Islamic economics - Knowledge

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in many cases ... found short of the needed knowledge, scholarship, and commitment." "Distinct textbooks and teaching materials" required have been found to "neither exist" nor be "easy to create." Despite shortcomings in academic writing—most of the books are "not cohesive" and are "at best no more than extended papers on specific topics"—constructive evaluations are not common and response to what there is even less common. The lack of an Islamic economics textbook "looms large" for Muslim economists and scholars. Despite the holding of a workshop in November 2010 to arrange the writing of such a textbook, the participation of "a number of eminent Muslim economists", (at the International Institute of Islamic Thought in London) and the appointment of "a noted Muslim economist" to coordinate the production of the textbook, as of 2015 "no standard textbook of Islamic economics was available."

3834:(Islamic jurisprudence) as supporting material, but are grounded upon the ethical teachings within the Qu'rān. Sharīah's basic tenets involve gharar and (fadl māl bilā 'iwad). Gharar insists all knowledge about a trade or transaction is known before two individuals complete a transaction and (fadl māl bilā 'iwad) warns against unjustified enrichment through trade and business. These tenets were "among the first economic regulations" and their philosophy can be seen today in modern Capitalism. Within Sharīah, El-Sheikh states, Gharar functions as a divine deterrent against asymmetric information and allows trade to prosper. Riba, ensures each transaction is conducted at a fair price, not allowing one party to benefit exceedingly, which shares a parallel philosophy with Karl Marx "Das Kapital": seeking a greater outcome for the community. 4294:

economy in non-Islamic countries". No Muslim-majority country is among the top 25 countries in this ranking. Israel is in 27th place and thus much higher than Saudi Arabia which is in 91st place. Germany is in 26th place in this table. In the research conducted by Shahrzad Rahman and Hossein Askari, two professors of George Washington University, an estimate of the extent of Islamic economy of 208 countries around the world was made, the results of which are very interesting and according to that, many countries that, although are not Islamic (such as Ireland, Denmark, Luxembourg and Sweden); But their economy has similarities with the economic model of Islam or the Islamic economy.

4359:" of Islamic Economics, economics and research in pure Islamic economics has been "shifted to the back burner". Funding for research has gone to Islamic Finance despite the lack of "scientific knowledge to back" the claims made for Islamic Finance. Enrollment has subsided in classes and second and third generation Islamic economists are scarce, some institutions have "lost their real direction and some have even been closed". and interest of economists in the field's "grand idea" of providing an alternative to capitalism and socialism has "yielded" to the "needs" of the "industry" of Islamic Finance. 4748:

distributed in just one sitting. Though the first Caliph earmarked a house for Baitulmaal where all money was kept on receipt. As all money was distributed immediately the treasury generally remained locked up. At the time of his death there was only one dirham in the Baitulmaal. The second caliph besides developing the Central Baitulmaal also opened Baitulmaal at state and headquarters levels. He also carried census during his caliphate; and provisioned salaries to Government employees, stipend to poor and needy people along with social security to unemployed and retirement pensions.

8765: 3405: 12117: 1879: 2242:) refers to the knowledge of economics or economic activities and processes in terms of Islamic principles and teachings. Islam has a set of special moral norms and values about individual and social economic behavior. Therefore, it has its own economic system, which is based on its philosophical views and is compatible with the Islamic organization of other aspects of human behavior: social and political systems. 12106: 3394: 7493: 4559:, the "semi-judicial institution" operational from the "earliest days of Islam". It was "charged with responsibility of carrying out the spirit of the system, setting conditions that preserve and enhance the public health and interests, protect the consumers, solve business and labor disputes, promote good market behavior, and ensure their observance." M. A. Khan states, institution of 4285:. In banking this was done through the use of sales transactions (focusing on the fixed rate return modes) to support investing without interest-bearing debt. Many modern writers have strongly criticized this approach as a means of covering conventional banking with an Islamic facade. (Sohrab Behada has argued that the economic system proposed by Islam is essentially a capitalist one.) 4501:) considered conquered land to be state rather than private property (as was usual practice). The purported reason for this was that privatizing this property would concentrate resources in the hands of a few, and prevent it from being used for the general good. The property remained under the occupation of the cultivators, but taxes were collected on it for the state treasury. 4084:, "not until the mid-twentieth century" was there any body of thought that could be called "Islamic economics", that was "recognizable as a coherent or self-contained doctrine". But around 1950 "campaigns launched to identify self-consciously, if not also exclusively, Islamic patterns of economic thought and behavior". The famous early-20th Century Muslim nationalist and author 46: 4198:, advocating for a syncretic system with a gold / silver standard, while also having heavy government regulations of the market. Hosein is notable for being among a faction of Islamic scholars with a strict interpretation of riba prohibitions in the Qur'an, with the general definition of interest being as broad as money increasing over time for a single purchase. 4976:) describes a "major difficulty" faced by Islamic reformers of Islamic economics and pointed out by other authors, namely that because a financial system is an "integrated and coherent structure", to create an Islamic system "based on trust, community and no interest" requires "changes and interventions on several different fronts simultaneously". 7525: 4545:

Hassan b. Thabit was afforded the garden of Bayruha and Zubayr received oasis land at Khaybar and Banu Nadir. During the reign of Caliph Umar, a vast expanse of Persian royal family terrain had been acquired, this lead his successor Caliph Uthman to accelerate the allotment of land to individuals in return for a portion of the crop yield.

4964:, one of the pillars of Islam, M.A.Khan also criticizes the conservatism of Islamic Economics, complaining that "the insistence of Muslim scholars in implementing it in the same form as it was common practice in the days of the Prophet and the first four caliphs ... has made it irrelevant to the needs of a contemporary society." 4368:

and intolerable ... negligence" was made worse by the curriculum of the courses which failed to debate "the issues" the discipline or give "due thought to ... the future development of Islamic financial industry" but rather attempted "to squeeze as much abstract information" as possible in their courses, according to Kayed.

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dismissed the need for a "new science of economics, embodied in voluminous books, with high-sounding terminology and large organisation", as the true "economic problem of man"—along with all his social, political and other problems—"can be easily understood" and is simply the failure to follow Islamic law.

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The concept of a public financial institution played a historic role in the Islamic economy. The idea of state collected wealth being made available to the needy general public was relatively new. The resources in the Bayt-al-Mal were considered God's resources and a trust, money paid into the shared

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The only financial institution under Islamic Governance (Prophethood and Caliph Period) was Baitulmaal (public treasury) wherein the wealths were distributed instantly on the basis of need. During Prophethood the last receipt was tribute from Bahrain amounting eight hundred thousands dirham which was

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Nomani and Rahnema say government interference in the market is justified in exceptional circumstances, such as the protection of public interest. Under normal circumstances, governmental non-interference should be upheld. When Muhammad was asked to set the price of goods in a market he responded, "I

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as established to "supervise markets, to provide municipal services, and to settle petty disputes". In the contemporary era, Pakistan has attempted to re-create this institution, although it has jurisdiction only over the administrative excesses of the federal government departments and agencies, not

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According to an analysis by Walid El-Malik in 1993, only the Maliki school took the position that all kinds of natural resources are state-owned; the Hanafi school took the opposite view and held that mineral ownership followed surface ownership, while the other two schools, Shafi'i and Hanbali, drew

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Despite its start in 1976, as of 2009, 2013 Islamic economics was called still in its infancy, its "curricula frames, course structures, reading materials, and research", "mostly" anchored in the "mainstream tradition", "lacking sufficiency, depth, coordination and direction," with teaching faculties

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Instead of "fixating" on interest, Farooq urges a focus on "the larger picture" of "justice", and in economics on fighting exploitation from "greed and profit," and the concentration of wealth. He quotes an ayat in support: "What God has bestowed on his Messenger (and taken away) from the people of

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We create the same type of products that we do for the conventional markets. We then phone up a Sharia scholar for a Fatwa . If he doesn't give it to us, we phone up another scholar, offer him a sum of money for his services and ask him for a Fatwa. We do this until we get Sharia compliance. Then we

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failing to achieve its goals of abolishing interest on money, establishing economic equality, and a superior business ethic; but nonetheless "spared critical scrutiny out of ignorance, misguided tolerance", and because its methods and objectives are considered "too unrealistic to threaten prevailing

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State property includes certain natural resources, as well as other property that cannot immediately be privatized. Islamic state property can be movable, or immovable, and can be acquired through conquest or peaceful means. Unclaimed, unoccupied and heir-less properties, including uncultivated land

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rather than Islamic economics." Surveying Islamic economics and finance courses being offered as of 2008 by 14 universities in Muslim countries, Kayed found 551 courses in conventional economics and finance, and only 12 courses in Islamic economics and finance (only 2% of the total). This "appalling

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In an interview with Professor Hossein Askari, a professor at George Washington University, the German newspaper "Suddeutsche" prepared a report on the ranking of countries that "respect Islamic values". Ireland, Luxembourg and Denmark are at the top of the said ranking table in relation to "Islamic

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has held conferences in Islamabad (1983), Kuala Lumpur (1992), Loughborough (2000), Bahrain (2003), Jakarta (2005) and Jeddah (2008), Iqbal (2008). In addition there have been hundreds of seminars, workshops and discussion groups around the world on Islamic economics and finance. In the U.S. a small

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Islamic economics grew naturally from the Islamic revival and political Islam whose adherents considered Islam to be a complete system of life in all its aspects, rather than a spiritual formula and believed that it logically followed that Islam must have an economic system, unique from and superior

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Indeed it is worth noting that "Islamic economics" is of modern 20th century origin. Even at the turn of the 19th century, the phrase was not used by major Islamic thinkers. The great philosopher Iqbal, who was inspirational to the movement for Pakistan, did not refer to religion in his treatise on

4517:, prohibition against stealing, legality of ownership, recommendation to give charity and other topics related to private property. Islam also guarantees the protection of private property by imposing stringent punishments on thieves. Muhammad said that he who dies defending his property was like a 2387:

In the mid-twentieth century, campaigns began promoting the idea of specifically Islamic patterns of economic thought and behavior. By the 1970s, "Islamic economics" was introduced as an academic discipline in a number of institutions of higher learning throughout the Muslim world and in the West.

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M.T. Usmani, for example states: "Unlike other religions, Islam is not confined to some moral teachings, some rituals or some modes of worship. It rather contains guidance in every sphere of life including socio-economic fields. The obedience from servants of Allah is required not only in worship,

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Islamic economic institutes are not known for their intellectual freedom, and according to Muhammad Akram Khan are unlikely to allow criticism of the ideas or policies of their founding leaders or governments. The Centre for Research in Islamic Economics, an organ of the Jeddah University in Saudi

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Along with these achievements, some Islamic economists have complained of problems in the academic discipline: a shift in interest away from Islamic Economics to Islamic Finance since the 1980s, a shortage of university courses, reading materials that are "either scant or of poor quality", lack of

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The above-mentioned reports are also used to justify the argument that the Islamic market is characterized by free information. Producers and consumers should not be denied information on demand and supply conditions. Producers are expected to inform consumers of the quality and quantity of goods

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When Muhammad migrated to Madinah many of the Muslims owned agricultural land. Muhammad confirmed this ownership and allocated land to individuals. The land allotted would be used for housing, farming or gardening. For example, Bilal b. Harith was given land with mineral deposits at 'Aqiq Valley,

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Another economist (Muhammad Akram Khan) lamented that "the real problem is that despite efforts for developing a separate discipline of Islamic economics, there is not much that can be genuinely called `economics`. Most of Islamic economics consists of theology on economic matters." Another (M.N.

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to interest bearing loans originally envisioned for Islamic banking have not proven feasible. With the elimination of interest being both the basis of the industry and impractical, shari'a scholars have become "entrapped in a situation" where they are forced to approve transactions fundamentally

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The shared bank was treated as a financial institution and therefore subjected to the same prohibitions regarding interest. Caliph Umar spoke on the shared bank saying: "I did not find the betterment of this wealth except in three ways: (i) it is received by right, (ii) it is given by right, and

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More conservative salafi have shown less interest in socioeconomic issues, asking the question, "the prophet and his companions didn't study 'laws' of economics, look for patterns, strive for understanding of what happens in commerce, production, consumption. Why should we?" Maududi himself also

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Zaman (2015) argues that confusion regarding appropriate definition of Islamic economics has arisen because of attempts to mix Western economics concepts with Islamic ideals, when the two are diametrically opposed to each other in many dimensions. He proposes a definition based on purely Islamic

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One significant result of Islamic economics (and target of criticism) is the creation of Islamic banking and finance industry. According to several scholars it has bred a new "Power Alliance" of "wealth and Shari'ah scholarship",—wealthy banks and clients paying Islamic scholars to provide bank

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King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah hosted the first international conference on Islamic economics in 1976. Thereafter the International Association for Islamic Economics in collaboration with the Islamic Development Bank has held conferences in Islamabad (1983), Kuala Lumpur (1992), Loughborough

2469:, and other activities that Islam regards as sinful such as unlawful confiscation of land. Complementing Islamic economics, Islamic entrepreneurship has gained traction, focusing on Muslim entrepreneurs, ventures, and contextual factors at the intersection of Islamic faith and entrepreneurship. 4789:

Islamic banks have grown recently in the Muslim world, but are a very small share of the global economy compared to the Western debt banking paradigm. Hybrid approaches, which applies classical Islamic values but uses conventional lending practices, are much lauded by some proponents of modern

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Islamic economics itself exemplifies what has been called an `invented tradition.` ... not until the mid-twentieth century were campaigns launched to identify self-consciously, if not also exclusively, Islamic patterns of economic thought and behavior. Until that time the economic content of

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Arabia, for example, "cannot allow publication of any work that goes against the orthodox thinking of the influential" Saudi religious leadership. Despite "tall talk about ijtehad", Islamic economists "are shy" about "suggesting innovative ideas" for fear of antagonizing religious clerics.

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According to Nomani and Rahnema, Islam accepts markets as the basic coordinating mechanism of the economic system. Islamic teaching holds that the market, given perfect competition, allows consumers to obtain desired goods and producers to sell their goods at a mutually acceptable price.

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developed an "Islamic economics" emphasizing a major role for the state in matters such as circulation and equitable distribution of wealth, and a reward to participants in the marketplace for being exposed to risk or liability. This version of Islamic economics, which influenced the

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In their writings, Sadr and the other authors "sought to depict Islam as a religion committed to social justice, the equitable distribution of wealth, and the cause of the deprived classes," with doctrines "acceptable to Islamic jurists," while refuting existing non-Islamic theories of

7475: 3451:"that branch of knowledge which helps to realize human well-being through an allocation and distribution of scarce resources that is in conformity with Islamic teachings without unduly curbing individual freedom or creating continued macroeconomic and ecological imbalances." ( 5340:

The paper argues that the methods used in Fiqh are mainly designed to find out whether or not a certain act is permissible or prohibited. Islamic economics, on the other hand, is a social science. Like any other social science its proper unit of analysis is the society

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over the market. The produce was later sold at a higher price within the city. Muhammad condemned this practice since it caused injury both to the producers (who in the absence of numerous customers were forced to sell goods at a lower price) and the inhabitants.

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the two models projected by the First and the Second Worlds. Both are basically materialistic, have priorities ... which permit wholesale exploitation. In the West it is the big corporations and cartels and in the Socialist countries it is state capitalism and

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to be meritorious as a separate field of inquiry, Islamic economics cannot confine itself just to explaining and deducing laws in economic matters based on core principles. Since this function is already performed by the discipline of Islamic jurisprudence ...

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economics. Iqbal's Ilm–ul–Iqtesaad, published in 1902, was notable in its absence of religion in the understanding of the economy. The intellectual father of Islamic economics is Maulana Maudoodi, the scholar whose views have shaped the Jamaat-e-Islami

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Nomani and Rahnema say that Islam prohibits price fixing by a dominating handful of buyers or sellers. During the days of Muhammad, a small group of merchants met agricultural producers outside the city and bought the entire crop, thereby gaining a

4756:(iii) it is stopped from wrong. As regards my own position vis-a-vis this wealth of yours; it is like that of a guardian of an orphan. If I am well-off, I shall leave it, but if I am hard-pressed I shall take from it as is genuinely permissible." 4172:, called for public ownership of land and of large "industrial enterprises," while private economic activity continued "within reasonable limits." These ideas informed the large public sector and public subsidy policies of the Iranian Revolution. 3455:) (similarly, the "study of human behavior with regard to acquiring and using resources for the satisfaction of necessities, needs, and other desires," but "based on the assumptions" of the Islamic "outlook on life and humanity". (Monzer Kahf)) 4451:

property of the community. Such property is placed under the guardianship and control of the Islamic state, and can be used by any citizen, as long as that use does not undermine the rights of other citizens, according to Nomani and Rahnema.

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Islamic economists classify the acquisition of private property into involuntary, contractual and non-contractual categories. Involuntary means are inheritances, bequests, and gifts. Non-contractual acquisition involves the collection and

3473:. And which seeks to achieve a "transformation of human beings from followers of base desires to people concerned with achieving higher goals". (Feisal Khan describing the ideas of M.R. Zaman, M.U. Chapra, and M.N. Khan & M.I. Bhatti.) 6388:

Islamic economics is not a science of political economy. Rather it is a revolution (that is a revolutionary ideology) for changing the corrupt reality and turning it into a pure one. It is clearly not an objective analysis of existing

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Bribery is also forbidden in Islam and can therefore not be used to secure a deal or gain favor in a transaction, it was narrated that Muhammad cursed the one who offers the bribe, the one who receives it, and the one who arranges it.

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they claim to sell. Some scholars hold that if an inexperienced buyer is swayed by the seller, the consumer may nullify the transaction upon realizing the seller's unfair treatment. The Qur'an also forbids discriminatory transactions.

4781:. This model looks at removing the interest-based banking and in replacing market inefficiencies such as subsidization of loans over profit-sharing investments due to double taxation and restrictions on investment in private equity. 4280:

The term lived on in the Muslim world, shifting form to the less ambitious goal of interest-free banking. Some Muslim bankers and religious leaders suggested ways to integrate Islamic law on usage of money with modern concepts of

4183:(The Economic System of Islam) by Taqiuddin Nabhani (1953)) combined public ownership of large chunks of the economy (utilities, public transport, health care, energy resources such as oil, and unused farm land), with use of the 4092:

to non-Islamic economic systems. "Islamic economics" "emerged" in the 1940s according to the Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World. Maulana ala Maududi's 1941 address "The economic problem of man and its Islamic solution" (

3735:) comes after the one on pilgrimage and present economic questions as individual acts open to moral analysis: `To lend is among the good works that are particularly recommended in the verses of the Quran and in the Traditions.` 4942:

As an example of the neglect of this issue, Farooq complains that one "rather comprehensive" bibliography of Islamic economics and finance, contains "not a single citation for exploitation or injustice" among its 700 entries.

3504:(Islamic law), and systematizing and conceptualizing them "to construct a coherent and functional ensemble offering a middle ground between the two systems of the twentieth century, Marxism and capitalism." (Social scientist 4269:(meaning both Islamic economics and economy) ... once a revolutionary shibboleth, is indubitably absent in all official documents and the media. It disappeared from Iranian political discourse" about 1990. During the era of 3791:, Omar Norman) have noted the recentness of reflecting on economic issues in the Islamic world, and the difference between economics the social science based on data, and Islamic jurisprudence based on revealed truth. 4504:

Muhammad said "Old and fallow lands are for God and His Messenger (i.e. state property), then they are for you". Jurists draw from this the conclusion that, ultimately, private ownership takes over state property.

3815:"sets terms and conditions of conduct for economic and financial relationships in the Islamic economy" and provides the "grounds on which new instruments" of Islamic financing are developed, but that the "nature of 4362:

According to economist Rasem Kayed, while a number of universities and institutes of higher learning now offer courses on Islamic economics and finance "most of the courses offered by these institutions pertain to

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A. Basir Bin Mohamad. "The Islamic Law of Tort: A Study of the Owner and Possessor of Animals with Special Reference to the Civil Codes of the United Arab Emirates, Lebanon, Tunisia, Morocco, Sudan and Iraq" in

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sources: "Islamic Economics is the EFFORT/STRUGGLE to implement the orders of Allah pertaining to economic affairs in our individual lives (Micro), in our communities (Meso), and at the level of Ummah (Macro)."

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According to authors F. Nomani and A. Rahnema, the Qur'an states that God is the sole owner of all matter in the heavens and the earth, but man is God's viceregent on earth and holds God's possessions in trust

3979:(social cohesion), which he cited as the cause of the advancement of some civilizations. Ibn Khaldun felt that many social forces are cyclic, although there could be sudden sharp turns that break the pattern. 3446:

According to Hasan Raza, after more than six decades of its formal/ informal existence, a consensus on the definition of Islamic economics has not yet emerged. Some definitions that have been offered include:

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A tradition attributed to Muhammad, with which both Sunni and Shi'a jurists agree, in cases where the right to private ownership causes harm to others, then Islam favors curtailing the right in those cases.

