked potentials in children".
1551:. If the rate of firing of a red/green ganglion cell is increased, the brain would know that the light was red, if the rate was decreased, the brain would know that the color of the light was green.
2561:
Cohen, A. S. (1983). "Informationsaufnahme beim
Befahren von Kurven, Psychologie fĂĽr die Praxis 2/83" [Information recording when driving on curves, psychology in practice 2/83].
1037:
The second school advocated the so-called 'intromission' approach which sees vision as coming from something entering the eyes representative of the object. With its main propagator
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of the scene, where textures are acknowledged, etc. Note the similarity in concept to the stage in drawing where an artist highlights or shades areas of a scene, to provide depth.
1266:, the first eye movement goes to the boots of the man (just because they are very near the starting fixation and have a reasonable contrast). Eye movements serve the function of
1567:, or computational vision). Special hardware structures and software algorithms provide machines with the capability to interpret the images coming from a camera or a sensor.
1157:
form of "unconscious inference", coining that term in 1867. He proposed the brain was making assumptions and conclusions from incomplete data, based on previous experiences.
1115:, and commented on the anatomical works of Galen. He was the first person to explain that vision occurs when light bounces on an object and then is directed to one's eyes.
2735:
Gauthier, Isabel; Skudlarski, Pawel; Gore, John C.; Anderson, Adam W. (February 2000). "Expertise for cars and birds recruits brain areas involved in face recognition".
780:, which refers to how clearly a person sees (for example "20/20 vision"). A person can have problems with visual perceptual processing even if they have 20/20 vision.
1211:. The "wholly empirical theory of perception" is a related and newer approach that rationalizes visual perception without explicitly invoking Bayesian formalisms.
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The picture to the right shows what may happen during the first two seconds of visual inspection. While the background is out of focus, representing the
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Elsayed, Gamaleldin F.; Shankar, Shreya; Cheung, Brian; Papernot, Nicolas; Kurakin, Alex; Goodfellow, Ian; Sohl-Dickstein, Jascha (February 22, 2018).
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is the type of eye movement that makes jumps from one position to another position and is used to rapidly scan a particular scene/image. Lastly,
1308:
involve the cooperation of both eyes to allow for an image to fall on the same area of both retinas. This results in a single focused image.
1135:(1642–1726/27) was the first to discover through experimentation, by isolating individual colors of the spectrum of light passing through a
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lasts until age 5 or 6 was challenged by a 2007 study that found that older patients could improve these abilities with years of exposure.
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Marr suggested that it is possible to investigate vision at any of these levels independently. Marr described vision as proceeding from a
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Carlson, Neil R.; Heth, C. Donald; Miller, Harold; Donahoe, John W.; Buskist, William; Martin, G. Neil; Schmaltz, Rodney M. (2009).
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1187:(cases when the inference process goes wrong) has yielded much insight into what sort of assumptions the visual system makes.
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1401:, have embraced these levels of analysis and employed them to further characterize vision from a computational perspective.
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working primarily in the 1930s and 1940s raised many of the research questions that are studied by vision scientists today.
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and transmit the information to the brain. If a particular cone type is missing or abnormal, due to a genetic anomaly, a
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1125:. Although he did not use these words literally he actually is the father of the modern distinction between foveal and
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1096:: The eye has a central line and everything that reaches the eye through this central line can be seen distinctly.
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Swenson Rivka (2010). "Optics, Gender, and the
Eighteenth-Century Gaze: Looking at Eliza Haywood's Anti-Pamela".
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Transduction is the process through which energy from environmental stimuli is converted to neural activity. The
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disrupting the edges of the object, modifying texture or any small change in a crucial region of the image.
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Another type of unconscious inference hypothesis (based on probabilities) has recently been revived in so-called
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studies of visual perception. Proponents of this approach consider that the visual system performs some form of
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1812:"Neuroanatomy of the human visual system: Part II Retinal projections to the superior colliculus and pulvinar"
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811:, respectively). The various physiological components involved in vision are referred to collectively as the
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2331:"Footprints sticking out of the sand. Part 2: children's Bayesian priors for shape and lighting direction"
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1348:. Using fMRI and electrophysiology Doris Tsao and colleagues described brain regions and a mechanism for
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Vision: A Computational
Investigation into the Human Representation and Processing of Visual Information
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Ben-Yosef, Guy; Assif, Liav; Ullman, Shimon (February 2018). "Full interpretation of minimal images".
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along the visual pathway, and the attentional constraints impose a dichotomy between the central and
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Quotations are from the
English translation produced by the Optical Society of America (1924–25):
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addresses, at a high level of abstraction, the problems that the visual system must overcome. The
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The following fixations jump from face to face. They might even permit comparisons between faces.
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2688:"The fusiform face area: a module in human extrastriate cortex specialized for face perception"
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2019:
1853:(11th ed.). Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, US: Pearson Education Inc. pp. 187–189.
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3218:"A new framework for understanding vision from the perspective of the primary visual cortex"
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Theories and observations of visual perception have been the main source of inspiration for
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Khaleefa, Omar (1999). "Who Is the
Founder of Psychophysics and Experimental Psychology?".
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1299:, ocular drift, and tremor), vergence movements, saccadic movements and pursuit movements.
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3302:(11th ed.). Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, US: Pearson Education Inc. p. 170.
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Im Auge des Lesers: foveale und periphere Wahrnehmung – vom Buchstabieren zur Lesefreude
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attempts to identify the strategy that may be used to solve these problems. Finally, the
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Out Of Darkness, Sight: Rare Cases Of Restored Vision Reveal How The Brain Learns To See
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1270:, i.e., to select a fraction of all visual inputs for deeper processing by the brain.
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Taylor, Stanford E. (November 1965). "Eye Movements in Reading: Facts and Fallacies".
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attempts to explain how solutions to these problems are realized in neural circuitry.
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Minimal Images in Deep Neural Networks: Fragile Object Recognition in Natural Images
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D sketch assumes that a depth map is constructed, and that this map is the basis of
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Ability to interpret the surrounding environment using light in the visible spectrum
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closer objects can block the view of more distant objects, but not vice versa; and
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Hecht, Selig (April 1, 1937). "Rods, Cones, and the Chemical Basis of Vision".
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3360:"2022 Toyota GR 86 embraces sports car evolution with fresh looks, more power"
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2961:"Adversarial Examples that Fool both Computer Vision and Time-Limited Humans"
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these higher-level tasks from developing properly. The general belief that a
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is a very attractive search icon within the peripheral field of vision. The
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In humans and a number of other mammals, light enters the eye through the
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2383:. In Rao, Rajesh P. N.; Olshausen, Bruno A.; Lewicki, Michael S. (eds.).
2191:
Philosophy in the Islamic World: A History of Philosophy Without Any Gaps
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Howard, I (1996). "Alhazen's neglected discoveries of visual phenomena".
1978:
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patients show deficits in face, but not object processing, while object
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Srivastava, Sanjana; Ben-Yosef, Guy; Boix, Xavier (February 8, 2019).
2052:
Origins of neuroscience: a history of explorations into brain function
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It can also be noted that there are different types of eye movements:
905:. Signals from the retina also travel directly from the retina to the
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Man with restored sight provides new insight into how vision develops
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Examples of well-known assumptions, based on visual experience, are:
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Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 31 (NeurIPS 2018)
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1478:
1463:, where the scene is visualized in a continuous, 3-dimensional map.
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3422:
3021:
Poggio, Tomaso (1981). "Marr's Computational Approach to Vision".
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description of the world as output. His stages of vision include:
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in the range of wavelengths between 370 and 730 nanometers of the
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of the retina, also known as the rods and cones, which detect the
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Probabilistic Models of the Brain: Perception and Neural Function
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The human visual system is generally believed to be sensitive to
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2686:
Kanwisher, Nancy; McDermott, Josh; Chun, Marvin M. (June 1997).
2563:
Bulletin der Schweizerischen Stiftung fĂĽr Angewandte Psychologie
2379:
Mamassian, Pascal; Landy, Michael; Maloney, Laurence T. (2002).
1810:
Sadun, Alfredo A.; Johnson, Betty M.; Smith, Lois E. H. (1986).
1320:
is smooth eye movement and is used to follow objects in motion.
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schools, providing a primitive explanation of how vision works.
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reflected by objects in the environment. This is different from
5336:
4244:
4234:
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VisionScience. Resource for Research in Human and Animal Vision
2544:
Schweizerische Zeitschrift fĂĽr Psychologie und Ihre Anwendungen
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figures (i.e., foreground objects) tend to have convex borders.
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2387:. Neural Information Processing. MIT Press. pp. 13–36.
5005:
4758:
2409:"A Primer on Probabilistic Approaches to Visual Perception"
2024:(2nd ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
611:
5828:
3431:
A collection of resources in vision science and perception
30:"Sight" and "Eyesight" redirect here. For other uses, see
5977:
5528:
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2611:
1375:
2575:
3321:
3319:
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2685:
2436:"A Century of Gestalt Psychology in Visual Perception"
1111:
on visual perception, extended the work of Ptolemy on
873:
signals. This transduction is achieved by specialized
2378:
3316:
2897:
2054:. Oxford : Oxford University Press. pp. 67–69.
2782:"The Code for Facial Identity in the Primate Brain"
1842:
1684:
1332:are accomplished by distinct systems. For example,
1284:vision adds detailed information to the peripheral
73:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2427:
1503:visual fields for visual recognition or decoding.
1160:Inference requires prior experience of the world.
2602:
2085:The Eighteenth Century: Theory and Interpretation
1809:
8067:
3409:The Organization of the Retina and Visual System
3291:
2607:
2605:
2265:
2017:
1963:"What is light? The visible spectrum and beyond"
1872:
1870:
912:The lateral geniculate nucleus sends signals to
1554:
1538:, sometimes called color blindness will occur.
3193:Understanding vision: theory, models, and data
3121:
1323:
6706:
5814:
5438:
5062:
3824:
3488:
3425:, resource on the eye's perception abilities.
