Factory Acts - Knowledge

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could operate all the permitted hours without any protected person exceeding their permitted workday. The 1833 Act had hoped that two sets of children would be employed and each work a full half-day (the 'true relay' system, which left the other halfday free for education). Instead, some mills operated a 'false relay' system in which the protected persons worked split shifts. The false relay system was considered objectionable both because of the effect on the protected persons and because an inspector (or other millowners) could relatively easily monitor the hours a mill ran; it was much more difficult if not impossible to check the hours worked by an individual (as an inspector observed "the lights in the window will discover the one but not the other") Section 26 of the 1844 Act required that the hours of work of all protected persons " shall be reckoned from the time when any child or young person shall first begin to work in the morning in such factory." but nothing in it or in the 1847 Act clearly prohibited split shifts (although this had been Parliament's intention). The factory inspector for Scotland considered split shifts to be legal; the inspector for Bradford thought them illegal and his local magistrates agreed with him: in Manchester the inspector thought them illegal but the magistrates did not. In 1850 the Court of Exchequer held that the section was to be too weakly worded to make relay systems illegal. Lord Ashley sought to remedy this by a short declaratory Act restoring the status quo but felt it impossible to draft one which did not introduce fresh matter (which would remove the argument that there was no call for further debate). The Home Secretary

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Magistrates had taken inconsistent views as to whether this applied where the "mill gearing" was not readily accessible; in particular where power shafting ran horizontally well above head height. In 1856, the Court of Queen's Bench ruled that it did. In April 1856, the National Association of Factory Occupiers succeeded in obtaining an Act reversing this decision: mill gearing needed secure fencing only of those parts with which women, young persons, and children were liable to come in contact. (The inspectors feared that the potential hazards in areas they did not normally access might be obvious to experienced men, but not be easily appreciated by women and children who were due the legislative protection the 1856 Act had removed, especially given the potential severe consequences of their inexperience. An MP speaking against the Bill was able to give multiple instances of accidents to protected persons resulting in death or loss of limbs – all caused by unguarded shafting with which they were supposedly not liable to come into contact – despite restricting himself to accidents in mills owned by Members of Parliament (so that he could be corrected by them if had misstated any facts). (

3024:) was set up to look at the consolidation and extension of factory law. It took evidence in the principal industrial towns, and published its report in March 1876. It recommended consolidation of legislation by a single new Act. The new Act should include workplaces in the open air, and carrying, washing and cleaning; however mines and agriculture should be excluded. Work by protected persons should be within a twelve-hour window (between 6 am and 7 pm: exceptionally for some industries the window could be 8 am to 8 pm). Within that window: in factories two hours should be allowed for meals and no work session should exceed four and a half hours; in workshops work sessions should not exceed five hours and meal breaks should total at least one and a half hours. Sunday working should be permitted where both worker and employer were Jewish. All children should attend school from five until fourteen; they should not be allowed to attend half-time, nor be employed under the new Act, until ten. From ten to fourteen employment would be conditional upon satisfactory school attendance and educational achievement. 3882:

against accidents, mealtimes and holidays, the methods of remuneration, and in the United Kingdom as well as in the most progressive of English-speaking communities, to the rate of wages itself. The range of Factory Legislation has, in fact, in one country or another, become co-extensive with the conditions of industrial employment. No class of manual-working wage-earners, no item in the wage-contract, no age, no sex, no trade or occupation, is now beyond its scope. This part, at any rate, of Robert Owen's social philosophy has commended itself to the practical judgment of the civilised world. It has even, though only towards the latter part of the nineteenth century, converted the economists themselves – converted them now to a "legal minimum wage" – and the advantage of Factory Legislation is now as soundly "orthodox" among the present generation of English, German, and American professors as "laisser-faire" was to their predecessors. ... Of all the nineteenth century inventions in social organisation, Factory Legislation is the most widely diffused.

2664:'factories' (but less onerous on a number of points e.g.: the hours within which the permitted hours might be worked were less restrictive, there was no requirement for certification of age) but was to be administered by local authorities, rather than the Factory Inspectorate. There was no requirement on local authorities for enforcement (or penalties for non-enforcement) of legislation for workshops. The effectiveness of the regulation of workshops therefore varied from area to area; where it was effective, a blanket ban on Sunday working in workshops was a problem for observant Jews. The Factory and Workshop Act 1870 removed the previous special treatments for factories in the printing, dyeing and bleaching industries; while a short Act of 1871 transferred responsibility for regulation of workshops to the Factory Inspectorate, but without an adequate increase in the Inspectorates's resources. A separate Act allowed Sunday working by Jews. 1032:

and hoped that the Act could soon be repealed (completely or in part). In 1835, the first report of the Factory Inspectors noted that the education clauses were totally impracticable, and relay working (with a double set of children, both sets working eight hours; the solution which allowed Althorp's Bill to outbid Ashley's in the apparent benefit to children) was difficult if not impracticable, there not being enough children.They also reported that they had been unable to discover any deformity produced by factory labour, nor any injury to health or shortening of the life of factory children caused by working a twelve-hour day. The inspectors appointed were also largely ineffective, simply because there were not enough of them to oversee all 4000 factories on the island. The idea of government-appointed inspectors would gain traction within the following decades, but for now, they were mostly figureheads.

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non-textile factories and workshops. The ban on Sunday working (and on late working on Saturday) was modified to apply instead to the Jewish Sabbath where both employer and employees were Jewish. Except in domestic workshops, protected persons were to have two full holidays and eight half-holidays The full holidays would normally be Christmas Day and Good Friday, but other holidays could be substituted for Good Friday (in Scotland and for all-Jewish workplaces, substitution for Christmas Day was allowed; Ireland kept Saint Patrick's Day as a holiday). Half holidays could be combined to give additional full-day holidays; it had to be clarified later that the Act's definition of a half-holiday as "at least half" of a full day's employment "on some day other than Saturday" was to give the minimum duration of a half-holiday, not to prohibit one being taken on a Saturday.

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injured (or the relatives of any person killed) as a result. (Guarding was now only unnecessary if the position of machinery meant it was equally safe if unguarded, but hoists still only needed to be guarded if a person might pass close to them.) There were restrictions on the employment of some classes of protected persons on processes injurious to health. Young persons and children could not work in the manufacture of white lead, or silvering mirrors using mercury; children and female young persons could not be employed in glass works; girls under sixteen could not be employed in the manufacture of bricks, (non-ornamental) tiles, or salt; children could not be employed in the dry grinding of metals or the dipping of lucifer matches. Inspectors were given powers to require the mitigation of dusty atmospheres by mechanical ventilation or other mechanical means.

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of his bill; all but a handful of manufacturers supported the 1874 bill. Economic arguments against reducing working hours had been disproved by decades of experience. Despite the restrictions on hours of work, employment in textile mills had increased (1835; 354,684, of whom 56,455 under 13: in 1871, 880,920 of whom 80,498 under 13), but accidents were half what they had been and 'factory cripples' were no longer seen. In 1835, he asserted, seven-tenths of factory children were illiterate; in 1874 seven-tenths had "a tolerable, if not a sufficient, education". Furthermore, police returns showed "a decrease of 23 percent in the immorality of factory women". The various protective acts now covered over two and a half million people.

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legislating upon. Each successive statute aimed at remedying a single ascertained evil. It was in vain that objectors urged that other evils, no more defensible existed in other trades, or among other classes, or with persons of ages other than those to which the particular Bill applied. Neither logic nor consistency, neither the over-nice consideration of even-handed justice nor the Quixotic appeal of a general humanitarianism, was permitted to stand in the way of a practical remedy for a proved wrong. That this purely empirical method of dealing with industrial evils made progress slow is scarcely an objection to it. With the nineteenth century House of Commons no other method would have secured any progress at all.

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working hours, involved more unpleasant working conditions, or (this being Victorian Britain) were more conducive to lax morals. This logic began to be applied in reverse once it became clear that the Ten Hours Act had had no obvious detrimental effect on the prosperity of the textile industry or on that of millworkers. Acts were passed making similar provisions for other textile trades: bleaching and dyeworks (1860 – outdoor bleaching was excluded), lace work (1861), calendaring (1863), finishing (1864). A further Act in 1870 repealed these acts and brought the ancillary textile processes (including outdoor bleaching) within the scope of the main Factory Act.

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purpose, which most of the trades have outlived, and which required constant care and consideration to prevent an application of them which would have imperiled that impartiality and that uniformity of administration which are absolutely essential to secure harmonious and cheerful co-operation". The lace manufacturers of Nottingham told the 1875 Royal Commission that workers in the industry fell under one (or none) of three different acts; all branches customarily worked a 54-hour week but most workers – where the Act of 1874 did not apply – preferred to breakfast before starting work: a work pattern incompatible with the Act.

1594: 3591: 3456: 3328: 3248: 3163: 3127:, but without any standardisation of criteria between different boards. Specification of a minimum educational attainment before a factory child could work half-time then became enforceable in England, but remained unenforceable in Scotland until passage of the Education (Scotland) Act 1883.) 'Half-time' could be achieved by splitting each day between school and work, or (unless the child worked in a domestic workshop) by working and attending school on alternate days. If the former, the child should work morning and afternoons on alternate weeks; if the latter the schooldays in one week should be workdays the next (and 2830: 2688: 2580: 2485: 2342: 2240: 2147: 2052: 1959: 1888: 1788: 1664: 1552: 1472: 1276: 3065:'non-textile factories' – workplaces carrying out a number of specified processes ((textile) print works, bleaching and dyeing works, earthenware works (excluding brickworks), lucifer match works, percussion cap works, cartridge works, paper staining works, fustian cutting works, blast furnaces, copper mills, iron mills, foundries, metal and india-rubber works, paper mills, glass works, tobacco factories, letterpress printing works, bookbinding works) and additionally any workplace in which mechanical power was used (replacing the former distinction between factory and workshop on the basis on the number of employees) 1341:) was now extended to women of all ages. In Committee, Lord Ashley moved an amendment to the bill's clause 2, which defined the terms used in subsequent (substantive) clauses; his amendment changed the definition of 'night' to 6 p.m. to 6 a.m. – after allowing 90 minutes for mealbreaks only ten-and-a-half hours could be worked; this passed by nine votes. On clause 8, limiting the hours of work for women and young persions, the motion setting a twelve-hour day was defeated (by three votes: 183–186) but Lord Ashley's motion setting the limit at ten hours was also defeated (by seven votes:181–188). 738:, an early and leading advocate of factory legislation for the woolen industry, that Hobhouse had got as much as he could, given the opposition of Scottish flax-spinners and "the state of public business": if Sadler put forward a Bill matching the aims of the Short Time Committees "he will not be allowed to proceed a single stage with any enactment, and ... he will only throw an air of ridicule and extravagance over the whole of this kind of legislation". Oastler responded that a failure with a Ten Hour Bill would "not dishearten its friends. It will only spur them on to greater exertions, 265: 1355:, a Radical MP warned the government during the debate on clause 8 that Ashley's first victory could never be undone by any subsequent vote: morally the Ten-Hour question had been settled; Government might delay, but could not now prevent, a Ten-hour Act. However, the new bill left the 1833 definition of 'night' unaltered (and so gave no opportunity for redefinition) and Lord Ashley's amendment to limit the working day for women and young persons to ten hours was defeated heavily (295 against, 198 for), it having been made clear that the Ministers would resign if they lost the vote. 3562:

inspection must, from the nature of the case, be somewhat spasmodic and uncertain. When an Inspector discovers that the law has been broken he summons the offending party; but, as a rule, if he does not make the discovery himself, no one informs him of it. The chief provisions of the last Factory Act are hung up, legibly printed on white cardboard, "plain for all men to see", in every room of every factory. No one can be ignorant of them; yet when they are disregarded, as they are constantly, it is the rarest thing for any of the women affected by the illegality to give information.

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young persons in textile factories (silk mills now lost their previous special treatment) a working day of ten hours on weekdays (twelve hours broken into sessions of no more than four and a half hours by two meal breaks of at least an hour); on Saturday six hours could be spent on manufacturing processes, and another half-hour on other duties (such as cleaning the workplace and machinery). The provisions for children now applied to 13-year-olds, and (over a two-year period) the minimum age for children was to increase to ten.

3054:'Women' (females aged over 18; it had been urged that women did not require protection, and their inclusion in factory legislation deterred their employment. The countering arguments (that married women required protection from husbands, and unless unmarried women were subject to the same protection, Parliament would be legislating to promote immorality; and that the restrictions were in the interests of public health, since they ensured some maternal attention for the children of working women) had generally prevailed.) 662: 3532:

total number of inspectors increased from 38 in 1868 to 56 in 1885, but (the general secretary of the TUC complained) these had to cover the more than 110,000 workplaces registered (in 1881) and attempt to detect unregistered workplaces falling within the scope of the Act: 16 out of 39 districts in England had no registered workshops and only half the registered workshops had been inspected in 1881. When, after several unsuccessful attempts to extend some of the protections of the act to shopworkers,

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of some feature of it) would then have their innings. Sadler attempted (31 July 1832) to progress his Bill without waiting for the committee's report; when this abnormal procedure was objected to by other MPs, he withdrew the Bill. Sadler, as chairman of the committee, reported the minutes of evidence on 8 August 1832, when they were ordered to be printed. Parliament was prorogued shortly afterwards: Sadler gave notice of his intention to reintroduce a Ten-Hour Bill in the next session

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population of the manufacturing districts to give a spurious pretext for an assault on Dissent. Protest meetings were held on that basis throughout the country, and their resolutions condemning the bill and calling for its withdrawal were supported by a campaign of organised petitions: that session Parliament received 13,369 petitions against the bill as drafted with a total of 2,069,058 signatures. (For comparison, in the same session there were 4574 petitions for total repeal of the

33: 1130:"He wanted them to decide whether they would amend, or repeal, or enforce the Act now in existence; but if they would do none of these things, if they continued idly indifferent, and obstinately shut their eyes to this great and growing evil, if they were careless of the growth of an immense population, plunged in ignorance and vice, which neither feared God, nor regarded man, then he warned them that they must be prepared for the very worst result that could befall a nation." 1077:. Children in silk mills were not to work more than ten hours a day (but this was not backed up by any certification of age). Otherwise, the bill made no changes to age limits or hours of work, but repealed the education clauses of the 1833 Act, replacing them with literacy tests. After a transitional period, children who could not read the New Testament were not to be employed more than nine hours a day; children who could not read an easy reader to be published by the 60:. The regulation of working hours was then extended to women by an Act of 1844. The Factories Act 1847 (known as the Ten Hour Act), together with Acts in 1850 and 1853 remedying defects in the 1847 Act, met a long-standing (and by 1847 well-organised) demand by the millworkers for a ten-hour day. The Factory Acts also included regulations for ventilation, hygienic practices, and machinery guarding in an effort to improve the working circumstances for mill children. 731:

textile districts of Yorkshire and Lancashire, working for a "ten-hour day Act" for children, with many millhands in the Ten Hour Movement hoping that this would in practice also limit the adult working day. Witnesses to one of the Committees taking evidence on Peel's Bill had noted that there were few millworkers over forty, and that they themselves expected to have to stop mill work at that age because of "the pace of the mill" unless working hours were reduced.

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essentially reproducing Sadler's, MPs criticised both the report (since the only witnesses heard had been Sadler's, the report was unbalanced; since witnesses had not testified on oath, doubts were expressed about the accuracy/veracity of the more lurid accounts of factory life) and Sadler's conduct. 'An air of ridicule and extravagance' had been thrown not upon factory legislation, but upon the use of Select Committees for fact-finding on factory conditions.

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For other parts of the mill gearing any dispute between the occupier and the inspector could be resolved by arbitration. The arbitration was to be by a person skilled in making the machinery to be guarded; the inspectors however declined to submit safety concerns to arbitration by those "who look only to the construction and working of the machinery, which is their business, and not to the prevention of accidents, which is not their business"

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put millowners at the mercy of millhands "The provisions of Sir Robert Peel's act had been evaded in many respects: and it was now in the power of the workmen to ruin many individuals, by enforcing the penalties for children working beyond the hours limited by that act" and that this showed to him that the best course of action was to repeal the 1819 Act. On the other hand, another millowner MP supported Hobhouse's Bill saying that he

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that, in all the districts, great numbers of Children and Young Persons are growing up without any religious, moral, or intellectual training; nothing being done to form them to habits of order, sobriety, honesty, and forethought, or even to restrain them from vice and crime." In 1843, Ashley initiated a debate on "the best means of diffusing the benefits and blessings of a moral and religious education among the working classes..."

308:. c. 5), allowing water-powered mills to exceed the specified hours in order to make up for lost time widened the limits to 11 a.m. to 4 p.m.; Hobhouse's Act of 1825 set the limits to 11 a.m. to 3 p.m. A parent's assertion of a child's age was sufficient, and relieved employers of any liability should the child in fact be younger. JPs who were millowners or the fathers or sons of millowners could not hear complaints under the act. 517:

any Information, Summons, or Warrant issued in pursuance of the said recited Act, to set forth the Name or Other Designation of each and every the Partners in any Cotton Mill or Factory, but that it shall be lawful to insert in such Information, Summons, or Warrant, the Name of the ostensible Proprietor or Title of the Firm by which the Proprietor or Proprietors of any such Mill or Factory are usually designated and known.

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legislation you have given to the working classes the full power to exercise, for themselves and for the public welfare, all the physical and moral energies that God has bestowed on them; and by legislation you have given them means to assert and maintain their rights; and it will be their own fault, not yours, my Lords, if they do not, with these abundant and mighty blessings, become a wise and an understanding people.

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deprecated obstruction of government business by backbenchers) supported Ashley: he held very different views on the issue from Ashley, but the issue was important, contentious, and should not be evaded : "so long as ineffectual attempts at legislation remained on the table of the house, the excitement of the manufacturing districts would continue to be kept up" Ashley's motion was lost narrowly 111 to 119.

