865:
51:
740:
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823:, France's largest labor federation in the first twenty years on the 20th century. Pelloutier and other revolutionary syndicalists argued that the Bourses—small scale, local, self made—were the guarantee that the CGT would remain both directly democratic and revolutionary. They saw labor organizations as interconnecting in three ways: a national federation uniting each specific union (traditional craft or trade unions); a national federation of
1530:"When Buttgenbach, managing director of the UMHK, proposed the creation of the BTK to the colonial minister Renkin, the minister promptly called an assembly of the major employers in Katanga, resulting in the creation, as a private enterprise, of the Bourse in July 1910. However, the administration's views on the functioning of the institution were inconsistent with the view of the BTK as a monopolistic, state-run and coercive labour bureau."
728:
59:
67:
43:
165:
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851:. Almost every one contained lending libraries, classrooms, meeting halls, and theatres. Family and community celebrations took place here (away from the church), as did classes and political discussions, formal meetings and light entertainment. The Bourses du Travail buildings are still often the locations of theatres and concert venues.
1014:
bourse was by elected representatives. Contrary to
Pelloutier's vision, these representatives came from a variety of ideological backgrounds which both represented the local political leanings of unions, but also the wider political left in the area. In many towns there were socialist municipal councils and mayors, either in
1204:
in 1910 as a state controlled hiring hall, in an attempt to lure labor to areas of planned industrial (mostly mining) concentration. Attempts by local officials to recast this cynically created employment agency into a more worker run operation suggest that the idea of a Bourse du travail never lost
910:
In 1875, workers petitioned the Paris municipal council to establish a Bourse du
Travail, which was rejected. Labour organisations had existed underground or by other names, but their new status led to an explosion of radical activity. The French Revolutionary tradition was evolving into the economic
115:
relied upon the support of working class voters, and so helped create the first
Bourses du Travail under the control of newly legalised labour unions. Socialists and radicals, elected to city offices in some areas, made the funding of Bourses du Travail a priority. As the system expanded, radicals in
1571:
Robert Gildea. Review
Article: La Vie quotidienne des anarchistes en France, 1880-1910 by Andre Nataf; Naissance des Bourses du travail. Un appareil ideologique d'Etat a la fin du XIXe siecle by Peter Schottler; Souvenirs d'un anarchiste by Maurice Joyeux; in The English Historical Review, Vol. 103,
107:
was a time of dramatic social and economic change. With the tremendous growth of industrial capitalism in the last twenty years of the 19th century and the continued migration of workers to cities, the traditional system of meeting places for those seeking work was overtaxed. Skilled and unskilled
1077:
began the decline of the Bourse du
Travail movement. The CGT, which had regrouped the individual organisations, was swept up in the ideological tumult of the post war years. It became, like much of the French left, dominated by the Communists ideological vision, which saw the loose federalism of
1013:
itself (and its social, education, and other practical resources), and the Bourse as a council of local unions. Unions paid a fee to join the bourse, though CGT affiliated unions were often exempted, and sent representatives to regular meetings of all the local unions. The administration of the
906:
submitted a bill to the
Legislative Assembly that proposed to establish a state-run Labour Exchange in Paris. His project was also submitted to the Paris Municipal Commission. The project was abandoned, but later revived in 1875 and 1883 and eventually came into force in 1886.
1192:
In
Subsaharan Africa, Bourses du Travail were implanted in two ways. In French controlled regions, labor unions were organized by the CGT in the 1930s and 1940s. Their labour halls were styled Bourses du travail, some of which remain as centers of union activity.
827:
unions (in this case, the CGT); and all local workers, across union and political boundaries, united in the Bourse du travail. Supporters of the Bourse movement believed this structure last should become the most important form of workers' association.
1078:
Revolutionary
Syndicalism as a reason for the failure of the 1918-1919 strike wave. In 1921, the CGT revised its structure, eliminating the local Bourses du Travail as constituent organisation of the Union, and replacing them with a network of
108:
trades alike had gradually developed systems to match those seeking work with employers, but the legalisation of trades unions in 1884, helped formalise these structures. Employers, too, were creating private labour placement offices.
1104:
The
Bourses du Travail survived, often as a single organisation union hall, while the history of splits in the French labour movement saw the buildings pass from one hand to another, revert to municipalities, or disappear entirely.
