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from the Soviet definition to the WHO one seems to have ranged from 13 per cent in
Moldova to 40 per cent in Latvia. In Poland, which has a much larger population than the two previously mentioned countries, it was about 21 per cent. Secondly, there seems to have been significant under-registration of deaths, particularly in certain regions, such as Central Asia and Azerbaijan. Estimates of 'true' infant mortality in 1987â2000 show very high increases over the official figures in Central Asia, Azerbaijan, Albania, Romania, and Bulgaria. In Russia â which was supposed to have adopted the WHO definition of 'birth' by 1993 and where under-registration is much less than in Central Asia or Azerbaijan â in 1987â2000 the estimated increase of the official figures to measure 'true' infant mortality is 26.5 percent.
5135:. "For an Anti-Stalinist Marxist, socialism is defined by the degree to which the society is planned. Planning here is understood as the conscious regulation of society by the associated producers themselves. Put it differently, the control over the surplus product rests with the majority of the population through a resolutely democratic process. The sale of labour power is abolished and labour necessarily becomes creative. Everyone participates in running their institutions and society as a whole. No one controls anyone else."
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planned fashion. A planned economy, which adjusts production to the needs of the community, would distribute the work to be done among all those able to work and would guarantee a livelihood to every man, woman, and child. The education of the individual, in addition to promoting his own innate abilities, would attempt to develop in him a sense of responsibility for his fellow-men in place of the glorification of power and success in our present society.
2841:
4546:"Measures to overcome the shortcomings in the development, production and introduction of computers in the Armed Forces and national economy". Today this project is known among the specialists as the 'Red Book' project. It was the first project in the USSR, which proposed to combine all the computers in the country into a unified network of compter centers. In peacetime this network must have fulfilled both national economic and defense tasks .
899:
835:
2357:
2328:
3055:, the latter argued that the only way to satisfy individuals who have a constantly changing hierarchy of needs and are the only ones to possess their particular individual's circumstances is by allowing those with the most knowledge of their needs to have it in their power to use their resources in a competing marketplace to meet the needs of the most consumers most efficiently. This phenomenon is recognized as
5333:. "It is perhaps less clearly understood that advocates of democratic socialism (who are committed to socialism in the above sense but opposed to Stalinist-style command planning) advocate a decentralized socialism, whereby the planning process itself (the integration of all productive units into one huge organisation) would follow the workers' self-management principle."
2981:
The state can begin building massive heavy industries at once in an underdeveloped economy without waiting years for capital to accumulate through the expansion of light industry and without reliance on external financing. This is what happened in the Soviet Union during the 1930s when the government
2720:
I am convinced there is only one way to eliminate these grave evils, namely through the establishment of a socialist economy, accompanied by an educational system which would be oriented toward social goals. In such an economy, the means of production are owned by society itself and are utilized in a
5311:
is added by democratic socialists to attempt to distinguish themselves from
Communists who also call themselves socialists. All but communists, or more accurately, Marxist-Leninists, believe that modern-day communism is highly undemocratic and totalitarian in practice, and democratic socialists wish
3894:
Traditional socialism strives to plan all economic activities comprehensively, both within and between enterprises. As such, it seeks to integrate the economic activities of society (the coordination of socially owned property) into a single coherent plan, rather than to rely upon the spontaneous or
3191:
believed that those at the top of the chain of command, regardless of their intellectual capacity, operated without the input and participation of the millions of people who participate in the economy and who understand/respond to local conditions and changes in the economy. Therefore, they would be
3143:
Planned economies contrast with command economies in that a planned economy is "an economic system in which the government controls and regulates production, distribution, prices, etc." whereas a command economy necessarily has substantial public ownership of industry while also having this type of
3123:
decentralized planned economy, notes that even if central planning overcame its inherent inhibitions of incentives and innovation, it would nevertheless be unable to maximize economic democracy and self-management, which he believes are concepts that are more intellectually coherent, consistent and
5176:, a postcapitalist economy that retains market competition but socializes the means of production and, in some versions, extends democracy to the workplace. Some hold out for a nonmarket, participatory economy. All democratic socialists agree on the need for a democratic alternative to capitalism".
4769:
For the USSR, the official Soviet statistics of infant mortality give too favourable a picture. There are two reasons for this. First, the USSR used a definition of 'birth' different from the WHO one (Chapter 8, pp. 321â322). The percentage increase in the infant mortality rate caused by switching
4103:
In the USSR in the late 1980s the system was normally referred to as the 'administrative-command' economy. What was fundamental to this system was not the plan but the role of administrative hierarchies at all levels of decision making; the absence of control over decision making by the population
2790:
to install a telex machine in every corporation and organization in the economy for the communication of economic data between firms and the government. The data was also fed into a computer-simulated economy for forecasting. A control room was built for real-time observation and management of the
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is a form of economic planning in market economies that directs the economy through incentive-based methods. Economic planning can be practiced in a decentralized manner through different government authorities. In some predominantly market-oriented and
Western mixed economies, the state utilizes
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to serve the economic objectives of the state. Consumer demand can be restrained in favor of greater capital investment for economic development in a desired pattern. In international comparisons, state-socialist nations have compared favorably with capitalist nations in health indicators such as
2870:
had proposed to the
Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union a detailed plan for the re-organization of the control of the Soviet armed forces and of the Soviet economy on the basis of a network of computing centers in 1959. Kitov's proposal was rejected, as later was the 1962
3133:
grew. Under central planning neither planners, managers, nor workers had incentives to promote the social economic interest. Nor did impeding markets for final goods to the planning system enfranchise consumers in meaningful ways. But central planning would have been incompatible with economic
5249:
Realization of these facts led in the 1970s and 1980s to the development of new terms to describe what had previously been (and still were in United
Nations publications) referred to as the 'centrally planned economies'. In the USSR in the late 1980s the system was normally referred to as the
3128:
Combined with a more democratic political system, and redone to closer approximate a best case version, centrally planned economies no doubt would have performed better. But they could never have delivered economic self-management, they would always have been slow to innovate as apathy and
4500:
We have presented the view that planning and market mechanisms are instruments that can be used both in socialist and non-socialist societies. It was important to explode the primitive identification of central planning and socialism and to stress the instrumental character of
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is explicated accordingly to an economy-wide plan built and operatively coordinated through a distributed network of disparate economic agents or even production units itself. Decentralized planning is usually held in contrast to centralized planning, in particular the
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economic enterprises that make up the economy. More recent approaches to socialist planning and allocation have come from some economists and computer scientists proposing planning mechanisms based on advances in computer science and information technology.
3059:. Additionally, misallocation of resources would naturally ensue by redirecting capital away from individuals with direct knowledge and circumventing it into markets where a coercive monopoly influences behavior, ignoring market signals. According to
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dedicated to private consumption down from 80% to 50%. As a result of this development, the Soviet Union experienced massive growth in heavy industry, with a concurrent massive contraction of its agricultural sector due to the labor shortage.
2863:(1904â1965) argued that the computer is more efficient than the market process at solving the multitude of simultaneous equations required for allocating economic inputs efficiently (either in terms of physical quantities or monetary prices).
3304:'s command economy, where economic information is aggregated and used to formulate a plan for production, investment and resource allocation by a single central authority. Decentralized planning can take shape both in the context of a
4031:
Almost all industry in the Soviet Union is government owned and all production is directed, in theory, by a central plan (though in practice much is left for local discretion and much happens that is unplanned or not under government
2831:
claim to demonstrate how a democratically planned economy built on modern computer technology is possible and drives the thesis that it would be both economically more stable than the free-market economies and also morally desirable.
3215:, highlighting the role of centralized hierarchical decision-making in the absence of popular control over the economy. The possibility of a digital planned economy was explored in Chile between 1971 and 1973 with the development of
3203:. Since the 1980s, it has been contested that the Soviet economic model did not actually constitute a planned economy in that a comprehensive and binding plan did not guide production and investment. The further distinction of an
5250:'administrative-command' economy. What was fundamental to this system was not the plan but the role of administrative hierarchies at all levels of decision making; the absence of control over decision making by the population .
2522:
before most of these countries converted to market economies. This highlights the central role of hierarchical administration and public ownership of production in guiding the allocation of resources in these economic systems.
2729:
is not equivalent to economic planning or to the concept of a planned economy, an influential conception of socialism involves the replacement of capital markets with some form of economic planning in order to achieve
3508:. Local level planning agencies assess the needs of people who are able to give their direct input through the Gram Sabhas (village-based institutions) and the planners subsequently seek to plan accordingly.
3134:
democracy even if it had overcome its information and incentive liabilities. And the truth is that it survived as long as it did only because it was propped up by unprecedented totalitarian political power.
3182:
Most of a command economy is organized in a top-down administrative model by a central authority, where decisions regarding investment and production output requirements are decided upon at the top in the
4844:
3063:, "ithout a market in which allocations can be made in obedience to the law of supply and demand, it is difficult or impossible to funnel resources with respect to actual human preferences and goals".