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young persons by setting the times within which they could work so tightly that they were also the start and stop times if they were to work the maximum permitted hours per day. Grey's scheme increased the hours that could be worked per week, but Ashley (uncertain of the outcome of any attempt to re-enact a true Ten Hours Bill) decided to support it and Grey's scheme was the basis for the 1850 Act (

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banks were specifically scheduled as workshops, unless factories because mechanical power was used). Laundries (originally in the Bill) were excluded from the final Act; in Ireland much laundry work was carried out in convents and Irish members objected to inspection of convents by an (allegedly) exclusively Protestant inspectorate. Three types of workshop were distinguished:

1011:) to carry out such inspections, with the right to demand entry and the authority to act as a magistrate. (Under previous Acts supervision had been by local 'visitors' (a Justice of the Peace (JP), and a clergyman) and effectively discretionary). The inspectors were empowered to make and enforce rules and regulations on the detailed application of the Act, independent of the 1058:

Poulett Thomson had opened the debate by saying that "at the present moment he was unwilling to re-open the whole factory question", Peel had said he would vote for the second reading, not because he supported the bill, but because its committee stage would allow the introduction of additional amendments to factory legislation. Poulett Thomson (eventually) abandoned the bill.

3131:). No child should work a half-day on successive Saturdays. Surgeons no longer certified the apparent age of a child (or young person), age now being substantiated by a birth certificate or school register entry, but (for employment in factories) they were required to certify the fitness for the work of children and young persons under the age of sixteen. 1160:

machinery' was now to be brought within factory legislation. Both the Factory and Silk Factory bills were given unopposed second readings on the understanding that all issues would be discussed at committee stage, both were withdrawn before going into committee, the Whigs having been defeated on a motion of no confidence, and a General Election imminent.

815:'s amendment to refer the Bill to a Select Committee. However at Committee stage the first point considered where the Bill differed from the Commission's was the age up to which hours of work should be limited Ashley lost (heavily) the vote on this, and left it to Althorp to pilot through a Factory Act based upon the Commission's recommendations. 544:: And Whereas since the said Bill received the Royal Assent the said Amendment has been approved of by the Commons; Be it enacted by the King's most Excellent Majesty, by and with the Advice and Consent of the Lords Spiritual and Temporal, and Commons, in this present Parliament assembled, and by the Authority of the same, That the Act, intituled 1197:

involvement; the education of workhouse children and the education of factory children. The measures he announced related to England and Wales; Scotland had an established system of parochial schools run by its established church, with little controversy, since in Scotland there was no dissent on doctrine, only on questions of discipline.

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the Factory Commission's inquiries, relationships between it and the Ten Hour Movement became thoroughly adversarial, the Ten Hour Movement attempting to organise a boycott of the commission's investigations: this was in sharp contrast with the commissioners' practice of dining with the leading manufacturers of the districts they visited.

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its restriction to apprentices (where there was a long tradition of legislation) meant that it was left to later Factory Acts to establish the principle of intervention by Parliament on humanitarian grounds on worker welfare issues against the "laissez-faire" political and economic orthodoxy of the age which held that to be ill-advised.

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million people under 21, which would appear to imply that whilst less than 3% of the adult population of the UK were factory workers, factory children constituted about 7% of the total 10–13 age-group. The 1841 Census reported the population of Lancashire and the West Riding of Yorkshire to be about 10% of the total British population.

1172:, and Sir Robert Peel formed a Conservative government. Ashley let it be known that he had declined office under Peel because Peel would not commit himself not to oppose a ten-hour bill; Ashley therefore wished to retain freedom of action on factory issues. In February 1842, Peel indicated definite opposition to a ten-hour bill, and 668: 1439:(and other textile industries except lace and silk production) for women and children under 18 years of age. Each work week contained 63 hours effective 1 July 1847 and was reduced to 58 hours effective 1 May 1848. In effect, this law limited the workhours only for women and children to 10 hours which earlier was 12 hours. 1119:"After these representations .. by his own inspectors, how could the noble Lord opposite reconcile it with his conscience as an individual, and with his public duty as a Minister of the Crown, during the whole course of his administration, never to have brought forward any measure for the removal of so tremendous an evil?" 1205:

Maule's draft; children could work only in the morning or in the afternoon, but not both. There were two significant differences; the working day for children was reduced to six and a half hours, and the minimum age for factory work would be reduced to eight. Other clauses increased penalties and assisted enforcement.

666: 4331:, 13 June 1829) were there from 5 p.m. Saturday to 5 a.m. Monday, and a millowner working a nine-year-old more than twelve hours was fined £20 thanks to a prosecution at Stockport brought by a member of a society for enforcing the provisions of the 1825 Act ('Overworking Children in Cotton Factories' 2792:

Shaftesbury spoke in the Lords Second Reading debate; thinking it might well be his last speech in Parliament on factory reform, he reviewed the changes over the forty-one years it had taken to secure a ten-hour-day, as this bill at last did. In 1833, only two manufacturers had been active supporters

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A Second Reading debate was held to flesh out major issues before going into committee. At Lord John Russell's urging, the discussion was temperate, but there was considerable opposition to the proposed management of the new schools, which effectively excluded ratepayers (who would repay the loan and

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In the 'education clauses' of his Factory Education Bill of 1843, he proposed to make government loans to a new class of government factory schools effectively under the control of the Church of England and the local magistrates. The default religious education in these schools would be Anglican, but

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Declaring a schoolmaster incompetent was now to invalidate certificates of education issued by him, and a clause in the bill aimed to make it easier to establish and run a school for factory children; children at schools formed under this clause were not to be educated in a creed objected to by their

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and that these ill-effects were so marked and significant that government intervention was justified but where Sadler's Bill was for a ten-hour day for all workers under eighteen, the commission recommended an eight-hour day for those under thirteen, hoping for a two-shift system for them which would

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had warned that the Bill as it stood was too ambitious: more MPs had spoken for further factory legislation than against, but many supporters wanted the subject to be considered by a Select Committee. Sadler had resisted this: "if the present Bill was referred to one, it would not become a law this

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was forbidden for anyone under 21 and if a mill had been working at night the onus of proof was on the millowner (to show nobody under-age had been employed). The limitation of working hours to twelve now applied up to age eighteen. Complaints could only be pursued if made within three weeks of the

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In 1831 Hobhouse introduced a further bill with – he claimed to the Commons – the support of the leading manufacturers who felt that "unless the House should step forward and interfere so as to put an end to the night-work in the small factories where it was practised, it would be impossible for the

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introduced a bill to allow magistrates to act on their own initiative, and to compel witnesses to attend hearings; noting that so far there had been only two prosecutions under the 1819 act. Opposing the bill, a millowner MP agreed that the 1819 bill was widely evaded, but went on to remark that this

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The system of regulation which began with the protection of the tiny class of pauper apprentices in textile mills now includes within its scope every manual worker in every manufacturing industry. From the hours of labour and sanitation, the law has extended to the age of commencing work, protection

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The government announced that the report had been produced too late for legislation in the current parliamentary session, but legislation would be introduced in the following one. A bill was given a First Reading in April 1877, but made no further progress; at the end of July it was postponed to the

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This law was successfully passed due to the contributions of the Ten Hours Movement. This campaign was established during the 1830s and was responsible for voicing demands towards limiting the work week in textile mills. The core of the movement was the 'Short Time Committees' set up (by millworkers

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every fly-wheel directly connected with the steam engine or water-wheel or other mechanical power, whether in the engine-house or not, and every part of a steam engine and water-wheel, and every hoist or teagle, near to which children or young persons are liable to pass or be employed, and all parts

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turning his undoubted talents to the production of a reading primer, and it was soon announced that once the Bill went into committee it would be amended to restore the 1833 education clauses. The second reading of the bill was scheduled for 22 June, but in early June Russell announced that the bill

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Three of the four inspectors had recommended in their first report that all children 12 or older should be allowed to work twelve hours a day. This was followed by an agitation in the West Riding for relaxation or repeal of the 1833 Act; the short-time movement alleged that workers were being 'leant

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In 1829, Parliament passed an "Act to Amend the Laws relating to the employment of child in Cotton Mills & Manufactories" which relaxed formal requirements for the service of legal documents on millowners (documents no longer had to specify all partners in the concern owning or running the mill;

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agreed that, the bill was loudly called for, and, as the proprietor of a large manufactory, admitted that there was much that required remedy. He doubted whether shortening the hours of work would be injurious even to the interests of the manufacturers; as the children would be able, while they were

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According to the then Chief Inspector of Factories the more recent Acts "were necessarily incomplete and experimental ... by the time the last of these several Acts had received the Royal assent there existed a perfect chaos of regulations – all good in themselves when enacted – all having a direct

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The TUC had few complaints about the act, but complained that the inspectorate enforcing it was too small and lacking in 'practical men'. The latter complaint was partially addressed by changing the recruitment process and appointing a number of former trade union officials to the inspectorate. The

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c. 53) gave additional powers for the regulation of white-lead manufacture and bakehouses (but sanitary requirements for retail bakehouses were to be enforced by local authorities); in the same session a private member's bill intended to prohibit the employment of female children in the manufacture

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Mundella again introduced a nine-hour bill in 1873; he withdrew this when the government did not allow enough time for debate; he reintroduced it in 1874, but withdrew it when the government brought forward its own bill, which became the Factories (Health of Women, &c.) Act. This gave women and

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was originally noticeably ambivalent about Government support for Ashley's Bill: when Ashley reported his difficulties to the House of Commons, Grey announced an intention to move amendments in favour of a scheme (ostensibly suggested by a third party) which established a 'normal day' for women and

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which had resisted any reduction in the working day to less than 12 hours, a Whig administration under Lord John Russell came to power. The new Cabinet contained supporters and opponents of a ten-hour day and Lord John himself favoured an eleven-hour day. The government therefore had no collective

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In 1844 Graham again introduced a Bill to bring in a new Factory Act and repeal the Factory Act 1833. The Bill gave educational issues a wide berth, but otherwise largely repeated the 'labour clauses' of Graham's 1843 Bill, with the important difference that the existing protection of young persons

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Responding, Graham stressed that the issue was not a party one (and was borne out on this by the other speakers in the debate); although the problem was a national one, the government would for the moment bring forward measures only for the two areas of education in which the state already had some

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The bill, introduced in February, did not enter its committee stage until the start of July In committee, a ten-hour amendment was defeated 62–94, but Ashley moved and carried 55-49 an amendment removing the special treatment of silk mills. The government then declined to progress the amended bill.

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Althorp's Act had claimed superiority over Ashley's Bill of 1833 because of its shorter working hours for children and its provision for education. Those provisions had been violated from the outset, and continued to be violated, and the government connived at those violations: "notwithstanding the

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The 1833 Act had few admirers in the textile districts when it came into force. The short-time movement objected to its substitution for Ashley's Bill, and hoped to secure a Ten-Hour Bill. Millowners resented and political economists deplored legislators' interference in response to public opinion,

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Children (ages 9–13) could only be employed if they had a schoolmaster's certificate that the previous week they had two hours of education per day (This was to be paid for by a deduction of a penny in the shilling from the children's wages. A factory inspector could disallow payment of any of this

823:

This toured the textile districts and made extensive investigations. It wasted little time in doing so, and even less in considering its report; as with other Whig commissions of the period it was suspected to have had a good idea of its recommendations before it started work. During the course of

774:

This effectively removed any chance of a Factories Regulation Act being passed before Parliament was dissolved. Sadler was made chairman of the Committee, which allowed him to make his case by hearing evidence from witnesses of Sadler's selection, on the understanding that opponents of the Bill (or

771:

Sadler's speech made a strong case for considering legislation, but thought it did little to directly support the details of the Bill; the Government supported the Bill as leading to a Select Committee, but would not in advance pledge support for whatever legislation the Committee might recommend).

770:

In his long Second Reading speech, Sadler argued repeatedly that a Committee was unnecessary, but concluded by accepting that he had not convinced the House or the Government of this, and that the Bill would be referred to a Select Committee. (Lord Althorp, responding for the Government, noted that

730:

introduced a Bill extending the protection existing Factory Acts gave to children working in the cotton industry to those in other textile industries, and reducing to ten per day the working hours of children in the industries legislated for. A network of "Short Time Committees" had grown up in the

102:

It allowed (but did not require) local magistrates to enforce compliance with its requirements, and therefore went largely unenforced. As the first attempt to improve the lot of factory children, it is often seen as paving the way for future Factory Acts. At best, it only partially paved the way;

3690:

c. 75), under the heading 'Conditions of Employment' introduced two considerable additions to previous legislation: the first is the prohibition on employers to employ women within four weeks after confinement (childbirth); the second the raising the minimum age at which a child can be set to work

3019:

In the debates on Mundella's bills and the 1874 act, it had been noted that years of piece-meal legislation had left factory law in an unsatisfactory and confusing state; the government had spoken of the need to consolidate and extend factory law by a single Act replacing all previous legislation,

2659:

In 1864 the Factories Extension Act was passed: this extended the Factories Act to cover a number of occupations (mostly non-textile): potteries (both heat and exposure to lead glazes were issues), lucifer match making ('phossie jaw') percussion cap and cartridge making, paper staining and fustian

1759:

criticised Dickens for this, arguing that mangling was the result of workers not being careful and: "If men and women are to be absolved from the care of their own lives and limbs, and the responsibility put upon anybody else by the law of the land, the law of the land is lapsing into barbarism"))

1045:

prepared a draft bill limiting the hours that could be worked by any mill employing people under twenty-one, with no child under ten to be employed, and no education clauses. Hindley's bill was published at the end of the 1834-5 parliamentary session, but was not taken forward in the next session,

810:

A Factory Commission was set up to investigate and report. Sadler and the Short Time Committees objected to any further fact-finding and attempted to obstruct the work of the Commissioners. Ashley's Bill proceeded to a Second Reading in early July 1833 (when the likely main recommendations of the

516:

Be it therefore enacted by the King's most Excellent Majesty, by and with the Advice and Consent of the Lords Spiritual and Temporal, and Commons, in this present Parliament assembled, and by the Authority of the same, That from and after the passing of this Act it shall not be deemed necessary in

114:

All apprentices were to be educated in reading, writing and arithmetic for the first four years of their apprenticeship. The Act specified that this should be done every working day within usual working hours but did not state how much time should be set aside for it. Educational classes should be

110:

Each apprentice was to be given two sets of clothing, suitable linen, stockings, hats, and shoes, and a new set each year thereafter. Apprentices could not work during the night (between 9 pm and 6 am), and their working hours could not exceed 12 hours a day, excluding the time taken for breaks. A

106:

Under the Act, regulations and rules came into force on 2 December 1802 and applied to all textile mills and factories employing three or more apprentices or twenty employees. The buildings must have sufficient windows and openings for ventilation, and should be cleaned at least twice yearly with

4465:

The legal issues are laid out concisely and in layman's language in a newspaper report of the 1849 prosecution of the employers of Isabella Robinson 15-year-old cotton spinner at a mill in Colne "last Tuesday she began to work at 6 am; she worked until 6:15, then she gave over working and someone

3134:

Protected persons should not be allowed to clean moving machinery, the requirement to guard machinery now extended to the protection of men as well as protected persons, and the Home Secretary might direct that some or all of the fine imposed for a breach of this requirement be paid to any person

3069:

Workshops were places in which the manufacture, repair or finishing of articles were carried out as a trade without the use of mechanical power and to which the employer controlled access (it was irrelevant whether these operations were carried out in the open air, and shipyards, quarries and pit

2804:

By legislation you have removed manifold and oppressive obstacles that stood in the way of the working man's comfort, progress, and honour. By legislation you have ordained justice, and exhibited sympathy with the best interests of the labourers, the surest and happiest mode of all government. By

1746:

In April 1855 a National Association of Factory Occupiers was formed "to watch over factory legislation with a view to prevent any increase of the present unfair and injudicious enactments". The 1844 Act had required that "mill gearing" – which included power shafts – should be securely fenced.

