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488:, sent from Palermo by King Ferdinand, appeared in the Bay of Naples with his fleet; he called the cardinal to task for his leniency, and revoked the terms of surrender. The republicans, it was asserted, had surrendered under terms that were unclear. One of the main republican figures, former Admiral
562:
to him. On 24 June Ruffo arrived in the roadstead. The following day, when the first
Jacobins were waiting to be boarded, the English admiral informed that the pact of pacification partially enacted by the cardinal, was "infamous" and that he would never allow its execution. Eventually, an English
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The campaign gave rise to much controversy among nineteenth-century historians. Ruffo appears to have lost favor with the king by showing a tendency to spare the republicans. He resigned the vicar-generalship, which he had been granted on 25 January 1800, to the prince of
Cassero, and during the
620:. After this gesture, he become part of the so-called "red cardinals", a restricted circle of high prelates who weren't punished by the French emperor and got the right to continue to publicly profess their religious functions. The emperor instituted a commission with the duty to formulate a
599:
and changed his cardinal diacony with the one of Santa Maria in
Cosmedin. In 1801, after having been resigned from the role of general vicarious of the king of Naples, for a short time he filled the role of minister of Naples in Rome and then accepted the government of
421:
On account of the equity of his fiscal norms he made an enemy of the Roman aristocracy, which put pressure upon the
Pontiff. In 1791, Pope Pius VI removed Mgr. Ruffo from his office and offered to create him a cardinal (according to the traditional
483:
government established by the French, and by June had advanced to Naples. Possibly exceeding his authority, he promised the
Neapolitan republicans immunity from reprisals and obtained their surrender in June 1799. In the meantime Rear-Admiral
471:, where his family, though impoverished by debt, exercised large feudal powers. On 8 February 1799, he landed at La Cortona with a small following, and began to raise the so-called "army of the faith" in association with Michele Pezza, "
69:, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Knowledge.
893:
each a gold snuffbox, with his picture on the lid set round with large brilliants, appointing at the same time the two first-mentioned personages offices of the Legion oh Honour, and the other a kinight of the Iron
405:. In 1791 he was removed from the treasurership, but was created cardinal on 2 September, though he was not in orders and in fact never became a priest. Ruffo went to Naples, where he was named administrator of the
390:, the clerks who formed the papal civil and financial service. He was later promoted to treasurer-general, a post which carried with it the ministry of war. Ruffo's conduct in office was diversely judged.
667:. In March 1821, he came back to Naples, which was afflicted by the popular rebellion against the Austrian military forces. On 27 June he chose the diacony of Santa Maria in Via Lata and held the title of
647:
received him with indifference, so that he decided to move to Naples and to establish himself there. On 8 February 1815 Pope Pius VII recalled Ruffo to Rome and appointed him
Prefect of the
595:, led by the general Gian Battista Rodio. This represented the first act of invasion of the Republican State. After the defeat of the Roman Republic, on 11 August 1800 Ruffo entered in the
55:
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repeats the charge, but these can be dismissed as part of a hostile tradition, as they both participated in favour of France. In fact, he was widely regarded as a reformer.
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were the first places to be used for a massive enlistment of 25.000 farmers skilled to arms. They formed the
Christian and Real Army, also known as
72:
Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.
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official decided the destiny of the
Neapolitan prisoners: they were entrusted to Bourbon justice and 124 of them were put to death.
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401:
Ruffo's biographer, Sachinelli, says that he incurred hostility by restricting the feudal powers of some of the landowners in the
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616:, who appointed him as ambassador at the Parisian court. On 2 April 1810 Ruffo was present at his marriage with the duchess
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and of
Grascia, a role responsible for the procurement of meat, fat, and oil. On 8 May 1817 he become Great Prior of the
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Content in this edit is translated from the existing
Italian Knowledge article at ]; see its history for attribution.
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on 15 June 1799. Ruffo appointed the member of the State juncta that processed the rebels for the crime of
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indicating the conclusive decrees of the Council of Paris which was held in 1811. It was formed by Ruffo,
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Quote: "The following morning the Emperor presented to the Cardinal Doria and Ruffo and to Monsignor
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he was consulted by the king, and was even in office for a very short time as a loyalist minister.