3375:
3077:"A case of viewer-centered object perception"
2840:"How the brain distinguishes between objects"
2271:
2082:
1867:
1328:There is considerable evidence that face and
730:
5076:
3838:
2584:. Toronto Ontario: Pearson Canada. pp.
2486:
2281:. Vol. 3. Leipzig: Voss. Archived from
2221:Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine
1960:
752:is the ability to interpret the surrounding
6720:
3195:. United Kingdom: Oxford University Press.
3122:Pizlo, Zygmunt; Stevenson, Adam K. (1999).
2163:American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences
1879:Vision and art : the biology of seeing
1717:Hallucinogen persisting perception disorder
1235:
1170:objects are normally not viewed from below;
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5807:
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3326:Carlson, Neil R.; Heth, C. Donald (2010).
3074:
2780:Chang, Le; Tsao, Doris Y. (June 1, 2017).
1397:levels. Many vision scientists, including
1107:1040) carried out many investigations and
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2815:
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2381:"Bayesian Modelling of Visual Perception"
2248:
1994:
933:pathway. This conjecture is known as the
901:, which transmits the information to the
133:Learn how and when to remove this message
7877:Transgenerational epigenetic inheritance
3215:
3190:
2659:(1969). "Looking at upside-down faces".
2540:
2433:
2303:
2160:
2154:
2045:
2043:
2041:
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1245:
1173:faces are seen (and recognized) upright;
1142:
1088:
982:
815:, and are the focus of much research in
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2194:. Oxford University Press. p. 77.
2187:
1848:
885:. These signals are transmitted by the
14:
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3020:
2492:
2117:
2049:
1758:
1376:Cognitive and computational approaches
995:(purple) are shown. Much of the human
975:does to create what is actually seen.
889:, from the retina upstream to central
772:(twilight vision), using light in the
7369:Psychological effects of Internet use
6694:
5802:
5629:Evolution of color vision in primates
5452:
5426:
5050:
4049:Somatosensory system (sense of touch)
3812:
3476:
3458:
3414:Effect of Detail on Visual Perception
3262:
2560:
2495:American Educational Research Journal
2328:
2308:. Zürich: Transmedia Stäubli Verlag.
2214:
2111:
2038:
1068:makes this assertion in his dialogue
4034:Vestibular system (sense of balance)
3502:
3450:What are the limits of human vision?
3075:Rock, Irvin; DiVita, Joseph (1987).
3055:
3049:
1881:. Hubel, David H. New York: Abrams.
71:adding citations to reliable sources
42:
7349:Digital media use and mental health
3465:Topics related to visual perception
3332:Psychology the science of behaviour
2655:
2580:Psychology the Science of Behaviour
1541:
24:
6980:Automatic and controlled processes
4029:Auditory system (sense of hearing)
3381:Handbuch der physiologischen Optik
3369:
3124:"Shape constancy from novel views"
2704:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.17-11-04302.1997
2661:Journal of Experimental Psychology
2278:Handbuch der physiologischen Optik
1423:visual array (on the retina) to a
1276:It may be concluded that the icon
881:of light and respond by producing
25:
8097:
7389:Smartphones and pedestrian safety
4044:Gustatory system (sense of taste)
4039:Olfactory system (sense of smell)
3402:
2615:Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience
2434:Wagemans, Johan (November 2012).
1214:
1078:(as reported by Aristotle in his
869:for the conversion of light into
8040:
8027:
8015:
8014:
7414:Mobile phones and driving safety
5518:
5320:
4296:Infrared sensing in vampire bats
3460:
3388:Treatise on Physiological Optics
1685:Vision deficiencies or disorders
978:
842:
704:
160:
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7317:Computer-mediated communication
4024:Visual system (sense of vision)
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3256:
3222:Current Opinion in Neurobiology
3209:
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2912:10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.006
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2188:Adamson, Peter (July 7, 2016).
2181:
1506:
58:needs additional citations for
7594:Empathising–systemising theory
6897:female intrasexual competition
6834:Evolutionarily stable strategy
3418:Wolfram Demonstrations Project
3298:Carlson, Neil R. (2013). "6".
3128:Perception & Psychophysics
2304:Hunziker, Hans-Werner (2006).
2076:
2011:
1961:D. H. Sliney (February 2016).
1954:
1903:
1877:Margaret, Livingstone (2008).
1849:Carlson, Neil R. (2013). "6".
1803:
1250:Eye movement first 2 seconds (
916:, also called striate cortex.
835:, collectively referred to as
13:
1:
7954:Standard social science model
7007:Cognitive tradeoff hypothesis
5845:Biological data visualization
4166:Auditory perception (hearing)
3383:. Vol. 3. Leipzig: Voss.
3277:10.1152/physrev.1937.17.2.239
2217:"Leonardo da Vinci on vision"
1924:10.1016/S1388-2457(98)00022-4
1797:
1742:Scotopic sensitivity syndrome
1104:
447:Industrial and organizational
7802:Missing heritability problem
7394:Social aspects of television
7017:Evolution of nervous systems
6985:Computational theory of mind
4812:Olfactory reference syndrome
4589:Alice in Wonderland syndrome
3657:Perception as interpretation
3446:Expert articles about Vision
3423:The Joy of Visual Perception
3093:10.1016/0010-0285(87)90013-2
3035:10.1016/0166-2236(81)90081-3
1555:Artificial visual perception
602:Human factors and ergonomics
7:
8048:Evolutionary biology portal
5557:Simple eye in invertebrates
5011:Sensory processing disorder
4181:Gustation (taste or flavor)
4171:Equilibrioception (balance)
3393:September 27, 2018, at the
3181:, Z. Pizlo (2008) MIT Press
2692:The Journal of Neuroscience
1653:Interpretation (philosophy)
1638:McGill Picture Anomaly Test
1585:
1324:Face and object recognition
10:
8102:
8009:Evolutionary psychologists
7882:Trivers–Willard hypothesis
7797:Human–animal communication
7509:Ovulatory shift hypothesis
7359:Imprinted brain hypothesis
7327:Human–computer interaction
5885:Mathematical visualization
5753:Infrared sensing in snakes
4965:Supernumerary phantom limb
4301:Infrared sensing in snakes
4161:Visual perception (vision)
3234:10.1016/j.conb.2019.06.001
2799:10.1016/j.cell.2017.05.011
2233:10.1177/003591575504800512
1707:Associative visual agnosia
1510:
1239:
1218:
1146:
1055:, and others, carried the
963:
899:lateral geniculate nucleus
846:
29:
8003:
7929:Environmental determinism
7900:Cultural selection theory
7892:
7787:Evolutionary epistemology
7774:
7701:evolutionary neuroscience
7663:
7656:
7554:
7429:
7374:Rank theory of depression
7297:
7221:
7123:
6929:
6922:
6876:Parent–offspring conflict
6785:
6728:
6563:
6433:
6297:
6251:
6175:
6074:
6043:
6036:
5943:
5880:Information visualization
5865:Educational visualization
5837:
5725:
5637:
5624:Evolution of color vision
5609:
5527:
5516:
5458:
5384:
5329:
5318:
5089:
5028:
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4942:
4911:
4863:
4830:
4782:
4744:
4716:Microwave auditory effect
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4379:
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4271:
4262:
4215:
4153:
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4014:
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3953:
3901:
3883:Transduction (physiology)
3863:
3850:
3735:
3702:
3610:
3508:
3470:
2627:10.1162/jocn.1997.9.5.555
2021:Color and light in nature
2018:W. C. Livingston (2001).
1828:10.3109/01658108609016476
922:visual association cortex
377:Applied behavior analysis
7822:Cultural group selection
7706:Biocultural anthropology
7399:Societal impacts of cars
7332:Media naturalness theory
7022:Fight-or-flight response
6056:Charles-René de Fourcroy
5905:Scientific visualization
5832:of technical information
5358:Ascending and Descending
4721:Music-specific disorders
4077:Vestibulocochlear (VIII)
3435:Vision and Psychophysics
2531:, Plenum Press, New York
2529:Eye movements and vision
2175:10.35632/ajis.v16i2.2126
2050:Finger, Stanley (1994).
1912:Clinical Neurophysiology
1648:Multisensory integration
1580:driver-assist technology
1513:Visual phototransduction
1340:patients (most notably,
1293:fixational eye movements
1236:Analysis of eye movement
1209:figure-ground perception
959:
946:electromagnetic spectrum
8022:Evolutionary psychology
7986:Sociocultural evolution
7827:Dual inheritance theory
7284:Personality development
6745:Theoretical foundations
6722:Evolutionary psychology
4701:Auditory verbal agnosia
4555:Juxtacapillary receptor
3778:Relational frame theory
3753:Higher nervous activity
3300:Physiology of Behaviour
3023:Trends in Neurosciences
1851:Physiology of Behaviour
1737:Recovery from blindness
1570:For instance, the 2022
1536:color vision deficiency
1167:light comes from above;
1074:(45b and 46b), as does
567:Behavioral neuroscience
222:Behavioral neuroscience
7944:Social constructionism
7939:Psychological nativism
7914:Biological determinism
7862:Recent human evolution
7857:Punctuated equilibrium
7680:Behavioral epigenetics
7675:evolutionary economics
7644:Variability hypothesis
7589:Emotional intelligence
7322:Engineering psychology
7012:Evolution of the brain
6476:Christopher R. Johnson
6028:Technical illustration
5915:Software visualization
4696:Auditory hallucination
4306:Surface wave detection
3911:Multimodal integration
3748:Experiential avoidance
3377:Von Helmholtz, Hermann
2527:Yarbus, A. L. (1967).
2440:Psychological Bulletin
2273:von Helmholtz, Hermann
1414:implementational level
1255:
1097:
1000:
999:is involved in vision.