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3016:
Critics of planned economies argue that planners cannot detect consumer preferences, shortages and surpluses with sufficient accuracy and therefore cannot efficiently co-ordinate production (in a
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3465:
The planning structure of a decentralized planned economy is generally based on a consumers council and producer council (or jointly, a distributive cooperative) which is sometimes called a
4169:
1108:
3970:'ocialist planning', in the original sense of a national economy which replaced market relationships by direct calculation and direct product exchange, has nowhere been established .
4255:
3097:. Stalin's formulations of national plans in terms of physical quantity of output was also attributed by Daniels as a source for the stagnant levels of efficiency and quality.
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3312:
economic system. This form of economic planning implies some process of democratic and participatory decision-making within the economy and within firms itself in the form of
2736:
coordination of the economy. The goal of such an economic system would be to achieve conscious control over the economy by the population, specifically so that the use of the
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depicts a fictional planned economy in a United States around the year 2000 which has become a socialist utopia. Other literary portrayals of planned economies include
4223:, a planned economy with national economic objectives â 'wealth', 'plenty' or simply 'welfare' within the framework of the nation and at the expense of other nations.
3934:
Planning is not equivalent to 'perfect' allocation of resources, nor 'scientific' allocation, nor even 'more humane' allocation. It simply means 'direct' allocation,
5285:. Information and technology: Moscow: Publishing House "Nauka", 1973. â Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Institute of information transmission problems. p. 524.
4757:
4513:
Kitov, Vladimir A.; Shilov, Valery V.; Silantiev, Sergey A. (5 October 2016). "Trente ans ou la Vie d'un scientifique". In
Gadducci, Fabio; Tavosanis, Mirko (eds.).
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in the 1950s and 1960s by both
American and Eastern European economists found that contrary to the expectations of both groups they showed greater fluctuations in
4928:
2678:, implemented from 1965 to 1974. Some decentralized participation in economic planning occurred across Revolutionary Spain, most notably in Catalonia, during the
4857:
5631:
Kaplan, Robert â see reference to his work on
International Economics and Foreign Relations, where he addresses nature of "command economy", a Weberian term.
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3129:
frustration took their inevitable toll, and they would always have been susceptible to growing inequities and inefficiencies as the effects of differential
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overall economy. The prototype-stage of the project showed promise when it was used to redirect supplies around a trucker's strike, but after CIA-backed
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3926:
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17:
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5261:
5671:
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People's
Participation in Urban Governance: A Comparative Study of the Working of Wards Committees in Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra and West Bengal
4901:"From Red Spirit to Underperforming Pyramids and Coercive Institutions: Michael Polanyi Against Economic Planning," History of European Ideas, 2022"
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3469:. Producers and consumers, or their representatives, negotiate the quality and quantity of what is to be produced. This structure is central to
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of 1917â1923. These policies began their formal consolidation under an official organ of government in 1921, when the Soviet government founded
4706:
2800:
2670:â government direction of the economy through non-coercive means. The Swedish government planned public-housing models in a similar fashion as
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3447:
made through a participatory form of decision-making by those at the most localized level of production. Moreover, organizations that utilize
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Some decentralized participation in economic planning has been implemented across
Revolutionary Spain, most notably in Catalonia, during the
3992:
4415:
4635:
5693:
4516:
History and Philosophy of Computing: Third International Conference, HaPoC 2015, Pisa, Italy, October 8â11, 2015, Revised Selected Papers
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3316:. Computer-based forms of democratic economic planning and coordination between economic enterprises have also been proposed by various
3555:
has developed local projects that promote participatory planning on a community level. Members of communities make decisions regarding
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4519:. Volume 487 of IFIP Advances in Information and Communication Technology. Cham, Switzerland: Springer (published 2016). p. 191.
3187:, with little input from lower levels. Advocates of economic planning have sometimes been staunch critics of these command economies.
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economy was a flexible type of command economy, centered around the movement and utilization of labor instead of goods. One view of
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5233:
Ellman, Michael (2007). "The Rise and Fall of Socialist Planning". In Estrin, Saul; KoĆodko, Grzegorz W.; UvaliÄ, Milica (eds.).
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Ellman, Michael (2007). "The Rise and Fall of Socialist Planning". In Estrin, Saul; KoĆodko, Grzegorz W.; UvaliÄ, Milica (eds.).
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was extensive, particularly rural regions, were run on the basis of decentralized planning resembling the principles laid out by
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is controlled by the producers. The specific forms of planning proposed for socialism and their feasibility are subjects of the
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5168:. Retrieved 6 August 2020. "Virtually all socialists have distanced themselves from the economic model long synonymous with
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regulation. In command economies, important allocation decisions are made by government authorities and are imposed by law.
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In a command economy the most important allocation decisions are made by government authorities and are imposed by law.
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critics argue that command economies under modern-day communism is highly undemocratic and totalitarian in practice.
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Schweickart, David; Lawler, James; Ticktin, Hillel; Ollman, Bertell (1998). "Definitions of Market and Socialism".
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period to represent an abrupt break with Lenin's government in terms of economic planning in which an deliberated,
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socialists who advocate a non-market form of socialism, in total rejection of the type of planning adopted in the
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The Early mercantilists: Thomas Mun (1571â1641), Edward Misselden (1608â1634), Gerard de Malynes (1586â1623)
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Some decentralized participation in economic planning has been implemented in various regions and states in
3427:
has created a model of decentralized economic planning called "negotiated coordination" which is based upon
5804:
5794:
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2974:, the reality of this, at least regarding infant mortality, varies depending on whether official Soviet or
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and post-Hellenistic world, "compulsory state planning was the most characteristic trade condition for the
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economic planning in strategic industries such as the aerospace industry. Mixed economies usually employ
3207:
emerged as a new designation in some academic circles for the economic system that existed in the former
3176:
2409:
1508:
1188:
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1004:
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Eden Medina (2006). "Designing Freedom, Regulating a Nation: Socialist Cybernetics in Allende's Chile".
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5172:(i.e., the Soviet model of a nonmarket, centrally planned economy. Some have endorsed the concept of
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to emphasise by their name that they disagree strongly with the Marxist-Leninist brand of socialism."
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takes place according to economy-wide economic plans and production plans. A planned economy may use
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The use of computers to coordinate production in an optimal fashion has been variously proposed for
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Theory of information. The identification of the images. Selected works in three volumes. Volume 3
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in decision-making and participation depends on the specific type of planning mechanism employed.
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had been replaced with a hasty version of planning with unrealistic targets, bureaucratic waste,
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make decisions about production, distribution, pricing and investment. Market economies that use
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The Soviet-style planned economy in Soviet Russia evolved in the wake of a continuing existing
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Wilhelm, John Howard (1985). "The Soviet Union Has an Administered, Not a Planned, Economy".
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Wilhelm, John Howard (1985). "The Soviet Union Has an Administered, Not a Planned, Economy".
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A decentralized-planned economy, occasionally called horizontally planned economy due to its
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based on the Soviet model have used central planning, although a minority such as the former
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3324:. Proponents present decentralized and participatory economic planning as an alternative to
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is intended to serve this purpose). This difficulty was notably written about by economists
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5768:"The Stalin Model for the Control and Coordination of Enterprises in a Socialist Economy"
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designers and practice knowledge of workers to produce 150 alternative product designs.
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Halduskultuur: The Estonian Journal of Administrative Culture and Digital Governance
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which presented a critique of modern capitalism and advocated for a planned economy.
3040:, respectively. These distinct aspects were also present in the economic thought of
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Transition Economies: Political Economy in Russia, Eastern Europe, and Central Asia
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5517:"How to Reap the Benefits of the 'Digital Revolution'? Modularity and the Commons"
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in their production processes may distribute problem solving and decision making.
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While both economic planning and a planned economy can be either authoritarian or
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5063:. Dictionary.com. Unabridged (v. 1.1). Random House, Inc. Retrieved 11 May 2008).
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Whereas the former stressed the theoretical underpinnings of a market economy to
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under his rule the program was abolished and Pinochet moved Chile towards a more
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Albert Einstein advocated for a socialist planned economy with his 1949 article "
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with direct calculation as the means to coordinate the activities of the various
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5708:(2nd ed.). Berkeley and Los Angeles, California: University of California Press.
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planning while micro-economic affairs are left to the market and price system.