7414:"Declining balance co-ownership financing arrangement" (an allegedly Sharia compliant financing arrangement for home purchases and refinances that does not involve the payment of interest), since abandoned. 3710:

but not `economics` or `economy`. Some brief works might contain almost nothing related to matters of property, sales, finance Others do not gather questions on economic issues in one heading, the case in

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Classical scholars in the Muslim world did however, make valuable contributions to Islamic thought on issues involving production, consumption, income, wealth, property, taxation, land ownership, etc. are

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being "a hodgepodge of populist and socialist ideas" in theory, and "nothing more than inefficient state control of the economy and some almost equally ineffective redistribution policies" in practice

3479:"restatements of Islamic economic teachings", using "modern economic jargon". (What most of the knowledge content in the body of Islamic economics amounts to according to economist Muhammad Akram Khan) 3485:"a revolutionary ideology" to change "the corrupt reality ... into a pure one", and "not a science of political economy" or "an objective analysis of existing reality". (Ayatollah Murtaza Mutahhari) 2431:, but as a "third way", an ideal mean with none of the drawbacks of the other two systems. Among the assertions made for an Islamic economic system by Islamic activists and revivalists are that the 3621:

constructed on the basis of isolated prescriptions, anecdotes, examples, words of the Prophet, all gathered together and systematized by commentators according to an inductive, casuistic method."

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Islamic banking has been called "the most visible practical achievement" of Islamic economics, and the "most visible mark" of Islamic revivalism. By 2009, there were over 300 "shariah compliant

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Security of contract: the Qur'an calls for the fulfillment and observation of contracts. The longest verse of the Qur'an deals with commercial contracts involving immediate and future payments.

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claim to have an opinion about everything, it is striking how little they have to say about this most central of human activities, beyond repetitious pieties about how their model is neither

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There is consensus amongst Islamic jurists and social scientists that Islam recognizes and upholds the individual's right to private ownership. The Qur'an extensively discusses taxation,

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Other works divided the subjects of fiqh into four "quarters": typically worship (al-`Ibadat), marriage and family law (al-Munakahat), criminal law (Jinayat), commercial transaction law (

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One critic (Muhammad O. Farooq) argues that this unfortunate situation has arisen because the "preoccupation" among supporters of Islamic Economics that any and all interest on loans is

3990:, the greater the social cohesion, the more complex the successful division may be, the greater the economic growth. He noted that growth and development positively stimulates both 4411:

Some Muslims believe that the Shariah provides "specific laws and standards regarding the use and allocation of resources including land, water, animals, minerals, and manpower."

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and specific instructions for the gold and silver weights of coins, arguing this would "demolish ... American control and the control of the dollar as an international currency."

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jurists argue that if private ownership endangers public interest, then the state can limit the amount an individual is allowed to own. This view, however, is debated by others.

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for government—locking out non-Muslim and even not Arabic speaking readers from the content of Islamic economics and even "giving legitimacy" to "pendantry" in the field.

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In the 1960s and 1970s, Shi'a thinkers worked to describe Islamic economics' "own answers to contemporary economic problems." Several works were particularly influential:

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One school—the Kulliyyah of Economics and Management Sciences of International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM)—has produced over 2000 graduates in 25 years as of 2009.

4254: 3830:, a tax on wealth and income. According to another contemporary writer Salah El-Sheikh, "Islamic economic principles" (what he calls a "FiqhiConomic model") utilize the 8362: 4005:

Medieval Islamic economics appears to have somewhat resembled a form of capitalism, some arguing that it laid the foundations for the development of modern capitalism.

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discourses grounded in Islam's traditional sources lacked systematization; they hardly formed a body of thought recognizable as a coherent or self-contained doctrine.

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also called the father of modern Historiography and Sociology. Schumpeter (1954) p 136 mentions his sociology, others, including Hosseini (2003) emphasize him as well

9154: 8921: 3955:, who has been called "the father of modern economics" by I.M. Oweiss. Ibn Khaldun wrote on what is now called economic and political theory in the introduction, or 11856: 4950:, also called for "comprehensive Islamic reform to establish an exploitation-free economic system" and not just "mechanical substitution of profit for interest." 11738: 10518: 10496: 6274: 11106: 4029:

underwent substantial increases in per capita income and population, and a sustained pace of technological innovation. A significant event was the creation of

2309:) has traditionally dealt with determining what is required, prohibited, encouraged, discouraged, or just permissible. according to the revealed word of God ( 9614: 7970: 6537: 5274:"A Review of Fiqh al-Mua'malat Subjects in Economics and Related Programs at International Islamic University Malaysia and University of Brunei Darussalam" 4529:

that have not previously been claimed as private property. Contractual acquisition includes activities such as trading, buying, renting, hiring labor etc.

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development, and technological developments effects on development. In fact, Ibn Khaldun thought that population growth was directly a function of wealth.

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Maulana Maududi: The Economic Problem Of Man And Its Islamic Solution. Being an Address delivered in the Muslim University, Atigarh. on 20th October, 1941

11723: 10501: 4657:(forbidden)", consequently "the Islamic economic model is based on the freedom of trade and freedom of contract so far as the limits of Shari’ah allow". 4493:

During the life of Muhammad, one fifth of military equipment captured from the enemy in the battlefield was considered state property. During his reign,

2856: 2564: 2271:, which is "labour-based exchange and exchange-based labour". While there are differences between the two, Islamic economics still tends to be closer to 9538: 9167: 7409: 7350: 6364: 3458:"the study of an ... economy which abides by the rules of the Shariah", i.e. an Islamic economy. (A definition used by some, according to M. Anas Zarqa) 4995: 4201:

In the Sunni world the first international conference on Islamic economics was held at the King Abdulaziz University in Jeddah in 1976. Since then the

1909: 8438: 4630:

Proponents such as M. A. Khan, Nomani and Rahnema also contend that the "Islamic economy" forbids or at least discourages market manipulation such as

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and made the rulers accountable to the people". Scholars F. Nomani and A. Rahnema state that public property in Islam refers to natural resources (

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The most noticeable and/or important objective of Islamic Banking has been a ban on the charging of interest on loans. The Quran (3: 130) condemns

3944:, intended as advice to businessmen "in their endeavors to create income opportunities". Abu 'Ubaid al Qasim bin Sallam (d.839) was the author of 2978: 2945: 2091: 9418:

Zaman, Asad (June 2008). "Islamic Economics: A Survey of the Literature". University of Birmingham: Religions and Development Research Programme.

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Another author (Nima Mersadi Tabari) claims that the general doctrine of fairness in sharia law creates "an ethical economic model" and forbids

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Monzer KAHF. "Islamic Banks: The Rise of a New Power Alliance of Wealth and Shari'ah Scholarship," in Clement HENRY and Rodney WILSON (eds.).

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imposes a concern about individual transactions and their minute legalistic characteristics", so that analyzing Islamic economics in terms of

3932:—literally "the return or revenue" but was used by the author to mean "public revenues and taxation"—which was a policy guide to 3883: 3598: 3461:

a discipline that goes beyond the practice of Western economics—which seeks to make "positive analysis" and give an objective description of

2930: 976: 9003: 9389: 3548:, with an eye to allocating these taxes to eight expenditures that are also explicitly defined in the Quran, such as aid to those in need." 3015: 2940: 11753: 10538: 9555: 2966: 2111: 9928: 4372:

Siddiqi) notes Islamic economics has been teaching "conventional economics from an Islamic perspective", rather than Islamic economics.

4273:, several Islamic economic concepts and practices were introduced into the domestic economy, as part of Zia's Islamisation reforms (see 7291: 6852: 3433: 3826:

According to economist Muhammad Akram Khan the "main plank" of Islamic economics is the "theory of riba", while "another landmark" is

3476:"a discipline that is guided by the Shariah and studies all human societies" (A definition used by others, according to M. Anas Zarqa) 11827: 11743: 10528: 10330: 10154: 9607: 3270: 2658: 2098: 8047: 4888:

products with Islamic "shariah compliance". Journalist John Foster, quotes an investment banker based in the Islamic Banking hub of

2341:, and, studied how to best achieve policy goals, such as full employment, price stability, economic equity and productivity growth. 11844: 10550: 8955: 8926: 8463: 6515:

A Translation of Qazi Thanaa Ullah's Ma La Budda Minhu, by Maulana Yusuf Talal Ali al-Amriki, (Kazi Publications, Lahore, Pakistan)

2935: 9512:

Immanuel Naveh. "The Tort of Injury and Dissolution of Marriage at the Wife's Initiative in Egyptian Mahkamat al-Naqd Rulings" in

4879:

On economic reforms, Timur Kuran said it is a "vehicle for asserting the primacy of Islam" with reforms being a secondary motive.

4348:

without data-based research to substantiate claim made for them—that interest causes economic problems or that zakat solves them.

12146: 11807: 11728: 10506: 10466: 7252: 4223: 3275: 2131: 2086: 1748: 867: 9544: 7742: 7720: 6224: 5878: 11748: 10638: 10533: 9737: 6763: 5070: 5000: 4608:

Further, "uninformed speculation" not based on a proper analysis of available information is forbidden because it is a form of

4571:

Three necessary conditions for an operational market are said (by Nomani and Rahnema) to be upheld in Islamic primary sources:

4261:

level achieved by the regime it overthrew, and communist states and socialist parties in the non-Muslim world turned away from

2106: 1902: 7132: 4616:(unearned income). Commercial contracting under conditions of "excessive uncertainty" (however that is defined) is a form of 11758: 11715: 10545: 10488: 9257: 9044: 8863: 8818: 8799: 7179: 7036: 7012: 6133: 5853: 5749: 5719: 5686: 5506: 2211: 2077: 4946:

A former director of Pakistan Institute of Development Economics and the head of Pakistan's Economic Affairs Division, Syed

2321:). This applied to issues like property, money, employment, taxes, loans, along with everything else. The social science of 12161: 10046: 9600: 9031: 6222:. Paper presented at 7th International Conference on Islamic Economics, King Abdulaziz University, 1–3 April, Jeddah. p.30 4575:

Freedom of exchange: the Qur'an calls on believers to engage in trade, and rejects the contention that trade is forbidden.

7235: 5313: 5273: 7740:

Paper presented at 7th International Conference on Islamic Economics, King Abdulaziz University, 1–3 April, Jeddah, p.80

855: 10016: 9136: 6864: 6414: 5546: 4905:

Foster explains that the fee for services provided by "top" scholars is "often" in six-figures, i.e. over US$ 100,000.

3572:(modern Islamic economists reached consensus that Riba is any kind of interest, rather than just usury)" is prohibited. 1337: 275: 4222:

What has been called one of "two versions" of "Islamic economy" existed during the first ten years (1979–1989) of the

11610: 11564: 11224: 11218: 10224: 9352: 9326: 9072: 9013: 8588: 8057: 7116: 7091: 7060: 6899: 6802: 6374: 6286: 5656: 5631: 5600: 5575: 5449: 4526: 4514: 3127: 2915: 2068: 1895: 1272: 840: 5868:

Financial Regulation in Crisis?: The Role of Law and the Failure of Northern Rock By Joanna Gray, Orkun Akseli p. 97

11481: 11337: 10814: 10710: 10471: 10411: 10310: 10081: 5534: 2204: 1971: 425: 8009: 7971:"SEEING THE ENVIRONMENT THROUGH ISLAMIC EYES: Application of Shariah to Natural Resources Planning and Management" 7718:

Paper presented at 7th International Conference on Islamic Economics, King Abdulaziz University, 1–3 April, Jeddah

4715:

rather than risk-sharing products, has driven even some leading advocates and experts in Islamic banking (such as

4147:

Al-Sadr in particular was described as having "almost single-handedly developed the notion of Islamic economics".

11975: 11781: 10439: 8442: 6545: 5378: 2047: 1980: 7324: 7316: 6308: 4317:

200 Ph.D. dissertations completed at different universities of the world, literature published English, Arabic,

482: 12040: 11588: 11486: 9752: 3426: 2057: 2032: 1438: 1063: 997: 522: 23: 7879:

Hasan, Zubair (January 2009) "Islamic finance education at the graduate level: Current state and challenges."

7854:

Hasan, Zubair (January 2009) "Islamic finance education at the graduate level: Current state and challenges."

12166: 11398: 11157: 10834: 10305: 10147: 10071: 9866: 9777: 9715: 7354: 4985: 4274: 3523:

Fiqh (religious law) has developed several traditional concepts having to do with economics. These included:

3137: 2052: 1966: 1883: 1778: 1498: 1488: 9861: 6458:

Mersadi Tabari, Nima (February 2012). "The Sharia'h Dimension of the Persian Gulf's Hydrocarbon Resources".

4934:

the townships, - belongs to God, - to his Messenger and to kindred and orphans, the needy and the wayfarer;

3177: 12151: 11960: 11937: 11547: 11403: 11393: 11299: 10952: 10566: 10242: 10021: 9974: 9642: 9362: 8344: 7448:

Behdad, Sohrab (1989). "Property Rights in Contemporary Islamic Economic Thought: A Critical Perspective".

7262: 6641: 5790:

Kuran, Timur (1986). "The Economic System in Contemporary Islamic Thought: Interpretation and Assessment".

4693: 3843: 3327: 1808: 729: 684: 311: 2364:

and various Islamic kingdoms and sultanates led to systemic changes in their economy. particularly in the

2282:

Islamic commercial jurisprudence entails the rules of transacting finance or other economic activity in a

12062: 11927: 11733: 11501: 11294: 10671: 10511: 10461: 10444: 10401: 10396: 10300: 10252: 10076: 9991: 9964: 9851: 9782: 9705: 9623: 7405: 5065: 4716: 4687: 2602: 1954: 797: 9505:"Vicarious Liability: A Study of the Liability of the Guardian and his Ward in the Islamic Law of Tort" 12141: 11812: 11695: 11212: 10631: 10344: 10199: 9996: 9984: 9039:. Islamabad, Pakistan: THE INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF ISLAMIC THOUGHT and INSTITUTE OF POLICY STUDIES. 6583: 3247: 2910: 2724: 2526: 2276: 2063: 962: 240: 8882:

Chaney, E. "Religion, Political Power and Human Capital Formation: Evidence from Islamic History". In

8628: 11905: 11892: 11593: 11422: 11118: 10840: 10803: 6891: 3759:

is "closely related" to Islamic Economics. (However even with the "quarters" division of fiqh topics

3419: 3374: 2689: 2194: 1731: 1659: 1080: 1028: 330: 9460: 4678:

will not set such a precedent, let the people carry on with their activities and benefit mutually."

4314:

484 research projects in various universities of ten countries including the US, the UK and Germany.

12057: 11776: 11600: 11373: 10853: 10434: 10140: 10001: 9918: 9856: 9637: 9318: 5834:

Quran (Al-Baqarah 2:275), (Al-Baqarah 2:276–80), (Al-'Imran 3:130), (Al-Nisa 4:161), (Ar-Rum 30:39)

4791: 4206: 2330: 1976: 1926: 1267: 872: 706: 9200: 9005:

Islamic Banking in Pakistan: Shariah-Compliant Finance and the Quest to Make Pakistan More Islamic

8997:. 7th International Conference on Islamic Economics, King Abdulaziz University, 1–3 April, Jeddah. 7317:"Review of The Renewal of Islamic Law: Muhammad Baqer as-Sadr, Najaf, and the Shi'i International" 5404: 3994:, and that the forces of supply and demand are what determines the prices of goods. He also noted 11915: 10726: 10106: 10026: 9923: 9913: 9901: 9891: 9664: 8969: 8828:

Ali, S. Nazim (2008). "Islamic finance and economics as reflected in research and publications".

6625:

Fiqh al-Munakahat: it deals with marriage, divorce, inheritance, guardianship and related matters

5567: 5060: 4915: 4057: 3899: 3784: 3505: 3317: 2373: 2334: 1833: 1783: 1664: 1392: 1262: 454: 10880: 6000:

International Business Success in a Strange Cultural Environment By Mamarinta P. Mababaya p. 202

3059: 967: 12072: 12001: 11970: 11900: 10824: 10819: 10737: 10315: 9906: 9876: 9844: 9787: 9697: 9469: 8811:

Risk Management in Islamic Finance: An Analysis of Derivatives Instruments in Commodity Markets

5538: 4160: 4124: 4045: 3915: 3493: 3192: 2608: 2326: 2268: 1843: 1242: 878: 503: 430: 9566: 9439: 9062: 8912: 7077: 6471: 6433: 5929: 5709: 5676: 5617: 5221: 4735:, doubled and redoubled, and be careful of Allah; but fear Allah that you may be successful." 12156: 12018: 11996: 10747: 10624: 10031: 9979: 9954: 9762: 9742: 9447: 9267:

Platteau, J.P. "Strategic Interactions Between Religion and Politics: The Case of Islam". In

7801: 6489: 5904: 5045: 5040: 4065: 3265: 3094: 2900: 2377: 2272: 1838: 1483: 1173: 1143: 1128: 8388: 7298: 5739: 4096:) is "generally considered to be one of the founding documents of modern Islamic economics" 11675: 11582: 11527: 10406: 10257: 10184: 10116: 10096: 10036: 9871: 9819: 8409:

referring to Siddiqi, 1983 (Mohammad Nejatullah SIDDIQI. Issues in Islamic Banking , p. 125

7985: 6841:, BOSC Frères, M. et L. RIOU, Lyon, is an early treatise on Ibn Khaldun's economic thought. 6115: 5522: 5087: 5025: 4195: 4176: 3903: 3875: 3859: 3489: 3182: 3099: 2971: 2531: 2392:

are often summarized as: (1) the "behavioral norms and moral foundations" derived from the

2136: 1743: 1551: 1448: 1412: 1257: 1190: 1138: 945: 9101:(1997). "The Genesis of Islamic Economics: A Chapter in the Politics of Muslim Identity". 6605: 4852:

being little more than a mimicry of conventional economics embellished with verses of the

4245:, and state-run": It was "little by little supplanted" by a more liberal economic policy. 8: 11910: 11786: 11680: 11496: 10935: 10732: 10352: 10189: 10101: 9896: 9829: 9799: 9725: 9720: 9687: 6114:

Ramadani, Veland; Dana, Léo-Paul; Gërguri-Rashiti, Shqipe; Ratten, Vanessa, eds. (2017).

5030: 4590: 4270: 4134: 4034: 3497: 3362: 3312: 2511: 2432: 2141: 1988: 1853: 1798: 1793: 1726: 1716: 1402: 1237: 540: 489: 8471: 7989: 6606:"The Originality of Qard and its Implication on the Loan Theory: Does Intention Matter?" 4806:

its alleged "incoherence, incompleteness, impracticality, and irrelevance", driven by "

4311:

Eight magazines recently started "exclusively devoted to Islamic economics and finance",

12077: 11991: 11922: 11832: 11768: 11576: 11552: 11229: 11207: 11167: 11009: 10912: 10863: 10829: 10720: 10426: 10320: 10204: 9881: 9824: 9573:"An Economic Explanation of the Prohibition of Riba in Classical Islamic Jurisprudence" 9498: 9427: 9406: 9297: 9187: 9110: 8001: 7824: 6929: 6735:

El-Sheikh, Salah (2008). "The Moral Economy of Classical Islam: A FiqhiConomic Model".

6178: 6096: 5817: 5527: 5479: 5353: 5251: 4990: 4947: 4864: 4231: 4211: 4169: 3794:

Salman Ahmed Shaikh and Monzer Kahf insist on a clear distinction between the roles of

3533: 3287: 3132: 3117: 2905: 2880: 2790: 2638: 2349: 2338: 2149: 1949: 1858: 1818: 1689: 1594: 1213: 1195: 1185: 1178: 1056: 701: 443: 247: 11075: 3769:) (which at least often comes under marriage and family law), or calculation of alms ( 12052: 12047: 11952: 11942: 11932: 11605: 11491: 11443: 11197: 10900: 10890: 10885: 10875: 10870: 10703: 10267: 10262: 10091: 10011: 9949: 9942: 9772: 9435: 9410: 9348: 9322: 9311: 9253: 9191: 9132: 9068: 9040: 9009: 8908: 8859: 8814: 8795: 8584: 8493: 8053: 8005: 7735: 7713: 7175: 7112: 7087: 7056: 7032: 7008: 7004: 6933: 6895: 6860: 6857:

New Light on Manichaeism: Papers from the Sixth International Congress on Manichaeism

6798: 6748: 6467: 6410: 6370: 6217: 6129: 6100: 6088: 5920: 5882: 5849: 5821: 5745: 5715: 5682: 5652: 5627: 5596: 5571: 5542: 5502: 5483: 5445: 5075: 5055: 5035: 5005: 4807: 4282: 4258: 4238: 4164: 4069: 4041: 4018: 3991: 3983: 3937: 3720: 3367: 3297: 3232: 3197: 3172: 3152: 3064: 3025: 3001: 2750: 2702: 2663: 2648: 2624: 2581: 2576: 2483: 2381: 2361: 2357: 1711: 1463: 1443: 1223: 1218: 461: 382: 320: 218: 197: 9572: 9431: 9064:

What Is Wrong with Islamic Economics?: Analysing the Present State and Future Agenda

8992: 8307:. They also point out that a chapter is devoted to such fraudulent practices: Quran 7828: 7109:

Modern World System and Indian Proto-industrialization: Bengal 1650-1800, (Volume 1)

6771: 5649:

Modern World System and Indian Proto-industrialization: Bengal 1650-1800, (Volume 1)

4642:. Government intervention in the economy is tolerated under specific circumstances. 4052:

to become the world's largest economy, valued 25% of world GDP, while the region of

12082: 12067: 11817: 11522: 11244: 11182: 11172: 11162: 11147: 10895: 10798: 10770: 10658: 10369: 10292: 9959: 9419: 9398: 9289: 9179: 7993: 7816: 7457: 7140: 7083: 6921: 6834: 6744: 6121: 6080: 5807: 5799: 5705: 5623: 5471: 5441: 5419: 5243: 5092: 5010: 4774: 4420: 4265:, Muslim interest shifted away from government ownership and regulation. In Iran, " 4141:

Some Interpretations of Property Rights, Capital and Labor from Islamic Perspective

3237: 3187: 2780: 2678: 2673: 2653: 2466: 2352:

from the 9th century and later became dominant in European Muslim territories like

2156: 1944: 1704: 1639: 1624: 1576: 1566: 1560: 1533: 1518: 1289: 1252: 387: 261: 8524: 8494:"MODERN ISLAMIC FINANCE PRACTICES AND ITS EFFECT ON SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT IN SOMALIA" 3951:

Perhaps the most well-known Islamic scholar who wrote about economical issues was

12008: 11705: 11650: 11450: 11136: 11096: 10985: 10941: 10715: 10603: 10219: 10163: 10121: 10041: 9886: 9834: 9792: 9710: 9576: 9126: 8905:

The Riba-Interest Equation and Islam: Re-examination of the Traditional Arguments

7746: 7724: 6228: 5678:

Finance and Society in 21st Century China: Chinese Culture Versus Western Markets

5050: 4811: 4770: 4470: 4424: 4364: 4352: 4191: 3933: 3724: 3409: 3342: 3147: 3054: 2885: 2795: 2719: 2559: 2554: 2516: 2458: 2435:

will be reduced and prosperity enhanced by such means as the discouraging of the

2250: 2235: 2180: 1934: 1828: 1788: 1753: 1649: 1609: 1604: 1571: 1417: 1397: 1387: 1377: 1362: 1342: 1277: 1163: 1088: 1039: 589: 368: 347: 4752:

bank was common property of all the Muslims and the ruler was just the trustee.