966:Two-streams hypothesis
935:two streams hypothesis
857:and is focused by the
617:Psychology of religion
557:Behavioral engineering
241:Cognitive neuroscience
207:Affective neuroscience
32:Sight (disambiguation)
7971:Multilineal evolution
7934:Nature versus nurture
7893:Theoretical positions
7741:Functional psychology
7736:Evolutionary medicine
7711:Biological psychiatry
7419:Texting while driving
7409:Lead–crime hypothesis
7269:Cognitive development
7254:Caregiver deprivation
6765:Gene selection theory
6370:Lawrence J. Rosenblum
6183:Edward Walter Maunder
6107:Charles Joseph Minard
5925:User interface design
5900:Product visualization
5758:Monocular deprivation
5717:Underwater camouflage
5712:Structural coloration
5690:Disruptive coloration
4955:Phantom limb syndrome
4903:Tactile hallucination
4092:Glossopharyngeal (IX)
3893:Active sensory system
3763:Ironic process theory
3528:Cognitive flexibility
3265:Physiological Reviews
3191:Zhaoping, Li (2014).
2285:on September 27, 2018
2097:10.1353/ecy.2010.0006
1497:primary visual cortex
1488:attentional selection
1357:inferotemporal cortex
1268:attentional selection
1249:
1226:Gestalt psychologists
1154:Hermann von Helmholtz
1149:Unconscious inference
1143:Unconscious inference
1092:
1003:There were two major
986:
914:primary visual cortex
711:Psychology portal
7924:Cultural determinism
7731:Evolutionary biology
7716:Cognitive psychology
7664:Academic disciplines
7312:Cognitive ergonomics
7279:Language acquisition
7259:Childhood attachment
7072:Wason selection task
6966:Behavioral modernity
6755:Cognitive revolution
6738:Evolutionary thought
6650:Scientific modelling
6625:Information graphics
6365:Clifford A. Pickover
6315:William S. Cleveland
6223:Henry Norris Russell
6208:Howard G. Funkhouser
6152:Florence Nightingale
6117:Francis Amasa Walker
6013:Statistical graphics
5935:Volume visualization
5910:Social visualization
5738:Blindness in animals
5670:Counter-illumination
5619:Evolution of the eye
5392:Accidental viewpoint
4764:Labyrinthine fistula
4731:Spatial hearing loss
4430:Campaniform sensilla
4145:Somatosensory cortex
3416:by Jon McLoone, the
3216:Zhaoping, L (2019).
3081:Cognitive Psychology
2792:(6): 1013–1028.e14.
1979:10.1038/eye.2015.252
1766:Cognitive psychology
1702:Apperceptive agnosia
1352:in macaque monkeys.
1201:perception of motion
875:photoreceptive cells
768:(night vision), and
67:improve this article
7991:Unilineal evolution
7756:Population genetics
7541:Sexy son hypothesis
7479:Hormonal motivation
7459:Concealed ovulation
7000:Dual process theory
6871:Parental investment
6630:Information science
6593:in computer science
6385:Sheelagh Carpendale
6320:George G. Robertson
6157:Karl Wilhelm Pohlke
6092:André-Michel Guerry
5968:Graph of a function
5963:Engineering drawing
5297:Vertical–horizontal
4550:Nociceptin receptor
4420:Merkel nerve ending
4405:Mechanotransduction
3793:Thought suppression
2738:Nature Neuroscience
1816:Neuro-Ophthalmology
1759:Related disciplines
1722:Illusory palinopsia
1608:Entoptic phenomenon
1406:computational level
1205:perception of depth
1057:intromission theory
1010:The first was the "
918:Extrastriate cortex
907:superior colliculus
562:Behavioral genetics
477:Occupational health
217:Behavioral genetics
148:Part of a series on
82:"Visual perception"
7949:Social determinism
7832:Fisher's principle
7792:Great ape language
7782:Cultural evolution
7751:Philosophy of mind
7584:Division of labour
7546:Westermarck effect
7494:Mating preferences
7404:Distracted driving
7138:Literary criticism
6995:Domain specificity
6975:modularity of mind
6670:Volume cartography
6434:Early 21st century
6330:Catherine Plaisant
6325:Bruce H. McCormick
6279:Mary Eleanor Spear
6269:Arthur H. Robinson
6203:Arthur Lyon Bowley
6176:Early 20th century
6023:Technical drawings
5895:Molecular graphics
5870:Flow visualization
5860:Data visualization
5685:Deimatic behaviour
5397:Auditory illusions
5192:Impossible trident
4912:Nociception (pain)
4504:Olfactory receptor
4456:Photoreceptor cell
4410:Lamellar corpuscle
4334:Photomorphogenesis
4196:nociception (pain)
3888:Sensory processing
3141:10.3758/BF03206181
2329:Stone, JV (2011).
2215:Keele, Kd (1955).
1613:Gestalt psychology
1346:substantial debate
1330:object recognition
1311:Saccadic movements
1306:Vergence movements
1256:
1221:Gestalt psychology
1196:Bayesian inference
1098:
1001:
760:(daytime vision),
679:Schools of thought
517:Sport and exercise
363:Applied psychology
8076:Visual perception
8063:
8062:
8057:
8056:
8035:Psychology portal
7999:
7998:
7842:Hologenome theory
7812:Unit of selection
7807:Primate cognition
7721:Cognitive science
7652:
7651:
7523:Sexual attraction
7499:Mating strategies
7264:Cinderella effect
7194:Moral foundations
7098:Visual perception
6990:Domain generality
6959:Facial expression
6907:Sexual dimorphism
6866:Natural selection
6812:Hamiltonian spite
6688:
6687:
6665:Visual perception
6615:Graphic organizer
6588:Computer graphics
6559:
6558:
6541:Martin Wattenberg
6516:Hanspeter Pfister
6471:Martin Krzywinski
6395:Jock D. Mackinlay
6375:Thomas A. DeFanti
6298:Late 20th century
6218:Ejnar Hertzsprung
5920:Technical drawing
5796:
5795:
5788:Visual perception
5783:Underwater vision
5748:Feature detection
5743:Eyespot apparatus
5702:Eyespot (mimicry)
5650:Animal coloration
5453:Vision in animals
5420:
5419:
5412:Temporal illusion
5407:Tactile illusions
5377:(2015 photograph)
5078:Optical illusions
5044:
5043:
5029:Biases and errors
5024:
5023:
4960:Somatoparaphrenia
4929:Pain dissociation
4774:Ménière's disease
4706:Cortical deafness
4584:Visual impairment
4563:
4562:
4425:Bulbous corpuscle
4415:Tactile corpuscle
4383:sensory receptors
4375:
4374:
4258:
4257:
4211:
4210:
4176:Olfaction (smell)
4130:Vestibular cortex
4112:Cerebral cortices
3949:
3948:
3936:Motion perception
3806:
3805:
3565:Critical thinking
3533:Cognitive liberty
3345:978-0-205-64524-4
3309:978-0-205-23939-9
2595:978-0-205-70286-2
2394:978-0-262-26432-7
2315:978-3-7266-0068-6
2201:978-0-19-957749-1
2126:(10): 1203–1217.
2061:978-0-19-506503-9
1888:978-0-8109-9554-3
1860:978-0-205-23939-9
1771:Cognitive science
1668:Visual processing
1658:Spatial frequency
1643:Motion perception
1425:three-dimensional
1410:algorithmic level
1264:peripheral vision
1127:peripheral vision
1119:Leonardo da Vinci
1094:Leonardo da Vinci
973:visual processing
833:molecular biology
825:cognitive science
787:is also known as
750:Visual perception
747:
746:
644:Counseling topics
587:Consumer behavior
328:Psycholinguistics
212:Affective science
143:
142:
135:
117:
16:(Redirected from
8093:
8044:
8031:
8018:
8017:
7661:
7660:
7657:Related subjects
7444:Adult attachment
6971:Cognitive module
6927:
6926:
6914:Social selection
6888:Costly signaling
6883:Sexual selection
6770:Modern synthesis
6715:
6708:
6701:
6692:
6691:
6675:Volume rendering
6660:Visual analytics
6655:Spatial analysis
6635:Misleading graph
6486:David McCandless
6461:Gordon Kindlmann
6425:Alfred Inselberg
6420:Leland Wilkinson
6355:Michael Friendly
6289:Howard T. Fisher
6252:Mid 20th century
6193:W. E. B. Du Bois
6097:William Playfair
6087:Adolphe Quetelet
6061:Joseph Priestley
6044:Pre-19th century
6041:
6040:
6008:Skeletal formula
5875:Geovisualization
5850:Chemical imaging
5823:
5816:
5809:
5800:
5799:
5768:Palpebral (bone)
5601:Schizochroal eye
5522:
5447:
5440:
5433:
5424:
5423:
5324:
5277:Schroeder stairs
5252:Peripheral drift
5247:Penrose triangle
5071:
5064:
5057:
5048:
5047:
4691:Auditory agnosia
4623:Optic neuropathy
4572:
4571:
4440:Stretch receptor
4388:
4387:
4286:Magnetoreception
4281:Electroreception
4269:
4268:
4191:mechanoreception
4140:Gustatory cortex
4135:Olfactory cortex
3969:
3968:
3960:
3959:
3878:Sensory receptor
3861:
3860:
3833:
3826:
3819:
3810:
3809:
3503:Mental processes
3497:
3490:
3483:
3474:
3473:
3464:
3456:
3455:
3384:
3364:
3363:
3356:
3350:
3349:
3323:
3314:
3313:
3295:
3289:
3288:
3260:
3254:
3253:
3213:
3207:
3206:
3188:
3182:
3176:
3170:
3169:
3143:
3134:(7): 1299–1307.
3119:
3113:
3112:
3072:
3066:
3065:
3056:Marr, D (1982).
3053:
3047:
3046:
3018:
3012:
3007:
3001:
2996:
2990:
2989:
2979:
2965:
2956:
2950:
2949:
2923:
2895:
2889:
2888:
2878:
2862:
2856:
2855:
2853:
2851:
2846:. March 13, 2019
2836:
2830:
2829:
2819:
2801:
2777:
2771:
2770:
2732:
2726:
2725:
2715:
2683:
2677:
2676:
2673:10.1037/h0027474
2653:
2647:
2646:
2609:
2600:
2599:
2583:
2573:
2567:
2566:
2558:
2552:
2551:
2538:
2532:
2525:
2519:
2518:
2490:
2484:
2483:
2473:
2462:10.1037/a0029333
2455:
2446:(6): 1172–1217.