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4073:
3124:
just than mainstream notions of economic freedom. Furthermore, Hahnel states:
2908:
of computed organisational structure of autonomous operative units through an
2514:
and uses Soviet-type economic planning which was characteristic of the former
2121:
5783:
5368:
4534:
4383:
4219:
To this approach belongs at least in part an attempt to view mercantilism as
4162:"The Inca as a Nonmarket Economy: Supply on Command versus Supply and Demand"
3619:
3444:
3379:, some areas where anarchist and libertarian socialist influence through the
3305:
3292:
3276:
3244:
2876:
2867:
2759:
2644:
2578:
2467:
2249:
2244:
2111:
2061:
2041:
2036:
2011:
1986:
1883:
1788:
1708:
1628:
1603:
1528:
1465:
1300:
1099:
819:
804:
610:
600:
590:
575:
555:
484:
328:
250:
161:
124:
114:
104:
5635:
4683:
How not to network a nation : the uneasy history of the Soviet internet
2775:) with a focus on the management of the Soviet economy. Opposition from the
1533:
4486:
Socialism, Capitalism and Economic Growth: Essays Presented to Maurice Dobb
3301:
3212:
3208:
3188:
3112:
3060:
3001:
2663:
2612:
2564:
2519:
2515:
2417:
1991:
1941:
1936:
1921:
1878:
1863:
1833:
1758:
1743:
1718:
1678:
1638:
1613:
1578:
1493:
694:
570:
434:
429:
424:
409:
363:
338:
313:
308:
255:
109:
3734:, a project for a computer network controlling the economy of Chile under
3410:
period to counter structural inefficiency and the problem of bureaucracy.
1981:
5307:. "Sometimes simply called socialism, more often than not, the adjective
3664:
3372:
3255:
2883:
argued that his OGAS information network would have delivered a fivefold
2860:
2628:
2574:
2571:
2560:
2214:
2096:
1931:
1893:
1873:
1813:
1773:
1738:
1673:
1663:
1643:
1598:
1513:
1483:
1445:
1340:
1183:
1113:
979:
759:
714:
677:
655:
650:
263:
238:
5376:
5344:
5323:
Markets, Planning, and Democracy: Essays After the Collapse of Communism
4135:(2 ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press (published 1970). p.
3880:
Markets, Planning, and Democracy: Essays After the Collapse of Communism
3728:, a plan for creating a computer network to supervise the Soviet economy
3100:
5226:
4958:
Liberty and Research and Development: Science Funding in a Free Society
4191:
3448:
3424:
3348:
3156:
3082:
2939:
2904:
in an attempt to move towards a decentralized planned economy with the
2690:
2184:
2091:
1828:
1658:
1360:
1315:
89:
57:
4658:
How Not to Network a Nation: The Uneasy History of the Soviet Internet
2840:
5741:
3809:
3789:
3788:, an industrial plan which combined the theoretical understanding of
3754:
3569:
3478:
3268:
3152:
3120:
3094:
3079:
3071:
2726:
2667:
2179:
2021:
1853:
1563:
1400:
1385:
1275:
1255:
1245:
890:
779:
303:
268:
203:
67:
62:
4808:
4343:
Was There an Alternative? Trotskyism: a Look Back Through the Years
4009:
Zimbalist, Sherman and Brown, Andrew, Howard J. and Stuart (1988).
2912:
setting and bottom-up participative decision-making in the form of
2615:
was one of the earliest proponents of economic planning during the
156:
4161:
3259:
Leon Trotsky was among the earliest Soviet figures that supported
5484:
3148:
3086:
2884:
2732:
2586:
1911:
1390:
1370:
512:
288:
5262:"Machine of communism. Why the USSR did not create the Internet"
3032:, who referred to subtly distinct aspects of the problem as the
5646:
3403:
3223:, head of the Department of Technical Physics in Kiev in 1962.
2897:'s socialist government pioneered the 1970 Chilean distributed
2552:
1916:
834:
640:
3435:
by those affected by the use of the assets involved, with the
2356:
2327:
5636:"The Economic Calculation Controversy: Unravelling of a Myth"
3938:. As such, it is the opposite of market allocation, which is
3501:
3347:
have been promoted by various political groups, most notably
2762:
proposed a distributed computing system (Project "Red Book",
1728:
4008:
2970:
infant mortality and life expectancy. However, according to
2627:
and the use of planning could "raise in the near future the
4628:"Kitov Anatoliy Ivanovich. Russian Virtual Computer Museum"
3999:. (Nottingham, England: Spokesman. Retrieved 17 March 2012.
3895:
anarchic ordering of the market system to coordinate plans.
3725:
2872:
1161:
3151:. Decentralized planning has been proposed as a basis for
2543:, and to a lesser degree the more barbaric regions of the
4012:
Comparing Economic Systems: A Political-Economic Approach
2639:
of 6% and, perhaps, even higher". According to historian
5485:"Participatory Planning Through Negotiated Coordination"
4951:"Some Skeptical Reflections on Research and Development"
4200:. Pioneers in economics. E. Elgar Pub. Co. p. 136.
3192:
unable to effectively coordinate all economic activity.
5434:. Membres.multimania.fr. 7 January 1936. Archived from
5548:. New Delhi: Concept Publishing Company. p. 140.
5509:
3855:
Comparing Economic Systems in the Twenty-First Century
5235:
Transition and Beyond: Essays in Honour of Mario Nuti
5098:
Comparative Economics in a Transforming World Economy
5024:
5022:
4089:
Transition and Beyond: Essays in Honour of Mario Nuti
3101:
Suppression of economic democracy and self-management
4512:
3011:
4279:
Leon Trotsky and the Politics of Economic Isolation
4159:
3540:
2635:not only two, but even three times higher than the
5019:
4846:Economic calculation in the Socialist Commonwealth
4783:
3195:Historians have associated planned economies with
2747:
2607:) intervened before the planned system of regular
5781:
5722:
5543:
1146:
5148:. In Anderson, Gary L.; Herr, Kathryn G., eds.
5096:Rosser, Mariana V.; Rosser, J. Barkley (2003).
3535:
3339:. Variations of decentralized planning such as
2666:(1939â1945) France and Great Britain practiced
2581:(1918â1921), shaped to the requirements of the
5066:
3008:than market economies during the same period.
2685:
5691:Grossman, Gregory (1987): "Command economy".
5460:Trotsky and the Problem of Soviet Bureaucracy
5281:Kharkevich, Aleksandr Aleksandrovich (1973).
5125:Market Socialism: The Debate Among Socialists
4241:Trotsky and the Problem of Soviet Bureaucracy
3852:
3331:Decentralized planning has been a feature of
2381:
859:
5237:. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 22.
5095:
4091:. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 22.
4043:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3986:Cottrell, Allin; Cockshott, W. Paul (1993).
3857:. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. pp. 23â24.
3853:Gregory, Paul R.; Stuart, Robert C. (2003).
3279:, is a type of planned economy in which the
5746:The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics
5694:The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics
5150:Encyclopedia of Activism and Social Justice
4746:. Cambridge University Press. p. 372.
4569:(38). Cambridge University Press: 571â606.
4560:
4488:. Cambridge University Press. p. 174.
4365:
4282:. Cambridge University Press. p. 109.
4115:
3958:. Cambridge University Press. p. 327.
3815:The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics
2875:economy management network project. Soviet
1151:
5568:
5345:"Socialism in One Country: A Reassessment"
5280:
5047:
4705:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
4430:
4428:
4413:"Workers Power and the Spanish Revolution"
3511:
3418:
2388:
2374:
866:
852:
4942:
4875:
4839:
4814:
4685:. Cambridge, Massachusetts. p. 114.
4483:
4407:
4405:
4313:
3701:Analysis of Soviet-type economic planning
3454:
3250:
27:Type of economic system based on planning
5763:"The Myth of the Permanent Arms Economy"
5723:Myant, Martin; Drahokoupil, Jan (2010),
5400:"What Economic Structure for Socialism?"
4320:. New York, Vintage Books. p. 468.
4233:
4231:
3877:
3254:
2919:
2891:over the first fifteen-year investment.
2839:
2689:
2567:sees it as involving planned economies.
2559:empires". Scholars have argued that the
2456:Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
5342:
5203:
4987:
4781:
4440:(1st ed.). Free Life Editions. p. 114.
4425:
4340:
4317:The prophet unarmed: Trotsky, 1921â1929
4057:
3882:. Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 72.
2995:
14:
5782:
5232:
5028:
4948:
4739:
4680:
4655:
4402:
4086:
3953:
3909:
3827:
2827:and the economist Allin Cottrell from
2486:, where autonomous firms operating in
5456:
5297:Democratic Socialism: A Global Survey
5184:
5182:
4833:
4819:. New York: Oxford University Press.
4786:The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers
4598:
4594:
4592:
4556:
4554:
4366:Fitzpatrick, Sheila (22 April 2010).
4237:
4228:
4190:
3743:Case studies (mixed-market economies)
3477:and the economic theories related to
2157:International socialist organizations
1105:To each according to his contribution
5706:Theory of National Economic Planning
5569:Crittenden, Ann (18 December 1977).
5397:
5033:. London: Pluto Press. p. 262.
4898:
4390:from the original on 3 February 2024
4172:from the original on 19 October 2020
3982:
3980:
3978:
3905:
3903:
3694:Case studies (Soviet-type economies)
3155:and has been variously advocated by
3000:Studies of command economies of the
2577:as well as other policies, known as
5188:
4991:The End of the Communist Revolution
4817:Economic Reforms in Polish Industry
4790:. New York: Random House. pp.
4634:. Translated by Alexander Nitusov.
4345:. Mehring Books. pp. 404â405.
4341:Rogovin, Vadim Zakharovich (2021).
