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Accordingly, a positive correlation was found between facial symmetry and extraversion, as judged by others from photographs, as well as by the subjects themselves. More symmetrical faces are also judged to be lower on neuroticism but higher on conscientiousness and agreeableness (asymmetrical faces
671:
It has been argued that more symmetric faces are preferred because symmetry might be a reliable sign of such hidden fitness parameters. However it is possible that high facial symmetry in an individual is not due to their superior genetics but due to a lack of exposure to stressors, such as alcohol,
498:
is the practice of assessing a person's character or personality from their outer appearance—especially the face. Physiognomy as a practice meets the contemporary definition of pseudoscience and is regarded as such by academics because of its unsupported claims. Nevertheless, the subject is topic of
1648:
as discredited or laughable belief, many eighteenth-century writers referred to it as a useful science with a long history ... Although many modern historians belittle physiognomy as a pseudoscience, at the end of the eighteenth century, it was not merely a popular fad, but also the subject of
433:
Conclusions derived from face mirroring, however, have been called into question, because it has been shown that mirroring face-halves creates artificial features. For example, if the nose of an individual is slightly bent to the right side, then mirroring the right side of the face will lead to an
675:
It has been found that more symmetrical faces are rated as healthier than less symmetrical faces. Indeed, facial symmetry was found to be positively associated with the perceived healthiness of the facial skin. Also, facial asymmetry was found to be correlated with physiological, psychological and
365:
head region makes a half-turn around the body axis in anti-clockwise direction (looking from tail to head), whereas the rest of the body (except heart and bowels) make a half-turn in clockwise direction. Since the axial twist is located between the ear-region and the forebrain-face-region, it is
476:
Facial symmetry is also a valid marker of cognitive aging. Progressive changes occurring throughout life in the soft tissues of the face will cause more prominent facial asymmetry in older faces. Therefore, symmetrical transformation of older faces generally increases their attractiveness while
459:
Highly conspicuous directional asymmetries can be temporary ones. For example, during speech, most people (76%) tend to express greater amplitude of movement on the right side of their mouth. This is most likely caused by the uneven strengths of contralateral neural connections between the left
601:
were rated as less agreeable than normal ones, but the more symmetrical were again rated as somewhat less agreeable than the normal). More symmetrical faces are also more likely to have more desirable social attributes assigned to them, such as sociable, intelligent or lively.
442:
Facial symmetry has been found to increase ratings of attractiveness in human faces. More symmetrical faces are perceived as more attractive in both males and females, although facial symmetry plays a larger role in judgments of attractiveness concerning female faces.
446:
While studies employing the composite faces produced results that indicate that more symmetrical faces are perceived as more attractive, studies applying the face-half mirroring technique have indicated that humans prefer slight
380:
Fluctuating asymmetry is the non-systematic variation of individual facial landmarks with respect to the facial midline, i.e., the line perpendicular to the line through the eyes, which crosses the tip of the nose and the chin.
620:
has remained unclear. Openness and agreeableness appear to be significantly negatively correlated to facial symmetry, while neuroticism and conscientiousness do not seem to be correlated to facial symmetry. With respect to
232:
is systematic, i.e. across the population it is systematically more often in one direction than in the other. It means that across the population a deviation is more often to one direction than to the other, i.e., there is a
212:) with respect to the ears. On average, the face's offset is slightly to the left, meaning that the right side of the face appears larger than the left side. The offset is larger in newborns and reduces gradually during
288:
Average aurofacial asymmetry in 200 adults. A. Red-shaded: significant asymmetry towards the left ear. B. The amount of asymmetry at the level of each arrow in panel A. Source: figure 2 of reference, and data from
240:
to one direction. In case of directional asymmetry, most individuals of a species are asymmetric to the same side, even though some individuals can be symmetric, or even asymmetric to the opposite side (cf., e.g.,
1951:
Jones, B.C.; Little, A.C.; Feinberg, D.R.; Penton-Voak, I.S.; Tiddeman, B.P.; Perrett, D.I. (2004). "The relationship between shape symmetry and perceived skin condition in male facial attractiveness".
1202:
Klingenberg, C. P.; Wetherill, L.; Rogers, J.; Moore, E.; Ward, R.; Autti-Rämö, I.; Fagerlund, AA.; Jacobson, S.W.; Robinson, L.K.; Hoyme, H.E.; Mattson, S.N.; Li, T.K.; Riley, E.P.; Foroud, T. (2010).