1204:

Once a trust school was open in a factory district, factory children in that district would have to provide a certificate that they were being educated at it or at some other school certified as 'efficient'. The 'labour clauses' forming the other half of the bill were essentially a revival of Fox

1155:

No attempt was made to introduce a factory bill in 1840; Ashley obtained a select committee on the working of the existing Factory Act, which took evidence, most notably from members of the Factory Inspectorate, throughout the session with a view to a new bill being introduced in 1841. Ashley was

806:

Extracts from this began to appear in newspapers in January 1833 and painted a picture of the life of a mill-child as one of systematic over-work and systematic brutality. The conclusion many papers drew was that Sadler's Bill should be revived and passed. However, when Ashley introduced a Bill

3561:

The Factory Acts are enforced by an elaborate machinery of inspection. Anyone who has taken the trouble to inquire into the matter knows perfectly well that without this stringent inspection they would be absolutely worthless. Even as it is they are contravened openly every day, because the best

3091:

Requirements and enforcement arrangements were most stringent for textile factories, least stringent for domestic workshops (and the inspectorate had no powers to secure entry into dwellings). The Act gave the Home Secretary some latitude to vary the requirements for specific industries (but not

2655:

In virtually every debate on the various Factories Bills, opponents had thought it a nonsense to pass legislation for textile mills when the life of a mill child was much preferable to that of many other children: other industries were more tiring, more dangerous, more unhealthy, required longer

1639:

Children (8–13) were not covered by this Act: it had been the deliberate intention of the 1833 Act that a mill might use two sets of children on a relay system and the obvious method of doing so did not require split shifts. A further Act, the Factories Act 1853, set similar limits on the hours

1601:

The Acts of 1844 and 1847 had reduced the hours per day which any woman or young person could work but not the hours of the day within which they could do that work (from 5:30 a.m. to 8:30 p.m.). Under the 1833 Act millowners (or some of them) had used a 'relay system' so that the mill

1192:

The royal commission had investigated not only the working hours and conditions of the children, but also their moral state. It had found much of concern in their habits and language, but the greatest concern was that "the means of secular and religious instruction.. are so grievously defective,

1097:

On 22 June, when the government intended to progress a bill on Irish tithes, Ashley forestalled them, moving the second reading of the factory bill. He complained of the evasive conduct of ministers and government apathy and complacency on factory reform. Peel (who normally, even in opposition,

1057:

The second reading of Poulett Thomson's Bill was opposed by Ashley, who denounced the bill as a feeler towards total repeal of protection for factory children. The Bill passed its second reading by a majority of only two (178–176) – a moral defeat for a government measure. Furthermore, although

4455:

both because thrown out of mill for a couple of hours in all weathers, and because releasing teenagers from factory discipline and leaving them to their own devices for a couple of hours in the proximity of members of the opposite sex (and possibly of dram-shops) was inconsistent with Victorian

4367:

As of May 1835, there were reported to be 360,000 employed in factory labour, of whom 100,000 were children under fourteen, 80–90,000 adult males, and the remaining 170–180,000 women and young persons (aged 14–20) The 1841 Census reported that in England, Scotland and Wales there were about 7.3

4326:

for 1829 is not accessible online; nor do Hutchins and Harrison appear to take any notice of these very minor bits of factory legislation. The necessary trawl through contemporary newspapers for 1829 throws up some interesting straws in the wind on the spirit of the age: two very young children

3040:

c. 16) replaced all the previous acts (it listed sixteen acts repealed in their entirety) by a single Act of some hundred and seven clauses. The Chief Inspector of Factories described it as much less restrictive than the legislation it replaced: "The hard and fast line is now an undulating and

2779:

seeking to reduce the hours worked by women and children in textile industries had not succeeded, although the government had responded by setting up a commission on the workings of the Factory Acts. (The TUC had had to support the measure through a committee also containing non-unionists; Lord

1611:

c. 54). The Short Time Committees had previously been adamant for an effective Ten-hour Bill; Ashley wrote to them, noting that he acted in Parliament as their friend, not their delegate, explaining his reasons for accepting Grey's "compromise", and advising them to do so also. They duly did,

1217:

Out of Parliament, the debate was less temperate; objections that the Bill had the effect of strengthening the Church became objections that it was a deliberate attack on Dissent, that its main purpose was to attack Dissent, and that the Royal Commission had deliberately and grossly defamed the

1159:

In March 1841 Fox Maule introduced a Factory Bill and a separate Silk Factory Bill. The Factory Bill provided that children were now not to work more than seven hours a day; if working before noon they couldn't work after one p.m. The education clauses of the 1839 Bill were retained. 'Dangerous

1139:

In the 1839 session, Fox Maule revived the 1838 Bill with alterations. The literacy tests were gone, and the education clauses restored. The only other significant changes in the scope of the legislation were that working extra hours to recover lost time was now only permitted for water-powered

1109:

Millowners sat on the bench and adjudicated in their own cases (because Althorp's Act had repealed the provisions in Hobhouse's Act forbidding this): they countersigned surgeon's certificates for children employed in their own factory . One factory inspector had reported a case of a millowner

1061:

In 1837 Poulett Thomson announced his intention to bring in a factory bill; consequently Ashley, who had intended to introduce a ten-hour bill, dropped this, promising instead a ten-hour amendment to the government bill. No progress had been made with the government bill when the death of King

992:

Children (ages 9–13) must not work more than 8 hours with an hour lunch break. (Employers could (and it was envisaged they would) operate a 'relay system' with two shifts of children between them covering the permitting working day; adult millworkers therefore being 'enabled' to work a 15-hour

1225:

Lord John Russell drafted resolutions calling for modification of the bill along the lines suggested in Parliament; the resolutions were denounced as inadequate by the extra-parliamentary opposition. Graham amended the educational clauses, but this only triggered a fresh round of indignation

1156:

then instrumental in obtaining a royal commission on the employment of children in mines and manufactures, which eventually reported in 1842 (mines) and 1843 (manufactures): two of the four commissioners had served on the 1833 Factory Commission; the other two were serving factory inspectors.

1124:

The education clauses were not observed in one mill in fifty; where they were, the factory inspectors reported, "the schooling given is a mere mockery of instruction"; vice and ignorance, and their natural consequences, misery and suffering, were rife among the population of the manufacturing

827:

The commission's report did not support the more lurid details of Sadler's report – mills were not hotbeds of sexual immorality, and beating of children was much less common than Sadler had asserted (and was dying out). Major millowners such as the Strutts did not tolerate it (and indeed were

705:

offence; on the other hand justices of the peace who were the brothers of millowners were now also debarred from hearing Factory Act cases. Hobhouse's claim of general support was optimistic; the Bill originally covered all textile mills; the Act as passed again applied only to cotton mills.

4308:

To make a list indicative, rather than prescriptive; a prudent amendment and not as trivial as it sounds. An Elizabethan parliament, feeling that nobody should take up a trade without having served an apprenticeship, passed a law to that effect. However, since the law listed the trades then

3910:

administrators. ... This century of experiment in Factory Legislation affords a typical example of English practical empiricism. We began with no abstract theory of social justice or the rights of man. We seem always to have been incapable even of taking a general view of the subject we were

2663:

In 1867 the Factories Act was extended to all establishments employing 50 or more workers by another Factories Act Extension Act. An Hours of Labour Regulation Act applied to 'workshops' (establishments employing less than 50 workers); it subjected these to requirements similar to those for

750:

Sadler's Bill when introduced indeed corresponded closely to the aims of the Short Time Committees. Hobhouse's ban on nightwork up to 21 was retained; no child under nine was to be employed; and the working day for under-eighteens was to be no more than ten hours (eight on Saturday). These

3028:

following year. In 1878, the Bill was given a higher priority: it had its first reading as soon as Parliament convened in January; the Second Reading debate was held on 11 February and it entered Committee stage on 21 February; the Third Reading in the Commons was given at the end of March.

3109:

hours on the hours worked per week by women and young persons in textile factories, 60 hours in non-textile factories and workshops (except domestic workshops, where there was no restriction on the working hours of women), but allowing greater flexibility on how those hours were worked for

4119:

An Act to amend the Factories Acts, 1937 and 1948, and make further provision as to the health, safety and welfare of persons employed in factories or in premises or operations to which those Acts apply; to revoke Regulation 59 of the Defence (General) Regulations, 1939, and for connected

63:

Introduction of the ten-hour day proved to have none of the dire consequences predicted by its opponents, and its apparent success effectively ended theoretical objections to the principle of factory legislation; from the 1860s onwards more industries were brought within the Factory Act.

1738: 1736: 1733: 3113:

Children were not to be employed under the age of ten, and should attend school half-time until fourteen (or until thirteen if they had a good record of school attendance and satisfactory scholastic achievement). (In Scotland, for factory children only, this overrode attempts by

171:

in 1815 but the Act that emerged in 1819 was much watered-down from Owen's draft. It was also effectively unenforceable; enforcement was left to local magistrates, but they could only inspect a mill if two witnesses had given sworn statements that the mill was breaking the Act.

4273:

On the left an (expensive) adult male – on the left a female 'piecer' (mending broken threads) and a 'scavenger' (sweeping up debris before it can contaminate the threads) (the children may be drawn to look older than in real life: the scavenger looks a bit too big/old for the

1737: 4552:

Gladstone's administration had been defeated on Irish issues; a dissolution was to follow once essential non-controversial bills had been passed. Therefore, no controversial amendments to the bill could be accepted; its remaining opponents also objected to its treatment as

1451:, although no orator, was indefatigable in his support of the cause, giving generously of his time and money and – as the senior partner in one of the great cotton firms – vouching for the reality of the evils of a long working day and the practicality of shortening it. 4436:

of the five MPs who voted 'against both 'ten' and 'twelve', three seem to have given no explanation, of the other two William Aldam spoke in support of an eleven-hour day in the 22 March debate, William Ewart spoke in favour of an eleven-hour compromise in the 25 March

1344:

Voting on this Bill was not on party lines, the issue revealing both parties to be split into various factions. On clause 8, both 'ten' and 'twelve' hours were rejected (with exactly the same members voting) because five members voted against both 'ten' and 'twelve'.

1140:

mills, and magistrates could not countersign surgeon's certificates if they were mill-owners or occupiers (or father, son, or brother of a mill-owner or occupier). Details of enforcement were altered; there was no longer any provision for inspectors to be magistrates

1113:

Magistrates had the power to mitigate the penalties specified in the Act. The inspectors reported that magistrates habitually did so, and to an extent which defeated the law; it was more profitable to break the law and pay the occasional fine than to comply with the

4523:

c. 60) was, however, passed. This addressed a recommendation of the Factory and Workshop Commission, which had taken evidence on the living conditions of barge children, but the act led to the registration and regulation of canal boats as residences, rather than as

3118:

to set standards of scholastic attainment to be met before a child could cease full-time schooling; the Scottish education acts ceded precedence to the factory acts. In England and Wales it was unclear whether factory acts or education acts had precedence until the

1373:

Women and young people now worked the same number of hours. They could work for no more than 12 hours a day during the week, including one and a half hours for meals, and 9 hours on Sundays. They must all take their meals at the same time and could not do so in the

505:

without the Commons first being made aware of (or agreeing to) the Lords' amendment. To rectify this inadvertent breach of privilege, a further Act (making no other change to the Act already passed) was promptly passed on the last day of the parliamentary session.

300:. c. 63), improved the arrangements for enforcement, but kept a twelve-hour day Monday-Friday with a shorter day of nine hours on Saturday. The 1819 act had specified that a meal break of an hour should be taken between 11 a.m. and 2 p.m.; a subsequent act, the 163:. c. 66) stated that no children under 9 were to be employed and that children aged 9–16 years were limited to 12 hours' work per day. It applied to the cotton industry only, but covered all children, whether apprentices or not. It was seen through Parliament by 1616:

Women and young persons could only work from 6 a.m. to 6 p.m. or – in winter, and subject to approval by a factory inspector – 7 a.m. to 7 p.m.: since they were to be allowed 90 minutes total breaks during the day, the maximum hours worked per day increased to

183:. c. 5) was passed in December 1819. When any accident disabled a factory (as had just happened at New Lanark), night working in the rest of the works by those who had previously worked in the affected factory was permitted until the accident was made good. 1022:

The Act failed to specify whether lunar or calendar months were intended where the word 'monthly' was used, and one clause limited hours of work per week where a daily limit had been intended. A short amending Act was therefore passed in February 1834

1348:

Faced with this impasse, and having considered and rejected the option of compromising on some intermediate time such as eleven hours, Graham withdrew the Bill, preferring to replace it by a new one which amended, rather than repealed, the 1833 Act.

1735: 520:

II. And be it further enacted, That the Service of such Summons or Warrant on any principal Manager, Conductor, or Clerk of any Cotton Mill or Factory, during the usual Hours of working such Cotton Mill or Factory, shall be good and lawful Service.

4832:

Reasons in favour of Sir Robert Peel's bill, for ameliorating the condition of children employed in cotton factories; comprehending a summary view of the evidence in support of the bill, taken before the Lords' committees in the present session of

4421:

could have been averted had more attention been paid in the past to the education of the humbler classes of the district by their superiors). It is unclear how far this political aspect drove the education initiative. For the record, the Chartist

4426:

supported Graham's education clauses; education and intellectual culture were the means "by which the working man comes to know something of the framework of society, and to understand what his rights are, as a first step towards the assertion of

4542:

The problem this addressed was the risk to health to workers in damp clothing leaving a hot mill for the ambient temperature of a mill town. A more comprehensive amendment of the Factory Act had been drafted, but parliamentary time could not be

4031: 1636:) offering their support and concurring with criticism of Ashley's actions, but nothing came of this: the meetings were poorly attended (that at Manchester was attended by about 900) and the Ten-Hour Movement had now effectively run its course. 836:"as this was said to be the best mine in the place, I cannot much err in coming to the conclusion, that the hardest labour in the worst-conducted factory is less hard, less cruel, and less demoralizing than the labour in the best of coal-mines". 4343:

action was successful: the millowner having been found not guilty (on a defence that his tokens could be exchanged for legal tender at face value at the company shop) promised to take the bench's advice and to henceforth pay in the coin of the

536:, and was agreed to by the Lords, with an Amendment: And Whereas the said Bill so amended was not returned to the Commons for their Agreement to such Amendment, but was by Mistake included amongst the Bills which received the Royal Assent on 3652: 1017:

Millowners and their close relatives were no longer debarred (if JPs) from hearing cases brought under previous Acts, but were unlikely to be effectively supervised by their colleagues on the local bench or be zealous in supervising other

4828:"Section I: Extracts from the evidence of Working Spinners, Overlookers, and Managers Shewing the mode of conducting Cotton Factories; the Hours of Working; and the Effects of the System on the Health and Constitutions of the Children" 1180:

banning the employment of women and children underground; the measure was welcomed by both front benches, with Graham assuring Ashley "that her Majesty's Government would render him every assistance in carrying on the measure".

4036: 1627:

Various public meetings in the textile districts subsequently passed motions regretting that the 58-hour week had not been more stoutly defended, with various stalwarts of the Ten-Hour Movement ( various Cobbetts and Fieldens

1214:

meet any shortfall in running costs) and made no provision for a Dissenter presence (to see fair play). The provisions for appointment of schoolmasters were also criticised; as they stood they effectively excluded Dissenters.

501:

it would be adequate to identify the mill by the name by which it was generally known). The bill passed the Commons but was subject to a minor textual amendment by the Lords (adding the words "to include") and then received

98:

owned by Peel. Although the Act included some hygiene requirements for all textile mills, it was largely concerned with the employment of apprentices; it left the employment of 'free' (non-indentured) children unregulated.

665: 4353:

by which he meant that Parliament had been fully occupied with the Reform Bill, so time could not have been found for a debate on opposed clauses: as noted above the Third Reading debate on Hobhouses's Bill took place

1144:, sub-inspectors were to have nearly the same enforcement powers as inspectors; unlike inspectors they could not examine witnesses on oath, but they now had the same right of entry into factory premises as inspectors. 1408:, and show (amongst other things) names and addresses of the inspector and sub-inspector of the district, the certifying surgeon, the times for beginning and ending work, the amount of time and time of day for meals. 1251:

RELIGION !" Although as late as 17 July Graham said he intended to get the bill though in the current session, three days later the bill was one of those Peel announced would be dropped for that session.

4026: 4309:

practised, without any preceding 'to include', the Act was subsequently held to cover only the trades it listed: trades which developed subsequently did not (legally) require an apprenticeship. Adam Smith in

1176:, Peel's Home Secretary, declared his intention to proceed with a bill prepared by Fox Maule, but with some alterations. In response to the findings of his Royal Commission, Ashley saw through Parliament a 1226:

meetings and a fresh round of petitions (11,839 petitions and 1,920,574 signatures). Graham then withdrew the education clauses but this did not end the objections, since it did not entirely restore the

4390:

in the manufacturing districts, which would lead to monster meetings at Kersal Moor (September 1838) and Peep Green (Hartshead Moor)(October 1838): the speeches at those meetings suggest however that the

55:

The early Acts concentrated on regulating the hours of work and moral welfare of young children employed in cotton mills but were effectively unenforced until the Act of 1833 established a professional

2705:

An Act to make better provision for improving the health of women, young persons, and children employed in manufactures, and the education of such children, and otherwise to amend the Factory Acts.

523:

III. And be it further enacted. That no Information filed, nor any Summons or Warrant served, as directed by the said recited Act, or by this Act, shall be quashed for Informality or Want of Form.

138:, neither to have any connection with the mill or factory. The visitors had the power to impose fines for non-compliance and the authority to visit at any time of the day to inspect the premises. 2800:

had thrown thousands out of work, with misery, starvation, and death staring them in the face; but, "with one or two trifling exceptions, and those only momentary", order and peace had reigned.

1734: 1239:

declaring education was something individuals could do for themselves "under the guidance of natural instinct and self-interest, infinitely better than Government could do for them". Hence "

1201:

parents would be allowed to opt their children out of anything specifically Anglican; if the opt-out was exercised, religious education would be as in the best type of Dissenter-run schools.

4377:

In this case and presumably on Peel's instructions, obstruction seems to have been avoided: once the debate on Ashley's motion was complete the reading of the Irish tithes bill was unopposed

767:

Session, and the necessity of legislating was so apparent, that he was unwilling to submit to the delay of a Committee, when he considered they could obtain no new evidence on the subject".

2796:

During the short-time agitation he had been promised "Give us our rights, and you will never again see violence, insurrection, and disloyalty in these counties." And so it had proved: the

3088:

to extend this exemption. The Act also excluded domestic workshops involving non-strenuous work carried out intermittently and not providing the principal source of income of the family.

4533:

The Home Secretary assured the Commons that religion was not a consideration when appointing to the inspectorate; upon inquiry he found that the inspector for Manchester was a Catholic.

856:

The partial or entire exclusion (by reason of excessive fatigue) from the means of obtaining adequate education and acquiring useful habits, or of profiting by those means when afforded

3957:

An Act to consolidate, with amendments, the Factory and Workshop Acts, 1901 to 1929, and other enactments relating to factories; and for purposes connected with the purposes aforesaid.

3713:

of the Factory and Workshop Act 1878, the Factory and Workshop Act 1883, the Cotton Cloth Factories Act 1889, the Factory and Workshop Act 1891 and the Factory and Workshop Act 1895.)