2431:
2425:
2424:
2422:
2420:
2415:on July 10, 2006
2411:. Archived from
2405:
2399:
2398:
2376:
2370:
2369:
2335:
2326:
2320:
2319:
2301:
2295:
2294:
2292:
2290:
2269:
2263:
2262:
2252:
2212:
2206:
2205:
2185:
2179:
2178:
2158:
2152:
2151:
2115:
2109:
2108:
2080:
2074:
2073:
2047:
2036:
2035:
2015:
2009:
2008:
1998:
1958:
1952:
1951:
1907:
1901:
1900:
1874:
1865:
1864:
1846:
1840:
1839:
1807:
1732:Refractive error
1603:Depth perception
1549:opponent process
1542:Opponent process
1526:(a protein) and
1476:
1475:
1471:
1453:
1452:
1448:
1395:implementational
1350:face recognition
1317:pursuit movement
1286:first impression
1185:visual illusions
1113:binocular vision
1106:
774:visible spectrum
739:
732:
725:
709:
708:
707:
674:Research methods
333:Psychophysiology
193:Basic psychology
164:
145:
144:
138:
131:
127:
124:
118:
116:
75:
51:
43:
21:
8101:
8100:
8096:
8095:
8094:
8092:
8091:
8090:
8066:
8065:
8064:
8059:
8058:
8053:
7995:
7981:Neoevolutionism
7888:
7872:Species complex
7837:Group selection
7775:Research topics
7770:
7746:Neuropsychology
7648:
7634:Substance abuse
7556:Sex differences
7550:
7464:Coolidge effect
7425:
7337:Neuroergonomics
7302:
7293:
7217:
7119:
7053:Folk psychology
6934:
6918:
6788:
6781:
6724:
6719:
6689:
6684:
6680:Information art
6620:Imaging science
6565:
6555:
6536:Fernanda Viégas
6531:Moritz Stefaner
6456:Jessica Hullman
6429:
6400:Alan MacEachren
6350:Ben Shneiderman
6293:
6247:
6171:
6070:
6032:
5945:
5939:
5890:Medical imaging
5833:
5827:
5797:
5792:
5721:
5633:
5605:
5523:
5514:
5454:
5451:
5421:
5416:
5380:
5330:Popular culture
5325:
5316:
5287:Spinning dancer
5107:Ambiguous image
5085:
5075:
5045:
5040:
5020:
4969:
4938:
4907:
4859:
4826:
4778:
4740:
4672:
4663:Stereoblindness
4604:Color blindness
4559:
4536:
4513:
4485:
4444:
4392:Mechanoreceptor
4381:
4371:
4367:Machine hearing
4362:Computer vision
4357:Robotic sensing
4343:
4320:
4254:
4207:
4149:
4125:Auditory cortex
4106:
4053:
4016:Sensory systems
4010:
3945:
3897:
3855:
3853:
3846:
3837:
3807:
3802:
3731:
3698:
3606:
3585:Problem solving
3570:Decision-making
3504:
3501:
3466:
3405:
3395:Wayback Machine
3372:
3370:Further reading
3367:
3358:
3357:
3353:
3346:
3324:
3317:
3310:
3296:
3292:
3261:
3257:
3214:
3210:
3203:
3189:
3185:
3177:
3173:
3120:
3116:
3073:
3069:
3054:
3050:
3019:
3015:
3008:
3004:
2997:
2993:
2963:
2957:
2953:
2896:
2892:
2863:
2859:
2849:
2847:
2838:
2837:
2833:
2778:
2774:
2733:
2729:
2698:(11): 4302–11.
2684:
2680:
2654:
2650:
2610:
2603:
2596:
2574:
2570:
2559:
2555:
2539:
2535:
2526:
2522:
2507:10.2307/1161646
2491:
2487:
2453:10.1.1.452.8394
2432:
2428:
2418:
2416:
2407:
2406:
2402:
2395:
2377:
2373:
2333:
2327:
2323:
2316:
2302:
2298:
2288:
2286:
2270:
2266:
2213:
2209:
2202:
2186:
2182:
2159:
2155:
2132:10.1068/p251203
2116:
2112:
2081:
2077:
2062:
2048:
2039:
2032:
2016:
2012:
1959:
1955:
1908:
1904:
1889:
1875:
1868:
1861:
1847:
1843:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1795:
1761:
1756:
1712:Color blindness
1687:
1682:
1663:Visual illusion
1618:Lateral masking
1598:Computer vision
1588:
1576:Subaru EyeSight
1561:computer vision
1557:
1544:
1515:
1509:
1473:
1469:
1468:
1450:
1446:
1445:
1421:two-dimensional
1378:
1370:critical period
1326:
1244:
1238:
1223:
1217:
1151:
1145:
1012:emission theory
997:cerebral cortex
981:
968:
962:
883:neural impulses
851:
845:
766:scotopic vision
758:photopic vision
743:
705:
703:
696:
695:
694:
693:
669:Psychotherapies
637:
627:
626:
547:
539:
538:
537:
536:
365:
355:
354:
353:
352:
313:Neuropsychology
195:
139:
128:
122:
119:
76:
74:
64:
52:
39:
36:Eyesight (song)
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
8099:
8089:
8088:
8083:
8078:
8061:
8060:
8055:
8054:
8052:
8051:
8038:
8025:
8012:
8004:
8001:
8000:
7997:
7996:
7994:
7993:
7988:
7983:
7978:
7973:
7968:
7963:
7958:
7957:
7956:
7951:
7946:
7941:
7936:
7931:
7926:
7921:
7916:
7902:
7896:
7894:
7890:
7889:
7887:
7886:
7885:
7884:
7879:
7874:
7869:
7864:
7859:
7854:
7849:
7844:
7839:
7834:
7829:
7824:
7819:
7809:
7804:
7799:
7794:
7789:
7784:
7778:
7776:
7772:
7771:
7769:
7768:
7763:
7758:
7753:
7748:
7743:
7738:
7733:
7728:
7723:
7718:
7713:
7708:
7703:
7686:
7677:
7667:
7665:
7658:
7654:
7653:
7650:
7649:
7647:
7646:
7641:
7636:
7631:
7626:
7621:
7616:
7611:
7606:
7601:
7596:
7591:
7586:
7581:
7576:
7571:
7566:
7560:
7558:
7552:
7551:
7549:
7548:
7543:
7538:
7525:
7516:
7511:
7506:
7501:
7496:
7491:
7486:
7481:
7476:
7471:
7466:
7461:
7456:
7451:
7446:
7441:
7435:
7433:
7427:
7426:
7424:
7423:
7422:
7421:
7416:
7411:
7406:
7396:
7391:
7386:
7381:
7376:
7371:
7366:
7364:Mind-blindness
7361:
7356:
7351:
7346:
7341:
7340:
7339:
7334:
7329:
7324:
7319:
7308:
7306:
7295:
7294:
7292:
7291:
7286:
7281:
7276:
7271:
7266:
7261:
7256:
7251:
7238:
7233:
7227:
7225:
7219:
7218:
7216:
7215:
7210:
7209:
7208:
7198:
7197:
7196:
7186:
7185:
7184:
7179:
7174:
7164:
7159:
7158:
7157:
7147:
7146:
7145:
7140:
7129:
7127:
7121:
7120:
7118:
7117:
7116:
7115:
7110:
7105:
7095:
7090:
7085:
7076:
7075:
7074:
7069:
7059:
7057:theory of mind
7050:
7041:
7040:
7039:
7034:
7029:
7019:
7014:
7009:
7004:
7003:
7002:
6997:
6992:
6987:
6982:
6968:
6963:
6962:
6961:
6956:
6951:
6940:
6938:
6924:
6920:
6919:
6917:
6916:
6911:
6910:
6909:
6904:
6899:
6890:
6880:
6879:
6878:
6868:
6863:
6858:
6853:
6852:
6851:
6841:
6836:
6831:
6826:
6824:Baldwin effect
6821:
6820:
6819:
6814:
6809:
6799:
6793:
6791:
6783:
6782:
6780:
6779:
6774:
6773:
6772:
6767:
6762:
6757:
6752:
6742:
6741:
6740:
6729:
6726:
6725:
6718:
6717:
6710:
6703:
6695:
6686:
6685:
6683:
6682:
6677:
6672:
6667:
6662:
6657:
6652:
6647:
6645:Patent drawing
6642:
6637:
6632:
6627:
6622:
6617:
6612:
6610:Graphic design
6607:
6602:
6597:
6596:
6595:
6585:
6580:
6575:
6569:
6567:
6561:
6560:
6557:
6556:
6554:
6553:
6551:Hadley Wickham
6548:
6543:
6538:
6533:
6528:
6523:
6518:
6513:
6508:
6506:Tamara Munzner
6503:
6498:
6493:
6488:
6483:
6478:
6473:
6468:
6463:
6458:
6453:
6448:
6443:
6437:
6435:
6431:
6430:
6428:
6427:
6422:
6417:
6412:
6407:
6405:David Goodsell
6402:
6397:
6392:
6390:Cynthia Brewer
6387:
6382:
6377:
6372:
6367:
6362:
6357:
6352:
6347:
6342:
6337:
6332:
6327:
6322:
6317:
6312:
6307:
6301:
6299:
6295:
6294:
6292:
6291:
6286:
6284:Edgar Anderson
6281:
6276:
6271:
6266:
6261:
6259:Jacques Bertin
6255:
6253:
6249:
6248:
6246:
6245:
6240:
6235:
6230:
6225:
6220:
6215:
6213:John B. Peddle
6210:
6205:
6200:
6195:
6190:
6185:
6179:
6177:
6173:
6172:
6170:
6169:
6167:Francis Galton
6164:
6162:Toussaint Loua
6159:
6154:
6149:
6144:
6142:Georg von Mayr
6139:
6134:
6132:Matthew Sankey
6129:
6124:
6119:
6114:
6109:
6104:
6099:
6094:
6089:
6084:
6078:
6076:
6072:
6071:
6069:
6068:
6063:
6058:
6053:
6047:
6045:
6038:
6034:
6033:
6031:
6030:
6025:
6020:
6015:
6010:
6005:
6000:
5998:Sankey diagram
5995:
5990:
5985:
5980:
5975:
5970:
5965:
5960:
5955:
5949:
5947:
5941:
5940:
5938:
5937:
5932:
5930:Visual culture
5927:
5922:
5917:
5912:
5907:
5902:
5897:
5892:
5887:
5882:
5877:
5872:
5867:
5862:
5857:
5852:
5847:
5841:
5839:
5835:
5834:
5826:
5825:
5818:
5811:
5803:
5794:
5793:
5791:
5790:
5785:
5780:
5775:
5770:
5765:
5760:
5755:
5750:
5745:
5740:
5735:
5729:
5727:
5726:Related topics
5723:
5722:
5720:
5719:
5714:
5709:
5704:
5699:
5698:
5697:
5687:
5682:
5677:
5675:Countershading
5672:
5667:
5662:
5657:
5652:
5647:
5641:
5639:
5635:
5634:
5632:
5631:
5626:
5621:
5615:
5613:
5607:
5606:
5604:
5603:
5598:
5593:
5591:Holochroal eye
5588:
5587:
5586:
5581:
5571:
5570:
5569:
5559:
5554:
5549:
5544:
5539:
5533:
5531:
5525:
5524:
5517:
5515:
5513:
5512:
5511:
5510:
5505:
5500:
5490:
5485:
5480:
5475:
5470:
5464:
5462:
5456:
5455:
5450:
5449:
5442:
5435:
5427:
5418:
5417:
5415:
5414:
5409:
5404:
5399:
5394:
5388:
5386:
5382:
5381:
5379:
5378:
5370:
5369:(1961 drawing)
5362:
5361:(1960 drawing)
5354:
5346:
5339:
5333:
5331:
5327:
5326:
5319:
5317:
5315:
5314:
5309:
5304:
5299:
5294:
5289:
5284:
5282:Shepard tables
5279:
5274:
5269:
5264:
5259:
5254:
5249:
5244:
5242:Penrose stairs
5239:
5234:
5229:
5224:
5219:
5214:
5209:
5204:
5199:
5194:
5189:
5184:
5179:
5174:
5169:
5164:
5159:
5154:
5149:
5144:
5139:
5137:Checker shadow
5134:
5129:
5124:
5119:
5117:Autostereogram
5114:
5109:
5104:
5099:
5093:
5091:
5087:
5086:
5074:
5073:
5066:
5059:
5051:
5042:
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5039:
5038:
5032:
5030:
5026:
5025:
5022:
5021:
5019:
5018:
5013:
5008:
5003:
4998:
4993:
4988:
4983:
4977:
4975:
4971:
4970:
4968:
4967:
4962:
4957:
4952:
4946:
4944:
4943:Proprioception
4940:
4939:
4937:
4936:
4931:
4926:
4921:
4915:
4913:
4909:
4908:
4906:
4905:
4900:
4895:
4890:
4885:
4880:
4875:
4869:
4867:
4861:
4860:
4858:
4857:
4852:
4847:
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4836:
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4828:
4827:
4825:
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4819:
4814:
4809:
4804:
4799:
4794:
4788:
4786:
4780:
4779:
4777:
4776:
4771:
4766:
4761:
4756:
4750:
4748:
4742:
4741:
4739:
4738:
4733:
4728:
4723:
4718:
4713:
4708:
4703:
4698:
4693:
4688:
4682:
4680:
4674:
4673:
4671:
4670:
4665:
4660:
4655:
4650:
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4640:
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4630:
4625:
4620:
4611:
4606:
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4596:
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4580:
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4569:
4565:
4564:
4561:
4560:
4558:
4557:
4552:
4546:
4544:
4538:
4537:
4535:
4534:
4529:
4523:
4521:
4519:Thermoreceptor
4515:
4514:
4512:
4511:
4506:
4501:
4499:Taste receptor
4495:
4493:
4487:
4486:
4484:
4483:
4478:
4473:
4468:
4463:
4458:
4452:
4450:
4446:
4445:
4443:
4442:
4437:
4432:
4427:
4422:
4417:
4412:
4407:
4402:
4396:
4394:
4385:
4377:
4376:
4373:
4372:
4370:
4369:
4364:
4359:
4353:
4351:
4345:
4344:
4342:
4341:
4336:
4330:
4328:
4322:
4321:
4319:
4318:
4313:
4308:
4303:
4298:
4293:
4288:
4283:
4277:
4275:
4266:
4260:
4259:
4256:
4255:
4253:
4252:
4247:
4242:
4237:
4232:
4227:
4225:Proprioception
4221:
4219:
4213:
4212:
4209:
4208:
4206:
4205:
4204:
4203:
4198:
4193:
4183:
4178:
4173:
4168:
4163:
4157:
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4150:
4148:
4147:
4142:
4137:
4132:
4127:
4122:
4116:
4114:
4108:
4107:
4105:
4104:
4099:
4097:Trigeminal (V)
4094:
4089:
4084:
4079:
4074:
4068:
4066:
4055:
4054:
4052:
4051:
4046:
4041:
4036:
4031:
4026:
4020:
4018:
4012:
4011:
4009:
4008:
4003:
3998:
3993:
3988:
3983:
3977:
3975:
3973:Sensory organs
3966:
3957:
3951:
3950:
3947:
3946:
3944:
3943:
3938:
3933:
3928:
3923:
3918:
3913:
3907:
3905:
3899:
3898:
3896:
3895:
3890:
3885:
3880:
3875:
3869:
3867:
3858:
3848:
3847:
3836:
3835:
3828:
3821:
3813:
3804:
3803:
3801:
3800:
3795:
3790:
3785:
3780:
3775:
3773:Mental fatigue
3770:
3765:
3760:
3755:
3750:
3745:
3739:
3737:
3733:
3732:
3730:
3729:
3724:
3719:
3714:
3708:
3706:
3700:
3699:
3697:
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3691:
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3684:
3679:
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3622:
3616:
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3608:
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3605:
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3599:
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3577:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3552:
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3535:
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3525:
3520:
3514:
3512:
3506:
3505:
3500:
3499:
3492:
3485:
3477:
3471:
3468:
3467:
3453:
3452:
3447:
3437:
3432:
3426:
3420:
3411:
3404:
3403:External links
3401:
3400:
3399:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3365:
3351:
3344:
3315:
3308:
3290:
3271:(2): 239–290.
3255:
3208:
3202:978-0199564668
3201:
3183:
3171:
3114:
3087:(2): 280–293.
3067:
3048:
3013:
3002:
2991:
2951:
2890:
2857:
2831:
2772:
2727:
2678:
2657:Yin, Robert K.
2648:
2621:(5): 555–604.
2601:
2594:
2568:
2553:
2533:
2520:
2501:(4): 187–202.
2485:
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2371:
2321:
2314:
2296:
2264:
2227:(5): 384–390.
2207:
2200:
2180:
2153:
2110:
2091:(1–2): 27–43.
2075:
2060:
2037:
2030:
2010:
1973:(2): 222–229.
1953:
1918:(3): 379–383.
1902:
1887:
1866:
1859:
1841:
1822:(6): 363–370.