4275:
3721:Five-year plans of the Soviet Union
3221:Aleksandr Aleksandrovich Kharkevich
2947:
2847:was an early form of computational
2643:, the scholarly consensus was that
24:
5596:
5325:. Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 72.
5179:
5127:. New York: Routledge. pp. 58â59.
4656:Peters, Benjamin (25 March 2016).
4625:
4607:from the original on 17 April 2021
4589:
4551:
3912:"In Defence of Socialist Planning"
3138:
25:
18:Decentralized planning (economics)
5861:
5756:
5581:from the original on 29 June 2018
5571:"The Cuban Economy: How It Works"
5084:Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary
4166:Contexts for Prehistoric Exchange
3975:
3932:from the original on 2008-05-16.
3900:
3575:Commanding heights of the economy
3406:regions and factories during the
3078:of planning that featured former
3012:Inefficient resource distribution
2647:appropriated the position of the
840:Business and economics portal
5713:In Defence of Socialist Planning
5349:Studies in East European Thought
4977:from the original on 2006-10-31.
4015:. Harcourt College Pub. p.
3541:Community participatory planning
2990:
2906:experimental viable system model
2478:Planned economies contrast with
2355:
2343:
2326:
897:
833:
5654:Democracy and Economic Planning
5562:
5544:Sivaramakrishnan, K.C. (2006).
5537:
5497:from the original on 2011-08-17
5477:
5457:Twiss, Thomas M. (8 May 2014).
5450:
5424:
5412:from the original on 2011-01-02
5391:
5336:
5315:
5289:
5274:
5255:
5197:
5138:
5117:
5089:
5008:from the original on 2023-11-07
4981:
4931:from the original on 2022-08-16
4892:
4775:
4760:from the original on 2024-02-07
4733:
4713:
4674:
4649:
4638:from the original on 2023-02-04
4619:
4506:
4477:
4451:
4359:
4334:
4307:
4296:from the original on 2023-07-26
4269:
4258:from the original on 2023-07-26
4184:
4153:
4133:The Oxford Classical Dictionary
4109:
4080:
3830:Democracy and Economic Planning
3757:(indicative planning in France)
3328:for a post-capitalist society.
2819:(1993), the computer scientist
2748:Computational economic planning
5031:The ABC's of Political Economy
4002:
3947:
3871:
3846:
3821:
3803:
3781:Five-year plans of South Korea
2835:
13:
1:
5152:. Sage Publications. p. 448.
4994:. Routledge. pp. 90â92.
4917:10.1080/01916599.2021.2009359
4881:Hayek, Friedrich A. (1945). "
4601:"The Computer and the Market"
4457:Einstein, Albert (May 1949).
4117:Heichelheim, Friedrich Moritz
3797:
3655:Social peer-to-peer processes
3590:Critique of political economy
3398:. Trotsky had urged economic
3298:Soviet-type economic planning
3205:administrative-command system
2952:
2702:In the May 1949 issue of the
2601:
2594:
2589:. However, the period of the
2512:administrative-command system
2494:are variously referred to as
990:Critique of political economy
735:Commons-based peer production
455:Socialism of the 21st century
5622:Resources in other libraries
4160:La Lone, Darrell E. (1982).
3776:Five-year plans of Argentina
3536:Similar concepts in practice
3034:economic calculation problem
2916:by the Cyberfolk component.
2742:socialist calculation debate
2619:period. Trotsky argued that
2458:have adopted some degree of
2260:Socialist calculation debate
2230:List of socialist economists
2205:Economic calculation problem
1090:Socialist mode of production
947:Socialist calculation debate
7:
5835:Schools of economic thought
5744:(1987). "Planned economy".
5463:. BRILL. pp. 105â106.
5321:Prychito, David L. (2002).
5144:Schweickart, David (2007).
4988:Daniels, Robert V. (2002).
4121:"Commerce, Greek and Roman"
3878:Prychito, David L. (2002).
3812:(1987). "Planned Economy".
3562:
3496:People's Planning in Kerala
3484:
3343:, industrial democracy and
3177:economy of the Soviet Union
2957:The government can harness
2686:Relationship with socialism
2526:
10:
5866:
5820:Former communist economies
5678:Cambridge University Press
5515:Kostakis, Vasilis (2019).
4854:Ludwig von Mises Institute
4730:. Retrieved 6 August 2020.
4434:Dolgoff, Sam, ed. (1974).
4244:. Brill. pp. 88â113.
3544:
3530:Spanish Revolution of 1936
3521:
3515:
3493:
3458:
3369:revolutionary syndicalists
3147:This is contested by some
3104:
2751:
2680:Spanish Revolution of 1936
5617:Resources in your library
5295:Busky, Donald F. (2000).
5220:10.1080/09668138508411571
4905:History of European Ideas
4815:Zielinski, J. G. (1973).
4681:Peters, Benjamin (2016).
4575:10.1017/S0022216X06001179
4484:Feinstein, C. H. (1975).
4437:The Anarchist Collectives
4314:Deutscher, Isaac (1965).
4238:Twiss, Thomas M. (2014).
4074:10.1080/09668138508411571
3625:Material balance planning
3489:
3413:
2772:
2255:Socialism and LGBT rights
1199:Socialist-oriented market
1147:Socialist planned economy
1050:Material balance planning
229:Socialist-oriented market
5647:"The Economy of Freedom"
5100:. MIT Press. p. 7.
5086:. Retrieved 11 May 2008.
4887:American Economic Review
4740:Ellman, Michael (2014).
4276:Day, Richard B. (1973).
3954:Ellman, Michael (1989).
3750:Five-year plans of China
3684:â an article written by
3670:Workers' self-management
3605:Economic interventionism
2496:planned market economies
1194:Socialist market economy
1119:Workers' self-management
1085:Socialism in one country
932:Age of the Enlightenment
5711:Mandel, Ernest (1986).
5704:Landauer, Carl (1947).
5361:10.1023/A:1008651325136
4889:. XXXV: 4. pp. 519â530.
4125:Hammond, Nicholas G. L.
3989:Towards a New Socialism
3910:Mandel, Ernest (1986).
3524:Revolutionary Catalonia
3512:Revolutionary Catalonia
3475:participatory economics
3461:Participatory economics
3419:Negotiated coordination
3392:Diego Abad de Santillan
3345:participatory economics
3197:MarxistâLeninist states
3117:participatory economics
3049:subjective value theory
3038:local knowledge problem
2914:participative democracy
2899:decision support system
2859:. The Polish economist
2816:Towards a New Socialism
2754:Government by algorithm
2623:, the concentration of
2195:Criticism of capitalism
1206:Participatory economics
1040:Labour-time calculation
5645:Damier, Vadim (2012).
5432:"After the Revolution"
5343:Van Ree, Erik (1998).
5146:"Democratic Socialism"
5029:Hahnel, Robin (2002).
4949:Machan, Tibor (2002).
4782:Kennedy, Paul (1987).
4372:London Review of Books
3716:Economy of North Korea
3706:Eastern Bloc economies
3650:Resource-based economy
3547:Participatory planning
3518:Collectivist anarchism
3467:consumers' cooperative
3455:Participatory planning
3365:libertarian socialists
3272:
3251:Decentralized planning
3136:
3068:Robert Vincent Daniels
2978:definitions are used.
2852:
2829:Wake Forest University
2784:Allende administration
2782:In 1971 the socialist
2723:
2699:
2504:mixed market economies
2416:and the allocation of
2200:Criticism of socialism
1152:Decentralized planning
1055:Peerâtoâpeer economics
5845:Socialist calculation
4599:Lange, Oskar (1979).
3557:community development
3353:democratic socialists
3258:
3201:Soviet economic model
3126:
3053:labor theory of value
2984:gross national income
2920:Portrayals in Fiction
2866:In the Soviet Union,
2843:
2825:University of Glasgow
2801:military dictatorship
2779:killed Kitov's plan.
2752:Further information:
2718:
2693:
5652:Devine, Pat (2010).
5398:Kotz, David (2008).
5299:. Praeger. pp. 7â8.
5164:17 June 2012 at the
4899:Biro, Gabor (2022).
4883:The Use of Knowledge
4722:. Project Cybersyn.
3828:Devine, Pat (2010).
3766:Economy of Singapore
3660:Steady-state economy
3635:Peer-to-peer economy
3600:Economic equilibrium
3585:Creative destruction
3396:After the Revolution
3361:libertarian Marxists
3314:industrial democracy
3236:democratic socialist
3165:libertarian Marxists
3051:while attacking the
2996:Economic instability
2982:forced the share of
2674:in a project called
2350:Communism portal
2333:Socialism portal
1025:Industrial democracy
975:Collective ownership
765:Newly industrialized
508:Collective ownership
369:Vertical archipelago
5805:Economic ideologies
5795:Anarcho-syndicalism
5752:. pp. 879â885.
5727:, Wiley-Blackwell,
5701:. pp. 494â495.
5634:Cox, Robin (2005).