828:

distinguished by their assiduous benevolence to their employees). Working conditions for mill-children were preferable to those in other industries: after a visit to the coal mine at

288:

employed, to pursue their occupation with greater vigour and activity. At the same time, there was nothing to warrant a comparison with the condition of the negroes in the West Indies.

1411:

Factory inspectors no longer had the powers of JPs but (as before 1833) millowners, their fathers, brothers and sons were all debarred (if magistrates) from hearing Factory Act cases.

548:, shall be as valid and effectual, to all Intents and Purposes, as if the Amendment made by the Lords had been agreed to by the Commons before the said Act received the Royal Assent. 3817: 4217:. c. 34) consolidated the 1937 and 1959 acts. As of 2008, the Factories Act 1961 is substantially still in force, though workplace health and safety is principally governed by the 4021: 2959: 795:, the son of one of Leeds's leading millowners. Casting around for a new parliamentary advocate for factory reform, the short-time movement eventually secured the services of 2974: 1101:

Ashley later attacked the government and its complacency and connivance at the shortcomings in the current Factory Act identified by the government's own Factory Inspectors:

134:

Local magistrates had to appoint two inspectors known as 'visitors' to ensure that factories and mills were complying with the Act; one was to be a clergyman and the other a

4191:. c. 67) amended the previous Acts of 1937 and 1948, as well as adding more health, safety and welfare provisions for factory workers. It also revoked regulation 59 of the 3048:'Children' (aged 10–14, but a child of 13 who had met required levels of academic attainment and had a good school attendance record could be employed as a 'young person') 799:, eldest son of the 6th Earl of Shaftesbury. By the time the new parliament met, public opinion (especially outside the textile districts) had been powerfully affected by 678:

An Act to repeal the Laws relating to Apprentices and other young Persons employed in Cotton Factories and in Cotton Mills, and to make further Provisions in lieu thereof.

587:

An Act to repeal the Laws relating to Apprentices and other young Persons employed in Cotton Factories and in Cotton Mills, and to make further Provisions in lieu thereof.

4466:

else worked in her place; she returned to work at 8:30 and worked until 12:30, when she went to dinner and was away an hour; she came back at 1:30, and worked till 7:15"

1976:

An Act to amend the Act for placing the Employment of Women, young Persons, and Children in Bleaching Works and Dyeing Works under the Regulations of the Factories Acts.

4404:

age certificates for children could be issued by surgeons other that those approved by a factory inspector, provided the certificate was counter-signed by a magistrate

2416: 115:

held in a part of the mill or factory designed for the purpose. Every Sunday, for one hour, apprentices were to be taught the Christian religion; every other Sunday,

512:

An Act to make further Provisions for the Regulation of Cotton Mills and Factories, and for the better Preservation of the Health of young Persons employed therein:

221:

An Act to make further Provisions for the Regulation of Cotton Mills and Factories, and for the better Preservation of the Health of young Persons employed therein.

7528: 2771:(TUC) could congratulate itself on "a general concession of the 'nine-hour day' in all the leading engineering establishments of the kingdom" but regretted that a 2502:

An Act for exempting persons professing the Jewish religion from penalties in respect of young persons and females professing the said religion working on Sundays.

4645: 811:

Commission were known, but its report was not yet available to MPs); Ashley wanted the Bill to then be considered by a Committee of the whole House and defeated

1443:

and sympathisers) in the textile districts, but the main speakers for the cause were Richard Oastler (who led the campaign outside Parliament) and Lord Ashley,

4516: 2408: 2403: 1125:

districts. "Would the noble Lord opposite venture to say that the education of the manufacturing classes was a matter of indifference to the country at large?"

8049: 7724: 2934: 1106:

urgent representations and remonstrances of their own inspectors, the Government had done nothing whatever to assist them in the discharge of their duties"

8114: 4222: 4697: 6024:

2nd Report of the Commission on the Employment of Children (Trades and Manufactures), (1843) Parliamentary Papers volume XIII, pp 195–204 as quoted in

4292:

William Evans, MP for East Retford; he and his step-father had a variety of commercial interests in Derbyshire, including large water-powered mills at

8013: 5347: 3862:. c. 22) raised the minimum working age to 12. The act also introduced legislation regarding the education of children, meal times, and fire escapes. 1612:

significantly influenced by the thought that they could not afford to lose their friend in Parliament. The key provisions of the 1850 Act were :

8119: 4797: 8109: 5192:(Report of the Commissioners on Conditions in Factories, Parliamentary Papers, 1833, volume XX), subsequent extracts are as given in extracts from 1805:

An Act to place the Employment of Women Young Persons and Children in Bleaching Works and Dyeing Works under the Regulations of the Factories Acts.

1074: 967: 751:

restrictions were to apply across all textile industries. The Second Reading debate on Sadler's bill did not take place until 16 March 1832, the

141:

The Act was to be displayed in two places in the factory. Owners who refused to comply with any part of the Act could be fined between £2 and £5.

8104: 8099: 8094: 8089: 8084: 8079: 8074: 8069: 8064: 2924: 646: 7618: 4283:

George Philips; "the Member for Manchester" in fact MP for Wootton Bassett but his mill was in Salford and his business interests in Manchester

3051:'Young persons' (aged 14–18, of either sex: as noted above 13-year-olds satisfying educational requirements could be employed as young persons) 1444: 796: 6660: 3417:; formerly they had been the sacramental fast days specified by the local church – they could now be specified by the burgh magistrates. 788: 111:

grace period was provided to allow factories time to adjust, but all night-time working by apprentices was to be discontinued by June 1804.

4335:

25 April 1829). The same prosecutor had less success with a later prosecution at Macclesfield ('Overworking Children and Paying in Goods'

6908: 3906:

in 1815 into a general principle of industrial government, which came to be applied in tentative instalments by successive generations of

1905:

An Act to place the Employment of Women, young Persons, Youths, and Children in Lace Factories under the Regulations of the Factories Act.

7770: 4234: 1352: 1047: 6545: 6422: 1395:

Accidental death must be reported to a surgeon and investigated; the result of the investigation to be reported to a factory inspector.

7317: 7573: 6763: 6469: 6089: 5980: 5644: 2919: 73: 4062:. c. 67) consolidated and amended the Factory and Workshop Acts from 1901 to 1929. It was introduced to the House of Commons by the 2767:

had as one of their aims a reduction in working hours, both by direct concession by employers and by securing legislation. The 1873

1071: 700:

The Act repealed the previous Acts, and consolidated their provisions in a single Act, which also introduced further restrictions.

6811:

and a Government MP, was said by contemporaries to have discussed such a scheme before the date the letter was supposedly written

4218: 1041:

on' by their employers to sign petitions for repeal, and countered by holding meetings and raising petitions for a ten-hour act.

792: 3092:

individual workplaces) to accommodate existing practices where these were not detrimental to the underlying purpose of the Act.

783:

Sadler, however, was not an MP in the next session: in the first election for the newly enfranchised two member constituency of

4125: 3962: 3763: 3613: 3478: 3340: 3260: 3175: 2852: 2710: 2602: 2507: 2364: 2262: 2169: 2074: 1981: 1910: 1810: 1686: 1564: 1494: 1298: 905: 592: 464: 358: 226: 7800: 7466: 6629: 6580: 6515: 5947: 7979: 7339: 4893:

The Factory System: Volume II: The Factory System and Society (David & Charles Sources for Social & Economic History)

4862:

The Factory System: Volume II: The Factory System and Society (David & Charles Sources for Social & Economic History)

631: 621: 301: 176: 5425: 4727: 1431:

view on the matter; in the absence of government opposition, the Ten Hour Bill was passed, becoming the Factories Act 1847 (

4962: 4937: 3041:

elastic one, drawn to satisfy the absolute necessities and customs of different trades in different parts of the kingdom."

2984: 1169: 979:. c. 103) was an attempt to establish a regular working day in textile manufacture. The act had the following provisions: 6343: 6310: 616: 150: 6894:, section 1 and the first schedule. Due to the repeal of those provisions it is now authorised by section 19(2) of the 5768: 311: 8059: 7896: 7406: 5595: 5158: 5128: 4662: 4192: 3124: 2780:

Shaftesbury (as Ashley had become) had declined to support any measure brought forward on a purely trade union basis.)

2764: 2457: 784: 763: 4984: 3020:

but had not felt itself able to allocate the necessary legislative time. In March 1875, a royal commission (headed by

7904: 6259: 6119: 6043: 6373: 6214: 459:

An Act to render valid an Act to amend the Law relating to the Employment of Children in Cotton Mills and Factories.

4900: 4869: 4649: 4106: 3944: 3745: 3595: 3460: 3332: 3252: 3167: 3021: 2834: 2692: 2584: 2489: 2346: 2244: 2151: 2056: 1963: 1892: 1792: 1668: 1556: 1476: 1280: 887: 574: 446: 340: 208: 49: 7436: 1184:

In July, it was announced that the government did not intend any modification to the Factory Act in that session.

119:

should be held in the factory, and every month the apprentices should visit a church. They should be prepared for

5708: 5218:

Nardinelli, Clark. "Child Labor and the Factory Acts." The Journal of Economic History 40, no. 4 (1980): 739–55.

3812: 3533: 2969: 2964: 1051: 941: 396: 249: 7859: 7663: 6300:– page 6 also gives accounts of a similar meeting at "St James Clerken Well" and a "Great Meeting at Manchester" 5014: 5245: 4067: 3978: 1085: 812: 6149: 4515:

Irish members were making their presence felt by obstructing progress with legislation across the board: the

4244: 4016: 3807: 3802: 3700: 3667: 3516: 3378: 3293: 3213: 3120: 3080:

Domestic workshops (workshops carried out in a private house, room etc by members of the family living there)

2989: 2979: 2903: 2748: 2640: 2545: 2440: 2300: 2112: 1709: 1517: 1321: 1177: 1173: 953: 900:

An Act to regulate the labour of children and young persons in the mills and factories of the United Kingdom.

673:

Mule Spinning in action : child 'piecers' spent their day mending broken threads on the moving machinery

95: 7376: 3084:

The Act excluded domestic workshops carrying out straw-plait making, pillow lace making or glove-making and

5455: 3899: 3428:

c. 62) set limits on temperature (and humidity at a given temperature) where cotton cloth was being woven.

3085: 1603: 1042: 164: 83: 17: 4175: 4046: 3705:

The main article gives an overview of the state of Factory Act legislation in Edwardian Britain under the

131:

at least once a year. Male and female apprentices were to sleep separately and not more than two per bed.

4392: 626: 8124: 7240:

The factory & workshop acts, 1878 to 1891: with introduction, copious notes, and an elaborate index

5798: 4887:

The History of the Factory Movement from the year 1802, to the Enactment of the Ten Hours' Bill in 1847

4856:

The History of the Factory Movement from the year 1802, to the Enactment of the Ten Hours' Bill in 1847

1401:

Thorough records must be kept regarding the provisions of the Act and shown to the inspector on demand.

6696: 4297: 3115: 3058:

The premises being regulated were now separated into five categories: Factories fell into two types;

1247:" and had unacceptable implications: "If Government has a right to compel Education, it has right to 312:

Act to Amend the Laws relating to the employment of Children in Cotton Mills & Manufactories 1829

6455: 1593: 8019:

Aspects of the Industrial Revolution in Britain : Working Conditions and Government Regulation

3846: 2797: 2772: 492: 410: 7753:

Second leader (paragraph beginning "The chorus of praise...") in editorials under general heading

3011: 7887: 6895: 6161: 5266: 4059: 3967: 3557:

thought that this meant the act would be a dead letter, given experiences with the Factory Acts:

510:

Whereas an Act passed in the Sixth Year of His present Majesty King George the Fourth, intituled

305: 180: 7511:"Annual Report for 1878 of Her Majesty's Chief Inspector of Factories and Workshops", quoted in 6035: 4413:

A member of the Commission separately suggested, in his capacity as Factory Inspector, that the

264: 94:, and first expressed by them in 1784 in a report on an outbreak of 'putrid fever' at a mill at 840:

Nonetheless, the commission reportedthat mill children did work unduly long hours, leading to

2314: 1860: 514:

And Whereas the Provisions of the said Act have been defeated and set aside for Want of Form;

8054: 7846: 6891: 6442: 5799:"List of commissions and officials: 1840–1849 (nos. 29–52):29 . Children's Employment 1840-3" 4114: 3952: 3753: 3603: 3468: 2954: 2842: 2768: 2700: 2592: 2497: 2354: 2252: 2159: 2064: 1971: 1900: 1800: 1723: 1676: 1484: 1288: 895: 727: 582: 454: 353:

An Act to amend the Law relating to the Employment of Children in Cotton Mills and Factories.

348: 216: 7927: 6981:

This short title was conferred on this Act by section 2 of the Factory and Workshop Act 1871

4827: 3898:

and the Manchester Justices of 1784 and 1795, and the experimental legislation of the elder

1110:

sitting as magistrate on a case brought against his own sons, as tenants of a mill he owned.

546:

An Act to amend the Law relating to the Employment of Children in Cotton Mills and Factories

530:

An Act to amend the Law relating to the Employment of Children in Cotton Mills and Factories

6823:

letter Lord Ashley, dated 7 May, to "The Short Time Committees of Lancashire and Yorkshire"

4496:, Lowell Massachusetts, but arrangements in Victorian Britain would have been much the same 758:

Meanwhile, petitions both for and against the Bill had been presented to the Commons; both

697:

large and respectable factories which conformed to the existing law to compete with them."

135: 7084: 4339:

15 August 1849) (but if laws are passed to change behaviours not to punish wrongdoers the

997:

money to an 'incompetent' schoolmaster, but could not cancel a certificate issued by him.)

292:

Hobhouse's bill also sought to limit hours worked to eleven a day; the act as passed, the

8: 8029: 8024: 8018: 6942: 6804: 5195: 721: 87: 7957: 6856: 7111:"The Royal Commission on the Factory and Workshops Acts : Sittings at Sheffield". 6028: 4208: 3832: 2944: 2939: 2929: 1421: 3877:

reviewing the cumulative effect of century of factory legislation felt able to write:

1062:

William, and the consequent dissolution of parliament, brought the session to an end.

1000:

Children (ages 14–18) must not work more than 12 hours a day with an hour lunch break.

690:

59 Geo. 3. c. 66, 60 Geo. 3. c. 5, 6 Geo. 4. c. 63, 10 Geo. 4. c. 51, 10 Geo. 4. c. 63

7900: 6724: 6039: 5241: 5237: 4896: 4865: 4418: 4254: 4214: 2880: 1756: 1004: 279: 124: 57: 45: 989:

Children under 18 must not work at night (i.e. after 8.30 p.m. and before 5.30 a.m.)

986:

Children under 9 were not allowed to be employed in factories, except in silk mills.

7030: 7017: 7004: 6991: 4520: 4188: 4130: 3710: 3687: 3618: 3553: 3541: 3483: 3425: 3410: 3398: 3345: 3265: 3180: 3037: 2994: 2949: 2857: 2715: 2607: 2512: 2369: 2267: 2174: 2079: 1986: 1915: 1815: 1691: 1608: 1569: 1499: 1432: 976: 910: 681: 597: 52:

beginning in 1802 to regulate and improve the conditions of industrial employment.

8034: 2164:

An Act for extending the Provisions of "The Bleaching and Dyeing Works Act, 1860."

762:(not the originator of the 1802 bill, but his son, the future Prime Minister) and 708: 7990: 7725:"Factory and Workshops Act – Factory Inspectors – Appointment of Mr. J. D. Prior" 5263:

R J Saunders "Report on the Establishment of Schools in the Factory District" in

4583: 4414: 3895: 1748: 1633: 1427: 759: 752: 735: 532:, passed the Commons and was sent to the Lords on the Fourth Day of this instant 6861:. Translated by Weinmann, Frederick L. (1st ed.). London: Chapman and Hall. 6164:, a member of the Commission staff who Baines had attacked by name responded in 5555:: not to be found in the on-line Hansard; that jumps from volume 42 to volume 44 7966: 4063: 3545: 2776: 1360: 1303: 1078: 1012: 116: 7057:

paragraph (not separately titled) in editorial material under general heading

3544:

c. 55) at the end of the 1886 session, the act made no provision for (and the

8043: 6294:"Factories Education Bill Large and Important Meeting in the Tower Hamlets". 5077:

committee, last year, they are a perfect burlesque on legislative inquiries"

4239: 3548: 3095:

The Act followed the recommendations of the Commission by setting a limit of

1681:

An Act for the further Amendment of the Laws relating to Labour in Factories.

1436: 1235: 1233:

Indeed the education requirements of the 1833 Act now came under attack, the

800: 4845:

see in particular the evidence of a 36-year-old spinner Robert Hyde pp 25–30

2847:

An Act to consolidate and amend the Law relating to Factories and Workshops.

32: 6407:"Sir James Graham's Third Edition. Labour clauses – Compulsory Education". 5264: 5073:"As to the proceedings of Mr Sadler and his committee, or rather Mr Sadler 4885:

Richard Oastler to John Cam Hobhouse, 19 November 1831, quoted in 'Alfred'

4854:

John Cam Hobhouse to Richard Oastler, 16 November 1831, quoted in 'Alfred'

4293: 4196: 4143: 4071: 3995: 3781: 3631: 3496: 3473:

An Act to limit the Hours of Labour of Children and Young Persons in Shops.

3358: 3193: 2870: 2728: 2620: 2525: 2382: 2280: 2187: 2092: 1999: 1928: 1828: 1629: 1582: 1448: 1435:

c. 29). This law (also known as the Ten Hour Act) limited the work week in

923: 502: 482: 376: 269: 120: 6059:

Horner, Leonard (7 March 1843). "Reports of the Inspectors of Factories".