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He died in Naples on 13 December 1827 and was buried in his familiar chapel, consecrated to Saint
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Il cardinale Fabrizio Ruffo tra psicologia e storia: L'uomo, il politico, il sanfedista
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After the conquest of Naples, Ruffo decided to send some military companies within the
838:"The Bulletin - Exhibition > Pope Pius VII and Napoleon (Chateau de Fontainebleau)"
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After having received the title of King's General Official, Ruffo weighed anchor from
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Alla riconquista del Regno: La marcia del cardinale Ruffo dalle Calabrie a Napoli
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within the Pontifical State. From 29 March 1819 to 21 February 1820, he was
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When in December 1798 the French troops advanced on Naples, Ruffo fled to
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979:. Vol. 23 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 819.
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to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is
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until his appointment in the Prefect of the Congregation for Water,
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This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
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Florida International University, Biographical Diction sectionary
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In May 1814, Ruffo returned to Rome where the population and the
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Historical Memoirs of Cardinal Pacca, Prime Minister to Pius VII
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in the Neapolitan territory. In September 1805, he escaped in
852:"A New Guide to the Museum, Palace and Gardens of Versailles"
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he lived quietly in Naples. Some notice was taken of him by
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and Aurelio Roverella. The main objective was to persuade
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919:"Tutti i capolavori della Basilica, cappella per cappella"
394:, the historian of Naples, speaks of him as corrupt, and
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Memorie storiche sulla vita del cardinale Fabrizio Ruffo
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Return to the Holy See and role in the Kingdom of Naples
513:
Esercito della Santa Fede in Nostro Signore GesĂą Cristo
238:
Fabrizio Dionigi Ruffo dei duchi di Bagnara e Baranello
313:(16 September 1744 – 13 December 1827) was an Italian
1001:
679:. At the end of the year, Ruffo went back to Naples.
374:. Fabrizio owed his education to his uncle, cardinal
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Storia della controrivoluzione in Italia (1789-1859)
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a machine-translated version of the Italian article.
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690:Basilica, not distant from the Aquinos' chapel.
816:"Napoleon III collection goes under the hammer"
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608:, and then he was hoised for a second time by
87:accompanying your translation by providing an
49:Click for important translation instructions.
36:expand this article with text translated from
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754:Napoli nel 1799: critica e documenti inediti
554:While Ruffo was a personal confidant of the
366:, while his mother, Giustiniana, was of the
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567:second French occupation and the reigns of
479:, Ruffo had no difficulty in upsetting the
434:and charged with the administration of the
16:Italian cardinal and politician (1744–1827)
774:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
326:movement (whose members were known as the
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733:. La Spirale. Naples: Guida. p. 92.
671:. In August 1823, Ruffo took part in the
386:. Ruffo was placed by the pope among the
317:and politician, who led the popular anti-
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503:on February 8. His feuds of
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752:Conforti, Luigi (1879).
432:Sant'Angelo in Pescheria
428:promoveatur ut amoveatur
174:Sant'Angelo in Pescheria
976:Encyclopædia Britannica
756:. Naples. p. 275.
684:Catherine of Alexandria
626:Giuseppe Doria Pamphili
618:Marie Louise of Austria
481:Parthenopean Republican
407:royal domain of Caserta
183:Santa Maria in Cosmedin
144:Santa Maria in Via Lata
108:For more guidance, see
535:), and finally in the
411:Santa Sofia, Benevento
311:Fabrizio Dionigi Ruffo
133:Fabrizio Dionigi Ruffo
997:. Naples: C. Cataneo.
705:Parthenopean Republic
688:San Domenico Maggiore
110:Knowledge:Translation
81:copyright attribution
794:La "Vandea italiana"
710:Domenico Sacchinelli
669:Cardinal Protodeacon
645:College of Cardinals
632:, who was jailed in
490:Francesco Caracciolo
350:), then part of the
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348:province of Cosenza
441:He also announced
388:chierici di camera
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346:(today in
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328:Sanfedisti
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244:1744-09-16
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