4863:on 16 December 2014
4726:12 May 2011 at the
3771:First Malaysia Plan
3610:Inclusive democracy
3595:Distributed economy
3433:means of production
3402:between the state,
3389:anarcho-syndicalist
3337:socialist economics
3318:computer scientists
3240:Indicative planning
3107:Socialist democracy
2857:socialist economies
2799:that established a
2651:on such matters as
2591:New Economic Policy
2492:indicative planning
2480:unplanned economies
2466:socialism replaces
2464:Market abolitionist
2235:Market abolitionism
2220:Left-libertarianism
1157:Inclusive Democracy
1124:Workplace democracy
970:Calculation in kind
952:Socialist economics
942:Revolutions of 1848
750:Inclusive Democracy
5773:2021-01-26 at the
5673:Socialist Planning
5575:The New York Times
5522:2023-06-19 at the
5267:2022-03-08 at the
5078:2007-01-24 at the
5059:2007-02-28 at the
4743:Socialist Planning
4632:computer-museum.ru
4603:. Calculemus.org.
4464:2011-03-17 at the
4418:2020-11-07 at the
3995:2018-06-27 at the
3956:Socialist Planning
3640:Production for use
3615:Inputâoutput model
3504:, most notably in
3377:Spanish Revolution
3341:economic democracy
3322:radical economists
3273:
3161:council communists
2910:algedonic feedback
2853:
2786:of Chile launched
2700:
2641:Sheila Fitzpatrick
2240:Marxist philosophy
1060:Production for use
1030:Inputâoutput model
995:Economic democracy
688:Material balancing
170:Buddhist economics
5810:Economic planning
5790:Anarcho-communism
5734:978-0-470-59619-7
5603:Library resources
5470:978-90-04-26953-8
5438:on 29 August 2012
5244:978-0-230-54697-4
5133:978-0-415-91967-8
5107:978-0-262-18234-8
5073:"Command economy"
5054:"Planned economy"
5001:978-1-134-92607-7
4841:Von Mises, Ludwig
4352:978-1-893638-97-6
4327:978-0-394-70747-1
4289:978-0-521-52436-0
4251:978-90-04-26953-8
4098:978-0-230-54697-4
4026:978-0-15-512403-5
3864:978-0-618-26181-9
3818:. vol. 3. p. 879.
3675:The Venus Project
3261:economic planning
3076:scientific system
3057:spontaneous order
3022:free price system
2849:economic planning
2676:Million Programme
2653:industrialisation
2633:industrial growth
2611:started in 1928.
2583:Russian Civil War
2541:Hellenistic India
2539:countryside, for
2438:economic planning
2398:
2397:
2190:Communist society
2162:Socialist parties
1421:Saint-Simonianism
1010:Equal opportunity
1000:Economic planning
937:French Revolution
876:
875:
386:By regional model
180:Sabbath economics
16:(Redirected from
5857:
5830:MarxismâLeninism
5815:Economic systems
5737:
5591:
5590:
5588:
5586:
5566:
5560:
5559:
5541:
5535:
5513:
5507:
5506:
5504:
5502:
5496:
5490:. 1 March 2002.
5489:
5481:
5475:
5474:
5454:
5448:
5447:
5445:
5443:
5428:
5422:
5421:
5419:
5417:
5411:
5404:
5395:
5389:
5388:
5340:
5334:
5319:
5313:
5293:
5287:
5286:
5278:
5272:
5259:
5253:
5252:
5230:
5224:
5223:
5201:
5195:
5194:
5191:Writings 1932â33
5186:
5177:
5174:market socialism
5142:
5136:
5121:
5115:
5114:
5093:
5087:
5070:
5064:
5051:
5045:
5044:
5026:
5017:
5016:
5014:
5013:
4985:
4979:
4978:
4976:
4960:. Hoover Press.
4955:
4946:
4940:
4939:
4937:
4936:
4896:
4890:
4879:
4873:
4872:
4870:
4868:
4862:
4856:. Archived from
4851:
4837:
4831:
4830:
4812:
4806:
4805:
4789:
4779:
4773:
4772:
4766:
4765:
4737:
4731:
4717:
4711:
4710:
4704:
4696:
4678:
4672:
4671:
4653:
4647:
4646:
4644:
4643:
4623:
4617:
4616:
4614:
4612:
4596:
4587:
4586:
4563:J. Lat. Am. Stud
4558:
4549:
4548:
4543:
4541:
4510:
4504:
4503:
4481:
4475:
4459:"Why Socialism?"
4455:
4449:
4432:
4423:
4409:
4400:
4399:
4397:
4395:
4363:
4357:
4356:
4338:
4332:
4331:
4311:
4305:
4304:
4302:
4301:
4273:
4267:
4266:
4264:
4263:
4235:
4226:
4225:
4221:economic dirigee
4216:
4214:
4188:
4182:
4181:
4179:
4177:
4157:
4151:
4150:
4113:
4107:
4106:
4084:
4078:
4077:
4055:
4049:
4048:
4042:
4034:
4006:
4000:
3984:
3973:
3972:
3951:
3945:
3944:
3931:
3916:
3907:
3898:
3897:
3875:
3869:
3868:
3850:
3844:
3843:
3825:
3819:
3807:
3761:Economy of India
3736:Salvador Allende
3732:Project Cybersyn
3645:Public ownership
3429:social ownership
3400:decentralisation
3357:guild socialists
3326:market socialism
3308:as well as in a
3267:but opposed the
3265:decentralization
3217:Project Cybersyn
3185:chain of command
3026:Ludwig von Mises
2948:Central planning
2936:Yevgeny Zamyatin
2927:Looking Backward
2902:Project Cybersyn
2895:Salvador Allende
2845:Project Cybersyn
2793:Augusto Pinochet
2788:Project Cybersyn
2777:Defence Ministry
2774:
2767:
2657:collectivisation
2606:
2603:
2599:
2596:
2484:market economies
2460:market socialism
2452:Socialist states
2446:decentralization
2390:
2383:
2376:
2362:Organized Labour
2360:
2359:
2348:
2347:
2346:
2331:
2330:
2275:Workers' council
1912:Gracchi Brothers
1436:Social democracy
1179:Market socialism
1167:Project Cybersyn
1095:Soviet democracy
1080:Social ownership
1035:Internationalism
1015:Free association
985:Common ownership
901:
878:
877:
868:
861:
854:
838:
837:
596:Municipalization
581:Financialization
551:Collectivization
533:Social ownership
523:Private property
517:Common ownership
475:Common ownership
289:Closed (autarky)
246:State capitalism
224:Socialist market
209:Market socialist
45:Economic systems
32:
31:
21:
5865:
5864:
5860:
5859:
5858:
5856:
5855:
5854:
5780:
5779:
5775:Wayback Machine
5759:
5735:
5717:New Left Review
5668:Ellman, Michael
5628:
5627:
5626:
5611:
5610:
5608:Planned economy
5606:
5599:
5597:Further reading
5594:
5584:
5582:
5567:
5563:
5556:
5542:
5538:
5524:Wayback Machine
5514:
5510:
5500:
5498:
5494:
5487:
5483:
5482:
5478:
5471:
5455:
5451:
5441:
5439:
5430:
5429:
5425:
5415:
5413:
5409:
5402:
5396:
5392:
5341:
5337:
5320:
5316:
5294:
5290:
5279:
5275:
5269:Wayback Machine
5260:
5256:
5245:
5231:
5227:
5202:
5198:
5189:Trotsky, Leon.
5187:
5180:
5166:Wayback Machine
5143:
5139:
5122:
5118:
5108:
5094:
5090:
5080:Wayback Machine
5071:
5067:
5061:Wayback Machine
5052:
5048:
5041:
5027:
5020:
5011:
5009:
5002:
4986:
4982:
4974:
4968:
4953:
4947:
4943:
4934:
4932:
4897:
4893:
4880:
4876:
4866:
4864:
4860:
4849:
4838:
4834:
4827:
4813:
4809:
4802:
4780:
4776:
4763:
4761:
4754:
4738:
4734:
4728:Wayback Machine
4718:
4714:
4698:
4697:
4693:
4679:
4675:
4668:
4654:
4650:
4641:
4639:
4624:
4620:
4610:
4608:
4597:
4590:
4559:
4552:
4539:
4537:
4527:
4511:
4507:
4496:
4482:
4478:
4466:Wayback Machine
4456:
4452:
4433:
4426:
4420:Wayback Machine
4410:
4403:
4393:
4391:
4364:
4360:
4353:
4339:
4335:
4328:
4312:
4308:
4299:
4297:
4290:
4274:
4270:
4261:
4259:
4252:
4236:
4229:
4212:
4210:
4208:
4189:
4185:
4175:
4173:
4158:
4154:
4147:
4129:Scullard, H. H.