2809: 6887: 6278:"Factories Education Bill Amended clauses proposed by Sir James Graham". 4493: 3907: 3903: 3874: 3551:

refused to accept any amendment allowing) enforcement by inspection. The

1753:

National Association for the Protection of the Right to Mangle Operatives

1008: 168: 91: 7829:

untitled paragraph (column 1, p. 5) in editorials under general heading

7707:

1888 annual report of Chief Inspector of Factories, quoted at length in

7238: 6276:

reports his exposition of the amendments; text of amended clauses is in

3887: 3865:

Children could also take up a full-time job at the age of 13 years old.

2359:

An Act to amend and extend the Acts relating to Factories and Workshops.

8001: 4249: 1338: 701: 5219: 4907:(pages 94–98; quote (italics are in original) is from page 98 of Ward) 1070:

In the 1838 session another government factory bill was introduced by

722:

The first 'Ten Hour Bill' – Sadler's Bill (1832), Ashley's Bill (1833)

4340: 1219: 469: 363: 160: 128: 79: 7996:

Pollard, Sidney. "Factory Discipline in the Industrial Revolution."

6972:

This short title was conferred on this Act by section 1 of this Act.

3758:

An Act to consolidate with Amendments the Factory and Workshop Acts.

1367:

Children 9–13 years could work for 9 hours a day with a lunch break.

1026: 4387: 3859: 3768: 1398:

Factory owners must wash factories with lime every fourteen months.

552: 297: 231: 2667: 7864: 829: 268:'A large manufactory' : the (water-powered) mill complex at 7529:"Fastory and Workshop Acts – Employment of Females in Laundries" 6858:

The English Factory Legislation, from 1802 Till the Present Time

1363:

c. 15) again set a twelve-hour day, its main provisions being:

717:

Carding, roving, and drawing in a Manchester cotton mill c. 1834

713: 6944:

The factory controversy; a warning against meddling legislation

4629: 4627: 4625: 4623: 4621: 4619: 4617: 4615: 4395:

was the major immediate issue, rather than factory legislation.

4158: 4032:

Women and Young Persons (Employment in Lead Processes) Act 1920

3827: 3662: 3511: 3373: 3288: 3208: 2895: 2743: 2635: 2540: 2432: 2295: 2202: 2107: 2014: 1843: 1704: 1512: 1316: 1054:, allowing children twelve or over to work twelve hours a day. 948: 709:

Labour of Children, etc., in Factories Act 1833 (Althorp's Act)

641: 391: 244: 4613: 4611: 4609: 4607: 4605: 4603: 4601: 4599: 4597: 4595: 4327:

accidentally locked in a Bolton cotton mill over the weekend (

3431: 1404:

An abstract of the amended Act must be hung up in the factory

1255: 36:

Children at work in a cotton mill (Mule spinning England 1835)

6154:"Effect of the Government Education Bill on Sunday Schools". 3414: 2597:

An Act to amend the Acts relating to Factories and Workshops.

1377:

Time-keeping to be by a public clock approved by an inspector

726:

Dissatisfied with the outcome of Hobhouse's efforts, in 1832

4932: 4930: 4585:

Statutes at Large: Statutes of the United Kingdom, 1801–1806

3653:

Factory and Workshops Act 1878 Amendment (Scotland) Act 1888

3608:

An Act to amend the Law relating to Factories and Workshops.

3413:

c. 22) affected the choice of full-day holidays in Scottish

3407:

Factory and Workshops Act 1878 Amendment (Scotland) Act 1888

3235:

Factory and Workshops Act 1878 Amendment (Scotland) Act 1888

3062:'textile factories' – those within the scope of the 1874 Act 1454: 67: 7971: 7709:"Factory Inspectors on Ventilation and Shuttle Accidents". 5113:"The Factory Commission – Replies to Mr Sadler's Protest". 4592: 1003:

Provided for routine inspections of factories and set up a

7287:"The Factory Acts : Report of the Royal Commission". 5981:"Employment of Women and Children in Mines and Collieries" 3077:

Workshops not employing protected persons other than women

1092: 7497:"Trade Work & Wages: Sheffield Chamber of Commerce". 7318:"Factory and Workshop Commission — The Report – Question" 4927: 4782:"Imperial Parliament (subheading: Legislative Mistake)". 1489:

An Act to amend the Acts relating to labour in factories.

1293:

An Act to amend the Laws relating to Labour in Factories.

1163: 6947:. Manchester: National Association of Factory Operatives 4479:

to suggest it would be more appropriate to refer to the

1187: 127:

between the ages of 14 and 18 and must be examined by a

6166:"Morals and Education in the Manufacturing Districts". 2810:

Factory and Workshop Act 1878 (the 'Consolidation Act')

107:

quicklime and water; this included ceilings and walls.

7771:"Class II.—Salaries and Expenses of Civil Departments" 7254:"Royal Commission on the Factory and Workshops Acts". 4037:

Factory and Workshop (Cotton Cloth Factories) Act 1929

3886:

He also commented on the gradual (accidentally almost

1392:

Children and women were not to clean moving machinery.

1208: 983:

Children (ages 9–12) are limited to 48 hours per week.

144: 7513:"Factories and Workshops: Chief Inspector's Report". 7133:

gives a concise account of the history of the measure

7059:"Birmingham Daily Gazette". 3 August 1870. p. 4. 6793:

A Manufacturer (27 April 1850). "The Ten Hours Act".

1623:

The work week was extended from 58 hours to 60 hours.

845:

Permanent deterioration of the physical constitution:

90:

about the health and welfare of children employed in

7619:"Education (Scotland) [Bill 226.] Committee" 6750:

Manchester Courier and Lancashire General Advertiser

6502:

Manchester Courier and Lancashire General Advertiser

6186:

Manchester Courier and Lancashire General Advertiser

5567:

Manchester Courier and Lancashire General Advertiser

5265:

Great Britain. Parliament. House of Commons (1843).

5200:. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 934–49 1046:

being pre-empted by a government bill introduced by

850:

The production of disease often wholly irremediable:

755:

having taken precedence over all other legislation.

7574:"Factory and Education Acts (Scotland).—Resolution" 7029:

Bleaching and Dyeing Works Act Extension Act 1864 (

7016:

Bleaching and Dyeing Works Act Amendment Act 1863 (

5234:

British Trade Union Posters: An Illustrated History

3044:The protected persons fell into three categories: 2787: 1763: 1742:Power shafting, belts and power looms in operation 186: 86:; it addressed concerns felt by the medical men of 6819: 6817: 6338: 6336: 6067: 6027: 5268:Parliamentary Papers, House of Commons and Command 5259: 5257: 1134: 8014:The 1833 Factory Act on the UK Parliament website 7711:Todmorden Advertiser and Hebden Bridge Newsletter 7232: 6546:"Hours of Labour in Factories – Adjourned Debate" 6034:. London: George Allen & Unwin Ltd. pp. 2424:Bleaching and Dyeing Works Act Extension Act 1864 2421:Bleaching and Dyeing Works Act Amendment Act 1863 2134:Bleaching and Dyeing Works Act Extension Act 1864 1946:Bleaching and Dyeing Works Act Amendment Act 1863 1027:'Ineffectual attempts at legislation' (1835–1841) 8041: 7955: 7340:"Factories and Workshops Law Consolidation Bill" 7282: 7280: 7237:Redgrave, Jasper A; Redgrave, Alexander (1893). 7236: 7230: 7228: 7226: 7224: 7222: 7220: 7218: 7216: 7214: 7212: 6722: 5639: 5637: 5588: 4918:"Correspondence Relative to the Factories Act". 4633: 3716: 3694: 1075:Under-Secretary of State for the Home Department 1035: 553:Labour in Cotton Mills Act 1831 (Hobhouse's Act) 6814: 6748:"The Ten Hours Act The Relay System at Colne". 6689:Letter Sir Robert Peel to Frederick Peel dated 6624: 6622: 6575: 6573: 6571: 6333: 6082: 5254: 5197:English Historical Documents, XII(1), 1833–1874 2925:Labour of Children, etc., in Factories Act 1833 2668:Factories (Health of Women, &c.) Act (1874) 647:Labour of Children, etc., in Factories Act 1833 78:The Health and Morals of Apprentices Act 1802 ( 6872:"The Ten Hour Bill – The Government Measure". 6792: 6658:see account given by Sir James Graham in 1846 6402: 6400: 6179: 6177: 5975: 5973: 5917:"Lord Ashley and the Ten Hours Factory Bill". 5565:"Great Radical Demonstration on Kersal Moor". 1359:As a result, the Factories Act 1844 (citation 1084:His political opponents mocked the thought of 8025:The 1802 Health and Morals of Apprentices Act 7277: 7209: 7192: 7190: 7188: 5634: 5544: 5542: 5312: 5310: 5308: 5188: 5186: 5184: 4027:White Phosphorus Matches Prohibition Act 1908 2257:An Act for the Extension of the Factory Acts. 2069:An Act for the Extension of the Factory Acts. 740:and would undoubtedly lead to certain success 427:Labour in Cotton Mills, etc. (No. 2) Act 1829 8050:Acts of the Parliament of the United Kingdom 6936: 6934: 6854: 6718: 6716: 6619: 6568: 6112: 6030:Human Documents of the Industrial Revolution 6025: 5193: 4957: 4955: 4876:(pages 92–94; quote is from page 94 of Ward) 3982: 3890:) way this transformation had been achieved 167:; it had its origins in a draft prepared by 7157: 7155: 6842:Preston Chronicle and Lancashire Advertiser 6397: 6174: 6018: 5970: 5852: 5850: 5231: 4977: 4639: 4235:History of labour law in the United Kingdom 3432:Inadequate resources for strict enforcement 1256:Factories Act 1844 ('Graham's Factory Act') 791:a Whig politician of national standing and 8030:Timeline of Factory Legislation in Britain 7560:Sunderland Daily Echo and Shipping Gazette 7185: 7043:"The New Act on Factories and Workshops". 6423:"Public Business – Withdrawal of Measures" 6076:Northern Star and Leeds General Advertiser 5539: 5305: 5181: 4910: 4578: 4576: 4574: 4572: 4570: 1447:(who led the campaign inside Parliament). 1065: 818: 7860:"House of Commons Hansard; vol 319 c1199" 7144:"The 'Factories, Hours of Labour' Bill". 6940: 6931: 6713: 4952: 4858:, (1857) vol I, pp 138–41, reproduced in 3402:of nails was defeated at Second Reading. 2920:Health and Morals of Apprentices Act 1802 1455:Factories Act 1850 (the 'Compromise Act') 1222:, with a total of 1,111,141 signatures.) 74:Health and Morals of Apprentices Act 1802 68:Health and Morals of Apprentices Act 1802 7987:The life and times of Sir Edwin Chadwick 7835:. London. 2 November 1886. pp. 4–5. 7648:"Important Case under the Factory Act". 7152: 6968: 6966: 6964: 6962: 5847: 5499:full text of the draft Bill is given in 4916:the correspondence can also be found as 4889:, (1857) vol I, pp 141–6, reproduced in 4820: 4692: 4690: 4688: 3894:The merely empirical suggestions of Dr. 3138: 3031: 1730: 1620:All work would end on Saturday at 2 p.m. 1597:A Victorian power loom (Lancashire loom) 1592: 832:one of the commission staff had written 712: 660: 263: 31: 8115:Children's rights in the United Kingdom 8110:Health and safety in the United Kingdom 7603:"Education and Factory Act Anomalies". 5194:Young, G M; Hancock, W D, eds. (1956). 4567: 4219:Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974 1751:thereafter referred to the NAFO as the 1093:Ashley denounces government complacency 865: 778: 745: 14: 8105:United Kingdom Acts of Parliament 1891 8100:United Kingdom Acts of Parliament 1878 8095:United Kingdom Acts of Parliament 1867 8090:United Kingdom Acts of Parliament 1850 8085:United Kingdom Acts of Parliament 1847 8080:United Kingdom Acts of Parliament 1844 8075:United Kingdom Acts of Parliament 1833 8070:United Kingdom Acts of Parliament 1819 8065:United Kingdom Acts of Parliament 1802 8042: 7956:Hutchins, B. L.; Harrison, A. (1911). 7849:, section 2(1) and the second schedule 7515:Yorkshire Post and Leeds Intelligencer 7304:Yorkshire Post and Leeds Intelligencer 6698:The Private Letters of Sir Robert Peel 6184:"Petitions Against the Factory Bill". 6058: 5843:. London. 31 March 1841. pp. 5–6. 4199:/927). The act is dated 29 July 1959. 3707:Factory and Workshop Acts 1878 to 1895 1164:Graham's Factory Education Bill (1843) 7495:Mr (Alexander) Redgrave, reported in 7302:"Board of Deputies of British Jews". 6990:Bleaching and Dyeing Works Act 1860 ( 6959: 6701:. London: John Murray. pp. 257–8 6470:"Employment of Children in Factories" 6090:"Condition and Education of the Poor" 5936:. London. 3 February 1842. p. 2. 4895:. Newton Abbot: David & Charles. 4864:. Newton Abbot: David & Charles. 4685: 4386:1838 had seen the first flowering of 4202: 4176:Text of statute as originally enacted 4077: 4047:Text of statute as originally enacted 3915: 3847:Text of statute as originally enacted 3012:Text of statute as originally enacted 2458:Text of statute as originally enacted 2315:Text of statute as originally enacted 1861:Text of statute as originally enacted 1724:Text of statute as originally enacted 1643: 1415: 1188:The education issue and Graham's bill 968:Text of statute as originally enacted 801:'the report of Mr Sadler's Committee' 632:Labour in Cotton Mills, etc. Act 1829 622:Labour in Cotton Mills, etc. Act 1819 493:Text of statute as originally enacted 411:Text of statute as originally enacted 322:Labour in Cotton Mills, etc. Act 1829 302:Labour in Cotton Mills, etc. Act 1819 177:Labour in Cotton Mills, etc. Act 1819 8120:Women's rights in the United Kingdom 7974:Law and Society in England 1750–1950 4890: 4859: 4728:"Member Biographies: George Philips" 2985:Factory and Workshop (Jews) Act 1871 2472:Factory and Workshop (Jews) Act 1871 1089:had been abandoned for the session. 7291:. London. 17 March 1876. p. 3. 6825:"Lord Ashley and the Factory Act". 6723:Hutchins, B L; Harrison, A (1903). 5220:http://www.jstor.org/stable/2119999 5085:quoting undated Manchester Guardian 4417:and other Chartist disturbances in 4313:mocked the consequent illogicality. 3566: 3536:succeeded in securing passage of a 3036:The Factory and Workshop Act 1878 ( 2413:Bleaching and Dyeing Works Act 1860 1775:Bleaching and Dyeing Works Act 1860 1209:Reaction, retreats, and abandonment 862:allow mills to run 16 hours a day. 617:Cotton Mills and Factories Act 1819 540:the Nineteenth Day of this instant 157:Cotton Mills and Factories Act 1819 151:Cotton Mills and Factories Act 1819 145:Cotton Mills and Factories Act 1819 24: 8021:– a selection of primary documents 7949: 7558:"Sunderland Chamber of Commerce". 7407:"[Bill 3.] Second Reading" 7269:"The Factory and Workshops Acts". 7162:"Trades Union Congress at Leeds". 6609:names and constituencies given in 6394:gives Graham's explanation of this 6014:. London. 12 July 1842. p. 2. 5805:. Institute of Historical Research 5553:. London. 23 June 1838. p. 4. 5489:. London. 6 April 1837. p. 2. 5365:"Information on the Factory Act". 5336:. London. 10 June 1836. p. 2. 4193:Defence (General) Regulations 1939 1640:within which children might work. 1370:Ages must be verified by surgeons. 787:he was beaten into third place by 25: 8136: 8007: 7972:W.R. Cornish and G. de N. Clark. 7695:Aberdeen Free Press 26 April 1888 6886:The citation of this Act by this 3868: 7959:A History of Factory Legislation 7920: 7880: 7852: 7839: 7823: 7805:Hansard House of Commons Debates 7793: 7775:Hansard House of Commons Debates 7763: 7747: 7729:Hansard House of Commons Debates 7717: 7701: 7686: 7668:Hansard House of Commons Debates 7656: 7641: 7623:Hansard House of Commons Debates 7611: 7596: 7578:Hansard House of Commons Debates 7566: 7551: 7533:Hansard House of Commons Debates 7521: 7505: 7489: 7471:Hansard House of Commons Debates 7459: 7441:Hansard House of Commons Debates 7429: 7411:Hansard House of Commons Debates 7399: 7381:Hansard House of Commons Debates 7369: 7354: 7344:Hansard House of Commons Debates 7332: 7322:Hansard House of Commons Debates 7310: 7295: 7262: 7247: 7170: 7136: 7120: 7104: 7089: 7078: 7070:"The Jews and the Factory Act". 7063: 7051: 7036: 7023: 7010: 6997: 6984: 6975: 6913:Hansard House of Commons Debates 6901: 6880: 6865: 6848: 6833: 6786: 6768:Hansard House of Commons Debates 6756: 6741: 6726:A History of Factory Legislation 6694: 6683: 6665:Hansard House of Commons Debates 6652: 6634:Hansard House of Commons Debates 6603: 6585:Hansard House of Commons Debates 6550:Hansard House of Commons Debates 6538: 6520:Hansard House of Commons Debates 6498:brief abstract is given in e.g. 6474:Hansard House of Commons Debates 6378:Hansard House of Commons Debates 6348:Hansard House of Commons Debates 6315:Hansard House of Commons Debates 6264:Hansard House of Commons Debates 6244:"The Factories Education Bill". 6219:Hansard House of Commons Debates 6124:Hansard House of Commons Debates 6094:Hansard House of Commons Debates 5985:Hansard House of Commons Debates 5952:Hansard House of Commons Debates 5948:"Poor-Law – Factory Regulations" 5773:Hansard House of Commons Debates 5713:Hansard House of Commons Debates 5691:Hansard House of Commons Debates 5649:Hansard House of Commons Debates 5600:Hansard House of Commons Debates 5580:"The Peep Green Demonstration". 5460:Hansard House of Commons Debates 5430:Hansard House of Commons Debates 5163:Hansard House of Commons Debates 5133:Hansard House of Commons Debates 5019:Hansard House of Commons Debates 4989:Hansard House of Commons Debates 4967:Hansard House of Commons Debates 4942:Hansard House of Commons Debates 4924:in the British Newspaper Archive 4835:. W. Clowes. 1819. pp. 1–39 4802:Hansard House of Commons Debates 4702:Hansard House of Commons Debates 4667:Hansard House of Commons Debates 4546: 4536: 4527: 4509: 4499: 4486: 4469: 4459: 4449: 4440: 4430: 4107:Parliament of the United Kingdom 4100: 3945:Parliament of the United Kingdom 3938: 3746:Parliament of the United Kingdom 3739: 3596:Parliament of the United Kingdom 3589: 3461:Parliament of the United Kingdom 3454: 3333:Parliament of the United Kingdom 3326: 3253:Parliament of the United Kingdom 3246: 3168:Parliament of the United Kingdom 3161: 3123:settled the matter in favour of 3121:Elementary Education Act of 1880 2835:Parliament of the United Kingdom 2828: 2788:Shaftesbury's valedictory review 2693:Parliament of the United Kingdom 2686: 2585:Parliament of the United Kingdom 2578: 2490:Parliament of the United Kingdom 2483: 2347:Parliament of the United Kingdom 2340: 2245:Parliament of the United Kingdom 2238: 2152:Parliament of the United Kingdom 2145: 2057:Parliament of the United Kingdom 2050: 1964:Parliament of the United Kingdom 1957: 1893:Parliament of the United Kingdom 1886: 1793:Parliament of the United Kingdom 1786: 1764:Factories Act Extension Act 1867 1669:Parliament of the United Kingdom 1662: 1557:Parliament of the United Kingdom 1550: 1477:Parliament of the United Kingdom 1470: 1337:(a twelve-hour day and a ban on 1281:Parliament of the United Kingdom 1274: 888:Parliament of the United Kingdom 881: 575:Parliament of the United Kingdom 568: 447:Parliament of the United Kingdom 440: 341:Parliament of the United Kingdom 334: 294:Cotton Mills Regulation Act 1825 209:Parliament of the United Kingdom 202: 187:Cotton Mills Regulation Act 1825 50:Parliament of the United Kingdom 7967:Encyclopedia of British History 7897:His Majesty's stationery Office 7865:Parliamentary Debates (Hansard) 7363:Shipping and Mercantile Gazette 6799:giving text of a letter to the 6508: 6492: 6462: 6415: 6366: 6303: 6286: 6252: 6237: 6207: 6192: 6170:. 30 September 1843. p. 6. 6142: 6074:"The Government Factory Bill". 6052: 6003: 5940: 5925: 5910: 5895: 5880: 5865: 5839:"The Poor Law Amendment Bill". 5832: 5817: 5791: 5761: 5746: 5731: 5701: 5682: 5667: 5618: 5573: 5569:. 29 September 1838. p. 4. 5558: 5524: 5509: 5493: 5478: 5448: 5418: 5403: 5399:. 19 September 1835. p. 2. 5388: 5373: 5358: 5340: 5325: 5290: 5275: 5225: 5212: 5151: 5121: 5106: 5091: 5067: 5052: 5037: 5007: 4879: 4848: 4790: 4775: 4760: 4745: 4407: 4398: 4380: 4371: 4361: 4347: 4316: 4302: 4070:, on 29 January 1937 and given 3818:Cotton Cloth Factories Act 1897 3813:Cotton Cloth Factories Act 1889 3422:Cotton Cloth Factories Act 1889 3315:Cotton Cloth Factories Act 1889 2970:Factory Acts Extension Act 1867 2965:Factory Acts Extension Act 1864 2227:Factory Acts Extension Act 1867 2039:Factory Acts Extension Act 1864 1168:The Whigs were defeated in the 1135:Fox Maule tries again (1839–41) 1052:President of the Board of Trade 942:Labour in Cotton Mills Act 1831 397:Labour in Cotton Mills Act 1831 250:Labour in Cotton Mills Act 1831 8000:16#2 1963, pp. 254–271. 7697:. 26 April 1888. pp. 4–5. 7467:"Factories and Workshops Bill" 7199:Hansard House of Lords Debates 6729:. Westminster: P King and Sons 6630:"Hours of Labour in Factories" 6581:"Hours of Labour in Factories" 6516:"Hours of Labour in Factories" 6504:. 17 February 1844. p. 7. 5921:. 8 September 1841. p. 2. 5369:. 28 February 1835. p. 3. 5321:. 23 February 1835. p. 4. 5301:. 21 February 1834. p. 3. 4720: 4698:"Cotton Mills Regulation Bill" 4655: 4634:Hutchins & Harrison (1911) 4446:dialect word for 'hoist' (OED) 4286: 4277: 4267: 3538:Shop Hours Regulation Act 1886 3443:Shop Hours Regulation Act 1886 1241:All Government interference to 13: 1: 7501:. 31 January 1879. p. 7. 7437:"[Bill 3.] Committee" 7417:: cc1454-82. 11 February 1878 7166:. 14 January 1873. p. 3. 6026:Royston Pike, E, ed. (1966). 6010:"House of Commons, July 11". 5584:. 20 October 1838. p. 5. 5380:"Factories Regulation Bill". 5286:. 9 February 1834. p. 8. 5282:"Factories Regulation Bill". 4652:. Accessed 2 September 2011. 4560: 4245:Mines and Collieries Act 1842 4022:Factory and Workshop Act 1907 4017:Factory and Workshop Act 1901 3856:Factory and Workshop Act 1901 3808:Factory and Workshop Act 1883 3803:Factory and Workshop Act 1878 3728:Factory and Workshop Act 1901 3717:Factory and Workshop Act 1901 3701:Factory and Workshop Act 1895 3695:Factory and Workshop Act 1895 3684:Factory and Workshop Act 1891 3668:Statute Law Revision Act 1950 3578:Factory and Workshop Act 1891 3517:Statute Law Revision Act 1898 3395:Factory and Workshop Act 1883 3379:Factory and Workshop Act 1901 3294:Factory and Workshop Act 1891 3214:Factory and Workshop Act 1901 3150:Factory and Workshop Act 1883 2990:Factory and Workshop Act 1871 2980:Factory and Workshop Act 1870 2960:Bakehouse Regulation Act 1863 2904:Factory and Workshop Act 1901 2818:Factory and Workshop Act 1878 2749:Factory and Workshop Act 1878 2641:Factory and Workshop Act 1878 2567:Factory and Workshop Act 1871 2546:Factory and Workshop Act 1878 2441:Factory and Workshop Act 1878 2329:Factory and Workshop Act 1870 2301:Factory and Workshop Act 1878 2207:Factory and Workshop Act 1870 2113:Factory and Workshop Act 1878 2019:Factory and Workshop Act 1870 1848:Factory and Workshop Act 1870 1710:Factory and Workshop Act 1878 1518:Factory and Workshop Act 1878 1389:were to be "securely fenced." 