451:. Also, studies have shown that nearly symmetrical faces are considered highly attractive as compared to asymmetrical ones. The symmetry of the nose seems to be more important than that of the lips.
174:. During embryology and development, the face elements (red) are predicted to move toward the center from the left, with respect to the mid-plane between the ears. Source: figure 1c of reference
1579:
Penke, L.; Bates, T. C.; Gow, A. J.; Pattie, A.; Starr, J. M.; Jones, B. C.; Perrett, D. I.; et al. (2009). "Symmetric faces are a sign of successful cognitive aging".
2074:– Online studies on facial symmetry by researchers affiliated with University of Aberdeen (Scotland) School of Psychology, and University of St. Andrews (Scotland).
947:
Kouwenhoven, Jan-Willem; Vincken, Koen L.; Bartels, Lambertus W.; Castelein, Rene M. (2006). "Analysis of preexistent vertebral rotation in the normal spine".
820:
Jones, B.C; Little, A.C; Penton-Voak, I.S; Tiddeman, B.P; Burt, D.M; Perrett, D.I (November 2001). "Facial symmetry and judgements of apparent health".
300:
The gradual decrease of the aurofacial asymmetry with age until the beginning of adulthood. Source: figure 3 of reference on the basis of data from ref.
304:
In humans asymmetric growth leads to a gradual reduction of the aurofacial asymmetry. As shown in the graph, the asymmetry decreases from about 2° at
993:
de
Lussanet, Marc H.E.; Osse, Jan W.M. (2012). "An ancestral axial twist explains the contralateral forebrain and the optic chiasm in vertebrates".
1536:
Grammer, Karl; Thornhill, Randy (1994). "Human (Homo sapiens) facial attractiveness and sexual selection: The role of symmetry and averageness".
644:
can have profound influence on the preferred features. Sexual selection can only influence features that potential mates can perceive, such as
1501:
Rhodes, Gillian; Sumich, Alex; Byatt, Graham (January 1999). "Are
Average Facial Configurations Attractive Only Because of Their Symmetry?".
2030:
90:
of the face comparing random differences in facial features of the two sides of the face. The human face also has systematic, directional
94:: on average, the face (mouth, nose and eyes) sits systematically to the left with respect to the axis through the ears, the so-called
1374:
Perrett, D. I.; Burt, D. M.; Penton-Voak, I. S.; Lee, K. J.; Rowland; Edwards, R. (1999). "Symmetry and Human Facial
Attractiveness".
1740:
Fink, B.; Neave, N.; Manning, J. T.; Grammer, K. (2006). "Facial symmetry and judgements of attractiveness, health and personality".
119:
on one direction. That means, that individuals of a species can be symmetric, or even asymmetric to the opposite side (see, e.g.,
2081:
511:, so if observers judge the personality of (pictures of) symmetric faces differently than asymmetric ones, this might be due to
1772:
1625:
1637:
799:
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Zaidel, D. W.; Bava, S.; Reis, V. A. (2003). "Relationship between facial asymmetry and judging trustworthiness in faces".
508:
272:), i.e. by how many degrees facial landmarks (e.g. tip of the nose) or pairs of landmarks (e.g. inner corners of the eyes (
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A wide variety of methods have been used to examine the claim that facial symmetry plays a role in judgments of beauty.
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1353:
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2139:
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de Barra, Mícheál; DeBruine, Lisa M.; Jones, Benedict C.; Mahmud, Zahid Hayat; Curtis, Valerie A. (November 2013).
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Fink, B.; Neave, N.; Manning, J. T.; Grammer, K. (2005). "Facial symmetry and the "big-five" personality factors".
1426:
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Noor, F.; Evans, D. C. (2003). "The effect of facial symmetry on perceptions of personality and attractiveness".
293:
On average, the aurofacial asymmetry is slightly larger for the eyes than for the nose, as shown by the figure.
1328:
1053:"Opposite asymmetries of face and trunk and of kissing and hugging, as predicted by the axial twist hypothesis"
898:"Opposite asymmetries of face and trunk and of kissing and hugging, as predicted by the axial twist hypothesis"
557:
260:
The aurofacial asymmetry is defined as the position of the face (mouth, nose and eyes) with respect to the
2113:
2071:
1988:
522:
213:
200:') is an example of directed asymmetry of the face. It refers to the left-sided offset of the face (i.e.