4114:
4110:
4099:
4085:
4081:
4056:
4052:
4036:
4035:
4027:
4007:
4003:
3997:Wayback Machine
3985:
3976:
3966:
3952:
3948:
3929:
3919:New Left Review
3914:
3908:
3901:
3890:
3876:
3872:
3865:
3851:
3847:
3840:
3826:
3822:
3808:
3804:
3800:
3795:
3740:
3711:Economy of Cuba
3691:
3686:Albert Einstein
3630:Nationalization
3580:Communist state
3565:
3549:
3543:
3538:
3526:
3520:
3514:
3498:
3492:
3487:
3471:guild socialism
3463:
3457:
3421:
3416:
3310:post-capitalist
3253:
3141:
3139:Command economy
3115:, who supports
3109:
3103:
3042:Michael Polanyi
3030:Friedrich Hayek
3014:
2998:
2993:
2955:
2950:
2924:The 1888 novel
2922:
2881:Viktor Glushkov
2838:
2763:
2756:
2750:
2738:surplus product
2714:Albert Einstein
2688:
2649:Left Opposition
2609:five-year plans
2604:
2597:
2551:, the southern
2529:
2508:command economy
2500:mixed economies
2482:, specifically
2440:. The level of
2406:economic system
2402:planned economy
2394:
2354:
2344:
2342:
2325:
2318:
2317:
2288:
2280:
2279:
2270:Socialist state
2265:Socialist Party
2210:Economic system
2175:
2167:
2166:
2152:
2142:
2141:
1907:
1899:
1898:
1479:
1471:
1470:
1286:Democratic road
1221:
1211:
1210:
1137:
1129:
1128:
1075:Social dividend
1065:Sharing economy
965:
957:
956:
927:
919:
872:
832:
825:
824:
790:Post-industrial
785:Post-capitalist
745:Hunter-gatherer
730:
722:
721:
636:
628:
627:
606:Nationalization
566:Demutualization
561:Corporatization
546:
538:
537:
528:State ownership
503:
495:
494:
470:
462:
461:
387:
379:
378:
349:Robinson Crusoe
284:
283:By coordination
276:
275:
260:Traditionalist
120:Neomercantilist
80:
72:
53:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5863:
5853:
5852:
5847:
5842:
5837:
5832:
5827:
5822:
5817:
5812:
5807:
5802:
5797:
5792:
5778:
5777:
5765:
5758:
5757:External links
5755:
5754:
5753:
5739:
5733:
5720:
5709:
5702:
5689:
5665:
5662:978-0745634791
5650:
5643:
5632:
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5619:
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5449:
5423:
5390:
5335:
5331:978-1840645194
5314:
5305:978-0275968861
5288:
5273:
5254:
5243:
5225:
5214:(1): 118â130.
5207:Soviet Studies
5196:
5178:
5158:978-1452265650
5137:
5116:
5106:
5088:
5065:
5046:
5039:
5018:
5000:
4980:
4966:
4941:
4911:(6): 811â847.
4891:
4874:
4832:
4825:
4807:
4800:
4774:
4753:978-1107427327
4752:
4732:
4712:
4692:978-0262034180
4691:
4673:
4667:978-0262034180
4666:
4648:
4618:
4588:
4550:
4526:978-3319472867
4525:
4505:
4494:
4476:
4471:Monthly Review
4450:
4446:978-0914156024
4424:
4401:
4358:
4351:
4333:
4326:
4306:
4288:
4268:
4250:
4227:
4207:978-1852784669
4206:
4194:, ed. (1991).
4183:
4152:
4145:
4108:
4097:
4079:
4068:(1): 118â130.
4061:Soviet Studies
4050:
4025:
4001:
3974:
3965:978-0521358668
3964:
3946:
3899:
3889:978-1840645194
3888:
3870:
3863:
3845:
3839:978-0745634791
3838:
3820:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3793:
3786:The Lucas Plan
3783:
3778:
3773:
3768:
3763:
3758:
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3746:
3745:
3744:
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3738:
3729:
3723:
3718:
3713:
3708:
3703:
3697:
3696:
3695:
3690:
3689:
3681:Why Socialism?
3677:
3672:
3667:
3662:
3657:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3617:
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3607:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3553:United Nations
3545:Main article:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3516:Main article:
3513:
3510:
3494:Main article:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3456:
3453:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3252:
3249:
3140:
3137:
3131:economic power
3105:Main article:
3102:
3099:
3018:market economy
3013:
3010:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2972:Michael Ellman
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2932:Edward Bellamy
2921:
2918:
2889:Soviet economy
2885:savings return
2837:
2834:
2821:Paul Cockshott
2813:In their book
2808:market economy
2749:
2746:
2710:Why Socialism?
2705:Monthly Review
2696:Why Socialism?
2687:
2684:
2672:urban planning
2621:specialization
2528:
2525:
2472:socially owned
2468:factor markets
2442:centralization
2396:
2395:
2393:
2392:
2385:
2378:
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2278:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2257:
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2247:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2227:
2225:Libertarianism
2222:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2176:
2174:Related topics
2173:
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2153:
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2147:
2144:
2143:
2140:
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2039:
2034:
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2019:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1984:
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1974:
1969:
1964:
1959:
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1949:
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1934:
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1077:
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1067:
1062:
1057:
1052:
1047:
1045:Labour voucher
1042:
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1032:
1027:
1022:
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1007:
1002:
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992:
987:
982:
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962:
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955:
954:
949:
944:
939:
934:
928:
925:
924:
921:
920:
918:
917:
912:
906:
903:
902:
894:
893:
887:
886:
874:
873:
871:
870:
863:
856:
848:
845:
844:
843:
842:
827:
826:
823:
822:
817:
812:
807:
802:
800:Resource-based
797:
792:
787:
782:
777:
772:
767:
762:
757:
752:
747:
742:
737:
731:
728:
727:
724:
723:
720:
719:
718:
717:
712:
707:
697:
692:
691:
690:
685:
680:
675:
665:
664:
663:
658:
653:
643:
637:
634:
633:
630:
629:
626:
625:
624:
623:
613:
608:
603:
598:
593:
588:
586:Liberalization
583:
578:
573:
568:
563:
558:
553:
547:
544:
543:
540:
539:
536:
535:
530:
525:
520:
510:
504:
502:Property types
501:
500:
497:
496:
493:
492:
487:
482:
477:
471:
468:
467:
464:
463:
460:
459:
458:
457:
451:Latin America
449:
448:
447:
442:
437:
432:
427:
422:
414:
413:
412:
407:
402:
397:
388:
385:
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366:
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321:
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311:
306:
301:
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285:
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281:
278:
277:
274:
273:
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266:
258:
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248:
243:
242:
241:
236:
231:
226:
221:
216:
211:
206:
201:
191:
190:
189:
184:
183:
182:
172:
164:
159:
154:
149:
144:
139:
138:
137:
132:
127:
122:
117:
112:
107:
102:
97:
87:
81:
78:
77:
74:
73:
71:
70:
65:
60:
54:
51:
48:
47:
41:
40:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5862:
5851:
5848:
5846:
5843:
5841:
5838:
5836:
5833:
5831:
5828:
5826:
5823:
5821:
5818:
5816:
5813:
5811:
5808:
5806:
5803:
5801:
5798:
5796:
5793:
5791:
5788:
5787:
5785:
5776:
5772:
5769:
5766:
5764:
5761:
5760:
5751:
5747:
5743:
5740:
5736:
5730:
5726:
5721:
5718:
5714:
5710:
5707:
5703:
5700:
5696:
5695:
5690:
5687:
5683:
5679:
5675:
5674:
5669:
5666:
5663:
5659:
5655:
5651:
5648:
5644:
5641:
5637:
5633:
5630:
5629:
5623:
5620:
5618:
5615:
5614:
5609:
5604:
5580:
5576:
5572:
5565:
5557:
5551:
5547:
5540:
5533:
5529:
5525:
5521:
5518:
5512:
5493:
5486:
5480:
5472:
5466:
5462:
5461:
5453:
5437:
5433:
5427:
5408:
5401:
5394:
5386:
5382:
5378:
5374:
5370:
5366:
5362:
5358:
5355:(2): 77â117.
5354:
5350:
5346:
5339:
5332:
5328:
5324:
5318:
5310:
5306:
5302:
5298:
5292:
5284:
5277:
5270:
5266:
5263:
5258:
5251:
5246:
5240:
5236:
5229:
5221:
5217:
5213:
5209:
5208:
5200:
5193:. p. 96.
5192:
5185:
5183:
5175:
5171:
5167:
5163:
5159:
5155:
5151:
5147:
5141:
5134:
5130:
5126:
5120:
5113:
5109:
5103:
5099:
5092:
5085:
5081:
5077:
5074:
5069:
5062:
5058:
5055:
5050:
5042:
5040:0-7453-1858-4
5036:
5032:
5025:
5023:
5007:
5003:
4997:
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4967:0-8179-2942-8
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4826:0-19-215323-4
4822:
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4801:0-394-54674-1
4797:
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4660:. MIT Press.
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4495:0-521-29007-4
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4414:
4411:Wetzel, Tom.