1801:
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1747:Visual agnosia
1744:
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1633:Machine vision
1630:
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1620:
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1610:
1605:
1600:
1595:
1589:
1587:
1584:
1565:machine vision
1556:
1553:
1543:
1540:
1511:Main article:
1508:
1505:
1465:
1464:
1457:
1440:
1380:In the 1970s,
1377:
1374:
1325:
1322:
1237:
1234:
1219:Main article:
1216:
1215:Gestalt theory
1213:
1181:
1180:
1177:
1174:
1171:
1168:
1147:Main article:
1144:
1141:
993:ventral stream
980:
977:
961:
958:
952:) to 1100 nm (
920:, also called
847:Main article:
844:
841:
837:vision science
783:The resulting
770:mesopic vision
745:
744:
742:
741:
734:
727:
719:
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258:Cross-cultural
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55:
53:
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26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8098:
8087:
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8079:
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8026:
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8013:
8011:
8010:
8006:
8005:
8002:
7992:
7989:
7987:
7984:
7982:
7979:
7977:
7976:Neo-Darwinism
7974:
7972:
7969:
7967:
7964:
7962:
7961:Functionalism
7959:
7955:
7952:
7950:
7947:
7945:
7942:
7940:
7937:
7935:
7932:
7930:
7927:
7925:
7922:
7920:
7919:Connectionism
7917:
7915:
7912:
7911:
7910:
7909:indeterminism
7906:
7903:
7901:
7898:
7897:
7895:
7891:
7883:
7880:
7878:
7875:
7873:
7870:
7868:
7865:
7863:
7860:
7858:
7855:
7853:
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7848:
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7843:
7840:
7838:
7835:
7833:
7830:
7828:
7825:
7823:
7820:
7818:
7815:
7814:
7813:
7810:
7808:
7805:
7803:
7800:
7798:
7795:
7793:
7790:
7788:
7785:
7783:
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7779:
7777:
7773:
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7759:
7757:
7754:
7752:
7749:
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7714:
7712:
7709:
7707:
7704:
7702:
7698:
7694:
7690:
7687:
7685:
7681:
7678:
7676:
7672:
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7668:
7666:
7662:
7659:
7655:
7645:
7642:
7640:
7637:
7635:
7632:
7630:
7629:Schizophrenia
7627:
7625:
7622:
7620:
7617:
7615:
7614:Mental health
7612:
7610:
7607:
7605:
7602:
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7515:
7512:
7510:
7507:
7505:
7502:
7500:
7497:
7495:
7492:
7490:
7489:Mate guarding
7487:
7485:
7482:
7480:
7477:
7475:
7472:
7470:
7467:
7465:
7462:
7460:
7457:
7455:
7452:
7450:
7449:Age disparity
7447:
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7442:
7440:
7437:
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7402:
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7395:
7392:
7390:
7387:
7385:
7382:
7380:
7379:Schizophrenia
7377:
7375:
7372:
7370:
7367:
7365:
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7360:
7357:
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7352:
7350:
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7325:
7323:
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7314:
7313:
7310:
7309:
7307:
7305:
7304:Mental health
7300:
7299:Human factors
7296:
7290:
7289:Socialization
7287:
7285:
7282:
7280:
7277:
7275:
7272:
7270:
7267:
7265:
7262:
7260:
7257:
7255:
7252:
7250:
7249:paternal bond
7246:
7242:
7239:
7237:
7234:
7232:
7229:
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7226:
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7144:
7141:
7139:
7136:
7135:
7134:
7131:
7130:
7128:
7126:
7122:
7114:
7113:NaĂŻve physics
7111:
7109:
7106:
7104:
7101:
7100:
7099:
7096:
7094:
7091:
7089:
7086:
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7079:Motor control
7077:
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7065:
7064:
7063:
7060:
7058:
7054:
7051:
7049:
7045:
7042:
7038:
7037:Ophidiophobia
7035:
7033:
7030:
7028:
7027:Arachnophobia
7025:
7024:
7023:
7020:
7018:
7015:
7013:
7010:
7008:
7005:
7001:
6998:
6996:
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6954:Display rules
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6859:
6857:
6856:Kin selection
6854:
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6758:
6756:
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6751:
6750:Adaptationism
6748:
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6736:
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6731:
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6727:
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6626:
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6621:
6618:
6616:
6613:
6611:
6608:
6606:
6605:Graph drawing
6603:
6601:
6598:
6594:
6591:
6590:
6589:
6586:
6584:
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6579:
6576:
6574:
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6562:
6552:
6549:
6547:
6544:
6542:
6539:
6537:
6534:
6532:
6529:
6527:
6526:Claudio Silva
6524:
6522:
6519:
6517:
6514:
6512:
6509:
6507:
6504:
6502:
6499:
6497:
6494:
6492:
6491:Mauro Martino
6489:
6487:
6484:
6482:
6479:
6477:
6474:
6472:
6469:
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6462:
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6447:
6444:
6442:
6439:
6438:
6436:
6432:
6426:
6423:
6421:
6418:
6416:
6415:Michael Maltz
6413:
6411:
6408:
6406:
6403:
6401:
6398:
6396:
6393:
6391:
6388:
6386:
6383:
6381:
6380:George Furnas
6378:
6376:
6373:
6371:
6368:
6366:
6363:
6361:
6360:Howard Wainer
6358:
6356:
6353:
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6348:
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6343:
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6296:
6290:
6287:
6285:
6282:
6280:
6277:
6275:
6272:
6270:
6267:
6265:
6264:Rudolf Modley
6262:
6260:
6257:
6256:
6254:
6250:
6244:
6241:
6239:
6236:
6234:
6231:
6229:
6228:Max O. Lorenz
6226:
6224:
6221:
6219:
6216:
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6211:
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6145:
6143:
6140:
6138:
6137:Charles Booth
6135:
6133:
6130:
6128:
6125:
6123:
6120:
6118:
6115:
6113:
6112:Luigi Perozzo
6110:
6108:
6105:
6103:
6102:August Kekulé
6100:
6098:
6095:
6093:
6090:
6088:
6085:
6083:
6082:Charles Dupin
6080:
6079:
6077:
6073:
6067:
6066:Gaspard Monge
6064:
6062:
6059:
6057:
6054:
6052:
6051:Edmond Halley
6049:
6048:
6046:
6042:
6039:
6035:
6029:
6026:
6024:
6021:
6019:
6016:
6014:
6011:
6009:
6006:
6004:
6001:
5999:
5996:
5994:
5991:
5989:
5986:
5984:
5981:
5979:
5976:
5974:
5971:
5969:
5966:
5964:
5961:
5959:
5956:
5954:
5951:
5950:
5948:
5942:
5936:
5933:
5931:
5928:
5926:
5923:
5921:
5918:
5916:
5913:
5911:
5908:
5906:
5903:
5901:
5898:
5896:
5893:
5891:
5888:
5886:
5883:
5881:
5878:
5876:
5873:
5871:
5868:
5866:
5863:
5861:
5858:
5856:
5855:Crime mapping
5853:
5851:
5848:
5846:
5843:
5842:
5840:
5836:
5831:
5830:Visualization
5824:
5819:
5817:
5812:
5810:
5805:
5804:
5801:
5789:
5786:
5784:
5781:
5779:
5776:
5774:
5771:
5769:
5766:
5764:
5761:
5759:
5756:
5754:
5751:
5749:
5746:
5744:
5741:
5739:
5736:
5734:
5733:Animal senses
5731:
5730:
5728:
5724:
5718:
5715:
5713:
5710:
5708:
5705:
5703:
5700:
5696:
5693:
5692:
5691:
5688:
5686:
5683:
5681:
5678:
5676:
5673:
5671:
5668:
5666:
5665:Chromatophore
5663:
5661:
5658:
5656:
5653:
5651:
5648:
5646:
5643:
5642:
5640:
5636:
5630:
5627:
5625:
5622:
5620:
5617:
5616:
5614:
5612:
5608:
5602:
5599:
5597:
5594:
5592:
5589:
5585:
5582:
5580:
5577:
5576:
5575:
5572:
5568:
5565:
5564:
5563:
5562:Mammalian eye
5560:
5558:
5555:
5553:
5550:
5548:
5545:
5543:
5540:
5538:
5537:Arthropod eye
5535:
5534:
5532:
5530:
5526:
5521:
5509:
5506:
5504:
5501:
5499:
5496:
5495:
5494:
5491:
5489:
5486:
5484:
5481:
5479:
5476:
5474:
5471:
5469:
5466:
5465:
5463:
5461:
5457:
5448:
5443:
5441:
5436:
5434:
5429:
5428:
5425:
5413:
5410:
5408:
5405:
5403:
5400:
5398:
5395:
5393:
5390:
5389:
5387:
5383:
5376:
5375:
5371:
5368:
5367:
5363:
5360:
5359:
5355:
5352:
5351:
5347:
5345:
5344:
5340:
5338:
5335:
5334:
5332:
5328:
5323:
5313:
5310:
5308:
5305:
5303:
5300:
5298:
5295:
5293:
5290:
5288:
5285:
5283:
5280:
5278:
5275:
5273:
5270:
5268:
5265:
5263:
5260:
5258:
5255:
5253:
5250:
5248:
5245:
5243:
5240:
5238:
5235:
5233:
5230:
5228:
5225:
5223:
5220:
5218:
5215:
5213:
5210:
5208:
5205:
5203:
5200:
5198:
5195:
5193:
5190:
5188:
5185:
5183:
5180:
5178:
5175:
5173:
5172:Fraser spiral
5170:
5168:
5165:
5163:
5160:
5158:
5155:
5153:
5150:
5148:
5145:
5143:
5140:
5138:
5135:
5133:
5130:
5128:
5125:
5123:
5120:
5118:
5115:
5113:
5110:
5108:
5105:
5103:
5100:
5098:
5095:
5094:
5092:
5088:
5083:
5079:
5072:
5067:
5065:
5060:
5058:
5053:
5052:
5049:
5037:
5034:
5033:
5031:
5027:
5017:
5014:
5012:
5009:
5007:
5004:
5002:
5001:Hallucination
4999:
4997:
4996:Derealization
4994:
4992:
4989:
4987:
4984:
4982:
4979:
4978:
4976:
4972:
4966:
4963:
4961:
4958:
4956:
4953:
4951:
4950:Asomatognosia
4948:
4947:
4945:
4941:
4935:
4932:
4930:
4927:
4925:
4922:
4920:
4917:
4916:
4914:
4910:
4904:
4901:
4899:
4896:
4894:
4891:
4889:
4888:Hyperesthesia
4886:
4884:
4881:
4879:
4876:
4874:
4873:Astereognosis
4871:
4870:
4868:
4866:
4862:
4856:
4853:
4851:
4848:
4846:
4843:
4841:
4838:
4837:
4835:
4833:
4829:
4823:
4820:
4818:
4815:
4813:
4810:
4808:
4805:
4803:
4800:
4798:
4795:
4793:
4790:
4789:
4787:
4785:
4781:
4775:
4772:
4770:
4769:Labyrinthitis
4767:
4765:
4762:
4760:
4757:
4755:
4752:
4751:
4749:
4747:
4743:
4737:
4734:
4732:
4729:
4727:
4724:
4722:
4719:
4717:
4714:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4694:
4692:
4689:
4687:
4684:
4683:
4681:
4679:
4675:
4669:
4666:
4664:
4661:
4659:
4656:
4654:
4651:
4649:
4646:
4644:
4641:
4639:
4636:
4634:
4631:
4629:
4626:
4624:
4621:
4619:
4615:
4612:
4610:
4607:
4605:
4602:
4600:
4597:
4595:
4592:
4590:
4587:
4585:
4582:
4581:
4579:
4577:
4573:
4570:
4566:
4556:
4553:
4551:
4548:
4547:
4545:
4543:
4539:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4525:
4524:
4522:
4520:
4516:
4510:
4507:
4505:
4502:
4500:
4497:
4496:
4494:
4492:
4491:Chemoreceptor
4488:
4482:
4479:
4477:
4474:
4472:
4469:
4467:
4464:
4462:
4459:
4457:
4454:
4453:
4451:
4449:Photoreceptor
4447:
4441:
4438:
4436:
4435:Slit sensilla
4433:
4431:
4428:
4426:
4423:
4421:
4418:
4416:
4413:
4411:
4408:
4406:
4403:
4401:
4398:
4397:
4395:
4393:
4389:
4386:
4384:
4378:
4368:
4365:
4363:
4360:
4358:
4355:
4354:
4352:
4350:
4346:
4340:
4337:
4335:
4332:
4331:
4329:
4327:
4323:
4317:
4314:
4312:
4309:
4307:
4304:
4302:
4299:
4297:
4294:
4292:
4289:
4287:
4284:
4282:
4279:
4278:
4276:
4274:
4270:
4267:
4265:
4261:
4251:
4250:Visceral pain
4248:
4246:
4243:
4241:
4238:
4236:
4233:
4231:
4228:
4226:
4223:
4222:
4220:
4218:
4214:
4202:
4201:thermoception
4199:
4197:
4194:
4192:
4189:
4188:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4159:
4158:
4156:
4152:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4133:
4131:
4128:
4126:
4123:
4121:
4120:Visual cortex
4118:
4117:
4115:
4113:
4109:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4082:Olfactory (I)
4080:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4069:
4067:
4065:
4064:spinal nerves
4061:
4056:
4050:
4047:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4021:
4019:
4017:
4013:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3978:
3976:
3974:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3952:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3921:Consciousness
3919:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3908:
3906:
3904:
3900:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3870:
3868:
3866:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3849:
3845:
3841:
3834:
3829:
3827:
3822:
3820:
3815:
3814:
3811:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3740:
3738:
3734:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3715:
3713:
3712:Consolidation
3710:
3709:
3707:
3705:
3701:
3695:
3692:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3674:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3652:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3631:
3628:
3627:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3617:
3615:
3613:
3609:
3603:
3600:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3587:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3560:Consciousness
3558:
3556:
3555:Comprehension
3553:
3551:
3548:
3544:
3541:
3540:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3515:
3513:
3511:
3507:
3498:
3493:
3491:
3486:
3484:
3479:
3478:
3475:
3469:
3463:
3457:
3451:
3448:
3445:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3430:
3427:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3406:
3397:
3396:
3392:
3389:
3382:
3378:
3374:
3373:
3361:
3355:
3347:
3341:
3337:
3333:
3329:
3322:
3320:
3311:
3305:
3301:
3294:
3286:
3282:
3278:
3274:
3270:
3266:
3259:
3251:
3247:
3243:
3239:
3235:
3231:
3227:
3223:
3219:
3212:
3204:
3198:
3194:
3187:
3180:
3175:
3167:
3163:
3159:
3155:
3151:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3133:
3129:
3125:
3118:
3110:
3106:
3102:
3098:
3094:
3090:
3086:
3082:
3078:
3071:
3063:
3059:
3052:
3044:
3040:
3036:
3032:
3028:
3024:
3017:
3011:
3006:
3000:
2995:
2987:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2969:
2962:
2955:
2947:
2943:
2939:
2935:
2931:
2927:
2922:
2921:1721.1/106887
2917:
2913:
2909:
2905:
2901:
2894:
2886:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2868:
2861:
2845:
2841:
2835:
2827:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2809:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2776:
2768:
2764:
2760:
2756:
2752:
2751:10.1038/72140
2748:
2744:
2740:
2739:
2731:
2723:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2689:
2682:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2652:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2608:
2606:
2597:
2591:
2587:
2582:
2581:
2572:
2564:
2557:
2549:
2546:(in German).