1303:
Proceedings of the 26th annual conference on
Computer graphics and interactive techniques - SIGGRAPH '99
1117:
Proceedings of the 26th annual conference on
Computer graphics and interactive techniques - SIGGRAPH '99
847:
Penton-Voak, I. S.; Jones, B. C.; Little; Baker, S.; Tiddeman, B.; Burt, D. M.; Perrett, D. I. (2001).
730:"Human (Homo sapiens) facial attractiveness and sexual selection: the role of symmetry and averageness"
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Some evidence suggests that face preferences in adults might be correlated to infections in childhood.
234:
113:
42:
While symmetrical faces (leftmost image) are perceived to be attractive, completely symmetric faces (
1601:
1454:
Britannica, The
Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Ariadne summary". Encyclopedia Britannica, 24 Jul. 2021,
1101:
Britannica, The
Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Ariadne summary". Encyclopedia Britannica, 24 Jul. 2021,
468:
Experiments suggest that symmetry and averageness make independent contributions to attractiveness.
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76:
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Kowner, R. (1996). "Facial asymmetry and attractiveness judgment in developmental perspective."
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Directional asymmetry is systematic. The average across the population is not "symmetric", but
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83:. For instance, in mate selection, people have been shown to have a preference for symmetry.
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symmetrical transformation in young adults and children will decrease their attractiveness.
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1989:"Facial asymmetry as an indicator of psychological, emotional, and physiological distress"
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8:
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1470:"Symmetric shape deformation considering facial features and attractiveness improvement"
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over-sized nose, while mirroring the left side will lead to an unnaturally small nose.
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1632:. Vol. 4 (illustrated ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 495–497.
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predicted that the face grows from the left to the midline, as is indeed the case.
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166:
147:
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849:"Symmetry, sexual dimorphism in facial proportions and male facial attractiveness"
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hemisphere of the brain (linguistic localization) and the right side of the face.
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1301:
Blanz, V.; Vetter, T. (1999). "A morphable model for the synthesis of 3D faces".
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Blanz, V.; Vetter, T. (1999). "A morphable model for the synthesis of 3D faces".
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2007:
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123:), but most individuals are asymmetric to the same side. The relation between
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Research indicates that a correlation exists between facial symmetry and the
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1801:"Facial symmetry is positively associated with self-reported extraversion"
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Roccas, Sonia; Sagiv, Lilach; Schwartz, Shalom H.; Knafo, Ariel (2002).
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it has been found that the facial muscles become imbalanced when lying.
1681:"Lay beliefs in physiognomy explain overreliance on facial impressions"
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788:
Facial
Attractiveness: Evolutionary, Cognitive, and Social Perspectives
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120:
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The aurofacial asymmetry was discovered after it was predicted by the
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2088:"—Try experimenting with facial symmetry, using open source software.
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1254:"Face recognition under varying poses: The role of texture and shape"
1160:"Face recognition under varying poses: The role of texture and shape"
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515:
448:
91:
72:
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1205:"Prenatal alcohol exposure alters the patterns of facial asymmetry"
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Exaggerated schema of the aurofacial asymmetry as predicted by the
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330:. According to the theory the facial asymmetry is related to the
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33:
24:
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intense academic debate about the promises it held for progress.
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of the axis through the ears. The asymmetry is expressed as an
80:
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The axial twist occurs in the early embryo. Shortly after the
2031:"Illness in childhood predicts face preferences in adulthood"
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An interdisciplinary research consortium for facial symmetry
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The
Cambridge History of Science: Eighteenth-century science
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Rhodes, G.; Proffitt, F.; Grady, J. M.; Sumich, A. (1998).
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197:
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https://www.britannica.com/summary/Ariadne-Greek-mythology
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https://www.britannica.com/summary/Ariadne-Greek-mythology
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Experiment with facial symmetry, using a free iPhone app.
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1419:
1373:
189:
1904:"Facial attractiveness, symmetry and cues of good genes"
1901:
1697:
1769:
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660:. Such features might be reliable indicators of hidden
276:
are rotated away from the mid plane between the ears.