4408:
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4389:
4385:
4381:
4377:
4373:
4369:
4368:"The Old Man"
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3643:
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3638:
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3626:
3623:
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3620:Laissez-faire
3618:
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3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
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3591:
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3503:
3497:
3482:
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3476:
3472:
3468:
3462:
3452:
3450:
3446:
3445:capital goods
3442:
3438:
3434:
3430:
3426:
3411:
3409:
3405:
3401:
3397:
3393:
3390:
3386:
3382:
3378:
3375:. During the
3374:
3370:
3366:
3362:
3358:
3354:
3350:
3346:
3342:
3338:
3334:
3329:
3327:
3323:
3319:
3315:
3311:
3307:
3306:mixed economy
3303:
3299:
3294:
3293:capital goods
3290:
3286:
3282:
3278:
3277:horizontalism
3270:
3266:
3262:
3257:
3248:
3246:
3245:macroeconomic
3241:
3237:
3233:
3232:participatory
3229:
3224:
3222:
3218:
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3210:
3206:
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3198:
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3118:
3114:
3108:
3098:
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3092:
3088:
3084:
3081:
3077:
3073:
3070:regarded the
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3050:
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3035:
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3027:
3023:
3019:
3009:
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3003:
2991:Disadvantages
2988:
2985:
2979:
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2968:
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2933:
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2907:
2903:
2900:
2896:
2892:
2890:
2886:
2882:
2878:
2877:cybernetician
2874:
2869:
2868:Anatoly Kitov
2864:
2862:
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2798:
2794:
2789:
2785:
2780:
2778:
2773:ĐŃĐ°ŃĐœĐ°Ń ĐșĐœĐžĐłĐ°
2770:
2766:
2761:
2760:Anatoly Kitov
2755:
2745:
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2638:
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2610:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2579:war communism
2576:
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2568:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2546:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2524:
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2497:
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2449:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2430:participatory
2427:
2426:decentralized
2423:
2419:
2418:capital goods
2415:
2411:
2407:
2404:is a type of
2403:
2391:
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2293:Related lists
2291:
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2256:
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2250:Progressivism
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2245:Nanosocialism
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2170:
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2150:Organizations
2146:
2145:
2138:
2137:Ocasio-Cortez
2135:
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2110:
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2083:
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2057:van der Lubbe
2055:
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2028:
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2013:
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1983:
1980:
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1594:Chernyshevsky
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1478:Intellectuals
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1414:
1412:
1411:Revolutionary
1409:
1407:
1404:
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1399:
1397:
1394:
1392:
1389:
1387:
1384:
1382:
1379:
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1372:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1346:Laissez-faire
1344:
1342:
1339:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1324:
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1319:
1317:
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1272:
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1259:
1257:
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1251:Authoritarian
1249:
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1120:
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1103:
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1100:Strike action
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1005:Equal liberty
1003:
1001:
998:
996:
993:
991:
988:
986:
983:
981:
978:
976:
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830:
829:
828:
821:
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813:
811:
808:
806:
803:
801:
798:
796:
795:Post-scarcity
793:
791:
788:
786:
783:
781:
778:
776:
773:
771:
768:
766:
763:
761:
758:
756:
753:
751:
748:
746:
743:
741:
740:Expeditionary
738:
736:
733:
732:
726:
725:
716:
713:
711:
708:
706:
703:
702:
701:
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654:
652:
649:
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647:
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642:
639:
638:
632:
631:
622:
619:
618:
617:
616:Socialization
614:
612:
611:Privatization
609:
607:
604:
602:
601:Mutualization
599:
597:
594:
592:
591:Marketization
589:
587:
584:
582:
579:
577:
576:Expropriation
574:
572:
569:
567:
564:
562:
559:
557:
556:Communization
554:
552:
549:
548:
542:
541:
534:
531:
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524:
521:
518:
514:
511:
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330:
327:
325:
322:
320:
317:
315:
312:
310:
307:
305:
302:
300:
297:
295:
294:Decentralized
292:
290:
287:
286:
280:
279:
270:
267:
265:
262:
261:
259:
257:
254:
252:
251:Social credit
249:
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244:
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235:
232:
230:
227:
225:
222:
220:
219:Participatory
217:
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133:
131:
130:Social market
128:
126:
125:Protectionist
123:
121:
118:
116:
113:
111:
108:
106:
105:Laissez-faire
103:
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93:
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88:
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82:
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34:
33:
30:
19:
5749:
5745:
5724:
5716:
5712:
5705:
5698:
5692:
5672:
5653:
5640:Common Voice
5639:
5607:
5583:. Retrieved
5574:
5564:
5545:
5539:
5531:
5527:
5511:
5499:. Retrieved
5479:
5459:
5452:
5442:12 September
5440:. Retrieved
5436:the original
5426:
5416:12 September
5414:. Retrieved
5393:
5352:
5348:
5338:
5322:
5317:
5308:
5296:
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5149:
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5119:
5111:
5097:
5091:
5083:
5068:
5049:
5030:
5010:. Retrieved
4990:
4983:
4957:
4944:
4933:. Retrieved
4908:
4904:
4894:
4886:
4877:
4865:. Retrieved
4858:the original
4845:
4835:
4816:
4810:
4785:
4777:
4768:
4762:. Retrieved
4742:
4735:
4715:
4682:
4676:
4657:
4651:
4640:. Retrieved
4631:
4621:
4611:12 September
4609:. Retrieved
4566:
4562:
4545:
4540:12 September
4538:. Retrieved
4515:
4508:
4499:
4485:
4479:
4469:
4453:
4435:
4392:. Retrieved
4375:
4371:
4361:
4342:
4336:
4316:
4309:
4298:. Retrieved
4278:
4271:
4260:. Retrieved
4240:
4220:
4218:
4211:. Retrieved
4196:
4186:
4174:. Retrieved
4165:
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3918:
3893:
3879:
3873:
3854:
3848:
3829:
3823:
3813:
3805:
3679:
3550:
3527:
3499:
3464:
3422:
3395:
3394:in the book
3330:
3302:Soviet Union
3274:
3225:
3213:Eastern Bloc
3209:Soviet Union
3194:
3189:Leon Trotsky
3181:
3146:
3142:
3127:
3119:, a form of
3113:Robin Hahnel
3110:
3065:
3061:Tibor Machan
3046:
3015:
3002:Eastern Bloc
2999:
2980:
2956:
2940:
2925:
2923:
2893:
2865:
2854:
2814:
2812:
2797:coup in 1973
2781:
2757:
2731:
2724:
2719:
2703:
2701:
2664:World War II
2661:
2637:pre-war rate
2613:Leon Trotsky
2569:
2565:mercantilism
2530:
2520:Eastern Bloc
2516:Soviet Union
2477:
2450:
2401:
2399:
1306:Evolutionary
1226:21st-century
1020:Freed market
705:Peer-to-peer
700:Self-managed
635:Coordination
571:Deregulation
343:
256:Distributist
110:Mercantilist
29:
5850:Syndicalism
5676:(3rd ed.).
4867:8 September
4720:"Cyberfolk"
4626:Kitova, O.
4213:7 September
4192:Blaug, Mark
4176:17 December
3665:Technocracy
3373:Trotskyists
3173:libertarian
3091:bottlenecks
2861:Oskar Lange
2836:Cybernetics
2805:liberalized
2629:coefficient
2605: 1928
2598: 1921
2575:war-economy
2572:World War I
2549:Pergamenian
2533:Hellenistic
2510:follows an
2434:Soviet-type
2422:centralized
2337:WikiProject
2215:French Left
2007:Spiridonova
1906:Politicians
1819:Castoriadis
1499:Saint-Simon
1451:Third World
1446:Syndicalism
1381:Nationalist
1356:Libertarian
1321:Free-market
1184:Lange model
1172:Soviet-type
1142:Communalism
1114:Vanguardism
1070:Spontaneism
980:Cooperative
926:Development
810:Traditional
760:Manorialism
755:Information
729:Other types
715:Open access
678:Cybernetics
420:Anglo-Saxon
405:Singaporean
364:Underground
359:Subsistence
264:Corporatist
239:Syndicalist
199:Communalist
85:Associative
79:By ideology
52:Major types
5784:Categories
5742:Nove, Alec
5686:1107427320
5656:. Polity.
5555:8180693260
5534:(1): 4â19.
5501:30 October
5309:democratic
5012:2023-10-30
4935:2022-08-16
4764:2020-11-02
4642:2021-10-11
4394:3 February
4300:2023-10-27
4262:2023-10-27
4146:0198691173
3832:. Polity.
3798:References
3559:directly.
3522:See also:
3459:See also:
3449:modularity
3437:allocation
3425:Pat Devine
3423:Economist
3349:anarchists
3285:allocation
3281:investment
3228:democratic
3169:democratic
3167:and other
3157:anarchists
3111:Economist
3083:economists
3066:Historian
2953:Advantages
2625:production
2555:, and the
2414:production
2410:investment
2308:Socialists
2303:By country
2185:Capitalism
2067:Mitterrand
2032:Gerhardsen
1977:Liebknecht
1962:Markievicz
1889:Varoufakis
1839:Fotopoulos
1509:Saint-Just
1504:Buonarroti
1489:Campanella
1426:Scientific
1361:Marhaenism
1316:Fourierism
1301:Ecological
1281:Democratic
815:Transition
775:Plantation
683:Indicative
545:Transition
395:East Asian
166:Religious
142:Democratic
115:Neoliberal
100:Democratic
90:Capitalist
58:Capitalism
5840:Socialism
5800:Communism
5385:146375012
5369:0925-9392
5170:socialism
4925:225260656
4701:cite book
4535:1868-4238
4501:planning.