1759:
Aldwin Roes. The Bourse du
Travail du Katanga: ?A parastatal recruitment organisation with monopsonistic powers?? State-capital relations in the mobilization of Katanga?s labour power, 1910-1914. London School of Economics,
1536:
Aldwin Roes. The Bourse du Travail du Katanga: 'A parastatal recruitment organisation with monopsonistic powers?' State-capital relations in the mobilization of Katanga's labour power, 1910-1914. London School of Economics,
1627:
Michael Seidman. The Birth of the Weekend and the Revolts against Work: The Workers of the Paris Region during the Popular Front (1936–38) in French Historical Studies, Vol. 12, No. 2 (Autumn, 1981), pp. 249–276.
815:(unions), the Bourse du Travail would co-ordinate production and consumption in the absence of both the state and the private ownership of the means of production. These institutions were central to the notion of
135:
of its activities. Business interests and the police saw the formalisation of Bourses du Travail as a way to channel the labour movement away from revolutionary change or to keep an eye on those who promoted it.
1610:
Jean Sagnes. Le mouvement ouvrier en Languedoc: Syndicalistes et socialistes de l'Herault de la foundation des bourses du travail a la naissance du Parti communiste (Midi et son histoire). Privat(1980)
985:
1097:(Confédération générale du travail - syndicaliste révolutionnaire or CGTSR) in 1923 when the communists gained control of the CGTU. (The CGT and CGTU reunited in 1936, and remained close to the
127:
With government support came government regulation. While there was no legal obligation for the state or the municipality to put in place these buildings, their construction helped both the
1253:
Casey Harison. The Rise And Decline Of A Revolutionary Space: Paris' Place De Greve And The Stonemasons Of Creuse, 1750-1900 - Critical Essay in the Journal of Social History: Winter 2000.
1002:
Many of the leaders of the Bourse du Travail went on to lead the CGT, and the FBT was a co-equal partner with individual unions in the CGTs founding. Bourses have thus been called the
1812:
35:
1130:. In some places municipal governments have retained ownership, or community and radical groups have taken them over. Some have simply been sold off for office space or torn down.
811:, intended to create in them the key organizational component of radical economic transformation. By acting as future co-ordinating bodies, facilitating communication between
923:
1094:
844:, and eventually taxing and regulating Church institutions. Bourses du Travail, like civil marriage or lay funerals, filled a communal role once played by local parishes.
1133:
In Lille, one of the earliest bourses remains as the home of five unions and a radical community center, and came center stage in the resistance to the deportation of
1731:
1447:
David Berry. Anarchism, Syndicalism and the Bolshevik Challenge in France, 1918-1926 Part III : Syndicalism and the anarchist diaspora. 2006 on pelloutier.net
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David Berry. Anarchism, Syndicalism and the Bolshevik Challenge in France, 1918-1926 Part III : Syndicalism and the anarchist diaspora. 2006 on pelloutier.net
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David Rappe, La Bourse du travail de Lyon, Une structure ouvrière entre services sociaux et révolution sociale, éditions ACL (2004) on increvablesanarchistes.org
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794:
17:
1437:
Kathryn E. Amdur, is especially good on teasing out the complexity and variation of this. See especially all of Chapter 2, pp57-64, pp. 126-133, and 196-198.
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124:, establishing job offices and undercutting employer run placement agencies. These government offices were usually placed in the local Bourses du Travail.
1118:
Bourse du Travail buildings and institutions remain in most large French cities. Many are headquarters of the local unions which are federated into the
1161:. Anarchists of many stripes point to the Bourse du Travail as an example of a directly democratic, small scale federalist institutional structure.
919:
1783:
1624:
Peter Schöttler. Naissance des Bourses du travail. Un appareil idéologique d'Etat à la fin du XIXe siècle. Presses universitaires de France (1985).
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And for the United States echo of this process, see William E. Forbath. Not So Simple - labor politics of Sam Gompers in Labor History: May 1999.
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1093:(Confédération générale du travail - unitaire or CGTU), where communists cohabited with anarchists and revolutionary trade unionists, and the
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was created in 1892. By this time there were 14 Bourses du Travail established around France, by 1902 83, with a further 75 created by 1914.
1082:. From here on, the CGT followed a British and American model of local trade specific unions, federated into a single national structure.
1101:.) Predictably, these often bitter party divisions in the labor movement made the local and inclusive vision of the Bourses impossible.