4324:"Over a thousand unique titles on Islamic economics and finance" in IFP databank 12120: 11837: 11690: 11532: 11234: 10598: 10456: 10214: 10194: 9218: 8994:

Appraisal of the status of research on labor economics in the Islamic framework

6912:

Boulakia, Jean David C. (1971). "Ibn Khaldûn: A Fourteenth-Century Economist".

4936:

in order that it may not (merely) make a circuit between the wealthy among you.

4593:

such as "inflating the price of commodities by creating artificial shortages (

4227: 4085: 4038: 4022: 3681: 3355: 3302: 3212: 3162: 3122: 3089: 3049: 2983: 2895: 2875: 2846: 2821: 2775: 2454: 2411: 2163: 1813: 1629: 1523: 1367: 361: 192: 9592: 9402: 9376:

Islamic Banking & Finance in South-East Asia: Its Development & Future

7461: 6125: 6084: 5803: 5475: 5324: 5284: 4601:) and concealment of vital information in a transaction from the other party ( 4447:

etc.) to which all humans have equal right. Such resources are considered the

12135: 12023: 11850: 11700: 11239: 11202: 11177: 11014: 10416: 10209: 10051: 10006: 9969: 9757: 9647: 8548:

Kuran, "The Economic Impact of Islamic Fundamentalism," in Marty and Appleby

6092: 5879:"Islam and Economic Justice: A 'Third Way' Between Capitalism and Socialism?" 5846:

The Islamic Moral Economy: A Study of Islamic Money and Financial Instruments

5423: 4823: 4731:(which is usually translated as "interest"): "O, you who believe! Devour not 4553:

According to M. S. Naz, regulation of markets is among the main functions of

4466: 4408:). Islamic jurists divide properties into public, state, private categories. 4383:

Use of Islamic terminology not only for distinctive Islamic concepts such as

4184: 4053: 3999: 3995: 3971: 3895: 3891: 3679:

Works of fiqh are typically divided into different "books" such as a Book of

3307: 3222: 3207: 3157: 3142: 3084: 3069: 2995: 2890: 2731: 2668: 2407: 2369: 2365: 2175: 1863: 1848: 1654: 1644: 1634: 1619: 1599: 1528: 1372: 1294: 1205: 1168: 1158: 1148: 1049: 111: 6275:"Usury (riba) and the place of bank interest in Islamic banking and finance" 6220:

Duality of sources in Islamic economics, and its methodological consequences

6068: 6037:

The Stability of Islamic Finance: Creating a Resilient Financial Environment

3605:"the overriding doctrine of fairness in commercial dealings is established." 12110: 12035: 11685: 11537: 11415: 11131: 10980: 10965: 10679: 10588: 9732: 9677: 7845:

Jeddah: King Abdulaziz University, Centre for Research in Islamic Economics

7526:"کشورهای غیراسلامی "عدالت اسلامی" را بیشتر رعایت می‌کنند – DW – ۱۳۹۳/۱۰/۱۷" 6839:

Les Idées Economiques d'Ibn Khaldoun (The Economic Thought of Ibn Khaldoun)

6642:"5. The Profit Motive in Islam: Religion and Economics in the Muslim World" 4778: 4631: 4030: 4026: 3556:—"uncertainty". The presence of any element of excessive uncertainty, in a 3398: 3379: 3337: 3332: 3242: 3227: 3167: 3044: 2841: 2826: 2785: 2714: 2685: 2245:

Islamic economics is a broad field, related to the more specific subset of

2042: 1993: 1738: 1614: 1478: 1473: 1468: 1453: 1407: 1382: 1357: 1352: 1299: 1153: 678: 669: 646: 598: 475: 354: 296: 8581:

Production, Consumption, Business and the Economy: Structural Ideals And …

6039:

By Zamir Iqbal, Abbas Mirakhor, Noureddine Krichenne, Hossein Askari p. 75

6009:

Islamic Capital Markets: Theory and Practice By Noureddine Krichene p. 119

4719:) to talk about "a crisis of identity of the Islamic financial movement." 11662: 11152: 11060: 10960: 10847: 10282: 10171: 9767: 9682: 9423: 9183: 9122: 9098: 8891: 8846: 8300: 7820: 7697:

Tahir, Sayyid (January 2009) "Islamic finance: Undergraduate education".

7079:

How India Clothed the World: The World of South Asian Textiles, 1500-1850

5619:

How India Clothed the World: The World of South Asian Textiles, 1500-1850

5015: 4872: 4863:

claiming to call for a return to Islamic practices that are actually an "

4815: 4709:

However, the domination of the industry by debt-like instruments such as

4706:

around the world, and around $ 2 trillion were sharia-compliant by 2014.

4703: 4645:

Another author (Nima Mersadi Tabari) states that in Islam "everything is

4448: 4081: 3952: 3907: 3871: 3788: 3452: 3322: 3217: 3202: 3079: 3008: 2122: 1803: 1758: 1721: 1699: 1694: 1307: 1282: 787: 146: 9582: 9556:"Understanding Islamic Finance: Local Innovation and Global Integration" 9114: 8304: 8268: 8253: 8249: 8241: 8222: 8218: 7936: 7932: 7928: 7924: 7920: 4335:(2000), Bahrain (2003), Jakarta (2005), Jeddah (2008) and Iqbal (2008). 3404: 11965: 11047: 11004: 10975: 9937: 9839: 9672: 9567:

Riba, Interest and Six Hadiths: Do We Have a Definition or a Conundrum?

9301: 9277: 8789: 8308: 8296: 8245: 8214: 8150:

Monzer Kahf (1996) Principles of Islamic Economics, IIUM. 41, 115, 123.

7997: 5971: 5947: 5255: 4973: 4939: 4840: 4152: 4119: 4088:, for example, did not refer to religion in his treatise on economics. 4049: 3957: 3911: 3879: 3863: 3292: 3074: 2836: 2593: 2428: 2372:, a major trading nation of the medieval world, signaled the period of 2353: 2345: 2284: 1133: 1101: 416: 8237: 8049:

Finders Keepers?: How the Law of Capture Shaped the World Oil Industry

5812: 11670: 11101: 11043: 10990: 10858: 10476: 10179: 10086: 9379: 6407:

Islamic Economics: Basic Concepts, New Thinking and Future Directions

5020: 4844: 4444: 4288: 4262: 4242: 4235: 3925: 3919: 3887: 3855: 3663: 2851: 2643: 2424: 2322: 2292: 1823: 1347: 1312: 1247: 1111: 1106: 1018: 282: 255: 9293: 8954:

Jaliz, Abdullaah; Ramli, Asharaf Mohd; Shahwan, Syahidawati (2014).

7029:

Capitalism and Freedom: The Contradictory Character of Globalisation

6795:

Mawlana Mawdudi and Political Islam: Authority and the Islamic State

6402: 5897:"Muhammad Qutb and his book Islam : the Misunderstood Religion" 5247: 4769:

An alternative Islamic savings-investment model can be built around

4387:

but also for concepts that do not have specific Islamic connotation—

12013: 11509: 11367: 11319: 11113: 11019: 10970: 10698: 10111: 9747: 9168:"Islam and Economic Performance: Historical and Contemporary Links" 7512:"ممالك غیراسلامی "عدالت اسلامی" را بیشتر رعایت می‌کنند! – بینانیوز" 7292:"Revolutionary Surge and Quiet Demise of Islamic Economics in Iran" 6925: 5741:

Bengal Industries and the British Industrial Revolution (1757-1857)

4832: 4711: 4662: 4635: 4419:

According to M. A. Khan, "Islam introduced the distinction between

3867: 3751: 3650:) are employed, to create laws that determine whether actions were 3609:

These concepts, like others in Islamic law, came from study of the

3557: 3537: 3488:

an "ideological construct" developed by 20th century Islamists (by

2831: 2707: 2549: 2491: 2462: 2436: 2314: 2264: 2259: 1200: 956: 913: 815: 127: 10132: 4473:

of public property is subject to debate amongst Islamic scholars.

4344:

intellectual freedom, "narrow focus" on interest-free banking and

4327:

1500 conferences (whose proceedings are available in IFP databank)

3831: 3731:

as the classical ulamas do ... the chapter on selling and buying (

12028: 11624: 11312: 11192: 11070: 11065: 11052: 11036: 11029: 11024: 10756: 10571: 10389: 10384: 7211:. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 103–106. 6366:

The Political Thought of Ayatollah Murtaza Mutahhari: An Iranian

6113: 5158:

During an "earlier phase" of the Islamic Banking movement in 1981

4639: 4538: 4432: 4156: 4061: 3823:" risks losing "the ability to provide a macro economic theory". 3672: 3545: 2816: 2588: 2389: 2289: 1556: 1332: 934: 822: 770: 567: 268: 120: 65: 9387:

Weiss, Dieter (1995). "Ibn Khaldun on Economic Transformation".

8877:. International Economic Association Series. Palgrave Macmillan. 8561:"The Discontents of Islamic Economic Mortality" by Timur Kuran, 5959:

International Business Success in a Strange Cultural Environment

4455:

The owner of previously public property that is privatized pays

4214:

have been filed for Sharia compliant financial service methods.

2423:

Advocates of Islamic economics generally describe it as neither

2325:, on the other hand, works to describe, analyse and understand 11542: 11516: 11475: 11436: 11353: 11266: 11187: 11089: 10999: 10930: 10925: 10692: 10616: 10593: 10581: 10576: 10340: 10247: 5714:. Volume 1: Abba - Hist. Oxford University Press. p. 174. 4857: 4618: 4555: 4534: 4518: 4440: 4428: 4356: 4075: 4014: 3655: 3635: 3630: 3614: 3552: 3501: 2737: 2630: 2450: 2440: 2397: 2318: 2300: 2011: 2001: 1878: 1684: 920: 695: 688: 545: 468: 289: 100: 55: 8970:"1. Relevance definition and methodology of Islamic Economics" 8949:. 3rd Islamic Economics Congress, 12–14 January, Kuala Lumpur. 8947:

Research in Islamic economics: The missing fard 'ayn component

7075: 6651:. Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. p. 74 6518: 5615: 4597:), overbidding for the sole purpose of driving the prices up ( 11791: 11616: 11570: 11558: 11360: 11346: 11305: 11082: 10920: 10777: 10763: 10684: 10647: 10449: 10379: 10362: 8144: 7802:"Treatment of Consumption in Islamic Economics: An Appraisal" 6886:

I. M. Oweiss (1988), "Ibn Khaldun, the Father of Economics",

4960: 4921: 4893: 4889: 4853: 4836: 4653: 4647: 4461: 4436: 4345: 3827: 3771: 3716: 3699: 3693: 3687: 3659: 3651: 3647: 3626: 3610: 3589: 3569: 3528: 2756: 2744: 2696: 2506: 2445: 2402: 2393: 2310: 2296: 1012: 1005: 927: 906: 899: 885: 829: 763: 756: 749: 737: 635: 624: 578: 534: 409: 400: 393: 213: 206: 187: 166: 93: 86: 74: 7768: 7766: 6476:

King's College London Law School Research Paper No. 2014-10.

3576:

Another source lists "general rules" include prohibition of

11457: 11429: 11379: 11326: 11271: 10784: 10374: 10357: 10277: 10272: 9548: 8119: 6149:

Iqbal, Dunawar; Syed Ali, Salman; Muljawan, Dadang (2007).

4910: 4699: 4494: 4318: 4048:'s family, through which the Indian subcontinent surpassed 3765: 3705: 3667: 3642: 3564: 3541: 2416: 2305: 2023: 892: 808: 776: 607: 556: 496: 336: 175: 157: 139: 31: 7763: 7286: 7284: 5889: 5314:"Methods and Methodologies in Fiqh and Islamic Economics" 5234:

Philipp, Thomas (1990). "The Idea of Islamic Economics".

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4477:

a distinction between "hidden" and "unhidden" minerals.

4321:, Bahasa Malaysia, Turkish and other regional languages. 9205:. Translated by Husain, R. Lahore: Islamic Publications 9128:

Islam and Mammon: The Economic Predicaments of Islamism

7681: 7679: 7588: 7586: 7001:

Charlemagne, Muhammad, and the Arab roots of capitalism

6494: 4738: 4021:, which led to their commercial expansion. Chiefly the 8171: 8169: 7809:

Journal of King Abdulaziz University-Islamic Economics

7751: 7649: 7639: 7637: 7635: 7558: 7556: 7554: 7541: 7539: 7281: 7215: 6853:"How We KNow the Exact Year the Archegos Left Baghdad" 6716: 6676:"Difference between Islamic Economics and Islamic Law" 4068:

after English dominance was established following the

9159:

The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, 2nd Edition

8728: 8716: 8692: 8667: 8604: 8381: 8322: 7886: 7661: 7622: 7620: 7607: 7605: 7603: 7601: 7573: 7571: 7429: 7387: 7385: 6768:

EH.net: Encyclopedia of Economic and Business History

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Developments in Islamic Banking: The Case of Pakistan

6253: 6251: 6148: 6117:

Entrepreneurship and Management in an Islamic Context

5773: 5771: 5769: 5767: 5765: 5763: 5761: 5564:

Morality and Justice in Islamic Economics and Finance

5405:"Islam, the Mediterranean and the Rise of Capitalism" 9278:"Islamic Economics: The Emergence of a New Paradigm" 8856:

Islam and the Everyday World: Public Policy Dilemmas

8753: 8704: 7861: 7778: 7676: 7583: 6818: 6816: 6814: 6764:"Islamic Economics: What It Is and How It Developed" 6326: 6309:"Islamic economics: what it is and how it developed" 6238: 6236: 5928:. New York : Oxford University Press. pp. 16:

Handling of economics based on Islamic jurisprudence

8655: 8643: 8274: 8166: 8027: 7898: 7632: 7551: 7536: 7050: 5590: 9310: 9223:Theoretical Studies in Islamic Banking and Finance 8873:Carvalho, J.P.; Iyer, S.; Rubin, J., eds. (2019). 7709: 7707: 7617: 7598: 7568: 7382: 7188: 6704: 6692: 6560: 6341: 6248: 6196: 5919: 5758: 5526: 5194:Monzer, Al Iqtisad al Islami , pp 90 - 28 , 1981 , 4289:Similarity of Islamic economy with other countries 2376:, making direct contribution to the world's first 9268: 9231: 8953: 8883: 8872: 7795: 7793: 7106: 6811: 6524: 6233: 5843: 5646: 12133: 9583:Methodology of Economics: Secular versus Islamic 8791:Methodology of Economics: Secular versus Islamic 8518: 8516: 8514: 7978:Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics 7873: 6268: 6266: 6213: 6211: 5704: 4925:" manipulation to "maintain an Islamic veneer". 4351:A number of economists have lamented that while 3763:would not include inheritance or wedding dower ( 9622: 9470:"Islamic Economics: A Survey of the Literature" 9275: 9252:. New Jersey: Zed books limited. pp. 7–9. 9230:Naghavi, A. "Islam, Trade, and Innovation". In 9199:Maududi, S. Abul A'al (n.d.). Ahmad, K. (ed.). 8957:The Four Introductory Theories of FiQh Muamalat 8620: 8568: 8436: 8369:. The Economist Newspaper Limited. Sep 13, 2014 8337: 7704: 7327:on October 7, 2008 – via www.meforum.org. 6844: 6337:. Basingstoke and New York: Palgrave Macmillan. 5871: 4203:International Association for Islamic Economics 4115:(Islam and Property) by Mahmud Taleqani (1951), 2472: 2288:compliant manner, i.e., a manner conforming to 9539:Economic Insaf, An Islamic Economics Framework 8809:Al-Amine, Muhammad al-Bashir Muhammad (2008). 8355: 7848: 7790: 7729: 7691: 6647:. In Hathaway, Robert M.; Lee, Wilson (eds.). 6457: 6405:. In Egri, Taha; Kizilkaya, Necmettin (eds.). 6069:"Entrepreneurship from an Islamic Perspective" 4901:are free to distribute the product as Islamic. 4777:; restructured corporations; and restructured 3465:—to provide normative policy prescriptions of 10632: 10148: 9608: 9247: 9131:. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. 8963:. Nilai, Negeri Sembilan: Wisdom Publication. 8854:Behdad, Sohrab; Nomani, Farhad, eds. (2006). 8511: 8292: 8264: 8233: 8210: 8198: 8077: 7956: 7916: 6263: 6208: 6057:Al-Bukhari Vol 3 Hadith 634; Vol 4 Hadith 418 6048:Al-Bukhari Vol 3 Hadith 632; Vol 4 Hadith 419 5674: 4094:Insaan ka Maashi Maslah aur aus ka Islami Hul 3755:). At least one author (M. Kahf) writes that 3518: 3427: 2313:) and the religious practices established by 2212: 1903: 1057: 9390:International Journal of Middle East Studies 9276:Presley, John R.; Sessions, John G. (1994). 8853: 8363:"Islamic finance: Big interest, no interest" 8194: 8192: 8190: 8188: 8186: 8184: 8073: 8071: 8069: 7952: 7950: 7948: 7946: 7944: 7209:Mawdudi and the Making of Islamic Revivalism 7147: 6635: 6633: 6279:International Journal of Banking and Finance 5792:International Journal of Middle East Studies 5783: 5737: 4297: 2979:Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam 9417: 8771: 8125: 7174:. Macmillan Reference USA. pp. 596–7. 6888:Arab Civilization: Challenges and Responses 6582:Hassan, Mohamed Fadzli (10 February 2008). 6530: 6400: 6300: 6272: 5700: 5698: 5227: 5139:but also in their economic activities, ..." 4612:, or gambling, and results in accumulating 3811:and Islamic economics "often intermingle", 3670:for Muslims. The different school of fiqh ( 10639: 10625: 10155: 10141: 9615: 9601: 9482:– via Munich Personal RePEc Archive. 9241:Ethics and Economics: An Islamic Synthesis 8748:Ethics and Economics: An Islamic Synthesis 8525:"How Sharia-compliant is Islamic banking?" 8163:, Leicester: The Islamic Foundation, 1981. 7843:Teaching economics in Islamic perspective. 7738:Contributions of the last six conferences. 7476:"اقتصاد اسلامی کشورهایی که اسلامی نیستند!" 7172:Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World 6538:"The Oxford Dictionary of Islam. Muamalat" 6332: 5994: 5952: 5921:"Islamic Approach to Economic Development" 4831:In a political and regional context where 4802:Islamic economics has been criticised for 3434: 3420: 2348:are thought to have been developed in the 2219: 2205: 1910: 1896: 1064: 1050: 8583:. Emerald Group Publishing. p. 139. 8181: 8066: 7941: 7227: 7200: 7163: 6734: 6630: 6453: 6451: 6449: 6447: 6445: 6443: 6441: 6394: 6152:Advances in Islamic Economics and Finance 5811: 5213: 5211: 5209: 5207: 5205: 5203: 4919:similar to conventional loans but using " 4764: 3271:Liberal and reform movements within Islam 9342: 9266: 8935: 8927:The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics 8919: 8808: 8491: 8045: 7716:Obstacles to Islamic economics research. 7417: 7375:Iqbal, Zamir and Abbas Mirakhor (2008). 7170:Martin, Richard C., ed. (2004). "Riba". 7053:Money and the Market in India, 1100–1700 6911: 6500: 5695: 5593:Money and the Market in India, 1100–1700 5307: 5305: 4797: 4080:According to Turkish-American economist 3940:. Muhammad bin al-Hasan (d.805) wrote 3500:, etc.) taking basic prescriptions from 9229: 9198: 9091:Early Islam and the Birth of Capitalism 9088: 8903:Farooq, Mohammad Omar (November 2005). 8840: 8629:"Islamic Economics: What Does It Mean?" 7441: 7337: 7258: 7233: 7076:Giorgio Riello, Tirthankar Roy (2009). 6961:, p. 31 quotes Muqaddimah 2:276–78 6792: 6356: 6176: 6066: 5917: 5911: 5733: 5731: 5670: 5668: 5616:Giorgio Riello, Tirthankar Roy (2009). 5521: 5496: 5233: 12134: 9248:Nomani, Farhad; Rahnema, Ali. (1994). 8944: 8902: 8881: 8734: 8722: 8698: 8673: 8552:, U of Chicago Press, 1993, pp. 302–41 8522: 8464:"Savings & Investments | Noorbank" 8331: 7962: 7685: 7592: 7447: 7169: 6850: 6761: 6673: 6649:Islamization and the Pakistani Economy 6639: 6603: 6581: 6479: 6438: 6362: 6306: 5848:. Boca Raton, FL: Brown Walker Press. 5561: 5402: 5311: 5200: 5071:Economic history of the Ottoman Empire 5001:Female labor force in the Muslim world 4681: 4651:(allowed) unless it has been declared 4564:provincial ones or private companies. 4008: 3849:Pre-modern Muslim thought on economics 11877: 11645: 11261: 10620: 10136: 9778:Marxian critique of political economy 9596: 9386: 9225:. Islamic Publications International. 9165: 9152: 9121: 9097: 8990: 8875:Advances in the Economics of Religion 8787: 8649: 8626: 8574: 8139:Islami Riyasat men Muhtasib ka Kirdar 7968: 7799: 7772: 7670: 7314: 7221: 7026: 6986: 6970: 6958: 6946: 5789: 5777: 5461: 5396: 5302: 5271: 5267: 5265: 5118:The Essential Hanafi Handbook of Fiqh 4579: 4490:), can be considered state property. 4133:(The Economics of Divine Harmony) by 3894:(d.1328), Ibn al-Ukhuwwah (d. 1329), 3798:and Islamic Economics, Shaikh saying 11646: 11262: 9373: 9369:. Leicester, UK: Islamic Foundation. 9361: 9243:. Leicester, UK: Islamic Foundation. 9217: 9060: 9029: 9001: 8967: 8898:. Leicester, UK: Islamic Foundation. 8759: 8710: 8661: 8627:Pipes, Daniel (September 26, 2007). 8418:K-al-Mabsut, Al-Sarakhsi, Shamsuddin 8389:"Bank of London and the Middle East" 8280: 8175: 8033: 7904: 7892: 7867: 7784: 7757: 7655: 7643: 7626: 7611: 7577: 7435: 7403:An example of a patent application: 7391: 7206: 7194: 6998: 6822: 6722: 6710: 6698: 6569: 6350: 6257: 6242: 6202: 6170: 5728: 5665: 5371: 4914:and forbidden by Islam, and because 4459:and, according to Shi'ite scholars, 3982:His ideas about the benefits of the 3617:—or as one observer put it, were 10162: 9468:——— (June 2008). 9308: 8827: 8492:Abdi Ali, Muhamed (December 2019). 8116:al-Maqrizi, al-Mawa'iz wa'l-I'tibar 7714:Siddiqi, Muhammad Nejatullah, 2008 7562: 7545: 7494:"يك تحقيق اقتصادي: ممالك غیراسلامی" 7423: 7377:An Introduction to Islamic finance. 6674:Shaikh, Salman Ahmed (2014-03-11). 6485: 6429: 5711:The Islamic World: Past and Present 5438:Labor in the Medieval Islamic World 5217: 4508: 2388:The central features of an Islamic 2254: 2239: 13: 8890: 8781: 5262: 4972:A supporter of Islamic economics ( 4414: 4076:Development of "Islamic economics" 3727:approached the subject of economy 3676:) vary slightly in their rulings. 3633:, sometimes other sources such as 3536:taxing of certain assets, such as 2991:Principles of State and Government 2967:The Caliphate or the Grand Imamate 14: 12178: 9532: 9526:An outline of Islamic law of tort 9269:Carvalho, Iyer & Rubin (2019) 9232:Carvalho, Iyer & Rubin (2019) 9033:Introduction to Islamic Economics 8884:Carvalho, Iyer & Rubin (2019) 8523:Foster, John (11 December 2009). 6513:Essential Hanafi Handbook of Fiqh 6333:Khan, M.N.; Bhatti, M.I. (2008). 6067:Gümüsay, Ali Aslan (2015-08-01). 5346: 4527:exploitation of natural resources 4480: 3942:al Iktisab fi al Rizq al Mustatab 2916:List of Islamic political parties 2433:gap between the rich and the poor 1884:Business and economics portal 12116: 12115: 12104: 11625:Schools of islamic jurisprudence 10815:Timeline of the history of Islam 10646: 10331:Reception in early modern Europe 10326:Contributions to Medieval Europe 10082:History of macroeconomic thought 9907:Neoclassical–Keynesian synthesis 9238: 8896:Islam and the Economic Challenge 8740: 8679: 8555: 8542: 8485: 8456: 8430: 8421: 8412: 8403: 8313: 8286: 8258: 8227: 8204: 8153: 8131: 8110: 8101: 8092: 8083: 8039: 7910: 7835: 7518: 7504: 7486: 7468: 7397: 7369: 7343: 7331: 7308: 7278:, Basic Books, c1984, pp. 167–68 6749:10.1111/j.1478-1913.2008.00213.x 5535:University of Pennsylvania Press 5152: 5142: 4060:, making direct contribution to 3928:(d. 798) was author of the book 3403: 3392: 2247:Islamic commercial jurisprudence 1877: 44: 11976:List of ex-Muslim organisations 9155:"Islamic economic institutions" 8938:100 Myths about the Middle East 8687:The Politics of Islamic Finance 8615:100 Myths about the Middle East 7268: 7156:Introduction to Islamic Finance 7125: 7100: 7069: 7044: 7020: 6992: 6980: 6964: 6952: 6940: 6905: 6880: 6828: 6786: 6755: 6728: 6667: 6597: 6575: 6525:Jaliz, Ramli & Shahwan 2014 6506: 6460:International Energy Law Review 6423: 6403:"Re-Defining Islamic Economics" 6142: 6107: 6060: 6051: 6042: 6030: 6021: 6012: 6003: 5985: 5976: 5964: 5961:By Mamarinta P. Mababaya p. 203 5940: 5862: 5837: 5828: 5640: 5609: 5584: 5555: 5515: 5490: 5464:The Journal of Economic History 5455: 5430: 5312:Saleem, Muhammad Yusuf (n.d.). 5132: 5123: 5110: 4625: 4302: 4253:In the 1980s and 1990s, as the 4017:were introduced throughout the 3975:). He discussed what he called 573:(unlawful warfare and banditry) 12147:Islamic economic jurisprudence 9382:: World Scientific Publishing. 9313:The Failure of Political Islam 9172:Journal of Economic Literature 8319:Reported by Ahmad and al-Hakim 7315:Pipes, Daniel (June 1, 1994). 7153: 6584:"INTRODUCTION TO USUL AL-FIQH" 6177:ILYASLI, Omer (Apr 17, 2013). 5924:. In Esposito, John L. (ed.). 5529:Islamic Gardens and Landscapes 5186: 5172: 1: 10072:Critique of political economy 9363:Siddiqui, Muhammad Nejatullah 9061:Khan, Muhammad Akram (2013). 9030:Khan, Muhammad Akram (1994). 8550:Fundamentalisms and the State 8437:Meinhaj Hussain (June 2010). 8089:al-Baladhuri, Futuh al-Buldan 7031:, Anthem Press, p. 277, 6542:Oxford Islamic Studies Online 5098: 4986:Islamic economics in Pakistan 4338: 4275:Islamic economics in Pakistan 4194:preached a similar system to 3998:forces of population growth, 3138:Muhammad Nasiruddin al-Albani 1779:Commons-based peer production 1499:Socialism of the 21st century 11961:Apostasy in Islam by country 11828:Liberalism and progressivism 10567:Arab Agricultural Revolution 9980:Rational expectations theory 9522:Liaquat Ali Khan Niazi, 1988 8579:. In Wood, Donald C. (ed.). 7240:. Australian Islamic Library 7133:"The Economic Life of Islam" 7051:Sanjay Subrahmanyam (1998). 6914:Journal of Political Economy 6766:. In Whaples, Robert (ed.). 6604:Wan Yussof, Wan Nor Aisyah. 6179:"What is Islamic Economics?" 6027:Ibn Majah Vold 3 Hadith 2154 5744:. Routledge. pp. 7–10. 5591:Sanjay Subrahmanyam (1998). 5272:Mat, Ismail; Ismail, Yusof. 5165: 4759: 4694:History of Islamic economics 4143:by Habibullah Peyman (1979). 3844:History of Islamic economics 3723:, who although a pioneer of 2473:Definitions and descriptions 2267:of economics similar to the 7: 12162:Schools of economic thought 10077:History of economic thought 9624:Schools of economic thought 9551:article on Islamic finance. 9067:. Edward Elgar Publishing. 8945:Haneef, Mohamed A. (2009). 8843:The Reign of the Ayatollahs 8830:Review of Islamic Economics 7969:Hamed, Safei-Eldin (1993). 7276:The Reign of the Ayatollahs 7055:. Oxford University Press. 6363:Davari, Mahmood T. (2005). 5991:Ibn Majah Vol 3 Hadith 2289 5982:Al-Bukhari Vol 2 Hadith 514 5918:Ishaque, Khalid M. (1983). 5595:. Oxford University Press. 5323:. p. 1. Archived from 5283:. p. 1. Archived from 5066:Islamic banking and finance 4979: 4883:Islamic banking and finance 4722: 4717:Muhammad Nejatullah Siddiqi 4688:Islamic banking and finance 4398: 4181:Nidham ul-Iqtisad fil Islam 4013:Economic policies based on 2927:Militant Islamism based in 2368:. its wealthiest region of 10: 12183: 11878: 9997:New neoclassical synthesis 9985:Real business-cycle theory 9588:Islamic Economics booklist 9545:Putting Faith into Finance 9089:Koehler, Benedikt (2014). 8920:El-Gamal, Mahmoud (2009). 8427:Uyun-al-Akhbar, ad-Dinawri 8107:Futuh al-Buldan, Abu Ubayd 8046:Daintith, Terence (2010). 7107:Abhay Kumar Singh (2006). 6855:. In BeDuhn, Jason (ed.). 6073:Journal of Business Ethics 5844:Karim, Shafiel A. (2010). 5681:. CRC Press. p. 151. 5647:Abhay Kumar Singh (2006). 5499:The Long Twentieth Century 5497:Arrighi, Giovanni (2010). 5180:صدر، اقتصادنا، ۱۴۲۴ق، ص۴۲۱ 4784: 4691: 4685: 4548: 4497:(on the recommendation of 4205:in collaboration with the 4179:proposed economic system ( 3920:Muhammad Aurangzeb Alamgir 3841: 3837: 3519:Fiqh and Islamic economics 3248:Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab 2911:Tehreek-e-Labbaik Pakistan 2570:Salafism by country/region 2449:) but not trade, exposing 2303:). Islamic jurisprudence ( 12099: 11984: 11951: 11891: 11887: 11873: 11800: 11767: 11739:Geography and cartography 11714: 11661: 11657: 11641: 11467: 11389: 11336: 11285: 11281: 11257: 11127: 10951: 10911: 10794: 10746: 10670: 10666: 10655: 10559: 10519:Geography and cartography 10487: 10425: 10339: 10291: 10233: 10225:Influences on Western art 10170: 10064: 9808: 9696: 9663: 9656: 9630: 9403:10.1017/S0020743800061560 9343:Schirazi, Asghar (1997). 9239:Naqi, Syed Nawab Haider. 8746:Syed Nawab Haider NAQVI. 8293:Nomani & Rahnema 1994 8265:Nomani & Rahnema 1994 8234:Nomani & Rahnema 1994 8211:Nomani & Rahnema 1994 8199:Nomani & Rahnema 1994 8078:Nomani & Rahnema 1994 7957:Nomani & Rahnema 1994 7917:Nomani & Rahnema 1994 7462:10.1080/00346768900000020 7234:Maududi, Maulana (1941). 6892:New York University Press 6680:Islamic Economics Project 6369:. Routledge. p. 90. 6126:10.1007/978-3-319-39679-8 6085:10.1007/s10551-014-2223-7 5926:Voices of Resurgent Islam 5901:gemsofislamism.tripod.com 5804:10.1017/S0020743800029767 5476:10.1017/S0022050700097837 5436:Maya Shatzmiller (1994), 5354:"Definition of ECONOMICS" 4916:risk-sharing alternatives 4465:as well. In general, the 4298:As an academic discipline 3375:Islam and other religions 3328:Muhammad Sa'id al-Ashmawi 2857:International propagation 2565:International propagation 2443:, taxing wealth (through 2195:Islamization of knowledge 2078:Science in medieval times 1273:Socialist-oriented market 12058:Islamic view of miracles 9554:Shamshad Akhtar et al., 9528:Abdul-Qadir Zubair, 1990 9516:Volume 9, Number 1, 2002 9489: 9367:Muslim Economic Thinking 9345:The Constitution of Iran 9319:Harvard University Press 9250:Islamic Economic Systems 9202:Economic System of Islam 8991:Kayed, Rasem N. (2008). 8617:, Saqi Books, 2005 p. 89 8575:Tobin, Sarah A. (2014). 8563:American Economic Review 7881:Islamic Economic Studies 7856:Islamic Economic Studies 7699:Islamic Economic Studies 7450:Review of Social Economy 7111:. Northern Book Centre. 