4384:0260-9592
4039:cite book
4032:control).
3810:Alec Nove
3790:aerospace
3755:Dirigisme
3570:Adhocracy
3479:anarchism
3333:anarchist
3269:Stalinist
3153:socialism
3121:socialist
3095:shortages
3080:Menshevik
3072:Stalinist
2944:(1924).
2823:from the
2765:âčSee Tfdâș
2727:socialism
2668:dirigisme
2436:forms of
2180:Anarchism
2102:Gorbachev
1952:Malatesta
1947:Bernstein
1724:Pankhurst
1704:Pannekoek
1694:Luxemburg
1649:Plekhanov
1624:Carpenter
1619:Kropotkin
1416:Ricardian
1406:Religious
1401:Reformism
1386:Nkrumaism
1376:Municipal
1276:Communism
1271:Christian
1256:Blanquism
1246:Anarchism
1189:Mutualism
891:Socialism
780:Plutonomy
661:Regulated
490:Voluntary
416:European
269:Feudalism
214:Mutualist
204:Communist
194:Socialist
175:Christian
95:Corporate
68:Communism
63:Socialism
5771:Archived
5670:(2014).
5579:Archived
5520:Archived
5492:Archived
5407:Archived
5377:20099669
5265:Archived
5162:Archived
5076:Archived
5057:Archived
5006:Archived
4972:Archived
4929:Archived
4843:(1990).
4758:Archived
4724:Archived
4636:Archived
4605:Archived
4583:26484124
4462:Archived
4416:Archived
4388:Archived
4294:Archived
4256:Archived
4170:Archived
4131:(eds.).
4119:(1949).
3993:Archived
3927:Archived
3925:: 5â37.
3563:See also
3485:Practice
3441:consumer
3289:consumer
3199:and the
3149:Marxists
2887:for the
2758:In 1959
2708:titled "
2557:Parthian
2545:Seleucid
2537:Egyptian
2527:Overview
2298:Category
2037:Erlander
1997:Kerensky
1967:Connolly
1824:Thompson
1809:Bookchin
1799:Montseny
1749:Vanzetti
1714:Einstein
1684:Landauer
1589:Saltykov
1584:Lassalle
1544:Proudhon
1326:Gandhian
1311:Feminist
1261:Buddhist
1241:Agrarian
1219:Variants
883:a series
881:Part of
668:Planning
319:Informal
304:Dirigist
157:Georgist
152:Feminist
37:a series
35:Part of
5825:Marxism
5585:29 June
4792:322â323
4168:: 292.
3940:ex post
3936:ex ante
3431:of the
3300:of the
3219:and by
3087:Gosplan
2967:capital
2769:Russian
2733:ex-ante
2716:wrote:
2587:Gosplan
2553:Arabian
2531:In the
2488:markets
2132:SĂĄnchez
2117:Sankara
2077:Mandela
2062:Kreisky
2052:Allende
2047:Senghor
2042:Douglas
2027:Durruti
1992:Trotsky
1884:Graeber
1864:Hampton
1834:Chomsky
1779:Marcuse
1764:Gramsci
1754:Bordiga
1744:Polanyi
1699:Russell
1689:Berkman
1679:Goldman
1669:Du Bois
1639:Kautsky
1634:Bellamy
1599:Tolstoy
1574:Wallace
1559:Bakunin
1549:Greeley
1539:Blanqui
1519:Fourier
1466:Zionist
1456:Utopian
1396:Popular
1391:Owenism
1371:Marxism
1351:Liberal
1336:Islamic
1296:Ethical
1291:Digital
1266:Chinese
1231:African
915:Outline
910:History
710:Sharing
673:In kind
621:Marxist
513:Commons
480:Private
469:Sectors
440:Rhenish
410:Keralan
400:Chinese
374:Virtual
354:Sharing
344:Planned
334:Natural
299:Digital
187:Islamic
147:Fascist
135:Welfare
5731:
5719:(159).
5684:
5660:
5605:about
5552:
5467:
5383:
5375:
5367:
5329:
5303:
5241:
5156:
5131:
5104:
5037:
4998:
4964:
4923:
4823:
4798:
4750:
4689:
4664:
4581:
4533:
4523:
4492:
4444:
4382:
4349:
4324:
4286:
4248:
4204:
4143:
4095:
4023:
3962:
3886:
3861:
3836:
3506:Kerala
3490:Kerala
3414:Models
3404:oblast
3271:model.
3006:output
2965:, and
2795:led a
2725:While
2662:After
2645:Stalin
2547:, the
2408:where
2127:Marcos
2122:ChĂĄvez
2112:Corbyn
2087:Manley
2082:DubÄek
2072:Nasser
2012:Makhno
2002:Attlee
1987:Martov
1972:Gandhi
1927:Babeuf
1917:Mazdak
1879:Hedges
1859:Ăcalan
1844:Newton
1804:Sartre
1794:Guérin
1789:Orwell
1739:Korsch
1734:LukĂĄcs
1719:Keller
1709:Rocker
1654:Ferrer
1609:Morris
1604:Michel
1579:Lavrov
1569:Engels
1554:Herzen
1529:Leroux
1461:Yellow
1366:Market
1341:Jewish
1136:Models
770:Palace
646:Market
641:Barter
485:Public
445:Soviet
430:Nordic
425:German
391:Asian
324:Market
5495:(PDF)
5488:(PDF)
5410:(PDF)
5403:(PDF)
5381:S2CID
5373:JSTOR
4975:(PDF)
4954:(PDF)
4921:S2CID
4861:(PDF)
4850:(PDF)
4579:S2CID
4378:(8).
4123:. In
3930:(PDF)
3915:(PDF)
3502:India
2963:labor
2561:Incan
2313:Songs
2287:Lists
2092:Palme
1942:Bebel
1932:Blanc
1894:Saito
1869:ĆœiĆŸek
1849:Wolff
1784:James
1769:Sacco
1759:Serge
1729:Volin
1674:Gorky
1664:Wells
1659:Dewey
1644:Wilde
1629:Sorel
1614:Jones
1524:Cabet
1494:Paine
1441:State
1431:Sewer
1331:Guild
1109:needs
964:Ideas
820:World
805:Token
695:Price
435:Dutch
329:Mixed
234:State
162:Green
5729:ISBN
5682:ISBN
5658:ISBN
5642:(3).
5587:2018
5550:ISBN
5503:2011
5465:ISBN
5444:2012
5418:2012
5365:ISSN
5327:ISBN
5301:ISBN
5239:ISBN
5154:ISBN
5129:ISBN
5102:ISBN
5035:ISBN
4996:ISBN
4962:ISBN
4869:2008
4821:ISBN
4796:ISBN
4748:ISBN
4707:link
4687:ISBN
4662:ISBN
4613:2012
4542:2021
4531:ISSN
4521:ISBN
4490:ISBN
4442:ISBN
4396:2024
4380:ISSN
4347:ISBN
4322:ISBN
4284:ISBN
4246:ISBN
4215:2018
4202:ISBN
4178:2018
4141:ISBN
4093:ISBN
4045:link
4021:ISBN
3960:ISBN
3884:ISBN
3859:ISBN
3834:ISBN
3726:OGAS
3551:The
3443:and
3383:and
3371:and
3335:and
3320:and
3291:and
3283:and
3263:and
3230:and
3211:and
3171:and
3093:and
3036:and
3028:and
3020:, a
2959:land
2873:OGAS
2655:and
2518:and
2506:. A
2502:and
2107:Lula
2022:Nagy
2017:Tito
1982:Blum
1957:Debs
1937:Hong
1922:Roux
1874:West
1829:Ward
1814:Zinn
1564:Marx
1514:Owen
1484:More
1236:Arab
1162:OGAS
656:Open
651:Free
339:Open
314:Gift
309:Dual
5357:doi
5216:doi
4913:doi
4885:".
4571:doi
4137:274
4070:doi
3923:159
3439:of
3408:NEP
3385:UGT
3381:CNT
3287:of
3085:at
2976:WHO
2938:'s
2930:by
2712:",
2631:of
2617:NEP
2600:to
2444:or
2432:or
2097:Che
1854:Ali
1774:Day
1534:Sue
5786::
5748:.
5715:.
5697:.
5680:.
5638:.
5577:.
5573:.
5532:20
5530:.
5526:.
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5379:.
5371:.
5363:.
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5351:.
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5247:.
5212:37
5210:.
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5004:.
4970:.
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3367:,
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2879:,
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2602:c.
2595:c.
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