2545:
2537:
2530:
2524:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2489:
2481:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2463:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2430:
2414:
2410:
2404:
2396:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2375:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2350:10.1068/p6776
2347:
2344:(2): 175–90.
2343:
2339:
2332:
2325:
2317:
2311:
2307:
2300:
2284:
2280:
2279:
2274:
2268:
2260:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2211:
2203:
2197:
2193:
2192:
2184:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2157:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2114:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2079:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2057:
2053:
2046:
2044:
2042:
2033:
2031:0-521-77284-2
2027:
2023:
2022:
2014:
2006:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1957:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1906:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1884:
1880:
1873:
1871:
1862:
1856:
1852:
1845:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1806:
1802:
1792:
1791:Psychophysics
1789:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1781:Ophthalmology
1779:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1763:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1727:Prosopagnosia
1725:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1713:
1710:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1692:Achromatopsia
1690:
1689:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1673:Visual system
1671:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1656:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1646:
1644:
1641:
1639:
1636:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1614:
1611:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1601:
1599:
1596:
1594:
1591:
1590:
1583:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1568:
1566:
1563:(also called
1562:
1552:
1550:
1539:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1520:
1514:
1504:
1502:
1498:
1493:
1492:shifting gaze
1489:
1483:
1480:
1462:
1458:
1455:
1441:
1438:
1437:primal sketch
1434:
1430:
1429:
1428:
1426:
1422:
1417:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1402:
1400:
1399:Tomaso Poggio
1396:
1392:
1388:
1387:computational
1383:
1373:
1371:
1365:
1361:
1358:
1353:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1334:prosopagnosic
1331:
1321:
1319:
1318:
1313:
1312:
1307:
1302:
1298:
1297:microsaccades
1294:
1289:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1274:
1271:
1269:
1265:
1260:
1253:
1248:
1243:
1233:
1229:
1227:
1222:
1212:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1197:
1193:
1188:
1186:
1183:The study of
1178:
1175:
1172:
1169:
1166:
1165:
1164:
1161:
1158:
1155:
1150:
1140:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1114:
1110:
1102:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1072:
1067:
1061:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1045:
1040:
1035:
1033:
1032:
1027:
1023:
1022:
1017:
1013:
1008:
1006:
1005:ancient Greek
998:
994:
990:
989:dorsal stream
985:
979:Early studies
976:
974:
967:
957:
955:
951:
947:
943:
942:visible light
938:
936:
932:
928:
923:
919:
915:
910:
908:
904:
903:visual cortex
900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
880:
876:
872:
868:
864:
860:
856:
850:
849:Visual system
843:Visual system
840:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
813:visual system
810:
806:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
781:
779:
778:visual acuity
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
751:
740:
735:
733:
728:
726:
721:
720:
718:
717:
712:
702:
701:
700:
699:
690:
687:
685:
682:
680:
677:
675:
672:
670:
667:
665:
664:Psychologists
662:
660:
657:
655:
654:Organizations
652:
650:
647:
645:
642:
641:
636:
631:
630:
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582:Consciousness
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83:
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78:Find sources:
72:
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56:This article
54:
50:
45:
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41:
37:
33:
19:
8046:
8033:
8020:
8007:
7766:Sociobiology
7624:Neuroscience
7604:Intelligence
7150:Anthropology
7103:Color vision
7097:
7088:Multitasking
7067:Flynn effect
7062:Intelligence
7044:Folk biology
6787:Evolutionary
6664:
6640:Neuroimaging
6600:CPK coloring
6583:Color coding
6521:Hans Rosling
6501:Miriah Meyer
6466:Aaron Koblin
6451:Jeffrey Heer
6345:Edward Tufte
6340:Pat Hanrahan
6310:Nigel Holmes
6188:Otto Neurath
6127:Oliver Byrne
6075:19th century
5787:
5596:Parietal eye
5542:Compound eye
5372:
5364:
5356:
5348:
5343:Trompe-l'Ĺ“il
5341:
5207:Lilac chaser
5177:Gravity hill
4934:Phantom pain
4919:Hyperalgesia
4893:Hypoesthesia
4711:Hearing loss
4532:TRP channels
4509:Osmoreceptor
4476:Photopigment
4400:Baroreceptor
4339:Gravitropism
4311:Frog hearing
4291:Echolocation
4160:
4087:Facial (VII)
3693:
3444:Scholarpedia
3386:
3380:
3354:
3331:
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2899:
2893:
2866:
2860:
2848:. Retrieved
2843:
2834:
2789:
2785:
2775:
2745:(2): 191–7.
2742:
2736:
2730:
2695:
2691:
2681:
2667:(1): 141–5.
2664:
2660:
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2618:
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2579:
2571:
2562:
2556:
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2543:
2536:
2523:
2498:
2494:
2488:
2443:
2439:
2429:
2417:. Retrieved
2413:the original
2403:
2384:
2374:
2341:
2337:
2324:
2305:
2299:
2289:December 14,
2287:. Retrieved
2283:the original
2277:
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1956:
1915:
1911:
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1819:
1815:
1805:
1776:Neuroscience
1593:Color vision
1569:
1558:
1545:
1516:
1507:Transduction
1484:
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1342:patient C.K.
1327:
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1272:
1261:
1257:
1242:Eye movement
1230:
1224:
1189:
1182:
1162:
1159:
1152:
1133:Isaac Newton
1131:
1117:
1099:
1086:frag. B17).
1079:
1069:
1062:
1056:
1049:Isaac Newton
1042:
1036:
1029:
1019:
1009:
1002:
991:(green) and
969:
939:
911:
852:
829:neuroscience
808:
804:
800:
799:(adjectives
796:
792:
788:
782:
762:color vision
749:
748:
607:Intelligence
338:Quantitative
303:Mathematical
298:Intelligence
288:Experimental
283:Evolutionary
273:Differential
129:
120:
110:
103:
96:
89:
77:
65:Please help
60:verification
57:
40:
7905:Determinism
7817:Coevolution
7761:Primatology
7599:Gender role
7504:Orientation
7384:Screen time
7241:Affectional
7223:Development
6902:Mate choice
6829:By-products
6797:Adaptations
6760:Cognitivism
6573:Cartography
6511:Ade Olufeko
6481:Manuel Lima
6410:Kwan-Liu Ma
6335:Stuart Card
6305:Borden Dent
6243:Erwin Raisz
6198:Henry Gantt
5773:Pseudopupil
5655:Aposematism
5574:Mollusc eye
5353:(1864 book)
5257:Poggendorff
5232:Oppel-Kundt
5227:Necker cube
5222:MĂĽller-Lyer
5197:Irradiation
5016:Synesthesia
4924:Hypoalgesia
4898:Paresthesia
4883:Formication
4878:CMT disease
4845:Hypergeusia
4668:Visual snow
4643:Photophobia
4638:Papilledema
4628:Oscillopsia
4614:Hemeralopia
4481:Aureochrome
4316:Toad vision
4240:Suffocation
4154:Perceptions
3602:Prospection
3575:Imagination
3538:Forecasting
3518:Association
3029:: 258–262.
2850:October 10,
2419:October 14,
2169:(2): 1–26.