6762:Chapra, M. Umar (2010). 6307:Chapra, M. Umar (2008). 6218:Zarqa, M. Anas. (2008), 5651:. Northern Book Centre. 5562:Chapra, M. Umar (2014). 5424:10.1163/156920607X171591 5103: 4792:human development theory 4739:Islamic public finance ( 4241:. This was an "Islamist 4224:Islamic Republic of Iran 4207:Islamic Development Bank 3019:Governance of the Jurist 594:("spreading corruption") 11813:Creationism (evolution) 10107:Post-autistic economics 9514:Islamic Law and Society 9442:. Working Paper No. 22. 8936:Halliday, Fred (2005). 8841:Bakhash, Shaul (1984). 8577:"Is it really Islamic?" 5568:Edward Elgar Publishing 5403:Banaji, Jairus (2007). 5061:Economy of Saudi Arabia 4622:and so also forbidden. 4578:Private ownership (see 4307:As of 2008 there were: 4058:proto-industrialization 3128:Jamāl al-Dīn al-Afghānī 2412:prohibition of interest 2374:proto-industrialization 12073:Persecution of Muslims 11971:List of former Muslims 10820:Succession to Muhammad 9845:Modern Monetary Theory 9565:Mohammad Omar Farooq, 9455:Cite journal requires 8788:Addas, Waleed (2008). 8161:Public Duties in Islam 7800:Hasan, Zubair (2005). 7736:Iqbal, Munawar. 2008. 7379:Lahore; Vanguard Books 6999:Heck, Gene W. (2006), 6859:. Brill. p. 138. 6851:Glasse, Cyril (2005). 5675:Junie T. Tong (2016). 5501:. Verso. p. 120. 5412:Historical Materialism 5120:by Qazi Thanaa Ullah). 4903: 4871:economic structures" ( 4860:(Muhammad Akram Khan); 4849: 4765:Savings and investment 4161:Mohammad Baqir al-Sadr 4125:Mohammad Baqir al-Sadr 4046:Shah Waliullah Dehlawi 3948:(plural of "wealth"). 3805: 3783:A number of scholars ( 3747: 3623: 3494:Muhammad Baqir al-Sadr 3193:Taqi al-Din al-Nabhani 2609:Islamic fundamentalism 2269:labour theory of value 11857:Conversion to mosques 11724:Alchemy and chemistry 10502:Alchemy and chemistry 9929:Keynes–Marx synthesis 9309:Roy, Olivier (1994). 9166:Kuran, Timur (2018). 9153:Kuran, Timur (2008). 9002:Khan, Feisal (2015). 8968:Kahf, Monzer (2003). 8441:. 2.0. Archived from 7841:Siddiqi, M.N., 1996, 7745:May 13, 2009, at the 7723:May 13, 2009, at the 7498:پایگاه خبری بهار نیوز 7321:Middle East Quarterly 7207:Nasr, S.V.R. (1996). 7027:Nolan, Peter (2007), 6793:Jackson, Roy (2010). 6640:Norman, Omar (2006). 6227:May 13, 2009, at the 5738:Indrajit Ray (2011). 5523:Ruggles, D. Fairchild 5046:Economy of Kazakhstan 5041:Economy of Azerbaijan 4898: 4829: 4798:Criticism and dispute 4435:, uncultivated land, 4385:riba, zakat, mudaraba 4190:Likewise, Sunni imam 4066:Industrial Revolution 3860:Muhammad bin al-Hasan 3842:Further information: 3800: 3729: 3619: 3602:(mutual cooperation), 3596:the encouragement of 3266:Criticism of Islamism 3260:Criticism of Islamism 3178:Necip Fazıl Kısakürek 3095:Hibatullah Akhundzada 2378:Industrial Revolution 32:Islamic jurisprudence 12167:Economy and religion 11583:Ma malakat aymanukum 11158:Association football 11057:Moderate Kharijites 10117:World-systems theory 10097:Mainstream economics 10037:Technocracy movement 10017:Saltwater/freshwater 9541:from GrandeStrategy. 9424:10.2139/ssrn.1282786 9374:Venardos, Angelo M. 9321:. pp. 132–147. 9184:10.1257/jel.20171243 8098:Sahih al-Bukhari, 17 7821:10.4197/islec.18-2.2 7426:, pp. 138, 140. 7304:on January 17, 2012. 6973:, p. 31 quotes 6401:Zaman, Asad (2015). 6285:: 28. Archived from 6273:Zaman, M.R. (2008). 6018:Abu Daud Hadith 2015 5088:Muhammad Taqi Usmani 5026:Economics of fascism 4892:on the practice of " 4257:failed to reach the 4249:Post-socialist trend 4177:Taqiuddin al-Nabhani 4056:entered a period of 3967:History of the World 3807:M. Kahf writes that 3100:Abu Bakr Al-Baghdadi 3060:Recep Tayyip Erdoğan 3017:Islamic Government: 2467:food for speculation 2420:) charged on loans. 2400:; (2) collection of 2006:(Islamic monotheism) 1972:Early social changes 1967:Early historiography 1809:Newly industrialized 1552:Collective ownership 1413:Vertical archipelago 12152:Economic ideologies 10412:Early social change 10311:Early social change 10102:Heterodox economics 9830:Capability approach 9706:American (National) 9688:School of Salamanca 9520:Islamic law of tort 7990:1993JAEE....6..145H 7482:. January 21, 1392. 7351:"Untitled Document" 5885:on January 7, 2008. 5236:Die Welt des Islams 5031:Economy of Malaysia 4682:Banking and finance 4591:market manipulation 4226:during the life of 4212:patent applications 4135:Abolhassan Banisadr 4123:(Our Economics) by 4113:Eslam va Malekiyyat 4009:Early modern period 3900:Sayyid Ali Hamadani 3740:Ruhollah Khomeini, 3498:Abolhassan Banisadr 3410:Politics portal 3363:Islam and modernity 3021:("Velayat-e faqih") 3003:Ma'alim fi al-Tariq 1794:Inclusive Democracy 12078:Quran and miracles 11992:Criticism of Islam 11696:Geometric patterns 11548:Gender segregation 11119:Non-denominational 9738:English historical 9571:Mahmoud el-Gamal, 9507:Arab Law Quarterly 9499:Arab Law Quarterly 9093:. Lexington Books. 8565:, 1996, pp. 438–42 8015:on 23 January 2015 7998:10.1007/BF01965481 7775:, p. 190–191. 7500:. January 8, 2015. 7340:, pp. 172–173 7143:on April 19, 2016. 6725:, pp. xv–xvi. 6183:Islamiceconomy.net 6120:. Cham: Springer. 5570:. pp. 62–63. 5330:on 22 January 2015 5290:on 23 January 2015 4996:Economy of the OIC 4991:Islamic philosophy 4948:Nawab Haider Naqvi 4865:invented tradition 4355:was originally a " 4255:Islamic revolution 4192:Imran Nazar Hosein 4170:Iranian Revolution 3776:which comes under 3646:(consensus of the 3288:Khaled Abu al-Fadl 3133:Qazi Hussain Ahmad 3118:Abu Hamza al-Masri 2946:Sub-Saharan Africa 2906:Muslim Brotherhood 2881:Iranian Revolution 2791:Islamic Golden Age 2659:Islamic liberalism 2639:Islamic governance 2461:, discouraging of 2350:Islamic Golden Age 2339:goods and services 1732:Material balancing 1214:Buddhist economics 685:Gender segregation 248:Islamic leadership 12142:Islamic economics 12129: 12128: 12095: 12094: 12091: 12090: 12063:Domestic violence 12053:Islamic terrorism 12048:Islamic extremism 11869: 11868: 11865: 11864: 11637: 11636: 11633: 11632: 11423:Marriage contract 11253: 11252: 11213:Political aspects 10942:Story of Prophets 10711:Prophets of Islam 10614: 10613: 10582:elementary school 10200:Geometric pattern 10130: 10129: 10092:Political economy 10060: 10059: 9992:New institutional 9965:Neo-Schumpeterian 9773:Marxist economics 9753:German historical 9579:, Houston, Texas. 9259:978-1-85649-058-0 9046:978-1-56564-079-5 8922:"Islamic finance" 8865:978-0-415-36823-0 8820:978-90-04-15246-5 8813:. Leiden: Brill. 8801:978-983-3855-28-5 7959:, pp. 66–70. 7760:, pp. 13–14. 7658:, pp. 14–15. 7224:, pp. 84–86. 7181:978-0-02-865912-1 7038:978-1-84331-280-2 7014:978-3-11-019229-2 7005:Walter de Gruyter 6835:Mahmassani, Sobhi 6548:on April 12, 2015 6135:978-3-319-39677-4 5855:978-1-59942-539-9 5751:978-1-136-82552-1 5721:978-0-19-516520-3 5688:978-1-317-13522-7 5508:978-1-84467-304-9 5076:Christian finance 5056:Economy of Jordan 5036:Economy of Brunei 5006:Law and economics 4808:cultural identity 4445:oceanic resources 4283:ethical investing 4259:per capita income 4239:Ruhollah Khomeini 4165:Mahmoud Taleghani 4131:Eqtesad-e Towhidi 4070:Battle of Plassey 4042:Aurangzeb Alamgir 4019:gunpowder empires 3992:supply and demand 3984:division of labor 3886:(d. after 1175), 3742:Tawzih al-masa'il 3721:Ruhollah Khomeini 3713:Tawzih al-masa'il 3568:—"referred to as 3490:Abul A'la Maududi 3444: 3443: 3298:Abdelwahab Meddeb 3233:Haji Shariatullah 3198:Yusuf al-Qaradawi 3183:Abul A'la Maududi 3173:Ruhollah Khomeini 3153:Rached Ghannouchi 3065:Ruhollah Khomeini 2972:Rashīd Rīďha 1922 2862:by country/region 2751:Two-nation theory 2703:Islamic terrorism 2664:Islamic socialism 2649:Islamic democracy 2625:Apostasy in Islam 2582:Deobandi jihadism 2577:Deobandi movement 2382:British conquests 2362:gunpowder empires 2358:Emirate of Sicily 2277:subjective theory 2263:). It is also an 2260:fiqh al-mu'āmalāt 2240:الاقتصاد الإسلامي 2232:Islamic economics 2229: 2228: 1981:Modern philosophy 1920: 1919: 1430:By regional model 1224:Sabbath economics 1074: 1073: 988: 987: 846: 845: 660: 659: 513: 512: 438: 437: 231: 230: 12174: 12119: 12118: 12111:Islam portal 12109: 12108: 12107: 11889: 11888: 11881: 11875: 11874: 11716:Medieval science 11659: 11658: 11649: 11643: 11642: 11300:Economic history 11283: 11282: 11259: 11258: 11245:Islam by country 11030:Bektashi Alevism 10668: 10667: 10659:Outline of Islam 10641: 10634: 10627: 10618: 10617: 10489:Medieval science 10157: 10150: 10143: 10134: 10133: 10122:Economic systems 9661: 9660: 9643:Medieval Islamic 9617: 9610: 9603: 9594: 9593: 9483: 9481: 9479: 9474: 9464: 9458: 9453: 9451: 9443: 9414: 9383: 9370: 9358: 9339: 9337: 9335: 9316: 9305: 9288:(424): 584–596. 9282:Economic Journal 9272: 9263: 9244: 9235: 9226: 9214: 9212: 9210: 9195: 9178:(4): 1292–1359. 9162: 9149: 9147: 9145: 9118: 9094: 9085: 9083: 9081: 9057: 9055: 9053: 9038: 9026: 9024: 9022: 8998: 8987: 8985: 8983: 8974: 8964: 8962: 8950: 8941: 8932: 8929:, Online Edition 8916: 8899: 8887: 8878: 8869: 8850: 8837: 8824: 8805: 8775: 8772:Zaman, Asad 2008 8769: 8763: 8757: 8751: 8744: 8738: 8732: 8726: 8720: 8714: 8708: 8702: 8696: 8690: 8683: 8677: 8671: 8665: 8659: 8653: 8647: 8641: 8640: 8638: 8636: 8631:. Jerusalem Post 8624: 8618: 8613:Halliday, Fred, 8611: 8602: 8601: 8599: 8597: 8572: 8566: 8559: 8553: 8546: 8540: 8539: 8537: 8535: 8520: 8509: 8508: 8506: 8504: 8489: 8483: 8482: 8480: 8479: 8470:. Archived from 8468:www.noorbank.com 8460: 8454: 8453: 8451: 8450: 8439:"Economic Model" 8434: 8428: 8425: 8419: 8416: 8410: 8407: 8401: 8400: 8398: 8396: 8385: 8379: 8378: 8376: 8374: 8359: 8353: 8352: 8345:"Sharia calling" 8341: 8335: 8329: 8320: 8317: 8311: 8290: 8284: 8278: 8272: 8262: 8256: 8231: 8225: 8208: 8202: 8201:, pp. 55–58 8196: 8179: 8173: 8164: 8157: 8151: 8148: 8142: 8137:M.S. Naz (1991) 8135: 8129: 8126:Zaman, Asad 2008 8123: 8117: 8114: 8108: 8105: 8099: 8096: 8090: 8087: 8081: 8080:, pp. 71–77 8075: 8064: 8063: 8043: 8037: 8031: 8025: 8024: 8022: 8020: 8014: 8008:. Archived from 7975: 7966: 7960: 7954: 7939: 7914: 7908: 7902: 7896: 7895:, pp. 9–10. 7890: 7884: 7883:, 16 (1–2):92–93 7877: 7871: 7865: 7859: 7852: 7846: 7839: 7833: 7832: 7806: 7797: 7788: 7782: 7776: 7770: 7761: 7755: 7749: 7733: 7727: 7711: 7702: 7695: 7689: 7683: 7674: 7668: 7659: 7653: 7647: 7641: 7630: 7624: 7615: 7609: 7596: 7590: 7581: 7575: 7566: 7560: 7549: 7543: 7534: 7533: 7522: 7516: 7515: 7508: 7502: 7501: 7490: 7484: 7483: 7472: 7466: 7465: 7445: 7439: 7438:, pp. 216–. 7433: 7427: 7421: 7415: 7413: 7412: 7408: 7401: 7395: 7389: 7380: 7373: 7367: 7366: 7364: 7362: 7353:. Archived from 7347: 7341: 7335: 7329: 7328: 7323:. Archived from 7312: 7306: 7305: 7303: 7297:. Archived from 7296: 7288: 7279: 7274:Bakhash, Shaul, 7272: 7266: 7256: 7250: 7249: 7247: 7245: 7231: 7225: 7219: 7213: 7212: 7204: 7198: 7192: 7186: 7185: 7167: 7161: 7151: 7145: 7144: 7139:. Archived from 7137:www.islam101.com 7129: 7123: 7122: 7104: 7098: 7097: 7084:Brill Publishers 7073: 7067: 7066: 7048: 7042: 7041: 7024: 7018: 7017: 6996: 6990: 6984: 6978: 6968: 6962: 6956: 6950: 6949:, pp. 29–30 6944: 6938: 6937: 6920:(5): 1105–1118. 6909: 6903: 6884: 6878: 6877: 6875: 6873: 6848: 6842: 6832: 6826: 6820: 6809: 6808: 6790: 6784: 6783: 6781: 6779: 6770:. Archived from 6759: 6753: 6752: 6737:The Muslim World 6732: 6726: 6720: 6714: 6708: 6702: 6696: 6690: 6689: 6687: 6686: 6671: 6665: 6664: 6658: 6656: 6646: 6637: 6628: 6627: 6622: 6620: 6610: 6601: 6595: 6594: 6592: 6590: 6579: 6573: 6567: 6558: 6557: 6555: 6553: 6544:. Archived from 6534: 6528: 6522: 6516: 6510: 6504: 6498: 6492: 6483: 6477: 6475: 6455: 6436: 6427: 6421: 6420: 6398: 6392: 6391: 6385: 6383: 6360: 6354: 6348: 6339: 6338: 6330: 6324: 6323: 6321: 6319: 6304: 6298: 6297: 6295: 6294: 6270: 6261: 6255: 6246: 6240: 6231: 6215: 6206: 6200: 6194: 6193: 6191: 6189: 6174: 6168: 6167: 6165: 6163: 6157: 6146: 6140: 6139: 6111: 6105: 6104: 6064: 6058: 6055: 6049: 6046: 6040: 6034: 6028: 6025: 6019: 6016: 6010: 6007: 6001: 5998: 5992: 5989: 5983: 5980: 5974: 5968: 5962: 5956: 5950: 5944: 5938: 5937: 5923: 5915: 5909: 5908: 5903:. Archived from 5893: 5887: 5886: 5881:. Archived from 5875: 5869: 5866: 5860: 5859: 5841: 5835: 5832: 5826: 5825: 5815: 5787: 5781: 5775: 5756: 5755: 5735: 5726: 5725: 5706:John L. Esposito 5702: 5693: 5692: 5672: 5663: 5662: 5644: 5638: 5637: 5624:Brill Publishers 5613: 5607: 5606: 5588: 5582: 5581: 5559: 5553: 5552: 5532: 5519: 5513: 5512: 5494: 5488: 5487: 5459: 5453: 5442:Brill Publishers 5434: 5428: 5427: 5409: 5400: 5394: 5393: 5391: 5389: 5379:"ECONOMIC GOALS" 5375: 5369: 5368: 5366: 5364: 5350: 5344: 5343: 5337: 5335: 5329: 5318: 5309: 5300: 5299: 5297: 5295: 5289: 5278: 5269: 5260: 5259: 5242:(1/4): 117–139. 5231: 5225: 5215: 5198: 5197: 5190: 5184: 5183: 5176: 5159: 5156: 5150: 5146: 5140: 5136: 5130: 5127: 5121: 5114: 5093:Nathif Jama Adam 5011:State capitalism 4958:On the issue of 4867:" (Timur Kuran); 4775:investment banks 4509:Private property 4421:private property 4267:eqtesad-e Eslami 4163:and also cleric 4035:Fatawa 'Alamgiri 3745: 3467:what ought to be 3436: 3429: 3422: 3408: 3407: 3399:Islam portal 3397: 3396: 3395: 3281:in North America 3238:Hassan Al-Turabi 3188:Abul Hasan Nadwi 2781:Anti-imperialism 2679:Islamic republic 2674:Islamic monarchy 2654:Islamic feminism 2494: 2488: 2487: 2477: 2476: 2453:to risk through 2256: 2241: 2221: 2214: 2207: 2166: 2159: 2157:Classical Arabic 2015: 2007: 1922: 1921: 1912: 1905: 1898: 1882: 1881: 1640:Municipalization 1625:Financialization 1595:Collectivization 1577:Social ownership 1567:Private property 1561:Common ownership 1519:Common ownership 1333:Closed (autarky) 1290:State capitalism 1268:Socialist market 1253:Market socialist 1089:Economic systems 1076: 1075: 1066: 1059: 1052: 1029:Prisoners of war 1024: 982: 977:Comparison with 861: 860: 726: 725: 653: 642: 631: 614: 604: 595: 585: 574: 563: 552: 528: 527: 440: 439: 317: 316: 276:Wilayat al-faqih 262:Majlis-ash-Shura 61: 60: 48: 19: 18: 12182: 12181: 12177: 12176: 12175: 12173: 12172: 12171: 12132: 12131: 12130: 12125: 12105: 12103: 12087: 12009:Cultural Muslim 11980: 11947: 11893:Other religions 11883: 11879: 11861: 11796: 11763: 11710: 11653: 11651:Islamic studies 11647: 11629: 11463: 11408: 11385: 11332: 11277: 11276: 11249: 11198:Moral teachings 11141: 11123: 11097:Nation of Islam 11010:Twelver Shi'ism 10947: 10913:Religious texts 10907: 10825:Early conquests 10808: 10790: 10742: 10662: 10651: 10645: 10615: 10610: 10555: 10483: 10472:Early sociology 10421: 10385:decision-making 10335: 10316:Early conquests 10287: 10229: 10166: 10164:Islamic studies 10161: 10131: 10126: 10056: 10042:Thermoeconomics 9813:21st centuries) 9812: 9810: 9804: 9692: 9652: 9638:Ancient schools 9626: 9621: 9577:Rice University 9535: 9509:V. 17, N.1 2002 9492: 9477: 9475: 9472: 9467: 9456: 9454: 9445: 9444: 9355: 9333: 9331: 9329: 9294:10.2307/2234633 9260: 9219:Mirakhor, Abbas 9208: 9206: 9143: 9141: 9139: 9103:Social Research 9079: 9077: 9075: 9051: 9049: 9047: 9036: 9020: 9018: 9016: 8981: 8979: 8977:monzer.kahf.com 8972: 8960: 8892:Chapra, M. Umar 8866: 8821: 8802: 8784: 8782:Books, articles 8779: 8778: 8770: 8766: 8758: 8754: 8745: 8741: 8733: 8729: 8721: 8717: 8709: 8705: 8697: 8693: 8684: 8680: 8672: 8668: 8660: 8656: 8648: 8644: 8634: 8632: 8625: 8621: 8612: 8605: 8595: 8593: 8591: 8573: 8569: 8560: 8556: 8547: 8543: 8533: 8531: 8521: 8512: 8502: 8500: 8490: 8486: 8477: 8475: 8462: 8461: 8457: 8448: 8446: 8435: 8431: 8426: 8422: 8417: 8413: 8408: 8404: 8394: 8392: 8387: 8386: 8382: 8372: 8370: 8361: 8360: 8356: 8343: 8342: 8338: 8330: 8323: 8318: 8314: 8291: 8287: 8279: 8275: 8263: 8259: 8232: 8228: 8209: 8205: 8197: 8182: 8174: 8167: 8158: 8154: 8149: 8145: 8136: 8132: 8124: 8120: 8115: 8111: 8106: 8102: 8097: 8093: 8088: 8084: 8076: 8067: 8060: 8044: 8040: 8032: 8028: 8018: 8016: 8012: 7973: 7967: 7963: 7955: 7942: 7915: 7911: 7903: 7899: 7891: 7887: 7878: 7874: 7870:, pp. 7–8. 