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Jean-Yves Martin. Aux origines de la Bourse du Travail de St-Nazaire de 1892 à la fin du siècle, in Cahier de l’AREMORS n°3 (1992)
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Jean-Yves Martin. Aux origines de la Bourse du Travail de St-Nazaire de 1892 à la fin du siècle, in Cahier de l'AREMORS n°3 (1992)
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Patrick H. Hutton (ed.). Historical Dictionary of the Third French Republic, 1870-1940. University of Michigan (1986) p. 122
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for how the federation of unions and the federation of single trades in fact triumphed in two towns in the period after WWI.
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Guy Bertrans Wonkam La grève au Labogenie préoccupe la Cstc in Le Quotidien Mutations (Yaoundé), 16 December 2003
1755:, No. 78, Special Issue: Le Mouvement Ouvrier Francais et l'Afrique du Nord. (Jan. - Mar., 1972), pp. 95–114
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Guy Bertrans Wonkam La grève au Labogenie préoccupe la Cstc in Le Quotidien Mutations (Yaoundé), 16 December 2003
887:, unions remained illegal until 1884. Adolphe Leullier presented in 1845 a similar project which he called the
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Kenneth H. Tucker. French Revolutionary Syndicalism and the Public Sphere. Cambridge University Press (1996)
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Daniel Colson. Bourse du Travail et syndicalisme d'entreprise avant 1914: les Acieries de Saint-Etienne in
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The ideology behind the explosion in Bourses du Travail, popularized by revolutionary syndicalists like
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of 1791 outlawed this and any other labour organisation, and despite the brief legalisation during the
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Danielle Tartakowsky. Review article: Bourses du travail et federations d'industrie. Trois etudes in
1568:. Les Bourses du Travail et la C.G.T., Bibliothèque du mouvement prolétarien, 64 pages, Rivière, 1912.
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A Bourse du Travail bibliography from the University of Nantes: Centre d'histoire du travail
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Albert Ayache. Essai sur la vie syndicale en Algerie, l'annee du Centenaire (1930) in
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Albert Ayache. Essai sur la vie syndicale en Algerie, l'annee du Centenaire (1930) in
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workers who sometimes played active roles in their local Bourse. In most places
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1680:Ă la Bourse du Travail Fr:Knowledge on Anarchist Bourse du Travail in the 1930s
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1637:, No. 178, France-Belgique Fin de Siecle (Jan. - Mar., 1997), pp. 150–151.
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sphere of union organising, rather than the seizure of power (exemplified by
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amongst their members in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.
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1185:. These declined with their French counterparts, and did not survive the
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mandated that every city of over ten thousand inhabitants had to create a
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Pierre Besnard. Bourse du Travail Encyclopédie anarchiste. 13 April 2005.
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836:
The other major change of this period was the Republican promulgation of
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1703:
1476:
957:(Federation of Labour Exchanges) was created in 1892 at the Congress of
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The first Bourse du Travail, in Paris, was begun in 1887. A building on
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Loi relative à la création des syndicats professionnels du 21 mars 1884
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Maurice Poperen. Creation des Bourses du Travail en Anjou 1892-1894 in
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42:
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Kathryn E. Amdur. Syndicalist Legacy. University of Illinois (1986)
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1065:, or strictly trade unionist character which presaged the CGT split.
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Both survive and operate as union and community centers today. See:
66:
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For both the history of these tensions and theoretical examination.
1177:, though in practice this meant there were sections in the French
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was donated by the Socialist municipal council, and a second on
1832:
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879:, an abortive Bourse du Travail was established in Paris. The
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Timeline and history of the Bourse dutravail of Saint-Etienne
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des bourses du travail Fr:Knowledge list of Bourse du Travail
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Fernand Pelloutier. Histoire des bourses du travail, (1901).
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staged a 30-day hunger strike to oppose government policies.
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46:
Poster announcing the 1893 Nantes Bourse du Travail founding.