1902:
Scheib, J.E.; Gangestad, S. W.; Thornhill, R. (1999).
1700:"The Big Five Personality Factors and Personal Values"
1798:
1799:
Pound, N.; Penton-Voak, I. S.; Brown, W. M. (2007).
50:) are disconcerting and are not perceived as normal.
1578:
1468:Kim, Jung-Sik; Shin, Il-Kyu; Soo-Mi, Choi (2010).
1357:. Human perception and performance, 22(3), 662–75.
1197:
1195:
463:
86:Facial bilateral symmetry is typically defined as
2109:An open research database of 200 merged 3-D faces
2093:Psychological Image Collection at Stirling (PICS)
1986:
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1422:"Facial symmetry and the perception of beauty"
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1996:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
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728:Grammer, K.; Thornhill, R. (October 1994).
253:asymmetry is comparable to the concepts of
131:asymmetry is comparable to the concepts of
1987:Shackelford, T. K.; Larsen, R. J. (1997).
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1704:Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin
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280:Magnitude across the face and development
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604:The correlation of facial symmetry and
509:inform anout possible causal dependence
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16:One specific measure of bodily symmetry
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1805:Personality and Individual Differences
1773:Personality and Individual Differences
1742:Personality and Individual Differences
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1617:
1252:Troje, N. F.; Bülthoff, H. H. (1996).
1158:Troje, N. F.; Bülthoff, H. H. (1996).
454:
154:), but also from various animals (see
2079:A facial symmetry plugin for the GIMP
1644:Although we bracket physiognomy with
392:have been among the techniques used.
354:, but this has never been tested.
13:
2095:Free Database of pictures of faces
2055:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2013.07.001
1833:Journal of Research in Personality
1611:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2009.06.001
1354:Journal of Experimental Psychology
961:10.1097/01.brs.0000219938.14686.b3
636:is a theoretical construct within
350:. It is predicted to be common in
59:is one specific measure of bodily
14:
2161:
2065:
1679:Jaeger, Bastian (June 26, 2020).
1538:Journal of Comparative Psychology
1427:Psychonomic Bulletin & Review
1119:. Vol. 7. pp. 187–194.
734:Journal of Comparative Psychology
640:. According to sexual selection,
437:
2114:A facial symmetry app for iPhone
1474:Computer Science and Engineering
853:Proceedings: Biological Sciences
421:
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397:
32:
23:
2022:
1944:
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523:'big-five' model of personality
464:Facial averageness vs. symmetry
1320:11858/00-001M-0000-0013-E751-6
1134:11858/00-001M-0000-0013-E751-6
1095:
775:
629:Evolution and sexual selection
480:
1:
1974:10.1016/s1090-5138(03)00080-1
1846:10.1016/s0092-6566(03)00022-9
1396:10.1016/s1090-5138(99)00014-8
1221:10.1016/j.alcohol.2009.10.016
834:10.1016/S1090-5138(01)00083-6
709:
672:during prenatal development.
71:, it influences judgments of
2035:Evolution and Human Behavior
1954:Evolution and Human Behavior
1581:Evolution and Human Behavior
1376:Evolution and Human Behavior
1271:10.1016/0042-6989(95)00230-8
1177:10.1016/0042-6989(95)00230-8
1051:de Lussanet, M.H.E. (2019).
896:de Lussanet, M.H.E. (2019).
822:Evolution and Human Behavior
668:or developmental stability.
138:There are examples from the
63:. Along with traits such as
7:
1550:10.1037/0735-7036.108.3.233
1458:. Accessed 17 October 2023.
1105:. Accessed 17 October 2023.
746:10.1037/0735-7036.108.3.233
682:
501:serious scientific research
257:in empirical measurements.
135:in empirical measurements.