7866: 7862: 7853: 7849: 7840: 7836: 7804: 7798: 7791: 7787:, pp. 6–7. 7783: 7779: 7771: 7764: 7756: 7752: 7747:Wayback Machine 7734: 7730: 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6535: 6531: 6523: 6519: 6511: 6507: 6499: 6495: 6484: 6480: 6456: 6439: 6428: 6424: 6417: 6399: 6395: 6381: 6379: 6377: 6361: 6357: 6349: 6342: 6331: 6327: 6317: 6315: 6305: 6301: 6292: 6290: 6271: 6264: 6256: 6249: 6241: 6234: 6229:Wayback Machine 6216: 6209: 6201: 6197: 6187: 6185: 6175: 6171: 6161: 6159: 6155: 6147: 6143: 6136: 6112: 6108: 6065: 6061: 6056: 6052: 6047: 6043: 6035: 6031: 6026: 6022: 6017: 6013: 6008: 6004: 5999: 5995: 5990: 5986: 5981: 5977: 5969: 5965: 5957: 5953: 5945: 5941: 5916: 5912: 5907:on May 3, 2016. 5895: 5894: 5890: 5877: 5876: 5872: 5867: 5863: 5856: 5842: 5838: 5833: 5829: 5788: 5784: 5776: 5759: 5752: 5736: 5729: 5722: 5703: 5696: 5689: 5673: 5666: 5659: 5645: 5641: 5634: 5626:. p. 174. 5614: 5610: 5603: 5589: 5585: 5578: 5560: 5556: 5549: 5520: 5516: 5509: 5495: 5491: 5460: 5456: 5435: 5431: 5407: 5401: 5397: 5387: 5385: 5377: 5376: 5372: 5362: 5360: 5358:Merriam-Webster 5352: 5351: 5347: 5333: 5331: 5327: 5316: 5310: 5303: 5293: 5291: 5287: 5276: 5270: 5263: 5248:10.2307/1571048 5232: 5228: 5216: 5201: 5192: 5191: 5187: 5178: 5177: 5173: 5168: 5163: 5162: 5157: 5153: 5147: 5143: 5137: 5133: 5128: 5124: 5115: 5111: 5106: 5101: 5051:Economy of Iran 4982: 4818:, John Foster); 4812:problem solving 4800: 4787: 4771:venture capital 4767: 4762: 4745: 4725: 4696: 4690: 4684: 4628: 4551: 4511: 4483: 4471:nationalization 4425:public property 4417: 4415:Public property 4401: 4365:Islamic finance 4353:Islamic Finance 4341: 4305: 4300: 4291: 4078: 4011: 3986:also relate to 3934:Harun al-Rashid 3851: 3846: 3840: 3746: 3739: 3733:Kharid o forush 3725:political Islam 3625:In addition to 3593:(gambling) and 3521: 3440: 3402: 3393: 3391: 3385: 3384: 3358: 3348: 3347: 3343:Magnus Ranstorp 3261: 3253: 3252: 3148:Hassan al-Banna 3113: 3105: 3104: 3055:Muammar Gaddafi 3040: 3032: 3031: 3018: 2961: 2953: 2952: 2886:Jamaat-e-Islami 2809: 2801: 2800: 2796:Islamic revival 2771: 2763: 2762: 2720:Political Islam 2620: 2612: 2611: 2605: 2560:Salafi jihadism 2555:Salafi movement 2545: 2537: 2536: 2502: 2490: 2489: 2481: 2480: 2475: 2459:venture capital 2344:Early forms of 2225: 2170: 2169: 2162: 2155: 2115: 2109: 2062: 2013: 2005: 1998: 1959: 1935:Islamic studies 1916: 1876: 1869: 1868: 1834:Post-industrial 1829:Post-capitalist 1789:Hunter-gatherer 1774: 1766: 1765: 1680: 1672: 1671: 1650:Nationalization 1610:Demutualization 1605:Corporatization 1590: 1582: 1581: 1572:State ownership 1547: 1539: 1538: 1514: 1506: 1505: 1431: 1423: 1422: 1393:Robinson Crusoe 1328: 1327:By coordination 1320: 1319: 1304:Traditionalist 1164:Neomercantilist 1124: 1116: 1097: 1070: 1040:Islamic studies 1034: 1033: 1022: 1000: 990: 989: 975: 972: 940: 858: 848: 847: 835: 783: 723: 713: 712: 711: 672: 662: 661: 651: 640: 630:(discretionary) 629: 612: 602: 593: 590:Mofsed-e-filarz 583: 572: 561: 550: 525: 515: 514: 509: 422: 374: 342: 314: 304: 303: 302: 243: 233: 232: 227: 135: 134: 106: 58: 33: 17: 12: 11: 5: 12180: 12170: 12169: 12164: 12159: 12154: 12149: 12144: 12127: 12126: 12124: 12123: 12113: 12100: 12097: 12096: 12093: 12092: 12089: 12088: 12086: 12085: 12080: 12075: 12070: 12065: 12060: 12055: 12050: 12045: 12044: 12043: 12033: 12032: 12031: 12026: 12021: 12011: 12006: 12005: 12004: 11999: 11988: 11986: 11985:Related topics 11982: 11981: 11979: 11978: 11973: 11968: 11963: 11957: 11955: 11949: 11948: 11946: 11945: 11940: 11935: 11930: 11925: 11920: 11919: 11918: 11913: 11908: 11897: 11895: 11885: 11884: 11871: 11870: 11867: 11866: 11863: 11862: 11860: 11859: 11854: 11847: 11842: 11841: 11840: 11830: 11825: 11820: 11815: 11810: 11804: 11802: 11798: 11797: 11795: 11794: 11789: 11784: 11779: 11773: 11771: 11765: 11764: 11762: 11761: 11756: 11751: 11746: 11741: 11736: 11731: 11726: 11720: 11718: 11712: 11711: 11709: 11708: 11703: 11698: 11693: 11688: 11683: 11678: 11673: 11667: 11665: 11655: 11654: 11639: 11638: 11635: 11634: 11631: 11630: 11628: 11627: 11622: 11621: 11620: 11608: 11606:Sources of law 11603: 11598: 11597: 11596: 11586: 11579: 11574: 11567: 11562: 11555: 11550: 11545: 11540: 11535: 11530: 11525: 11520: 11513: 11506: 11505: 11504: 11499: 11494: 11484: 11479: 11471: 11469: 11465: 11464: 11462: 11461: 11454: 11447: 11440: 11433: 11426: 11419: 11411: 11409: 11407: 11406: 11401: 11396: 11390: 11387: 11386: 11384: 11383: 11376: 11371: 11364: 11357: 11350: 11342: 11340: 11334: 11333: 11331: 11330: 11323: 11316: 11309: 11302: 11297: 11291: 11289: 11279: 11278: 11275: 11274: 11269: 11263: 11255: 11254: 11251: 11250: 11248: 11247: 11242: 11237: 11232: 11230:Social welfare 11227: 11222: 11215: 11210: 11205: 11200: 11195: 11190: 11185: 11180: 11175: 11170: 11165: 11160: 11155: 11150: 11144: 11142: 11140: 11139: 11134: 11128: 11125: 11124: 11122: 11121: 11116: 11111: 11110: 11109: 11099: 11094: 11093: 11092: 11087: 11086: 11085: 11080: 11079: 11078: 11073: 11068: 11055: 11041: 11040: 11039: 11034: 11033: 11032: 11022: 11017: 11012: 11002: 10997: 10996: 10995: 10994: 10993: 10983: 10978: 10973: 10968: 10957: 10955: 10949: 10948: 10946: 10945: 10938: 10933: 10928: 10923: 10917: 10915: 10909: 10908: 10906: 10905: 10904: 10903: 10898: 10893: 10888: 10883: 10878: 10873: 10868: 10856: 10851: 10844: 10837: 10835:Historiography 10832: 10827: 10822: 10817: 10811: 10809: 10807: 10806: 10801: 10795: 10792: 10791: 10789: 10788: 10781: 10774: 10767: 10760: 10752: 10750: 10744: 10743: 10741: 10740: 10735: 10730: 10723: 10718: 10713: 10708: 10707: 10706: 10696: 10689: 10688: 10687: 10676: 10674: 10664: 10663: 10656: 10653: 10652: 10644: 10643: 10636: 10629: 10621: 10612: 10611: 10609: 10608: 10607: 10606: 10601: 10596: 10586: 10585: 10584: 10579: 10569: 10563: 10561: 10557: 10556: 10554: 10553: 10548: 10543: 10542: 10541: 10531: 10526: 10521: 10516: 10515: 10514: 10504: 10499: 10493: 10491: 10485: 10484: 10482: 10481: 10480: 10479: 10469: 10464: 10459: 10454: 10453: 10452: 10442: 10437: 10431: 10429: 10423: 10422: 10420: 10419: 10414: 10409: 10404: 10399: 10394: 10393: 10392: 10387: 10382: 10380:use of analogy 10372: 10367: 10366: 10365: 10360: 10349: 10347: 10337: 10336: 10334: 10333: 10328: 10323: 10318: 10313: 10308: 10306:Historiography 10303: 10297: 10295: 10289: 10288: 10286: 10285: 10280: 10275: 10270: 10265: 10260: 10255: 10250: 10245: 10239: 10237: 10231: 10230: 10228: 10227: 10222: 10217: 10212: 10207: 10202: 10197: 10192: 10187: 10182: 10176: 10174: 10168: 10167: 10160: 10159: 10152: 10145: 10137: 10128: 10127: 10125: 10124: 10119: 10114: 10109: 10104: 10099: 10094: 10089: 10084: 10079: 10074: 10068: 10066: 10062: 10061: 10058: 10057: 10055: 10054: 10049: 10044: 10039: 10034: 10029: 10024: 10019: 10014: 10009: 10004: 10002:Organizational 9999: 9994: 9989: 9988: 9987: 9982: 9972: 9967: 9962: 9957: 9952: 9950:Neo-Malthusian 9947: 9946: 9945: 9935: 9934: 9933: 9932: 9931: 9926: 9916: 9911: 9910: 9909: 9894: 9889: 9884: 9879: 9874: 9869: 9867:Disequilibrium 9864: 9859: 9857:Constitutional 9854: 9849: 9848: 9847: 9837: 9832: 9827: 9822: 9816: 9814: 9806: 9805: 9803: 9802: 9797: 9796: 9795: 9785: 9780: 9775: 9770: 9765: 9760: 9755: 9750: 9745: 9743:French liberal 9740: 9735: 9730: 9729: 9728: 9718: 9713: 9708: 9702: 9700: 9694: 9693: 9691: 9690: 9685: 9680: 9675: 9669: 9667: 9658: 9654: 9653: 9651: 9650: 9645: 9640: 9634: 9632: 9628: 9627: 9620: 9619: 9612: 9605: 9597: 9591: 9590: 9585: 9580: 9569: 9563: 9552: 9542: 9534: 9533:External links 9531: 9530: 9529: 9523: 9517: 9510: 9503: 9502:V.16, N.4 2001 9491: 9488: 9487: 9486: 9485: 9484: 9457:|journal= 9415: 9384: 9371: 9359: 9353: 9340: 9327: 9306: 9273: 9264: 9258: 9245: 9236: 9227: 9215: 9196: 9163: 9150: 9138:978-1400837359 9137: 9119: 9109:(2): 301–338. 9095: 9086: 9073: 9058: 9045: 9027: 9014: 8999: 8988: 8965: 8951: 8942: 8933: 8917: 8900: 8888: 8879: 8870: 8864: 8851: 8838: 8825: 8819: 8806: 8800: 8783: 8780: 8777: 8776: 8764: 8762:, p. xvi. 8752: 8739: 8727: 8715: 8713:, p. 317. 8703: 8691: 8678: 8666: 8654: 8642: 8619: 8603: 8589: 8567: 8554: 8541: 8510: 8484: 8455: 8429: 8420: 8411: 8402: 8380: 8354: 8336: 8321: 8312: 8285: 8273: 8257: 8226: 8203: 8180: 8165: 8152: 8143: 8130: 8128:, p. 111. 8118: 8109: 8100: 8091: 8082: 8065: 8058: 8038: 8026: 7984:(2): 145–164. 7961: 7940: 7909: 7897: 7885: 7872: 7860: 7847: 7834: 7789: 7777: 7762: 7750: 7728: 7703: 7690: 7675: 7673:, p. 193. 7660: 7648: 7631: 7616: 7597: 7582: 7567: 7565:, p. 164. 7550: 7548:, p. 155. 7535: 7517: 7503: 7485: 7467: 7456:(2): 185–211. 7440: 7428: 7416: 7396: 7381: 7368: 7357:on 4 July 2004 7342: 7330: 7307: 7280: 7267: 7251: 7226: 7214: 7199: 7187: 7180: 7162: 7146: 7124: 7117: 7099: 7092: 7068: 7061: 7043: 7037: 7019: 7013: 6991: 6979: 6963: 6951: 6939: 6926:10.1086/259818 6904: 6879: 6866:978-9004172852 6865: 6843: 6827: 6810: 6803: 6785: 6774:on 9 June 2011 6754: 6743:(1): 116–144. 6727: 6715: 6703: 6691: 6666: 6629: 6596: 6574: 6559: 6529: 6517: 6505: 6503:, p. 170. 6493: 6478: 6437: 6422: 6416:978-1443874564 6415: 6393: 6375: 6355: 6340: 6325: 6299: 6262: 6247: 6232: 6207: 6195: 6169: 6141: 6134: 6106: 6079:(1): 199–208. 6059: 6050: 6041: 6029: 6020: 6011: 6002: 5993: 5984: 5975: 5963: 5951: 5939: 5910: 5888: 5870: 5861: 5854: 5836: 5827: 5798:(2): 135–164. 5782: 5757: 5750: 5727: 5720: 5708:, ed. (2004). 5694: 5687: 5664: 5657: 5639: 5632: 5608: 5601: 5583: 5576: 5554: 5548:978-0812240252 5547: 5514: 5507: 5489: 5454: 5440:, pp. 402–03, 5429: 5395: 5370: 5345: 5301: 5261: 5226: 5199: 5185: 5170: 5169: 5167: 5164: 5161: 5160: 5151: 5141: 5131: 5122: 5108: 5107: 5105: 5102: 5100: 5097: 5096: 5095: 5090: 5084: 5083: 5079: 5078: 5073: 5068: 5063: 5058: 5053: 5048: 5043: 5038: 5033: 5028: 5023: 5018: 5013: 5008: 5003: 4998: 4993: 4988: 4981: 4978: 4970: 4969: 4956: 4955: 4931: 4930: 4885: 4884: 4877: 4876: 4868: 4861: 4828: 4827: 4819: 4810:" rather than 4799: 4796: 4786: 4783: 4766: 4763: 4761: 4758: 4744: 4737: 4724: 4721: 4686:Main article: 4683: 4680: 4627: 4624: 4587: 4586: 4583: 4576: 4550: 4547: 4510: 4507: 4482: 4481:State property 4479: 4416: 4413: 4400: 4397: 4340: 4337: 4332: 4331: 4328: 4325: 4322: 4315: 4312: 4304: 4301: 4299: 4296: 4290: 4287: 4251: 4250: 4228:Supreme Leader 4220: 4219: 4145: 4144: 4138: 4128: 4116: 4106: 4105: 4086:Muhammad Iqbal 4077: 4074: 4039:Mughal Emperor 4037:, compiled by 4023:Ottoman Empire 4010: 4007: 3938:Abbasid Caliph 3850: 3847: 3839: 3836: 3737: 3607: 3606: 3603: 3594: 3574: 3573: 3561: 3560:is prohibited. 3549: 3520: 3517: 3516: 3515: 3511: 3510: 3509: 3486: 3480: 3477: 3474: 3459: 3456: 3442: 3441: 3439: 3438: 3431: 3424: 3416: 3413: 3412: 3387: 3386: 3383: 3382: 3377: 3372: 3371: 3370: 3359: 3356:Related topics 3354: 3353: 3350: 3349: 3346: 3345: 3340: 3335: 3330: 3325: 3320: 3315: 3310: 3305: 3303:Maryam Namazie 3300: 3295: 3290: 3285: 3284: 3283: 3278: 3268: 3262: 3259: 3258: 3255: 3254: 3251: 3250: 3245: 3240: 3235: 3230: 3225: 3220: 3215: 3213:Ata Abu Rashta 3210: 3205: 3200: 3195: 3190: 3185: 3180: 3175: 3170: 3165: 3163:Muhammad Iqbal 3160: 3155: 3150: 3145: 3140: 3135: 3130: 3125: 3123:Muhammad Abduh 3120: 3114: 3112:Key ideologues 3111: 3110: 3107: 3106: 3103: 3102: 3097: 3092: 3090:House of Thani 3087: 3082: 3077: 3072: 3067: 3062: 3057: 3052: 3050:Omar al-Bashir 3047: 3041: 3039:Heads of state 3038: 3037: 3034: 3033: 3030: 3029: 3012: 3005:("Milestones") 2999: 2987: 2975: 2962: 2959: 2958: 2955: 2954: 2951: 2950: 2949: 2948: 2943: 2941:Southeast Asia 2938: 2933: 2919: 2918: 2913: 2908: 2903: 2898: 2896:Salafist Front 2893: 2888: 2883: 2878: 2876:Hizb ut-Tahrir 2867: 2866: 2865: 2864: 2859: 2849: 2847:Sahwa movement 2844: 2839: 2834: 2829: 2824: 2822:Dawat-e-Islami 2819: 2810: 2807: 2806: 2803: 2802: 2799: 2798: 2793: 2788: 2783: 2778: 2776:Anti-communism 2772: 2769: 2768: 2765: 2764: 2761: 2760: 2753: 2748: 2741: 2734: 2729: 2728: 2727: 2717: 2712: 2711: 2710: 2705: 2693: 2683: 2682: 2681: 2676: 2666: 2661: 2656: 2651: 2646: 2641: 2636: 2635: 2634: 2621: 2618: 2617: 2614: 2613: 2607: 2606: 2599: 2598: 2597: 2596: 2586: 2585: 2584: 2574: 2573: 2572: 2567: 2562: 2552: 2546: 2543: 2542: 2539: 2538: 2535: 2534: 2529: 2524: 2519: 2514: 2509: 2503: 2500: 2499: 2496: 2495: 2474: 2471: 2455:profit sharing 2227: 2226: 2224: 2223: 2216: 2209: 2201: 2198: 2197: 2191: 2190: 2186: 2185: 2184: 2183: 2178: 2172: 2171: 2168: 2167: 2160: 2152: 2148: 2145: 2144: 2139: 2134: 2126: 2125: 2119: 2118: 2117: 2116: 2105: 2102: 2101: 2095: 2094: 2089: 2081: 2080: 2074: 2073: 2072: 2071: 2066: 2060: 2055: 2050: 2045: 2040: 2035: 2027: 2026: 2020: 2019: 2018: 2017: 2009: 1999: 1997: 1996: 1994:Concept of God 1991: 1985: 1983: 1974: 1969: 1961: 1960: 1958: 1957: 1952: 1947: 1941: 1938: 1937: 1931: 1930: 1918: 1917: 1915: 1914: 1907: 1900: 1892: 1889: 1888: 1887: 1886: 1871: 1870: 1867: 1866: 1861: 1856: 1851: 1846: 1844:Resource-based 1841: 1836: 1831: 1826: 1821: 1816: 1811: 1806: 1801: 1796: 1791: 1786: 1781: 1775: 1772: 1771: 1768: 1767: 1764: 1763: 1762: 1761: 1756: 1751: 1741: 1736: 1735: 1734: 1729: 1724: 1719: 1709: 1708: 1707: 1702: 1697: 1687: 1681: 1678: 1677: 1674: 1673: 1670: 1669: 1668: 1667: 1657: 1652: 1647: 1642: 1637: 1632: 1630:Liberalization 1627: 1622: 1617: 1612: 1607: 1602: 1597: 1591: 1588: 1587: 1584: 1583: 1580: 1579: 1574: 1569: 1564: 1554: 1548: 1546:Property types 1545: 1544: 1541: 1540: 1537: 1536: 1531: 1526: 1521: 1515: 1512: 1511: 1508: 1507: 1504: 1503: 1502: 1501: 1495:Latin America 1493: 1492: 1491: 1486: 1481: 1476: 1471: 1466: 1458: 1457: 1456: 1451: 1446: 1441: 1432: 1429: 1428: 1425: 1424: 1421: 1420: 1415: 1410: 1405: 1400: 1395: 1390: 1385: 1380: 1375: 1370: 1365: 1360: 1355: 1350: 1345: 1340: 1335: 1329: 1326: 1325: 1322: 1321: 1318: 1317: 1316: 1315: 1310: 1302: 1297: 1292: 1287: 1286: 1285: 1280: 1275: 1270: 1265: 1260: 1255: 1250: 1245: 1235: 1234: 1233: 1228: 1227: 1226: 1216: 1208: 1203: 1198: 1193: 1188: 1183: 1182: 1181: 1176: 1171: 1166: 1161: 1156: 1151: 1146: 1141: 1131: 1125: 1122: 1121: 1118: 1117: 1115: 1114: 1109: 1104: 1098: 1095: 1092: 1091: 1085: 1084: 1072: 1071: 1069: 1068: 1061: 1054: 1046: 1043: 1042: 1036: 1035: 1032: 1031: 1026: 1016: 1009: 1001: 996: 995: 992: 991: 986: 985: 984: 983: 971: 970: 965: 960: 952: 949: 948: 942: 941: 939: 938: 931: 924: 917: 910: 903: 896: 889: 882: 875: 870: 864: 859: 854: 853: 850: 849: 844: 843: 837: 836: 834: 833: 826: 819: 812: 804: 801: 800: 794: 793: 792: 791: 782: 781: 767: 760: 753: 745: 742: 741: 733: 732: 724: 719: 718: 715: 714: 710: 709: 704: 699: 692: 682: 674: 673: 668: 667: 664: 663: 658: 657: 656: 655: 652:(compensation) 644: 633: 619: 618: 617: 616: 605: 596: 587: 576: 565: 554: 543: 538: 526: 521: 520: 517: 516: 511: 510: 508: 507: 500: 493: 486: 479: 472: 465: 458: 450: 447: 446: 436: 435: 434: 433: 428: 421: 420: 413: 406: 405: 404: 397: 385: 379: 376: 375: 373: 372: 365: 358: 351: 343: 341: 340: 333: 327: 324: 323: 315: 310: 309: 306: 305: 301: 300: 293: 286: 279: 272: 265: 258: 252: 251: 250: 244: 239: 238: 235: 234: 229: 228: 226: 225: 210: 203: 195: 183: 180: 179: 171: 170: 162: 161: 153: 152: 151: 150: 143: 136: 133: 132: 124: 115: 109: 105: 104: 97: 90: 82: 79: 78: 70: 69: 59: 54: 53: 50: 49: 41: 40: 28: 27: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 12179: 12168: 12165: 12163: 12160: 12158: 12155: 12153: 12150: 12148: 12145: 12143: 12140: 12139: 12137: 12122: 12114: 12112: 12102: 12101: 12098: 12084: 12081: 12079: 12076: 12074: 12071: 12069: 12066: 12064: 12061: 12059: 12056: 12054: 12051: 12049: 12046: 12042: 12039: 12038: 12037: 12034: 12030: 12027: 12025: 12024:Post-Islamism 12022: 12020: 12017: 12016: 12015: 12012: 12010: 12007: 12003: 12000: 11998: 11995: 11994: 11993: 11990: 11989: 11987: 11983: 11977: 11974: 11972: 11969: 11967: 11964: 11962: 11959: 11958: 11956: 11954: 11950: 