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Revolutionary Trade Unionist General Confederation of Labour
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with biographic information and documents on kropot.free.fr
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Fédération des Bourses du Travail de France et des Colonies
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The Federation of Labour Exchanges merged in 1895 with the
977:, then Fernand Pelloutier (1895) and from 1901 to 1918 by
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Fresco on the western facade of the Bourse du travail of
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1982 Film on the history of la Bourse du Travail de Paris
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1982 Film on the history of la Bourse du Travail de Paris
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each city's workers' organisations. It was first led by
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A split, eventually into three federations, created a
78:(French for "labour exchanges"), a French form of the
1704:
Association Bourse du Travail MĂ©moire Vivante, Troyes
1321:
1905 French law on the separation of Church and State
1789:
1212:
1169:The Bourse du Travail idea was exported along with
1153:across the globe, and the model greatly influenced
82:, were working class organizations that encouraged
1346:(in French), BnF: Bibliotheque nationale de France
1343:Notice bibliographique : La Bourse du Travail
1149:The Bourse du Travail concept has been central to
54:A women's convention at the Troyes Bourse, c. 1900
139:
1867:
1057:the CGT, and so the bourses took on roles of a
1009:Structurally, individual Bourses comprised the
1656:online at pelloutier.net (accessed 28-06-2007)
1559:, No. 159 (Apr. - Jun., 1992), pp. 57–83.
1053:was but one small faction in both the bourses
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62:Sign in sheet at the Aubusson Bourse, c. 1920.
1604:, No. 40 (Jul. - Sep., 1962), pp. 39–55.
1286:For close examination of these tensions see:
1266:, Lyon, Atelier de création libertaire, 2004.
788:
1718:FERNAND PELLOUTIER et les Bourses du Travail
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1087:French Section of the Workers' International
1031:French Section of the Workers' International
999:The Federation merged with the CGT in 1902.
70:The Bourse du Travail building, Paris, 2005.
1489:French Knowledge:Bourse du Travail de Lille
1408:. Cambridge University Press. p. 139.
1368:3 rue du château d'Eau - Métro République.
840:, taking education out of the hands of the
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38:The Paris Bourse du Travail, May 1st 1906.
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1045:), cooperativists, and
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1840:49000 Angers
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1262:David Rappe,
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1242:Bibliography
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1035:Briand group
1027:possibilists
1016:Jules Guesde
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996:until 1921.
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975:Rieu Cordier
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585:Neozapatismo
544:Situationism
481:Collectivist
133:surveillance
126:
121:
117:
110:
102:
75:
73:
1881:Syndicalism
1851:60100 Creil
1811:3 ème Arr.
1781:(in French)
1765:(in French)
1749:(in French)
1726:(in French)
1714:(in French)
1701:(in French)
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1592:(in French)
1586:(in French)
1563:(in French)
1553:(in French)
1459:(in French)
1388:(in French)
1137:, when 460
933:and the CGT
713:Syndicalism
326:Castoriadis
1870:Categories
1658:. Also at
1350:2018-07-11
813:syndicates
524:Autonomism
516:tendencies
463:tendencies
351:Fotopoulos
205:Mutual aid
84:mutual aid
1475:, while
1059:reformist
938:See also
838:Laic laws
696:Socialism
681:Communism
500:Mutualism
476:Communist
461:Anarchist
421:Pannekoek
416:Pankhurst
366:Kropotkin
227:Economics
1855:Bordeaux
1732:Archived
1465:Archived
1373:Archived
1209:See also
1145:Ideology
1128:May 1968
1024:Jauresin
1011:building
967:federate
832:Cultural
634:New Left
426:Proudhon
341:DĂ©jacque
316:Bookchin
149:a series
147:Part of
113:Gambetta
1202:Katanga
1183:Algeria
1179:settler
1063:Marxist
1029:of the
855:History
601:History
514:Marxist
436:Russell
396:Marcuse
386:Margall
356:Fourier
331:Chomsky
311:Berkman
306:Bakunin
301:Andrews
1833:Angers
1760:(2007)
1662:, and
1615:
1579:
1537:(2007)
1412:
1327:, and
1304:
1293:
1022:, the
493:Market
431:Rocker
411:Pallis
406:Ă–calan
391:Morris
381:Marcos
376:Makhno
371:Lefort
361:Guérin
296:Albert
290:People
103:Early
99:Labour
1844:Creil
1819:Paris
1109:Today
1061:, or
661:AANES
649:MAREZ
441:RĂĽhle
401:Negri
321:Camus
1806:Lyon
1800:Lyon
1613:ISBN
1577:ISBN
1410:ISBN
1302:ISBN
1291:ISBN
953:The
946:and
346:Foot
336:Cole
131:and
94:Role
74:The
1055:and
1041:'s
1018:'s
965:to
961:by
915:).
825:all
1872::
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1323:,
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942:,
891:.
151:on
1815:.
1770:.
1738:.
1722:.
1519:.
1479:.
1418:.
1331:.
796:e
789:t
782:v
31:.
20:)
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