1385:(this included power shafts) 1322:Factory and Workshop Act 1878 1036:Poulett Thomson's bill (1836) 954:Factory and Workshop Act 1878 7801:"Committee on Re-Commitment" 7735:: cc1377-9. 21 February 1881 7652:. 29 August 1879. p. 2. 7562:. 5 January 1881. p. 3. 7365:. 15 August 1877. p. 6. 7181:. 21 August 1874. p. 3. 7100:. 30 August 1871. p. 5. 7047:. 30 August 1870. p. 8. 6855:(von) Plener, Ernst (1873). 6188:. 19 August 1843. p. 5. 6100:: cc47-114. 28 February 1843 6078:. 25 March 1843. p. 20. 5426:"Factories Regulations Bill" 3086:empowered the Home Secretary 2975:Workshop Regulation Act 1867 7: 7607:. 16 March 1883. p. 3. 7517:. 12 April 1879. p. 6. 7447:: cc63-85. 21 February 1878 7306:. 9 August 1876. p. 3. 7273:. 30 March 1875. p. 5. 7243:(5 ed.). London: Shaw. 7148:. 18 April 1872. p. 3. 7117:gives details for Sheffield 7096:"Inspectors of Factories". 6941:Martineau, Harriet (1855). 6640:: cc1482-525. 25 March 1844 6615:. 28 March 1844. p. 3. 6591:(cc1371-464). 22 March 1844 6556:: cc1177-267. 18 March 1844 6526:: cc1073-155. 15 March 1844 6480:: cc277-86. 6 February 1844 6311:"The Factories — Education" 6282:. 3 May 1843. pp. 3–4. 6248:. 15 April 1843. p. 1. 5828:. 27 March 1841. p. 2. 5742:. 28 March 1840. p. 5. 5505:. 28 April 1838. p. 7. 5414:. 26 March 1836. p. 1. 5384:. 14 March 1835. p. 3. 4963:"Factories Regulation Bill" 4938:"Factories Regulation Bill" 4808:(cc584-6). 15 February 1831 4756:. 30 May 1829. p. 263. 4228: 1380:Some classes of machinery: 627:Cotton Mills, etc. Act 1825 82:. c. 73) was introduced by 10: 8141: 7811:: cc1785-819. 17 June 1886 7759:. 24 July 1886. p. 6. 7693:"Special Correspondence". 7629:: cc416-29. 13 August 1883 7258:. 25 June 1875. p. 3. 7131:. 22 June 1871. p. 3. 7115:. 14 July 1875. p. 3. 7074:. 30 July 1870. p. 3. 6774:(cc883-933). 14 March 1850 6671:(cc1222-50). 29 April 1846 6613:Berrow's Worcester Journal 6344:"State of Public Business" 6203:. 22 July 1843. p. 3. 6199:"Political Intelligence". 6158:. 8 April 1843. p. 4. 6130:: cc1411-77. 24 March 1843 5958:: cc100-2. 7 February 1842 5876:. 3 April 1841. p. 3. 5779:: cc1260-79. 4 August 1840 5757:. 18 July 1840. p. 4. 5630:. 2 March 1839. p. 6. 5535:. 11 June 1838. p. 3. 5297:"Parliamentary Analysis". 4973:(cc340-98). 16 March 1832. 4948:(cc 204-5). 14 March 1832. 4752:"Employment of Children". 4673:: cc815-6. 7 December 1819 4206: 4082:United Kingdom legislation 3920:United Kingdom legislation 3902:in 1802, were expanded by 3721:United Kingdom legislation 3698: 3571:United Kingdom legislation 3436:United Kingdom legislation 3308:United Kingdom legislation 3228:United Kingdom legislation 3143:United Kingdom legislation 2814:United Kingdom legislation 2672:United Kingdom legislation 2560:United Kingdom legislation 2465:United Kingdom legislation 2322:United Kingdom legislation 2220:United Kingdom legislation 2127:United Kingdom legislation 2032:United Kingdom legislation 1939:United Kingdom legislation 1868:United Kingdom legislation 1768:United Kingdom legislation 1648:United Kingdom legislation 1532:United Kingdom legislation 1459:United Kingdom legislation 1426:After the collapse of the 1419: 1260:United Kingdom legislation 870:United Kingdom legislation 557:United Kingdom legislation 528:Whereas a Bill, intituled 418:United Kingdom legislation 316:United Kingdom legislation 191:United Kingdom legislation 148: 71: 8060:United Kingdom labour law 7781:: cc1193-317. 4 June 1885 7713:. 31 May 1889. p. 7. 7584:: cc1910-35. 9 March 1883 7350:: cc756-63. 6 April 1877. 7328:: cc618-9. 27 March 1876. 7205:: cc1326-40. 9 July 1874. 7164:Sheffield Daily Telegraph 7113:Sheffield Daily Telegraph 6876:. 1 June 1850. p. 7. 6807:, both the editor of the 6611:"The Worcester Journal". 6411:. 1 July 1843. p. 4. 6354:: cc1215-23. 17 July 1843 6321:: cc1567-70. 15 June 1843 6298:. 12 May 1843. p. 6. 5906:. 9 June 1841. p. 2. 5891:. 24 May 1841. p. 6. 5824:"Children in Factories". 5678:. 7 July 1839. p. 2. 5606:: cc383-443. 20 July 1838 5271:. H.M. Stationery Office. 5169:(cc898-913). 18 July 1833 4798:"Appentices in Factories" 4732:The History of Parliament 4646:Early factory legislation 4223:regulations made under it 4174: 4167: 4157: 4152: 4142: 4137: 4124: 4113: 4099: 4094: 4087: 4045: 4009: 4004: 3994: 3989: 3974: 3961: 3951: 3937: 3932: 3925: 3845: 3838: 3826: 3795: 3790: 3780: 3775: 3762: 3752: 3738: 3733: 3726: 3673: 3661: 3645: 3640: 3630: 3625: 3612: 3602: 3588: 3583: 3576: 3522: 3510: 3505: 3495: 3490: 3477: 3467: 3453: 3448: 3441: 3384: 3372: 3367: 3357: 3352: 3339: 3325: 3320: 3313: 3299: 3287: 3282: 3272: 3259: 3245: 3240: 3233: 3219: 3207: 3202: 3192: 3187: 3174: 3160: 3155: 3148: 3010: 3003: 2912: 2894: 2889: 2879: 2869: 2864: 2851: 2841: 2827: 2822: 2754: 2742: 2737: 2727: 2722: 2709: 2699: 2685: 2680: 2646: 2634: 2629: 2619: 2614: 2601: 2591: 2577: 2572: 2565: 2551: 2539: 2534: 2524: 2519: 2506: 2496: 2482: 2477: 2470: 2456: 2449: 2431: 2396: 2391: 2381: 2376: 2363: 2353: 2339: 2334: 2327: 2313: 2306: 2294: 2289: 2279: 2274: 2261: 2251: 2237: 2232: 2225: 2211: 2201: 2196: 2186: 2181: 2168: 2158: 2144: 2139: 2132: 2118: 2106: 2101: 2091: 2086: 2073: 2063: 2049: 2044: 2037: 2023: 2013: 2008: 1998: 1993: 1980: 1970: 1956: 1951: 1944: 1927: 1922: 1909: 1899: 1885: 1880: 1873: 1859: 1852: 1842: 1837: 1827: 1822: 1809: 1799: 1785: 1780: 1773: 1722: 1715: 1703: 1698: 1685: 1675: 1661: 1656: 1581: 1576: 1563: 1549: 1544: 1537: 1523: 1511: 1506: 1493: 1483: 1469: 1464: 1327: 1315: 1310: 1297: 1287: 1273: 1268: 966: 959: 947: 937: 932: 922: 917: 904: 894: 880: 875: 789:Thomas Babington Macaulay 652: 640: 609: 604: 591: 581: 567: 562: 491: 481: 476: 463: 453: 439: 434: 423: 409: 402: 390: 385: 375: 370: 357: 347: 333: 328: 255: 243: 238: 225: 215: 201: 196: 7998:Economic History Review, 7650:Bradford Daily Telegraph 7477:: cc261-7. 29 March 1878 6919:(cc351-77). 2 April 1856 6840:"The Factory Question". 6500:"The New Factory Bill". 6429:. 20 July 1843: cc1281-3 6246:Staffordshire Advertiser 6225:: cc744-7. 10 April 1843 5991:: cc1320-64. 7 June 1842 5861:. 1 May 1841. p. 7. 5769:"Employment of Children" 5655:: cc1063-94. 1 July 1839 5520:. 6 May 1838. p. 4. 5159:"Factories' Regulations" 4995:(cc79-115). 3 April 1833 4771:. No. 23 June 1829. 4260: 4213:The Factories Act 1961 ( 4060:1 Edw. 8. & 1 Geo. 6 3968:1 Edw. 8. & 1 Geo. 6 3274:Territorial extent 2417:Bleaching Works Act 1862 1178:Mines And Collieries Act 306:60 Geo. 3 & 1 Geo. 4 181:60 Geo. 3 & 1 Geo. 4 7962:. P. S. King & Son. 7387:: cc165-6. 30 July 1877 7361:"The Canal Boats Act". 7003:Lace Factory Act 1861 ( 6896:Interpretation Act 1978 6384:: cc483-4. 30 June 1843 6266:: cc1103-30. 1 May 1843 6162:Jelinger Cookson Symons 6120:"Factories – Education" 5919:London Evening Standard 5719:: cc860-1. 3 March 1840 5596:"Children in Factories" 5518:Bell's Weekly Messenger 5516:"Imperial Parliament". 5466:: cc306-7. 10 June 1836 5139:(cc219-54). 5 July 1833 5129:"FACTORIES REGULATIONS" 5025:(cc965-6). 31 July 1832 4985:"Factories' Commission" 4767:"Imperial Parliament". 4663:"Cotton Factories Bill" 1445:7th Earl of Shaftesbury 1406:so as to be easily read 1353:Richard Monckton Milnes 1081:could not be employed. 1066:Fox Maule's bill (1838) 1048:Charles Poulett Thomson 819:1833 Factory Commission 7985:Finer, Samuel Edward. 7932:www.legislation.gov.uk 7674:: cc343-54. 9 May 1883 6890:was authorised by the 6450:Cite journal requires 5803:British History Online 5624:full text is given in 5436:: cc737-88. 9 May 1836 5348:"The 1833 Factory Act" 5098:"Mr Sadler's Speech". 5059:"Local Intelligence". 4708:(cc643-9). 16 May 1825 3913: 3884: 3564: 2807: 1743: 1598: 1132: 1121: 975:The Factory Act 1833 ( 838: 718: 674: 550: 525: 290: 275: 37: 7847:Short Titles Act 1896 7757:Sheffield Independent 7605:Sheffield Independent 6892:Short Titles Act 1896 6695:Peel, George (1920). 6260:"FACTORIES—EDUCATION" 5887:"Notice of Motions". 5081:Sheffield Independent 3892: 3879: 3559: 3139:Subsequent minor acts 3125:school board bye-laws 3032:Provisions of the act 2955:Lace Factory Act 1861 2802: 2773:private member's bill 2769:Trades Union Congress 1875:Lace Factory Act 1861 1741: 1596: 1170:1841 general election 1128: 1117: 834: 764:Sir George Strickland 728:Michael Thomas Sadler 716: 672: 526: 508: 285: 267: 175:An amending Act, the 149:Further information: 72:Further information: 35: 27:UK laws on employment 7928:"Factories Act 1959" 7098:Liverpool Daily Post 6661:"The Factories Bill" 6374:"The Factories Bill" 6215:"National Education" 6150:Edward Baines junior 6148:e.g. open letter by 5626:"New Factory Bill". 5501:"New Factory Bill". 5410:"The Factory Bill". 5395:"New Factory Bill". 5332:"Factory Question". 5232:Rodney Mace (1999). 5044:"Friday's Express". 4517:Canal Boats Act 1877 3691:from ten to eleven. 2763:The newly-legalised 2409:Print Works Act 1847 2404:Print Works Act 1845 1632:now being dead) and 1007:(subordinate to the 1005:Factory Inspectorate 866:Althorp's Act (1833) 779:Ashley's Bill (1833) 746:Sadler's Bill (1832) 688:(Acts repealed were 136:Justice of the Peace 58:Factory Inspectorate 7755:"The Independent". 7271:Globe 30 March 1875 7146:Bolton Evening News 7129:Western Daily Press 5412:Westmorland Gazette 5061:Leeds Intelligencer 4922:. 24 November 1831. 4920:Leeds Intelligencer 4891:Ward, J.T. (1970). 4860:Ward, J.T. (1970). 3116:local school boards 3022:Sir James Fergusson 2819: 2677: 1653: 1428:Peel administration 1383:of the mill-gearing 1265: 325: 7978:(Available online 7889:Factories Act 1937 7539:: c23. 12 May 1884 7256:Nottingham Journal 7197:"Second Reading". 7179:Nottingham Journal 7127:"Correspondence". 5874:Birmingham Journal 5857:"Factories Bill". 5674:"The Parliament". 5319:Caledonian Mercury 4553:non-controversial. 4298:Derbyshire Derwent 4215:9 & 10 Eliz. 2 4209:Factories Act 1961 4203:Factories Act 1961 4185:Factories Act 1959 4163:Factories Act 1961 4089:Factories Act 1959 4078:Factories Act 1959 4056:Factories Act 1937 3927:Factories Act 1937 3916:Factories Act 1937 3833:Factories Act 1937 2945:Factories Act 1853 2940:Factories Act 1850 2935:Ropeworks Act 1846 2930:Factories Act 1844 2817: 2675: 1744: 1651: 1644:Factories Act 1856 1599: 1539:Factories Act 1853 1422:Factories Act 1847 1416:Factories Act 1847 1264:Factories Act 1844 1263: 1245:Education is wrong 719: 675: 319: 276: 38: 8125:Cotton production 7868:. 29 January 1937 7499:Newcastle Courant 7031:27 & 28 Vict. 7018:26 & 27 Vict. 7005:24 & 25 Vict. 6992:23 & 24 Vict. 6874:Preston Chronicle 6752:. 25 August 1849. 6296:Morning Chronicle 6280:Evening Chronicle 5904:Evening Chronicle 5859:Yorkshire Gazette 5709:"The Factory Act" 5533:Sherborne Mercury 5238:Sutton Publishing 5063:. 11 August 1832. 5048:. 10 August 1832. 4521:40 & 41 Vict. 4419:Ashton-under-Lyne 4329:Lancaster Gazette 4311:Wealth of Nations 4255:Factory inspector 4189:7 & 8 Eliz. 2 4181: 4180: 4153:Other legislation 4131:7 & 8 Eliz. 2 4095:Act of Parliament 4052: 4051: 4005:Other legislation 3933:Act of Parliament 3852: 3851: 3791:Other legislation 3734:Act of Parliament 3688:54 & 55 Vict. 3680: 3679: 3641:Other legislation 3619:54 & 55 Vict. 3584:Act of Parliament 3567:Factory Act 1891 3542:49 & 50 Vict. 3529: 3528: 3506:Other legislation 3484:49 & 50 Vict. 3449:Act of Parliament 3426:52 & 53 Vict. 3411:51 & 52 Vict. 3399:46 & 47 Vict. 3391: 3390: 3368:Other legislation 3346:52 & 53 Vict. 3321:Act of Parliament 3306: 3305: 3283:Other legislation 3266:51 & 52 Vict. 3241:Act of Parliament 3226: 3225: 3203:Other legislation 3181:46 & 47 Vict. 3156:Act of Parliament 3038:41 & 42 Vict. 3017: 3016: 2890:Other legislation 2858:41 & 42 Vict. 2823:Act of Parliament 2761: 2760: 2738:Other legislation 2716:37 & 38 Vict. 2681:Act of Parliament 2653: 2652: 2630:Other legislation 2608:34 & 35 Vict. 2573:Act of Parliament 2558: 2557: 2535:Other legislation 2513:34 & 35 Vict. 2478:Act of Parliament 2463: 2462: 2392:Other legislation 2370:33 & 34 Vict. 2335:Act of Parliament 2320: 2319: 2290:Other legislation 2268:30 & 31 Vict. 2233:Act of Parliament 2218: 2217: 2197:Other legislation 2175:27 & 28 Vict. 2140:Act of Parliament 2125: 2124: 2102:Other legislation 2080:27 & 28 Vict. 2045:Act of Parliament 2030: 2029: 2009:Other legislation 1987:26 & 27 Vict. 1952:Act of Parliament 1937: 1936: 1916:24 & 25 Vict. 1881:Act of Parliament 1866: 1865: 1838:Other legislation 1816:23 & 24 Vict. 1781:Act of Parliament 1757:Harriet Martineau 1739: 1729: 1728: 1699:Other legislation 1692:19 & 20 Vict. 1657:Act of Parliament 1609:13 & 14 Vict. 1591: 1590: 1570:16 & 17 Vict. 1545:Act of Parliament 1530: 1529: 1507:Other legislation 1500:13 & 14 Vict. 1465:Act of Parliament 1433:10 & 11 Vict. 1334: 1333: 1311:Other legislation 1269:Act of Parliament 1086:Lord John Russell 977:3 & 4 Will. 4 973: 972: 933:Other legislation 911:3 & 4 Will. 4 876:Act of Parliament 734:Hobhouse advised 682:1 & 2 Will. 4 670: 659: 658: 605:Other legislation 598:1 & 2 Will. 4 563:Act of Parliament 498: 497: 435:Act of Parliament 416: 415: 386:Other legislation 329:Act of Parliament 280:John Cam Hobhouse 262: 261: 239:Other legislation 197:Act of Parliament 125:Church of England 44:were a series of 16:(Redirected from 8132: 7977: 7963: 7943: 7942: 7940: 7938: 7924: 7918: 7917: 7915: 7913: 7899:. 30 July 1937. 7894: 7884: 7878: 7877: 7875: 7873: 7856: 7850: 7843: 7837: 7836: 7833:Evening Standard 7831:"The Standard". 7827: 7821: 7820: 7818: 7816: 7797: 7791: 7790: 7788: 7786: 7767: 7761: 7760: 7751: 7745: 7744: 7742: 7740: 7721: 7715: 7714: 7705: 7699: 7698: 7690: 7684: 7683: 7681: 7679: 7664:"Second Reading" 7660: 7654: 7653: 7645: 7639: 7638: 7636: 7634: 7615: 7609: 7608: 7600: 7594: 7593: 7591: 7589: 7570: 7564: 7563: 7555: 7549: 7548: 7546: 7544: 7525: 7519: 7518: 7509: 7503: 7502: 7493: 7487: 7486: 7484: 7482: 7463: 7457: 7456: 7454: 7452: 7433: 7427: 7426: 7424: 7422: 7403: 7397: 7396: 7394: 7392: 7373: 7367: 7366: 7358: 7352: 7351: 7336: 7330: 7329: 7314: 7308: 7307: 7299: 7293: 7292: 7289:Evening Standard 7284: 7275: 7274: 7266: 7260: 7259: 7251: 7245: 7244: 7234: 7207: 7206: 7194: 7183: 7182: 7174: 7168: 7167: 7159: 7150: 7149: 7140: 7134: 7132: 7124: 7118: 7116: 7108: 7102: 7101: 7093: 7087: 7082: 7076: 7075: 7067: 7061: 7060: 7055: 7049: 7048: 7040: 7034: 7027: 7021: 7014: 7008: 7001: 6995: 6988: 6982: 6979: 6973: 6970: 6957: 6956: 6954: 6952: 6938: 6929: 6928: 6926: 6924: 6909:"Factories Bill" 6905: 6899: 6884: 6878: 6877: 6869: 6863: 6862: 6852: 6846: 6845: 6837: 6831: 6830: 6821: 6812: 6798: 6790: 6784: 6783: 6781: 6779: 6760: 6754: 6753: 6745: 6739: 6738: 6736: 6734: 6720: 6711: 6710: 6708: 6706: 6691:Friday June 1844 6687: 6681: 6680: 6678: 6676: 6656: 6650: 6649: 6647: 6645: 6626: 6617: 6616: 6607: 6601: 6600: 6598: 6596: 6577: 6566: 6565: 6563: 6561: 6542: 6536: 6535: 6533: 6531: 6512: 6506: 6505: 6496: 6490: 6489: 6487: 6485: 6466: 6460: 6459: 6453: 6448: 6446: 6438: 6436: 6434: 6419: 6413: 6412: 6404: 6395: 6393: 6391: 6389: 6370: 6364: 6363: 6361: 6359: 6340: 6331: 6330: 6328: 6326: 6307: 6301: 6299: 6290: 6284: 6283: 6275: 6273: 6271: 6256: 6250: 6249: 6241: 6235: 6234: 6232: 6230: 6211: 6205: 6204: 6196: 6190: 6189: 6181: 6172: 6171: 6159: 6146: 6140: 6139: 6137: 6135: 6116: 6110: 6109: 6107: 6105: 6086: 6080: 6079: 6071: 6065: 6064: 6056: 6050: 6049: 6033: 6022: 6016: 6015: 6012:Evening Standard 6007: 6001: 6000: 5998: 5996: 5977: 5968: 5967: 5965: 5963: 5944: 5938: 5937: 5934:Evening Standard 5932:"Factory Bill". 