11944: 11941: 11939: 11936: 11934: 11931: 11929: 11926: 11924: 11921: 11917: 11916:Protestantism 11914: 11912: 11909: 11907: 11904: 11903: 11902: 11899: 11898: 11896: 11894: 11890: 11886: 11876: 11872: 11858: 11855: 11853: 11852: 11848: 11846: 11843: 11839: 11836: 11835: 11834: 11831: 11829: 11826: 11824: 11821: 11819: 11816: 11814: 11811: 11809: 11806: 11805: 11803: 11799: 11793: 11790: 11788: 11785: 11783: 11780: 11778: 11775: 11774: 11772: 11770: 11766: 11760: 11757: 11755: 11754:Ophthalmology 11752: 11750: 11747: 11745: 11742: 11740: 11737: 11735: 11732: 11730: 11727: 11725: 11722: 11721: 11719: 11717: 11713: 11707: 11704: 11702: 11699: 11697: 11694: 11692: 11689: 11687: 11684: 11682: 11679: 11677: 11674: 11672: 11669: 11668: 11666: 11664: 11660: 11656: 11652: 11644: 11640: 11626: 11623: 11619: 11618: 11614: 11613: 11612: 11609: 11607: 11604: 11602: 11599: 11595: 11592: 11591: 11590: 11587: 11585: 11584: 11580: 11578: 11575: 11573: 11572: 11568: 11566: 11563: 11561: 11560: 11556: 11554: 11551: 11549: 11546: 11544: 11541: 11539: 11536: 11534: 11531: 11529: 11526: 11524: 11521: 11519: 11518: 11514: 11512: 11511: 11507: 11503: 11502:Death penalty 11500: 11498: 11495: 11493: 11490: 11489: 11488: 11485: 11483: 11480: 11478: 11477: 11473: 11472: 11470: 11468:Other aspects 11466: 11460: 11459: 11455: 11453: 11452: 11448: 11446: 11445: 11441: 11439: 11438: 11434: 11432: 11431: 11427: 11425: 11424: 11420: 11418: 11417: 11413: 11412: 11410: 11405: 11402: 11400: 11397: 11395: 11392: 11391: 11388: 11382: 11381: 11377: 11375: 11372: 11370: 11369: 11365: 11363: 11362: 11358: 11356: 11355: 11351: 11349: 11348: 11344: 11343: 11341: 11339: 11335: 11329: 11328: 11324: 11322: 11321: 11317: 11315: 11314: 11310: 11308: 11307: 11303: 11301: 11298: 11296: 11293: 11292: 11290: 11288: 11284: 11280: 11273: 11272:Jurisprudence 11270: 11268: 11265: 11264: 11260: 11256: 11246: 11243: 11241: 11238: 11236: 11233: 11231: 11228: 11226: 11223: 11221: 11220: 11216: 11214: 11211: 11209: 11206: 11204: 11201: 11199: 11196: 11194: 11191: 11189: 11186: 11184: 11181: 11179: 11176: 11174: 11171: 11169: 11166: 11164: 11161: 11159: 11156: 11154: 11151: 11149: 11146: 11145: 11143: 11138: 11135: 11133: 11130: 11129: 11126: 11120: 11117: 11115: 11112: 11108: 11105: 11104: 11103: 11100: 11098: 11095: 11091: 11088: 11084: 11081: 11077: 11074: 11072: 11069: 11067: 11064: 11063: 11062: 11059: 11058: 11056: 11054: 11051: 11050: 11049: 11045: 11042: 11038: 11035: 11031: 11028: 11027: 11026: 11023: 11021: 11018: 11016: 11013: 11011: 11008: 11007: 11006: 11003: 11001: 10998: 10992: 10989: 10988: 10987: 10984: 10982: 10979: 10977: 10974: 10972: 10969: 10967: 10964: 10963: 10962: 10959: 10958: 10956: 10954: 10953:Denominations 10950: 10944: 10943: 10939: 10937: 10934: 10932: 10929: 10927: 10924: 10922: 10919: 10918: 10916: 10914: 10910: 10902: 10899: 10897: 10894: 10892: 10889: 10887: 10884: 10882: 10879: 10877: 10874: 10872: 10869: 10867: 10866: 10862: 10861: 10860: 10857: 10855: 10852: 10850: 10849: 10845: 10843: 10842: 10838: 10836: 10833: 10831: 10828: 10826: 10823: 10821: 10818: 10816: 10813: 10812: 10810: 10805: 10802: 10800: 10797: 10796: 10793: 10787: 10786: 10782: 10780: 10779: 10775: 10773: 10772: 10768: 10766: 10765: 10761: 10759: 10758: 10754: 10753: 10751: 10749: 10745: 10739: 10738:Holiest sites 10736: 10734: 10733:Judgement Day 10731: 10729: 10728: 10724: 10722: 10719: 10717: 10714: 10712: 10709: 10705: 10702: 10701: 10700: 10697: 10695: 10694: 10690: 10686: 10683: 10682: 10681: 10678: 10677: 10675: 10673: 10669: 10665: 10661: 10660: 10654: 10649: 10642: 10637: 10635: 10630: 10628: 10623: 10622: 10619: 10605: 10602: 10600: 10597: 10595: 10592: 10591: 10590: 10587: 10583: 10580: 10578: 10575: 10574: 10573: 10570: 10568: 10565: 10564: 10562: 10558: 10552: 10549: 10547: 10544: 10540: 10539:ophthalmology 10537: 10536: 10535: 10532: 10530: 10527: 10525: 10522: 10520: 10517: 10513: 10510: 10509: 10508: 10505: 10503: 10500: 10498: 10495: 10494: 10492: 10490: 10486: 10478: 10475: 10474: 10473: 10470: 10468: 10465: 10463: 10460: 10458: 10455: 10451: 10448: 10447: 10446: 10443: 10441: 10438: 10436: 10433: 10432: 10430: 10428: 10424: 10418: 10415: 10413: 10410: 10408: 10405: 10403: 10400: 10398: 10395: 10391: 10388: 10386: 10383: 10381: 10378: 10377: 10376: 10375:Jurisprudence 10373: 10371: 10368: 10364: 10361: 10359: 10356: 10355: 10354: 10351: 10350: 10348: 10346: 10342: 10338: 10332: 10329: 10327: 10324: 10322: 10319: 10317: 10314: 10312: 10309: 10307: 10304: 10302: 10299: 10298: 10296: 10294: 10290: 10284: 10281: 10279: 10276: 10274: 10271: 10269: 10266: 10264: 10261: 10259: 10256: 10254: 10251: 10249: 10246: 10244: 10241: 10240: 10238: 10236: 10232: 10226: 10223: 10221: 10218: 10216: 10213: 10211: 10208: 10206: 10203: 10201: 10198: 10196: 10193: 10191: 10188: 10186: 10183: 10181: 10178: 10177: 10175: 10173: 10169: 10165: 10158: 10153: 10151: 10146: 10144: 10139: 10138: 10135: 10123: 10120: 10118: 10115: 10113: 10110: 10108: 10105: 10103: 10100: 10098: 10095: 10093: 10090: 10088: 10085: 10083: 10080: 10078: 10075: 10073: 10070: 10069: 10067: 10063: 10053: 10052:Social credit 10050: 10048: 10045: 10043: 10040: 10038: 10035: 10033: 10030: 10028: 10027:Structuralist 10025: 10023: 10020: 10018: 10015: 10013: 10010: 10008: 10007:Public choice 10005: 10003: 10000: 9998: 9995: 9993: 9990: 9986: 9983: 9981: 9978: 9977: 9976: 9975:New classical 9973: 9971: 9970:Neoliberalism 9968: 9966: 9963: 9961: 9960:Neo-Ricardian 9958: 9956: 9953: 9951: 9948: 9944: 9941: 9940: 9939: 9936: 9930: 9927: 9925: 9922: 9921: 9920: 9917: 9915: 9912: 9908: 9905: 9904: 9903: 9900: 9899: 9898: 9895: 9893: 9892:Institutional 9890: 9888: 9885: 9883: 9880: 9878: 9875: 9873: 9870: 9868: 9865: 9863: 9860: 9858: 9855: 9853: 9850: 9846: 9843: 9842: 9841: 9838: 9836: 9833: 9831: 9828: 9826: 9823: 9821: 9818: 9817: 9815: 9807: 9801: 9798: 9794: 9791: 9790: 9789: 9786: 9784: 9781: 9779: 9776: 9774: 9771: 9769: 9766: 9764: 9761: 9759: 9756: 9754: 9751: 9749: 9746: 9744: 9741: 9739: 9736: 9734: 9731: 9727: 9724: 9723: 9722: 9719: 9717: 9714: 9712: 9709: 9707: 9704: 9703: 9701: 9699: 9695: 9689: 9686: 9684: 9681: 9679: 9676: 9674: 9671: 9670: 9668: 9666: 9662: 9659: 9655: 9649: 9648:Scholasticism 9646: 9644: 9641: 9639: 9636: 9635: 9633: 9629: 9625: 9618: 9613: 9611: 9606: 9604: 9599: 9598: 9595: 9589: 9586: 9584: 9581: 9578: 9574: 9570: 9568: 9564: 9561: 9557: 9553: 9550: 9546: 9543: 9540: 9537: 9536: 9527: 9524: 9521: 9518: 9515: 9511: 9508: 9504: 9501: 9500: 9494: 9493: 9471: 9466: 9465: 9462: 9449: 9441: 9437: 9433: 9429: 9425: 9421: 9416: 9412: 9408: 9404: 9400: 9396: 9392: 9391: 9385: 9381: 9377: 9372: 9368: 9364: 9360: 9356: 9354:1-86064-253-5 9350: 9346: 9341: 9330: 9328:9780674291416 9324: 9320: 9315: 9314: 9307: 9303: 9299: 9295: 9291: 9287: 9283: 9279: 9274: 9270: 9265: 9261: 9255: 9251: 9246: 9242: 9237: 9233: 9228: 9224: 9220: 9216: 9204: 9203: 9197: 9193: 9189: 9185: 9181: 9177: 9173: 9169: 9164: 9160: 9156: 9151: 9140: 9134: 9130: 9129: 9124: 9120: 9116: 9112: 9108: 9104: 9100: 9096: 9092: 9087: 9076: 9074:9781782544159 9070: 9066: 9065: 9059: 9048: 9042: 9035: 9034: 9028: 9017: 9015:9781317366539 9011: 9008:. Routledge. 9007: 9006: 9000: 8996: 8995: 8989: 8978: 8971: 8966: 8959: 8958: 8952: 8948: 8943: 8940:. Saqi Books. 8939: 8934: 8930: 8928: 8923: 8918: 8914: 8910: 8906: 8901: 8897: 8893: 8889: 8885: 8880: 8876: 8871: 8867: 8861: 8858:. Routledge. 8857: 8852: 8848: 8844: 8839: 8836:(1): 151–168. 8835: 8831: 8826: 8822: 8816: 8812: 8807: 8803: 8797: 8793: 8792: 8786: 8785: 8773: 8768: 8761: 8756: 8749: 8743: 8737:, p. 31. 8736: 8731: 8725:, p. 36. 8724: 8719: 8712: 8707: 8701:, p. 27. 8700: 8695: 8688: 8682: 8676:, p. 34. 8675: 8670: 8664:, p. 88. 8663: 8658: 8651: 8646: 8630: 8623: 8616: 8610: 8608: 8592: 8590:9781784410551 8586: 8582: 8578: 8571: 8564: 8558: 8551: 8545: 8530: 8526: 8519: 8517: 8515: 8499: 8498:Research Gate 8495: 8488: 8474:on 2018-01-31 8473: 8469: 8465: 8459: 8445:on 2013-01-24 8444: 8440: 8433: 8424: 8415: 8406: 8390: 8384: 8368: 8367:The Economist 8364: 8358: 8351:. 2009-11-12. 8350: 8349:The Economist 8346: 8340: 8334:, p. 33. 8333: 8328: 8326: 8316: 8310: 8306: 8302: 8298: 8294: 8289: 8283:, p. 10. 8282: 8277: 8270: 8266: 8261: 8255: 8251: 8247: 8243: 8239: 8235: 8230: 8224: 8220: 8216: 8212: 8207: 8200: 8195: 8193: 8191: 8189: 8187: 8185: 8178:, p. 83. 8177: 8172: 8170: 8162: 8159:Ibn Tamiyah, 8156: 8147: 8140: 8134: 8127: 8122: 8113: 8104: 8095: 8086: 8079: 8074: 8072: 8070: 8061: 8059:9781936331765 8055: 8052:. Earthscan. 8051: 8050: 8042: 8036:, p. 20. 8035: 8030: 8011: 8007: 8003: 7999: 7995: 7991: 7987: 7983: 7979: 7972: 7965: 7958: 7953: 7951: 7949: 7947: 7945: 7938: 7934: 7930: 7926: 7922: 7918: 7913: 7907:, p. 12. 7906: 7901: 7894: 7889: 7882: 7876: 7869: 7864: 7858:, 16 (1–2):81 7857: 7851: 7844: 7838: 7830: 7826: 7822: 7818: 7814: 7810: 7803: 7796: 7794: 7786: 7781: 7774: 7769: 7767: 7759: 7754: 7748: 7744: 7741: 7739: 7732: 7726: 7722: 7719: 7717: 7710: 7708: 7700: 7694: 7687: 7682: 7680: 7672: 7667: 7665: 7657: 7652: 7646:, p. 11. 7645: 7640: 7638: 7636: 7628: 7623: 7621: 7613: 7608: 7606: 7604: 7602: 7594: 7589: 7587: 7579: 7574: 7572: 7564: 7559: 7557: 7555: 7547: 7542: 7540: 7531: 7527: 7521: 7513: 7507: 7499: 7495: 7489: 7481: 7477: 7471: 7463: 7459: 7455: 7451: 7444: 7437: 7432: 7425: 7420: 7407: 7406:US 2003233324 7400: 7393: 7388: 7386: 7378: 7372: 7356: 7352: 7346: 7339: 7334: 7326: 7322: 7318: 7311: 7300: 7293: 7287: 7285: 7277: 7271: 7264: 7260: 7255: 7239: 7238: 7230: 7223: 7218: 7210: 7203: 7197:, p. 57. 7196: 7191: 7183: 7177: 7173: 7166: 7159: 7157: 7150: 7142: 7138: 7134: 7128: 7120: 7118:9788172112011 7114: 7110: 7103: 7095: 7093:9789047429975 7089: 7085: 7081: 7080: 7072: 7064: 7062:9780521257589 7058: 7054: 7047: 7040: 7034: 7030: 7023: 7016: 7010: 7006: 7002: 6995: 6988: 6983: 6976: 6972: 6967: 6960: 6955: 6948: 6943: 6935: 6931: 6927: 6923: 6919: 6915: 6908: 6901: 6900:0-88706-698-4 6897: 6893: 6889: 6883: 6868: 6862: 6858: 6854: 6847: 6840: 6836: 6831: 6824: 6819: 6817: 6815: 6806: 6804:9781136950360 6800: 6797:. Routledge. 6796: 6789: 6773: 6769: 6765: 6758: 6750: 6746: 6742: 6738: 6731: 6724: 6719: 6713:, p. 49. 6712: 6707: 6701:, p. 47. 6700: 6695: 6681: 6677: 6670: 6663: 6650: 6643: 6636: 6634: 6626: 6614: 6607: 6600: 6585: 6578: 6572:, p. 46. 6571: 6566: 6564: 6547: 6543: 6539: 6533: 6526: 6521: 6514: 6509: 6502: 6501:Schirazi 1997 6497: 6491: 6487: 6482: 6473: 6469: 6465: 6461: 6454: 6452: 6450: 6448: 6446: 6444: 6442: 6435: 6431: 6426: 6418: 6412: 6408: 6404: 6397: 6390: 6378: 6376:9781134294886 6372: 6368: 6367: 6359: 6353:, p. xv. 6352: 6347: 6345: 6336: 6329: 6314: 6310: 6303: 6289:on 2016-12-13 6288: 6284: 6280: 6276: 6269: 6267: 6260:, p. 66. 6259: 6254: 6252: 6244: 6239: 6237: 6230: 6226: 6223: 6221: 6214: 6212: 6205:, p. 25. 6204: 6199: 6184: 6180: 6173: 6154: 6153: 6145: 6137: 6131: 6127: 6123: 6119: 6118: 6110: 6102: 6098: 6094: 6090: 6086: 6082: 6078: 6074: 6070: 6063: 6054: 6045: 6038: 6033: 6024: 6015: 6006: 5997: 5988: 5979: 5973: 5967: 5960: 5955: 5949: 5943: 5936: 5931: 5927: 5922: 5914: 5906: 5902: 5898: 5892: 5884: 5880: 5874: 5865: 5857: 5851: 5847: 5840: 5831: 5823: 5819: 5814: 5809: 5805: 5801: 5797: 5793: 5786: 5779: 5774: 5772: 5770: 5768: 5766: 5764: 5762: 5753: 5747: 5743: 5742: 5734: 5732: 5723: 5717: 5713: 5712: 5707: 5701: 5699: 5690: 5684: 5680: 5679: 5671: 5669: 5660: 5658:9788172112011 5654: 5650: 5643: 5635: 5633:9789047429975 5629: 5625: 5621: 5620: 5612: 5604: 5602:9780521257589 5598: 5594: 5587: 5579: 5577:9781783475728 5573: 5569: 5565: 5558: 5550: 5544: 5540: 5536: 5531: 5530: 5524: 5518: 5510: 5504: 5500: 5493: 5485: 5481: 5477: 5473: 5469: 5465: 5458: 5451: 5450:90-04-09896-8 5447: 5443: 5439: 5433: 5425: 5421: 5417: 5413: 5406: 5399: 5384: 5380: 5374: 5359: 5355: 5349: 5342: 5326: 5322: 5315: 5308: 5306: 5286: 5282: 5275: 5268: 5266: 5257: 5253: 5249: 5245: 5241: 5237: 5230: 5223: 5219: 5214: 5212: 5210: 5208: 5206: 5204: 5195: 5189: 5181: 5175: 5171: 5155: 5145: 5135: 5126: 5119: 5113: 5109: 5094: 5091: 5089: 5086: 5085: 5081: 5080: 5077: 5074: 5072: 5069: 5067: 5064: 5062: 5059: 5057: 5054: 5052: 5049: 5047: 5044: 5042: 5039: 5037: 5034: 5032: 5029: 5027: 5024: 5022: 5019: 5017: 5014: 5012: 5009: 5007: 5004: 5002: 4999: 4997: 4994: 4992: 4989: 4987: 4984: 4983: 4977: 4975: 4967: 4966: 4965: 4963: 4962: 4953: 4952: 4951: 4949: 4944: 4941: 4937: 4928: 4927: 4926: 4924: 4923: 4917: 4913: 4912: 4906: 4902: 4897: 4895: 4891: 4882: 4881: 4880: 4874: 4869: 4866: 4862: 4859: 4855: 4851: 4850: 4848: 4846: 4842: 4838: 4834: 4825: 4824:Fred Halliday 4820: 4817: 4813: 4809: 4805: 4804: 4803: 4795: 4793: 4782: 4780: 4776: 4772: 4757: 4753: 4749: 4742: 4736: 4734: 4730: 4720: 4718: 4714: 4713: 4707: 4705: 4701: 4695: 4689: 4679: 4675: 4671: 4667: 4664: 4658: 4656: 4655: 4650: 4649: 4643: 4641: 4637: 4633: 4623: 4621: 4620: 4615: 4611: 4606: 4604: 4600: 4596: 4592: 4584: 4581: 4577: 4574: 4573: 4572: 4569: 4565: 4562: 4558: 4557: 4546: 4542: 4540: 4536: 4530: 4528: 4522: 4520: 4516: 4506: 4502: 4500: 4496: 4491: 4489: 4478: 4474: 4472: 4468: 4467:privatization 4464: 4463: 4458: 4453: 4450: 4446: 4442: 4438: 4434: 4430: 4426: 4422: 4412: 4409: 4407: 4396: 4394: 4391:for justice, 4390: 4386: 4381: 4377: 4373: 4369: 4366: 4360: 4358: 4354: 4349: 4347: 4336: 4329: 4326: 4323: 4320: 4316: 4313: 4310: 4309: 4308: 4295: 4286: 4284: 4278: 4276: 4272: 4268: 4264: 4260: 4256: 4248: 4247: 4246: 4244: 4240: 4237: 4233: 4229: 4225: 4217: 4216: 4215: 4213: 4208: 4204: 4199: 4197: 4193: 4188: 4186: 4185:gold standard 4182: 4178: 4175:Sunni cleric 4173: 4171: 4166: 4162: 4158: 4154: 4148: 4142: 4139: 4136: 4132: 4129: 4126: 4122: 4121: 4117: 4114: 4111: 4110: 4109: 4103: 4102: 4101: 4097: 4095: 4089: 4087: 4083: 4073: 4071: 4067: 4063: 4059: 4055: 4054:Mughal Bengal 4051: 4047: 4043: 4040: 4036: 4032: 4028: 4024: 4020: 4016: 4006: 4003: 4001: 4000:human capital 3997: 3996:macroeconomic 3993: 3989: 3985: 3980: 3978: 3974: 3973: 3972:Kitab al-Ibar 3968: 3964: 3960: 3959: 3954: 3949: 3947: 3943: 3939: 3935: 3931: 3927: 3923: 3921: 3917: 3913: 3909: 3905: 3901: 3897: 3896:Ibn al-Qayyim 3893: 3892:Ibn Taymiyyah 3889: 3885: 3881: 3877: 3873: 3869: 3865: 3861: 3857: 3845: 3835: 3833: 3829: 3824: 3822: 3818: 3814: 3810: 3804: 3799: 3797: 3792: 3790: 3786: 3781: 3779: 3775: 3773: 3768: 3767: 3762: 3758: 3754: 3753: 3743: 3736: 3734: 3728: 3726: 3722: 3719:by Ayatollah 3718: 3714: 3709: 3707: 3702: 3701: 3696: 3695: 3690: 3689: 3684: 3683: 3677: 3675: 3674: 3669: 3665: 3661: 3657: 3653: 3649: 3645: 3644: 3639:(custom), or 3638: 3637: 3632: 3628: 3622: 3618: 3616: 3612: 3604: 3601: 3600: 3595: 3592: 3591: 3587: 3586: 3585: 3584:, and also 3583: 3579: 3571: 3567: 3566: 3562: 3559: 3555: 3554: 3550: 3547: 3543: 3539: 3535: 3531: 3530: 3526: 3525: 3524: 3512: 3507: 3503: 3499: 3495: 3491: 3487: 3484: 3483: 3481: 3478: 3475: 3472: 3468: 3464: 3460: 3457: 3454: 3450: 3449: 3448: 3437: 3432: 3430: 3425: 3423: 3418: 3417: 3415: 3414: 3411: 3406: 3401: 3400: 3389: 3388: 3381: 3378: 3376: 3373: 3369: 3366: 3365: 3364: 3361: 3360: 3357: 3352: 3351: 3344: 3341: 3339: 3336: 3334: 3331: 3329: 3326: 3324: 3321: 3319: 3316: 3314: 3311: 3309: 3308:Maajid Nawaaz 3306: 3304: 3301: 3299: 3296: 3294: 3291: 3289: 3286: 3282: 3279: 3277: 3274: 3273: 3272: 3269: 3267: 3264: 3263: 3257: 3256: 3249: 3246: 3244: 3241: 3239: 3236: 3234: 3231: 3229: 3226: 3224: 3223:Navvab Safavi 3221: 3219: 3216: 3214: 3211: 3209: 3208:Tariq Ramadan 3206: 3204: 3201: 3199: 3196: 3194: 3191: 3189: 3186: 3184: 3181: 3179: 3176: 3174: 3171: 3169: 3166: 3164: 3161: 3159: 3158:Safwat Hegazi 3156: 3154: 3151: 3149: 3146: 3144: 3143:Muhammad Asad 3141: 3139: 3136: 3134: 3131: 3129: 3126: 3124: 3121: 3119: 3116: 3115: 3109: 3108: 3101: 3098: 3096: 3093: 3091: 3088: 3086: 3085:House of Saud 3083: 3081: 3080:Mohammed Omar 3078: 3076: 3073: 3071: 3070:Mohamed