1752:Visual snow
1697:Akinetopsia
1578:system for
1532:optic nerve
1391:algorithmic
1109:experiments
987:The visual
887:optic nerve
817:linguistics
754:environment
649:Disciplines
522:Suicidology
417:Educational
372:Anomalistic
348:Theoretical
323:Personality
253:Comparative
236:Cognitivism
227:Behaviorism
8081:Perception
8070:Categories
7852:Population
7847:Lamarckism
7693:behavioral
7671:Behavioral
7619:Narcissism
7564:Aggression
7354:Hypophobia
7344:Depression
7231:Attachment
7213:Universals
7177:Psychology
7155:Biological
7143:Musicology
7133:Aesthetics
7032:Basophobia
6839:Exaptation
6817:Reciprocal
6496:John Maeda
6274:John Tukey
6238:Harry Beck
6233:Fritz Kahn
5983:Photograph
5763:Ommatidium
5695:coincident
5660:Camouflage
5638:Coloration
5579:cephalopod
5473:Chameleons
5350:Spectropia
5267:Rubin vase
5217:McCollough
5212:Mach bands
5162:Ehrenstein
5157:Ebbinghaus
5122:Barberpole
5097:Afterimage
5036:Pareidolia
4991:Allochiria
4974:Multimodal
4855:Parageusia
4850:Hypogeusia
4822:Phantosmia
4802:Hyperosmia
4746:Vestibular
4726:Palinopsia
4686:Amblyaudia
4633:Palinopsia
4618:Nyctalopia
4542:Nociceptor
4349:Artificial
4072:Optic (II)
3903:Perception
3852:Processes
3844:perception
3783:Mental set
3662:Peripheral
3612:Perception
3595:strategies
2986:1106289156
2977:1802.08195
2885:1106329907
2876:1902.03227
2338:Perception
2120:Perception
1798:References
1678:Sensations
1501:peripheral
1382:David Marr
1240:See also:
1076:Empedocles
1053:John Locke
964:See also:
867:transducer
821:psychology
785:perception
577:Competence
442:Humanistic
422:Ergonomics
407:Counseling
382:Assessment
318:Perception
278:Ecological
154:Psychology
123:March 2014
93:newspapers
7697:cognitive
7689:Affective
7574:Cognition
7528:Sexuality
7514:Pair bond
7274:Education
6931:Cognition
6849:Inclusive
6789:processes
6777:Criticism
6578:Chartjunk
6546:Bang Wong
6441:Polo Chau
6147:John Snow
6122:John Venn
6003:Schematic
5988:Pictogram
5778:Rhopalium
5611:Evolution
5584:gastropod
5552:Eye shine
5547:Eagle eye
5478:Dinosaurs
5402:Illusions
5374:The dress
5366:Waterfall
5167:Flash lag
5147:Cornsweet
5132:Café wall
5112:Ames room
5090:Illusions
4832:Gustatory
4784:Olfactory
4648:Photopsia
4594:Amaurosis
4568:Disorders
4461:Cone cell
4380:Types of
3991:Inner ear
3926:Cognition
3916:Awareness
3865:Sensation
3840:Sensation
3758:Intention
3743:Attention
3677:Harmonics
3630:RGB model
3580:Intuition
3550:Foresight
3543:affective
3523:Awareness
3510:Cognition
3285:0031-9333
3250:195806018
3150:0031-5117
3062:MIT Press
2930:0010-0277
2906:: 65–84.
2900:Cognition
2808:0092-8674
2643:207550378
2448:CiteSeerX
2241:0035-9157
2105:145149737
1987:1476-5454
1932:1388-2457
1897:192082768
1836:0165-8107
1786:Optometry
1628:Naked eye
1574:uses the
1572:Toyota 86
1461:3 D model
1301:Fixations
1039:Aristotle
861:onto the
572:Cognition
487:Political
397:Community
232:Cognitive
182:Subfields
7966:Memetics
7726:Ethology
7684:genetics
7519:Physical
7484:Jealousy
7439:Activity
7245:maternal
7201:Religion
7189:Morality
7167:Language
7048:taxonomy
6861:Mismatch
6807:Cheating
6802:Altruism
6564:Related
5973:Ideogram
5645:Albinism
5152:Delboeuf
5102:Ambigram
4817:Parosmia
4807:Hyposmia
4797:Dysosmia
4736:Tinnitus
4678:Auditory
4653:Polyopia
4609:Diplopia
4466:Rod cell
4264:Nonhuman
4217:Internal
4058:Sensory
3964:External
3873:Stimulus
3856:concepts
3798:Volition
3788:Thinking
3768:Learning
3717:Encoding
3391:Archived
3379:(1867).
3242:31271931
3228:: 1–10.
3179:3D Shape
3158:10572459
3109:40154873
3043:53163190
2938:29107889
2844:MIT News
2826:28575666
2767:15752722
2759:10649576
2635:23965118
2480:22845751
2366:32868278
2358:21650091
2275:(1925).
2259:14395232
2148:20880413
2070:27151391
2005:26768917
1940:10363758
1586:See also
1479:3D shape
1467:Marr's 2
1454:D sketch
1192:Bayesian
1080:De Sensu
1044:De Sensu
871:neuronal
797:eyesight
756:through
684:Timeline
597:Feelings
592:Emotions
552:Behavior
546:Concepts
507:Religion
492:Positive
482:Pastoral
467:Military
432:Forensic
427:Feminist
412:Critical
402:Consumer
392:Coaching
387:Clinical
263:Cultural
202:Abnormal
18:Eyesight
7867:Species
7639:Suicide
7474:Fantasy
7454:Arousal
7236:Bonding
7125:Culture
6949:Display
6936:Emotion
6844:Fitness
6733:History
6446:Ben Fry
5958:Diagram
5707:Mimicry
5680:Crypsis
5493:Mammals
5385:Related
5312:Zöllner
5302:White's
5237:Orbison
5202:Jastrow
4986:Agnosia
4865:Tactile
4840:Ageusia
4792:Anosmia
4754:Vertigo
4658:Scotoma
4599:Anopsia
4060:cranial
3931:Feeling
3722:Storage
3590:methods
3336:138–145
3166:8041318
3101:3581759
2946:3372558
2817:8088389
2722:9151747
2713:6573547
2515:1161646
2471:3482144
2250:1918888
2140:9027923
1996:4763133
1948:8509975
1623:Looming
1528:retinal
1472:⁄
1449:⁄
1338:agnosic
1254:, 1967)
1103:(965 –
1101:Alhazen
1071:Timaeus
1026:Ptolemy
927:ventral
893:in the
891:ganglia
879:photons
805:optical
659:Outline
532:Traffic
527:Systems
462:Medical
293:Gestalt
177:History
172:Outline
107:scholar
8086:Vision
8045:
8032:
8019:
7609:Memory
7569:Autism
7536:female
7469:Desire
7206:Origin
7182:Speech
7172:Origin
6944:Affect
6566:topics
6037:People
5944:Image
5838:Fields
5498:horses
5460:Vision
5337:Op art
5292:Ternus
5272:Sander
5187:Hering
5127:Bezold
4576:Visual
4527:Cilium
4273:Animal
4245:Nausea
4235:Thirst
4230:Hunger
4102:Spinal
3941:Qualia
3727:Recall
3704:Memory
3694:Visual
3687:Speech
3667:Social
3647:Haptic
3620:Amodal
3440:Vision
3342:
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1282:foveal
1252:Yarbus
1207:, and
1203:, the
1031:Optics
1021:Optics
1016:Euclid
931:dorsal
929:and a
897:. The
863:retina
855:cornea
831:, and
809:ocular
807:, and
801:visual
789:vision
689:Topics
512:School
437:Health
343:Social
246:Social
109:
102:
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88:
80:
7579:Crime
7162:Crime
7093:Sleep
7083:skill
6923:Areas
6018:Table
5953:Chart
5946:types
5567:human
5488:Toads
5468:Birds
5307:Wundt
5262:Ponzo
5142:Chubb
4471:ipRGC
4326:Plant
4186:Touch
4001:Mouth
3955:Human
3736:Other
3682:Pitch
3672:Sound
3651:Touch
3637:Depth
3625:Color
3246:S2CID
3162:S2CID
3105:S2CID
3039:S2CID
2972:arXiv
2964:(PDF)
2942:S2CID
2871:arXiv
2763:S2CID
2639:S2CID
2511:JSTOR
2362:S2CID
2334:(PDF)
2144:S2CID
2101:S2CID
1944:S2CID
1524:opsin
1137:prism
1123:fovea
1066:Plato
960:Study
895:brain
795:, or
793:sight
635:Lists
472:Music
457:Media
452:Legal
308:Moral
114:JSTOR
100:books
7532:male
6893:Male
5993:Plot
5529:Eyes
5508:cats
5503:dogs
5483:Fish
5182:Grid
5082:list
5006:HSAN
4981:Aura
4759:BPPV
4616:and
4062:and
4006:Skin
3996:Nose
3986:Ears
3981:Eyes
3854:and
3842:and
3642:Form
3340:ISBN
3304:ISBN
3281:ISSN
3238:PMID
3197:ISBN
3154:PMID
3146:ISSN
3097:PMID
2982:OCLC
2934:PMID
2926:ISSN
2881:OCLC
2852:2019
2822:PMID
2804:ISSN
2786:Cell
2755:PMID
2718:PMID
2631:PMID
2590:ISBN
2588:–1.
2476:PMID
2421:2010
2389:ISBN
2354:PMID
2310:ISBN
2291:2016
2255:PMID
2237:ISSN
2196:ISBN
2136:PMID
2066:OCLC
2056:ISBN
2026:ISBN
2001:PMID
1983:ISSN
1936:PMID
1928:ISSN
1893:OCLC
1883:ISBN
1855:ISBN
1832:ISSN
1404:The
1393:and
1355:The
1278:face
1024:and
859:lens
612:Mind
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7108:Eye
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3328:"5"
3273:doi
3230:doi
3136:doi
3089:doi
3031:doi
2916:hdl
2908:doi
2904:171
2812:PMC
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2790:169
2747:doi
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2700:doi
2669:doi
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2229:doi
2171:doi
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1991:PMC
1975:doi
1967:Eye
1920:doi
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1824:doi
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