114:statistically significantly
10:
2166:
2008:10.1037/0022-3514.72.2.456
1817:10.1016/j.paid.2007.04.014
1786:10.1016/j.paid.2005.02.002
1754:10.1016/j.paid.2006.01.017
1487:10.15701/kcgs.2010.16.2.29
664:parameters such as a good
484:
388:to create a composite and
386:Blending of multiple faces
373:
319:
105:
1873:10.1080/13576500244000120
235:statistically significant
1716:10.1177/0146167202289008
1666:The Skeptic's Dictionary
1626:"Marginalized practices"
1017:10.1163/157075611X617102
525:. The five factors are:
471:
245:). The relation between
150:, and inner organs (see
2140:Physical attractiveness
1515:10.1111/1467-9280.00106
704:Physical attractiveness
77:physical attractiveness
2107:Tübinger Face Database
1920:10.1098/rspb.1999.0866
865:10.1098/rspb.2001.1703
576:friendly/compassionate
530:Openness to experience
301:
290:
255:accuracy and precision
220:Anatomy and definition
175:
133:accuracy and precision
1503:Psychological Science
1311:10.1145/311535.311556
1125:10.1145/311535.311556
376:Fluctuating asymmetry
370:Fluctuating asymmetry
299:
287:
230:directional asymmetry
169:
102:Directional asymmetry
88:fluctuating asymmetry
1305:. pp. 187–194.
784:Zebrowitz, Leslie A.
676:emotional distress.
580:challenging/detached
316:Theory and evolution
179:Aurofacial asymmetry
162:Aurofacial asymmetry
96:aurofacial asymmetry
2047:2013EHumB..34..384D
1966:2004EHumB..25...24J
1914:(1431): 1913–1917.
1624:Roy Porter (2003).
1593:2009EHumB..30..429P
1388:1999EHumB..20..295P
859:(1476): 1617–1623.
552:easy-going/careless
548:efficient/organized
538:consistent/cautious
455:Dynamic asymmetries
390:face-half mirroring
156:Symmetry in biology
108:Symmetry in biology
2084:2019-04-05 at the
1441:10.3758/bf03208842
1070:10.7717/peerj.7096
915:10.7717/peerj.7096
699:Patterns in nature
694:Symmetry in nature
562:outgoing/energetic
332:Yakovlevian torque
328:axial twist theory
322:Axial twist theory
302:
291:
176:
172:axial twist theory
152:axial twist theory
144:Yakovlevian torque
1639:978-0-521-57243-9
1264:(12): 1761–1771.
1170:(12): 1761–1771.
955:(13): 1467–1472.
801:978-1-56750-636-5
782:Rhodes, Gillian;
618:conscientiousness
590:sensitive/nervous
566:solitary/reserved
544:Conscientiousness
534:inventive/curious
308:to about 0.5° in
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634:Sexual selection
594:secure/confident
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606:neuroticism
586:Neuroticism
492:Physiognomy
487:Physiognomy
481:Physiognomy
359:neurulation
352:vertebrates
251:fluctuating
247:directional
228:asymmetry,
226:fluctuating
129:fluctuating
125:directional
65:averageness
2130:Body shape
2124:Categories
1861:Laterality
1330:0201485605
710:References
243:handedness
121:handedness
106:See also:
75:traits of
1724:144611052
1646:Mesmerism
1597:CiteSeerX
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1063:: e7096.
1008:1003.1872
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516:prejudice
507:does not
449:asymmetry
262:mid plane
92:asymmetry
73:aesthetic
2150:Symmetry
2100:FaceBase
2082:Archived
1938:10535106
1889:42358591
1881:15513223
1685:PsyArXiv
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1404:18270137
1288:13115909
1258:Vis. Res
1239:20060678
1164:Vis. Res
1089:31211022
969:16741456
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883:11487409
786:(2002).
683:See also
650:audition
610:openness
513:cultural
416:Original
363:anterior
346:and the
336:cerebrum
61:symmetry
2043:Bibcode
2016:9107011
1962:Bibcode
1929:1690211
1668:. 2013.
1589:Bibcode
1566:1205083
1558:7924253
1384:Bibcode
1280:8759445
1230:2891212
1209:Alcohol
1186:8759445
1080:6557252
1025:7399128
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925:6557252
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662:fitness
334:of the
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310:adults
214:growth
208:, and
194:faciēs
192:' and
181:(from
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81:beauty
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1885:S2CID
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1400:S2CID
1335:S2CID
1284:S2CID
1057:PeerJ
1021:S2CID
1003:arXiv
973:S2CID
949:Spine
902:PeerJ
792:Ablex
767:4 May
758:S2CID
646:smell
472:Aging
348:spine
340:heart
306:birth
266:angle
210:mouth
186:auris
183:Latin
148:spine
140:brain
2012:PMID
1934:PMID
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1634:ISBN
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769:2019
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654:song
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