Morsi 3068: 3066: 3063: 3061: 3058: 3056: 3053: 3051: 3048: 3046: 3043: 3042: 3036: 3035: 3027: 3026:Khomeini 1970 3023: 3022: 3020: 3013: 3010: 3006: 3004: 3000: 2997: 2993: 2992: 2988: 2985: 2981: 2980: 2976: 2973: 2969: 2968: 2964: 2963: 2957: 2956: 2947: 2944: 2942: 2939: 2937: 2934: 2932: 2929: 2928: 2926: 2925: 2924: 2923: 2917: 2914: 2912: 2909: 2907: 2904: 2902: 2899: 2897: 2894: 2892: 2891:Salafist Call 2889: 2887: 2884: 2882: 2879: 2877: 2874: 2873: 2872: 2871: 2863: 2860: 2858: 2855: 2854: 2853: 2850: 2848: 2845: 2843: 2840: 2838: 2835: 2833: 2830: 2828: 2825: 2823: 2820: 2818: 2815: 2814: 2813: 2805: 2804: 2797: 2794: 2792: 2789: 2787: 2784: 2782: 2779: 2777: 2774: 2773: 2767: 2766: 2759: 2758: 2754: 2752: 2749: 2747: 2746: 2742: 2740: 2739: 2735: 2733: 2732:Post-Islamism 2730: 2726: 2723: 2722: 2721: 2718: 2716: 2713: 2709: 2706: 2704: 2701: 2700: 2699: 2698: 2694: 2691: 2687: 2684: 2680: 2677: 2675: 2672: 2671: 2670: 2669:Islamic state 2667: 2665: 2662: 2660: 2657: 2655: 2652: 2650: 2647: 2645: 2642: 2640: 2637: 2633: 2632: 2628: 2627: 2626: 2623: 2622: 2616: 2615: 2610: 2604: 2603:Shia Islamism 2601: 2600: 2595: 2592: 2591: 2590: 2587: 2583: 2580: 2579: 2578: 2575: 2571: 2568: 2566: 2563: 2561: 2558: 2557: 2556: 2553: 2551: 2548: 2547: 2541: 2540: 2533: 2530: 2528: 2525: 2523: 2520: 2518: 2515: 2513: 2510: 2508: 2505: 2504: 2498: 2497: 2493: 2485: 2479: 2478: 2470: 2468: 2464: 2460: 2456: 2452: 2448: 2447: 2442: 2438: 2434: 2430: 2426: 2421: 2419: 2418: 2413: 2409: 2408:Islamic taxes 2405: 2404: 2399: 2395: 2391: 2385: 2383: 2379: 2375: 2371: 2367: 2366:Mughal Empire 2363: 2359: 2355: 2351: 2347: 2342: 2340: 2336: 2332: 2328: 2324: 2320: 2316: 2312: 2308: 2307: 2302: 2298: 2294: 2291: 2287: 2286: 2280: 2278: 2274: 2270: 2266: 2262: 2261: 2255:فقه المعاملات 2252: 2248: 2243: 2237: 2233: 2222: 2217: 2215: 2210: 2208: 2203: 2202: 2200: 2199: 2196: 2193: 2192: 2188: 2187: 2182: 2179: 2177: 2174: 2173: 2165: 2161: 2158: 2154: 2153: 2151: 2147: 2146: 2143: 2140: 2138: 2135: 2133: 2130: 2129: 2128: 2127: 2124: 2121: 2120: 2113: 2112:Ophthalmology 2108: 2104: 2103: 2100: 2097: 2096: 2093: 2090: 2088: 2085: 2084: 2083: 2082: 2079: 2076: 2075: 2070: 2067: 2065: 2061: 2059: 2056: 2054: 2051: 2049: 2046: 2044: 2041: 2039: 2036: 2034: 2031: 2030: 2029: 2028: 2025: 2024:Jurisprudence 2022: 2021: 2016: 2010: 2008: 2004: 2000: 1995: 1992: 1990: 1987: 1986: 1984: 1982: 1978: 1975: 1973: 1970: 1968: 1965: 1964: 1963: 1962: 1956: 1953: 1951: 1948: 1946: 1943: 1942: 1940: 1939: 1936: 1933: 1932: 1928: 1924: 1923: 1913: 1908: 1906: 1901: 1899: 1894: 1893: 1891: 1890: 1885: 1880: 1875: 1874: 1873: 1872: 1865: 1862: 1860: 1857: 1855: 1852: 1850: 1847: 1845: 1842: 1840: 1839:Post-scarcity 1837: 1835: 1832: 1830: 1827: 1825: 1822: 1820: 1817: 1815: 1812: 1810: 1807: 1805: 1802: 1800: 1797: 1795: 1792: 1790: 1787: 1785: 1784:Expeditionary 1782: 1780: 1777: 1776: 1770: 1769: 1760: 1757: 1755: 1752: 1750: 1747: 1746: 1745: 1742: 1740: 1737: 1733: 1730: 1728: 1725: 1723: 1720: 1718: 1715: 1714: 1713: 1710: 1706: 1703: 1701: 1698: 1696: 1693: 1692: 1691: 1688: 1686: 1683: 1682: 1676: 1675: 1666: 1663: 1662: 1661: 1660:Socialization 1658: 1656: 1655:Privatization 1653: 1651: 1648: 1646: 1645:Mutualization 1643: 1641: 1638: 1636: 1635:Marketization 1633: 1631: 1628: 1626: 1623: 1621: 1620:Expropriation 1618: 1616: 1613: 1611: 1608: 1606: 1603: 1601: 1600:Communization 1598: 1596: 1593: 1592: 1586: 1585: 1578: 1575: 1573: 1570: 1568: 1565: 1562: 1558: 1555: 1553: 1550: 1549: 1543: 1542: 1535: 1532: 1530: 1527: 1525: 1522: 1520: 1517: 1516: 1510: 1509: 1500: 1497: 1496: 1494: 1490: 1487: 1485: 1482: 1480: 1477: 1475: 1472: 1470: 1467: 1465: 1462: 1461: 1459: 1455: 1452: 1450: 1447: 1445: 1442: 1440: 1437: 1436: 1434: 1433: 1427: 1426: 1419: 1416: 1414: 1411: 1409: 1406: 1404: 1401: 1399: 1396: 1394: 1391: 1389: 1386: 1384: 1381: 1379: 1376: 1374: 1371: 1369: 1366: 1364: 1361: 1359: 1356: 1354: 1351: 1349: 1346: 1344: 1341: 1339: 1338:Decentralized 1336: 1334: 1331: 1330: 1324: 1323: 1314: 1311: 1309: 1306: 1305: 1303: 1301: 1298: 1296: 1295:Social credit 1293: 1291: 1288: 1284: 1281: 1279: 1276: 1274: 1271: 1269: 1266: 1264: 1263:Participatory 1261: 1259: 1256: 1254: 1251: 1249: 1246: 1244: 1241: 1240: 1239: 1236: 1232: 1229: 1225: 1222: 1221: 1220: 1217: 1215: 1212: 1211: 1209: 1207: 1204: 1202: 1199: 1197: 1194: 1192: 1189: 1187: 1184: 1180: 1177: 1175: 1174:Social market 1172: 1170: 1169:Protectionist 1167: 1165: 1162: 1160: 1157: 1155: 1152: 1150: 1149:Laissez-faire 1147: 1145: 1142: 1140: 1137: 1136: 1135: 1132: 1130: 1127: 1126: 1120: 1119: 1113: 1110: 1108: 1105: 1103: 1100: 1099: 1094: 1093: 1090: 1087: 1086: 1082: 1078: 1077: 1067: 1062: 1060: 1055: 1053: 1048: 1047: 1045: 1044: 1041: 1038: 1037: 1030: 1027: 1025: 1021: 1017: 1015: 1014: 1010: 1008: 1007: 1003: 1002: 999: 994: 993: 981: 980: 974: 973: 969: 966: 964: 961: 959: 958: 954: 953: 951: 950: 947: 944: 943: 937: 936: 932: 930: 929: 925: 923: 922: 918: 916: 915: 911: 909: 908: 904: 902: 901: 897: 895: 894: 890: 888: 887: 883: 881: 880: 876: 874: 871: 869: 866: 865: 863: 862: 857: 852: 851: 842: 839: 838: 832: 831: 827: 825: 824: 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Retrieved 9448:cite journal 9397:(1): 29–37. 9394: 9388: 9375: 9366: 9344: 9332:. Retrieved 9312: 9285: 9281: 9249: 9240: 9222: 9207:. Retrieved 9201: 9175: 9171: 9158: 9142:. Retrieved 9127: 9123:Kuran, Timur 9106: 9102: 9099:Kuran, Timur 9090: 9078:. Retrieved 9063: 9052:28 September 9050:. Retrieved 9032: 9019:. Retrieved 9004: 8993: 8980:. Retrieved 8976: 8956: 8946: 8937: 8925: 8904: 8895: 8874: 8855: 8842: 8833: 8829: 8810: 8790: 8767: 8755: 8747: 8742: 8730: 8718: 8706: 8694: 8689:, pp. 17-36. 8686: 8681: 8669: 8657: 8652:, p. 5. 8645: 8633:. Retrieved 8622: 8614: 8596:23 September 8594:. Retrieved 8580: 8570: 8562: 8557: 8549: 8544: 8534:22 September 8532:. Retrieved 8528: 8501:. Retrieved 8497: 8487: 8476:. Retrieved 8472:the original 8467: 8458: 8447:. Retrieved 8443:the original 8432: 8423: 8414: 8405: 8393:. Retrieved 8383: 8373:15 September 8371:. 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Retrieved 5285:the original 5281:kantakji.com 5280: 5239: 5235: 5229: 5193: 5188: 5179: 5174: 5154: 5144: 5134: 5125: 5117: 5112: 4971: 4968:Practicality 4959: 4957: 4945: 4935: 4932: 4920: 4909: 4907: 4904: 4899: 4886: 4878: 4830: 4801: 4788: 4779:stock market 4768: 4754: 4750: 4746: 4740: 4732: 4728: 4726: 4710: 4708: 4704:mutual funds 4697: 4676: 4672: 4668: 4659: 4652: 4646: 4644: 4632:price fixing 4629: 4626:Interference 4617: 4613: 4609: 4607: 4602: 4598: 4594: 4588: 4570: 4566: 4560: 4554: 4552: 4543: 4531: 4523: 4512: 4503: 4492: 4487: 4484: 4475: 4460: 4456: 4454: 4418: 4410: 4405: 4402: 4392: 4388: 4384: 4382: 4378: 4374: 4370: 4361: 4350: 4342: 4333: 4306: 4303:Achievements 4292: 4279: 4266: 4252: 4221: 4218:Khomeini era 4200: 4189: 4180: 4174: 4149: 4146: 4140: 4130: 4118: 4112: 4107: 4098: 4093: 4090: 4079: 4031:Muslim India 4027:Mughal India 4012: 4004: 3987: 3981: 3976: 3970: 3966: 3962: 3956: 3950: 3945: 3941: 3936:, the fifth 3929: 3924: 3852: 3825: 3820: 3816: 3812: 3808: 3806: 3801: 3795: 3793: 3782: 3777: 3770: 3764: 3760: 3756: 3750: 3748: 3741: 3732: 3730: 3715:, a work of 3712: 3704: 3698: 3692: 3686: 3680: 3678: 3671: 3640: 3634: 3624: 3620: 3608: 3597: 3588: 3581: 3577: 3575: 3563: 3551: 3527: 3522: 3492:, Ayatollah 3482:an ideology 3470: 3466: 3462: 3445: 3390: 3380:Islamophobia 3338:Shiraz Maher 3333:Gilles Kepel 3243:Ahmed Yassin 3228:Ali Shariati 3168:Ali Khamenei 3045:Ali Khamenei 3016: 3014: 3002: 2989: 2977: 2965: 2921: 2920: 2869: 2868: 2827:Ahl-i Hadith 2811: 2786:Anti-Zionism 2755: 2743: 2736: 2715:Pan-Islamism 2695: 2690:of knowledge 2686:Islamization 2629: 2521: 2501:Fundamentals 2444: 2422: 2415: 2401: 2386: 2343: 2331:distribution 2304: 2283: 2281: 2273:labor theory 2258: 2246: 2244: 2231: 2230: 2189:Other topics 2137:Architecture 2043:Etiquettical 2037: 2002: 1979: / 1749:Peer-to-peer 1744:Self-managed 1679:Coordination 1615:Deregulation 1300:Distributist 1230: 1154:Mercantilist 1019: 1011: 1004: 978: 955: 933: 926: 919: 912: 905: 898: 891: 884: 877: 828: 821: 814: 807: 786: 775: 769: 762: 755: 748: 736: 720: 694: 677: 647: 636: 625: 608: 603:("sedition") 584:("mischief") 579: 568: 557: 546: 533: 504:Masturbation 502: 495: 488: 481: 474: 467: 460: 453: 415: 408: 399: 392: 367: 360: 353: 346: 335: 295: 288: 281: 274: 267: 260: 220: 212: 205: 198: 186: 174: 165: 156: 145: 138: 126: 119: 110: 99: 92: 85: 73: 64: 35: 11906:Catholicism 11801:Other areas 11792:Theological 11787:Eschatology 11744:Mathematics 11681:Calligraphy 11611:Theological 11565:Inheritance 11482:Cleanliness 10854:Shi'a Imams 10848:Ahl al-Bayt 10529:Mathematics 10190:Calligraphy 10032:Supply-side 9955:Neo-Marxian 9768:Marginalism 9698:Late modern 9683:Physiocrats 9560:Asia Policy 8847:Basic Books 8774:, p. . 8735:Farooq 2005 8723:Farooq 2005 8699:Farooq 2005 8674:Farooq 2005 8391:. Zawya.com 8332:Farooq 2005 8295:cite Quran 8267:cite Quran 8236:cite Quran 8213:cite Quran 7686:Haneef 2009 7593:Haneef 2009 7261:, pp. 6158:. p. 4 5537:. pp. 5016:Corporatism 4938:..." Quran 4896:shopping", 4873:Timur Kuran 4816:Timur Kuran 4741:Bayt-al-Mal 4515:inheritance 4082:Timur Kuran 3963:Prolegomena 3953:Ibn Khaldun 3922:(d. 1707). 3918:(d. 1501), 3914:(d. 1442), 3910:(d. 1406), 3908:Ibn Khaldun 3906:(d. 1388), 3902:(d. 1384), 3898:(d. 1350), 3890:(d. 1187), 3884:Al-Dimashqi 3882:(d. 1111), 3878:(d. 1093), 3874:(d. 1090), 3870:(d. 1064), 3866:(d. 1058), 3858:(d. 798), 3789:Timur Kuran 3785:Olivier Roy 3656:discouraged 3506:Olivier Roy 3453:Umar Chapra 3323:Bassam Tibi 3318:Olivier Roy 3218:Rashid Rida 3203:Sayyid Qutb 2984:Iqbal 1930s 2931:MENA region 2901:Millî Görüş 2335:consumption 2142:Calligraphy 2099:Mathematics 2069:Theological 1989:Eschatology 1854:Traditional 1804:Manorialism 1799:Information 1773:Other types 1759:Open access 1722:Cybernetics 1464:Anglo-Saxon 1449:Singaporean 1408:Underground 1403:Subsistence 1308:Corporatist 1283:Syndicalist 1243:Communalist 1129:Associative 1123:By ideology 1096:Major types 841:Inheritance 788:Bayt al-mal 147:Nafl prayer 12136:Categories 11966:Ex-Muslims 11851:Shu'ubiyya 11845:Psychology 11833:Literature 11823:Inventions 11769:Philosophy 11577:Leadership 11553:Honorifics 11208:Philosophy 11015:Isma'ilism 10976:Maturidism 10859:Caliphates 10830:Golden Age 10721:Revelation 10604:philosophy 10551:Psychology 10524:Inventions 10477:solidarity 10427:Philosophy 10407:Secularism 10321:Golden Age 10258:Capitalism 10205:Literature 10012:Regulation 9938:Monetarism 9924:Circuitism 9872:Ecological 9840:Chartalism 9820:Behavioral 9763:Manchester 9758:Malthusian 9716:Birmingham 9673:Cameralism 9657:Modern era 9631:Pre-modern 9347:. Tauris. 9334:22 January 9021:9 February 8650:Kuran 2004 8478:2018-01-31 8449:2010-08-24 8301:26:181-183 8252:and Quran 8221:and Quran 8019:23 January 7773:Kayed 2008 7671:Kayed 2008 7361:8 February 7222:Kuran 2004 6987:Weiss 1995 6975:Muqaddimah 6971:Weiss 1995 6959:Weiss 1995 6947:Weiss 1995 6685:2017-04-06 6613:jams92.org 6552:25 January 6488:, p. 6432:, p. 6293:2017-06-02 5813:10161/2561 5778:Kuran 2004 5388:22 January 5334:22 January 5294:22 January 5220:, p. 5099:References 4974:Asad Zaman 4841:capitalist 4692:See also: 4339:Challenges 4271:Zia-ul-Haq 4232:revolution 4210:number of 4196:al-Nabhani 4153:capitalism 4127:(1961) and 4120:Iqtisaduna 4050:Qing China 3965:), of his 3958:Muqaddimah 3912:Al-Maqrizi 3904:Al-Shatibi 3864:Al-Mawardi 3862:(d. 805), 3778:al-`Ibadat 3668:obligatory 3664:encouraged 3534:charitable 3313:Sam Harris 3293:Farag Foda 3075:Zia ul-Haq 2936:South Asia 2837:Madkhalism 2812:Scholastic 2770:Influences 2594:Khomeinism 2544:Ideologies 2532:Secularism 2429:capitalist 2406:and other 2380:after the 2354:Al-Andalus 2346:capitalism 2327:production 2150:Literature 2092:Inventions 2048:Hygienical 2012:Mysticism 1950:Philosophy 1859:Transition 1819:Plantation 1727:Indicative 1589:Transition 1439:East Asian 1210:Religious 1186:Democratic 1159:Neoliberal 1144:Democratic 1134:Capitalist 1102:Capitalism 702:Honorifics 551:(gambling) 12083:Symbolism 12041:Incidents 12019:Criticism 11911:Mormonism 11808:Astrology 11734:Cosmology 11729:Astronomy 11671:Arabesque 11538:Etiquette 11497:Blasphemy 11287:Economics 11102:Ahmadiyya 11044:Muhakkima 10991:Wahhabism 10981:Mu'tazili 10966:Ash'arism 10599:cosmology 10594:mysticism 10572:Education 10512:cosmology 10507:Astronomy 10467:Astrology 10450:dialectic 10358:consensus 10353:Democracy 10268:Socialism 10235:Economics 10180:Arabesque 10087:Economics 10022:Stockholm 9897:Keynesian 9862:Cracovian 9811:(20th and 9800:Socialist 9783:Mutualism 9726:Ricardian 9721:Classical 9411:162022220 9380:Singapore 9192:149654985 8760:Khan 2013 8711:Khan 2013 8662:Khan 2015 8503:April 13, 8281:Khan 1994 8176:Khan 1994 8034:Khan 1994 8006:153324104 7905:Khan 2013 7893:Khan 2013 7868:Khan 2013 7785:Khan 2013 7758:Khan 2013 7656:Khan 2013 7644:Khan 2013 7627:Khan 2013 7612:Khan 2013 7578:Khan 2013 7436:Khan 2013 7392:Khan 2013 7195:Khan 2015 6977:2: 272–73 6934:144078253 6823:Kahf 2003 6723:Khan 2013 6711:Kahf 2003 6699:Kahf 2003 6655:13 August 6570:Kahf 2003 6466:: 61–68. 6389:reality.` 6351:Khan 2013 6258:Khan 2015 6243:Khan 2013 6203:Kahf 2003 6101:140869670 6093:1573-0697 5822:162278555 5484:153962294 5166:Citations 5021:Dirigisme 4845:socialist 4760:Proposals 4263:socialism 4243:socialist 4236:Ayatollah 4234:founder) 4104:1960, 70s 4064:'s first 3930:al Kharaj 3926:Abu Yusuf 3888:Ibn Rushd 3856:Abu Yusuf 3813:mu'amalat 3809:mu'amalat 3761:mu'amalat 3757:Mu'amalat 3752:Mu'amalat 3652:forbidden 3368:Modernism 3276:in Europe 3009:Qutb 1965 2996:Asad 1961 2960:Key texts 2870:Political 2852:Wahhabism 2808:Movements 2644:Caliphate 2522:Economics 2425:socialist 2323:economics 2293:scripture 2132:Astrology 2087:Astronomy 2064:Political 1824:Plutonomy 1705:Regulated 1534:Voluntary 1460:European 1313:Feudalism 1258:Mutualist 1248:Communist 1238:Socialist 1219:Christian 1139:Corporate 1112:Communism 1107:Socialism 1020:Istijarah 670:Etiquette 613:(stoning) 541:Blasphemy 256:Caliphate 241:Political 12121:Category 12014:Islamism 11997:Muhammad 11953:Apostasy 11928:Hinduism 11818:Feminism 11749:Medicine 11589:Military 11543:Gambling 11492:Apostasy 11487:Criminal 11399:Marriage 11368:Tayammum 11320:Murabaha 11193:Madrasas 11183:Holidays 11173:Clothing 11168:Children 11163:Calendar 11114:Quranism 11048:Khawarij 11020:Alawites 10971:Atharism 10865:Rashidun 10704:In Islam 10699:Muhammad 10534:Medicine 10497:Timeline 10445:Theology 10402:Quietism 10370:Feminism 10345:politics 10301:Timeline 10112:Degrowth 10047:Virginia 9887:Freiburg 9882:Feminist 9835:Carnegie 9825:Buddhist 9793:Lausanne 9748:Georgism 9711:Austrian 9432:30936591 9125:(2004). 9115:40971187 9080:26 March 8794:. IIUM. 8635:5 August 8529:BBC News 8305:11:84-85 8303:, Quran 8299:, Quran 8248:, Quran 8244:, Quran 8240:, Quran 8217:, Quran 8141:IRI. 85. 7935:, Quran 7931:, Quran 7927:, Quran 7923:, Quran 7829:17674403 7743:Archived 7721:Archived 7563:Ali 2008 7546:Ali 2008 7424:Roy 1994 7244:19 March 7154:Usmani, 6837:(1932). 6486:Roy 1994 6430:Roy 1994 6225:Archived 5525:(2008). 5363:28 March 5218:Roy 1994 5116:such as 4980:See also 4833:Islamist 4723:Interest 4712:murabaha 4702:and 250 4663:monopoly 4636:hoarding 4433:pastures 4399:Property 3988:asabiyya 3977:asabiyya 3946:al-Amwal 3872:Sarakhsi 3868:Ibn Hazm 3744:, p. 543 3738:— 3558:contract 3538:currency 2922:Militant 2832:Deobandi 2708:Jihadism 2619:Concepts 2550:Islamism 2527:Politics 2492:Islamism 2484:a series 2482:Part of 2463:hoarding 2437:hoarding 2356:and the 2315:Muhammad 2265:ideology 2107:Medicine 2058:Military 2038:Economic 2033:Criminal 2014:(Sufism) 1955:Theology 1927:a series 1925:Part of 1712:Planning 1363:Informal 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