5929: 5923: 5922: 5914: 5908: 5907: 5902:"Church Rates". 5899: 5893: 5892: 5884: 5878: 5877: 5869: 5863: 5862: 5854: 5845: 5844: 5836: 5830: 5829: 5821: 5815: 5814: 5812: 5810: 5795: 5789: 5788: 5786: 5784: 5765: 5759: 5758: 5753:"Factory Bill". 5750: 5744: 5743: 5738:"Factory Bill". 5735: 5729: 5728: 5726: 5724: 5705: 5699: 5698: 5686: 5680: 5679: 5671: 5665: 5664: 5662: 5660: 5641: 5632: 5631: 5622: 5616: 5615: 5613: 5611: 5592: 5586: 5585: 5577: 5571: 5570: 5562: 5556: 5554: 5551:Evening Standard 5546: 5537: 5536: 5531:"Factory Bill". 5528: 5522: 5521: 5513: 5507: 5506: 5497: 5491: 5490: 5487:Evening Standard 5485:"The Standard". 5482: 5476: 5475: 5473: 5471: 5452: 5446: 5445: 5443: 5441: 5422: 5416: 5415: 5407: 5401: 5400: 5397:Bolton Chronicle 5392: 5386: 5385: 5382:Manchester Times 5377: 5371: 5370: 5362: 5356: 5355: 5344: 5338: 5337: 5334:Evening Standard 5329: 5323: 5322: 5317:"Factory Bill". 5314: 5303: 5302: 5294: 5288: 5287: 5279: 5273: 5272: 5261: 5252: 5251: 5229: 5223: 5216: 5210: 5209: 5207: 5205: 5190: 5179: 5178: 5176: 5174: 5155: 5149: 5148: 5146: 5144: 5125: 5119: 5118: 5110: 5104: 5103: 5095: 5089: 5088: 5087:. 23 March 1833. 5071: 5065: 5064: 5056: 5050: 5049: 5046:Stamford Mercury 5041: 5035: 5034: 5032: 5030: 5015:"Factories Bill" 5011: 5005: 5004: 5002: 5000: 4981: 4975: 4974: 4959: 4950: 4949: 4934: 4925: 4923: 4914: 4908: 4906: 4883: 4877: 4875: 4852: 4846: 4844: 4842: 4840: 4824: 4818: 4817: 4815: 4813: 4794: 4788: 4787: 4779: 4773: 4772: 4764: 4758: 4757: 4754:Manchester Times 4749: 4743: 4742: 4740: 4738: 4724: 4718: 4717: 4715: 4713: 4694: 4683: 4682: 4680: 4678: 4659: 4653: 4643: 4637: 4631: 4590: 4589: 4580: 4554: 4550: 4544: 4540: 4534: 4531: 4525: 4513: 4507: 4503: 4497: 4490: 4484: 4473: 4467: 4463: 4457: 4453: 4447: 4444: 4438: 4434: 4428: 4411: 4405: 4402: 4396: 4384: 4378: 4375: 4369: 4365: 4359: 4351: 4345: 4337:Manchester Times 4333:Manchester Times 4320: 4314: 4306: 4300: 4290: 4284: 4281: 4275: 4271: 4169:Status: Repealed 4104: 4103: 4090: 4085: 4084: 3984: 3942: 3941: 3928: 3923: 3922: 3840:Status: Repealed 3743: 3742: 3729: 3724: 3723: 3711:collective title 3675:Status: Repealed 3593: 3592: 3579: 3574: 3573: 3554:Evening Standard 3534:Sir John Lubbock 3524:Status: Repealed 3458: 3457: 3444: 3439: 3438: 3386:Status: Repealed 3330: 3329: 3316: 3311: 3310: 3301:Status: Repealed 3275: 3250: 3249: 3236: 3231: 3230: 3221:Status: Repealed 3165: 3164: 3151: 3146: 3145: 3108: 3107: 3103: 3100: 3005:Status: Repealed 2995:Factory Act 1874 2950:Factory Act 1856 2832: 2831: 2820: 2816: 2756:Status: Repealed 2690: 2689: 2678: 2676:Factory Act 1874 2674: 2648:Status: Repealed 2582: 2581: 2568: 2563: 2562: 2553:Status: Repealed 2487: 2486: 2473: 2468: 2467: 2451:Status: Repealed 2344: 2343: 2330: 2325: 2324: 2308:Status: Repealed 2242: 2241: 2228: 2223: 2222: 2213:Status: Repealed 2149: 2148: 2135: 2130: 2129: 2120:Status: Repealed 2054: 2053: 2040: 2035: 2034: 2025:Status: Repealed 1961: 1960: 1947: 1942: 1941: 1890: 1889: 1876: 1871: 1870: 1854:Status: Repealed 1790: 1789: 1776: 1771: 1770: 1740: 1717:Status: Repealed 1666: 1665: 1654: 1652:Factory Act 1856 1650: 1554: 1553: 1540: 1535: 1534: 1525:Status: Repealed 1474: 1473: 1462: 1461: 1329:Status: Repealed 1278: 1277: 1266: 1262: 1174:Sir James Graham 961:Status: Repealed 885: 884: 873: 872: 671: 654:Status: Repealed 572: 571: 560: 559: 444: 443: 430: 429: 428: 421: 420: 404:Status: Repealed 338: 337: 326: 324: 323: 318: 257:Status: Repealed 206: 205: 194: 193: 21: 8140: 8139: 8135: 8134: 8133: 8131: 8130: 8129: 8040: 8039: 8010: 7952: 7950:Further reading 7947: 7946: 7936: 7934: 7926: 7925: 7921: 7911: 7909: 7907: 7892: 7886: 7885: 7881: 7871: 7869: 7858: 7857: 7853: 7844: 7840: 7830: 7828: 7824: 7814: 7812: 7799: 7798: 7794: 7784: 7782: 7769: 7768: 7764: 7754: 7752: 7748: 7738: 7736: 7723: 7722: 7718: 7708: 7706: 7702: 7692: 7691: 7687: 7677: 7675: 7662: 7661: 7657: 7647: 7646: 7642: 7632: 7630: 7617: 7616: 7612: 7602: 7601: 7597: 7587: 7585: 7572: 7571: 7567: 7557: 7556: 7552: 7542: 7540: 7527: 7526: 7522: 7512: 7510: 7506: 7496: 7494: 7490: 7480: 7478: 7465: 7464: 7460: 7450: 7448: 7435: 7434: 7430: 7420: 7418: 7405: 7404: 7400: 7390: 7388: 7375: 7374: 7370: 7360: 7359: 7355: 7338: 7337: 7333: 7316: 7315: 7311: 7301: 7300: 7296: 7286: 7285: 7278: 7268: 7267: 7263: 7253: 7252: 7248: 7235: 7210: 7196: 7195: 7186: 7176: 7175: 7171: 7161: 7160: 7153: 7143: 7141: 7137: 7126: 7125: 7121: 7110: 7109: 7105: 7095: 7094: 7090: 7083: 7079: 7069: 7068: 7064: 7058: 7056: 7052: 7045:Kentish Gazette 7042: 7041: 7037: 7028: 7024: 7015: 7011: 7002: 6998: 6989: 6985: 6980: 6976: 6971: 6960: 6950: 6948: 6939: 6932: 6922: 6920: 6907: 6906: 6902: 6885: 6881: 6871: 6870: 6866: 6853: 6849: 6839: 6838: 6834: 6827:London Standard 6824: 6822: 6815: 6791: 6787: 6777: 6775: 6762: 6761: 6757: 6747: 6746: 6742: 6732: 6730: 6721: 6714: 6704: 6702: 6688: 6684: 6674: 6672: 6659: 6657: 6653: 6643: 6641: 6628: 6627: 6620: 6610: 6608: 6604: 6594: 6592: 6579: 6578: 6569: 6559: 6557: 6544: 6543: 6539: 6529: 6527: 6514: 6513: 6509: 6499: 6497: 6493: 6483: 6481: 6468: 6467: 6463: 6451: 6449: 6440: 6439: 6432: 6430: 6421: 6420: 6416: 6406: 6405: 6398: 6387: 6385: 6372: 6371: 6367: 6357: 6355: 6342: 6341: 6334: 6324: 6322: 6309: 6308: 6304: 6293: 6291: 6287: 6277: 6269: 6267: 6258: 6257: 6253: 6243: 6242: 6238: 6228: 6226: 6213: 6212: 6208: 6198: 6197: 6193: 6183: 6182: 6175: 6165: 6153: 6147: 6143: 6133: 6131: 6118: 6117: 6113: 6103: 6101: 6088: 6087: 6083: 6073: 6072: 6068: 6057: 6053: 6046: 6023: 6019: 6009: 6008: 6004: 5994: 5992: 5979: 5978: 5971: 5961: 5959: 5946: 5945: 5941: 5931: 5930: 5926: 5916: 5915: 5911: 5901: 5900: 5896: 5886: 5885: 5881: 5871: 5870: 5866: 5856: 5855: 5848: 5838: 5837: 5833: 5823: 5822: 5818: 5808: 5806: 5797: 5796: 5792: 5782: 5780: 5767: 5766: 5762: 5752: 5751: 5747: 5737: 5736: 5732: 5722: 5720: 5707: 5706: 5702: 5697:. 26 July 1839. 5688: 5687: 5683: 5673: 5672: 5668: 5658: 5656: 5643: 5642: 5635: 5625: 5623: 5619: 5609: 5607: 5594: 5593: 5589: 5579: 5578: 5574: 5564: 5563: 5559: 5548: 5547: 5540: 5530: 5529: 5525: 5515: 5514: 5510: 5500: 5498: 5494: 5484: 5483: 5479: 5469: 5467: 5454: 5453: 5449: 5439: 5437: 5424: 5423: 5419: 5409: 5408: 5404: 5394: 5393: 5389: 5379: 5378: 5374: 5364: 5363: 5359: 5346: 5345: 5341: 5331: 5330: 5326: 5316: 5315: 5306: 5296: 5295: 5291: 5281: 5280: 5276: 5262: 5255: 5248: 5230: 5226: 5217: 5213: 5203: 5201: 5191: 5182: 5172: 5170: 5157: 5156: 5152: 5142: 5140: 5127: 5126: 5122: 5115:London Standard 5112: 5111: 5107: 5100:London Standard 5097: 5096: 5092: 5078: 5072: 5068: 5058: 5057: 5053: 5043: 5042: 5038: 5028: 5026: 5013: 5012: 5008: 4998: 4996: 4983: 4982: 4978: 4961: 4960: 4953: 4936: 4935: 4928: 4917: 4915: 4911: 4903: 4884: 4880: 4872: 4853: 4849: 4838: 4836: 4826: 4825: 4821: 4811: 4809: 4796: 4795: 4791: 4786:. 30 June 1829. 4781: 4780: 4776: 4766: 4765: 4761: 4751: 4750: 4746: 4736: 4734: 4726: 4725: 4721: 4711: 4709: 4696: 4695: 4686: 4676: 4674: 4661: 4660: 4656: 4644: 4640: 4632: 4593: 4582: 4581: 4568: 4563: 4558: 4557: 4551: 4547: 4541: 4537: 4532: 4528: 4514: 4510: 4504: 4500: 4491: 4487: 4474: 4470: 4464: 4460: 4454: 4450: 4445: 4441: 4435: 4431: 4415:Plug Plot Riots 4412: 4408: 4403: 4399: 4385: 4381: 4376: 4372: 4366: 4362: 4352: 4348: 4321: 4317: 4307: 4303: 4291: 4287: 4282: 4278: 4272: 4268: 4263: 4231: 4211: 4205: 4170: 4109: 4101: 4088: 4083: 4080: 4041: 4010:Repeals/revokes 3947: 3939: 3926: 3921: 3918: 3900:Sir Robert Peel 3896:Thomas Percival 3871: 3841: 3822: 3796:Repeals/revokes 3748: 3740: 3727: 3722: 3719: 3703: 3697: 3676: 3657: 3646:Repeals/revokes 3598: 3590: 3577: 3572: 3569: 3525: 3463: 3455: 3442: 3437: 3434: 3387: 3335: 3327: 3314: 3309: 3302: 3273: 3255: 3247: 3234: 3229: 3222: 3170: 3162: 3149: 3144: 3141: 3105: 3101: 3098: 3096: 3034: 3006: 2999: 2908: 2837: 2829: 2815: 2812: 2790: 2757: 2695: 2687: 2673: 2670: 2649: 2587: 2579: 2566: 2561: 2554: 2492: 2484: 2471: 2466: 2452: 2445: 2427: 2397:Repeals/revokes 2349: 2341: 2328: 2323: 2309: 2247: 2239: 2226: 2221: 2214: 2154: 2146: 2133: 2128: 2121: 2059: 2051: 2038: 2033: 2026: 1966: 1958: 1945: 1940: 1895: 1887: 1874: 1869: 1855: 1795: 1787: 1774: 1769: 1766: 1731: 1718: 1671: 1663: 1649: 1646: 1634:Richard Oastler 1604:Sir George Grey 1559: 1551: 1538: 1533: 1526: 1479: 1471: 1460: 1457: 1424: 1418: 1361:7 & 8 Vict. 1356: 1330: 1304:7 & 8 Vict. 1283: 1275: 1261: 1258: 1228:status quo ante 1211: 1190: 1166: 1137: 1095: 1068: 1043:Charles Hindley 1038: 1029: 962: 938:Repeals/revokes 890: 882: 871: 868: 821: 781: 760:Sir Robert Peel 748: 736:Richard Oastler 724: 711: 661: 655: 636: 610:Repeals/revokes 577: 569: 558: 555: 549: 524: 449: 441: 426: 425: 424: 419: 405: 343: 335: 321: 320: 317: 314: 258: 211: 203: 192: 189: 165:Sir Robert Peel 153: 147: 84:Sir Robert Peel 76: 70: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 8138: 8128: 8127: 8122: 8117: 8112: 8107: 8102: 8097: 8092: 8087: 8082: 8077: 8072: 8067: 8062: 8057: 8052: 8038: 8037: 8032: 8027: 8022: 8016: 8009: 8008:External links 8006: 8005: 8004: 7994: 7983: 7969: 7964: 7951: 7948: 7945: 7944: 7919: 7905: 7879: 7851: 7838: 7822: 7792: 7762: 7746: 7716: 7700: 7685: 7655: 7640: 7610: 7595: 7565: 7550: 7520: 7504: 7488: 7458: 7428: 7398: 7368: 7353: 7331: 7309: 7294: 7276: 7261: 7246: 7208: 7184: 7169: 7151: 7142:summarised in 7135: 7119: 7103: 7088: 7077: 7072:Glasgow Herald 7062: 7050: 7035: 7022: 7009: 6996: 6983: 6974: 6958: 6930: 6900: 6879: 6864: 6847: 6844:. 18 May 1850. 6832: 6813: 6785: 6755: 6740: 6712: 6682: 6651: 6618: 6602: 6567: 6537: 6507: 6491: 6461: 6452:|journal= 6414: 6396: 6365: 6332: 6302: 6285: 6251: 6236: 6206: 6191: 6173: 6141: 6111: 6081: 6066: 6051: 6044: 6017: 6002: 5969: 5939: 5924: 5909: 5894: 5879: 5864: 5846: 5831: 5816: 5790: 5760: 5745: 5730: 5700: 5681: 5666: 5633: 5617: 5587: 5572: 5557: 5538: 5523: 5508: 5492: 5477: 5447: 5417: 5402: 5387: 5372: 5357: 5339: 5324: 5304: 5289: 5274: 5253: 5246: 5240:. p. 14. 5224: 5211: 5180: 5150: 5120: 5117:. 30 May 1833. 5105: 5090: 5066: 5051: 5036: 5006: 4976: 4951: 4926: 4909: 4901: 4878: 4870: 4847: 4819: 4789: 4774: 4759: 4744: 4719: 4684: 4654: 4638: 4591: 4565: 4564: 4562: 4559: 4556: 4555: 4545: 4535: 4526: 4508: 4498: 4485: 4468: 4458: 4448: 4439: 4429: 4406: 4397: 4379: 4370: 4360: 4346: 4322:Unfortunately 4315: 4301: 4285: 4276: 4265: 4264: 4262: 4259: 4258: 4257: 4252: 4247: 4242: 4237: 4230: 4227: 4207:Main article: 4204: 4201: 4179: 4178: 4172: 4171: 4168: 4165: 4164: 4161: 4155: 4154: 4150: 4149: 4146: 4140: 4139: 4135: 4134: 4128: 4122: 4121: 4117: 4111: 4110: 4105: 4097: 4096: 4092: 4091: 4081: 4079: 4076: 4068:Sir John Simon 4064:Home Secretary 4050: 4049: 4043: 4042: 4040: 4039: 4034: 4029: 4024: 4019: 4013: 4011: 4007: 4006: 4002: 4001: 3998: 3992: 3991: 3987: 3986: 3979:Sir John Simon 3976: 3972: 3971: 3965: 3959: 3958: 3955: 3949: 3948: 3943: 3935: 3934: 3930: 3929: 3919: 3917: 3914: 3870: 3869:Review in 1910 3867: 3850: 3849: 3843: 3842: 3839: 3836: 3835: 3830: 3824: 3823: 3821: 3820: 3815: 3810: 3805: 3799: 3797: 3793: 3792: 3788: 3787: 3786:17 August 1901 3784: 3778: 3777: 3773: 3772: 3766: 3760: 3759: 3756: 3750: 3749: 3744: 3736: 3735: 3731: 3730: 3720: 3718: 3715: 3699:Main article: 3696: 3693: 3678: 3677: 3674: 3671: 3670: 3665: 3659: 3658: 3656: 3655: 3649: 3647: 3643: 3642: 3638: 3637: 3634: 3628: 3627: 3623: 3622: 3616: 3610: 3609: 3606: 3600: 3599: 3594: 3586: 3585: 3581: 3580: 3570: 3568: 3565: 3546:Home Secretary 3527: 3526: 3523: 3520: 3519: 3514: 3508: 3507: 3503: 3502: 3499: 3493: 3492: 3488: 3487: 3481: 3475: 3474: 3471: 3465: 3464: 3459: 3451: 3450: 3446: 3445: 3435: 3433: 3430: 3389: 3388: 3385: 3382: 3381: 3376: 3370: 3369: 3365: 3364: 3363:30 August 1889 3361: 3355: 3354: 3350: 3349: 3343: 3337: 3336: 3331: 3323: 3322: 3318: 3317: 3307: 3304: 3303: 3300: 3297: 3296: 3291: 3285: 3284: 3280: 3279: 3276: 3270: 3269: 3263: 3257: 3256: 3251: 3243: 3242: 3238: 3237: 3227: 3224: 3223: 3220: 3217: 3216: 3211: 3205: 3204: 3200: 3199: 3198:25 August 1883 3196: 3190: 3189: 3185: 3184: 3178: 3172: 3171: 3166: 3158: 3157: 3153: 3152: 3142: 3140: 3137: 3082: 3081: 3078: 3075: 3067: 3066: 3063: 3056: 3055: 3052: 3049: 3033: 3030: 3015: 3014: 3008: 3007: 3004: 3001: 3000: 2998: 2997: 2992: 2987: 2982: 2977: 2972: 2967: 2962: 2957: 2952: 2947: 2942: 2937: 2932: 2927: 2922: 2916: 2914: 2910: 2909: 2907: 2906: 2900: 2898: 2892: 2891: 2887: 2886: 2885:1 January 1879 2883: 2877: 2876: 2873: 2867: 2866: 2862: 2861: 2855: 2849: 2848: 2845: 2839: 2838: 2833: 2825: 2824: 2813: 2811: 2808: 2789: 2786: 2777:A. J. Mundella 2775:introduced by 2759: 2758: 2755: 2752: 2751: 2746: 2740: 2739: 2735: 2734: 2731: 2725: 2724: 2720: 2719: 2713: 2707: 2706: 2703: 2697: 2696: 2691: 2683: 2682: 2671: 2669: 2666: 2651: 2650: 2647: 2644: 2643: 2638: 2632: 2631: 2627: 2626: 2625:21 August 1871 2623: 2617: 2616: 2612: 2611: 2605: 2599: 2598: 2595: 2589: 2588: 2583: 2575: 2574: 2570: 2569: 2559: 2556: 2555: 2552: 2549: 2548: 2543: 2537: 2536: 2532: 2531: 2528: 2522: 2521: 2517: 2516: 2510: 2504: 2503: 2500: 2494: 2493: 2488: 2480: 2479: 2475: 2474: 2464: 2461: 2460: 2454: 2453: 2450: 2447: 2446: 2444: 2443: 2437: 2435: 2429: 2428: 2426: 2425: 2422: 2419: 2414: 2411: 2406: 2400: 2398: 2394: 2393: 2389: 2388: 2385: 2379: 2378: 2374: 2373: 2367: 2361: 2360: 2357: 2351: 2350: 2345: 2337: 2336: 2332: 2331: 2321: 2318: 2317: 2311: 2310: 2307: 2304: 2303: 2298: 2292: 2291: 2287: 2286: 2285:15 August 1867 2283: 2277: 2276: 2272: 2271: 2265: 2259: 2258: 2255: 2249: 2248: 2243: 2235: 2234: 2230: 2229: 2219: 2216: 2215: 2212: 2209: 2208: 2205: 2199: 2198: 2194: 2193: 2190: 2184: 2183: 2179: 2178: 2172: 2166: 2165: 2162: 2156: 2155: 2150: 2142: 2141: 2137: 2136: 2126: 2123: 2122: 2119: 2116: 2115: 2110: 2104: 2103: 2099: 2098: 2095: 2089: 2088: 2084: 2083: 2077: 2071: 2070: 2067: 2061: 2060: 2055: 2047: 2046: 2042: 2041: 2031: 2028: 2027: 2024: 2021: 2020: 2017: 2011: 2010: 2006: 2005: 2002: 1996: 1995: 1991: 1990: 1984: 1978: 1977: 1974: 1968: 1967: 1962: 1954: 1953: 1949: 1948: 1938: 1935: 1934: 1931: 1925: 1924: 1920: 1919: 1913: 1907: 1906: 1903: 1897: 1896: 1891: 1883: 1882: 1878: 1877: 1867: 1864: 1863: 1857: 1856: 1853: 1850: 1849: 1846: 1840: 1839: 1835: 1834: 1831: 1825: 1824: 1820: 1819: 1813: 1807: 1806: 1803: 1797: 1796: 1791: 1783: 1782: 1778: 1777: 1767: 1765: 1762: 1727: 1726: 1720: 1719: 1716: 1713: 1712: 1707: 1701: 1700: 1696: 1695: 1689: 1683: 1682: 1679: 1673: 1672: 1667: 1659: 1658: 1647: 1645: 1642: 1625: 1624: 1621: 1618: 1589: 1588: 1587:20 August 1853 1585: 1579: 1578: 1574: 1573: 1567: 1561: 1560: 1555: 1547: 1546: 1542: 1541: 1531: 1528: 1527: 1524: 1521: 1520: 1515: 1509: 1508: 1504: 1503: 1497: 1491: 1490: 1487: 1481: 1480: 1475: 1467: 1466: 1458: 1456: 1453: 1420:Main article: 1417: 1414: 1413: 1412: 1409: 1402: 1399: 1396: 1393: 1390: 1378: 1375: 1371: 1368: 1332: 1331: 1328: 1325: 1324: 1319: 1313: 1312: 1308: 1307: 1301: 1295: 1294: 1291: 1285: 1284: 1279: 1271: 1270: 1259: 1257: 1254: 1230:on education. 1210: 1207: 1189: 1186: 1165: 1162: 1136: 1133: 1127: 1126: 1116: 1115: 1111: 1107: 1094: 1091: 1079:Home Secretary 1067: 1064: 1037: 1034: 1028: 1025: 1020: 1019: 1015: 1013:Home Secretary 1001: 998: 994: 990: 987: 984: 971: 970: 964: 963: 960: 957: 956: 951: 945: 944: 939: 935: 934: 930: 929: 928:29 August 1833 926: 920: 919: 915: 914: 908: 902: 901: 898: 892: 891: 886: 878: 877: 869: 867: 864: 859: 858: 853: 847: 820: 817: 780: 777: 747: 744: 723: 720: 710: 707: 694: 693: 657: 656: 653: 650: 649: 644: 638: 637: 635: 634: 629: 624: 619: 613: 611: 607: 606: 602: 601: 595: 589: 588: 585: 579: 578: 573: 565: 564: 556: 554: 551: 527: 509: 496: 495: 489: 488: 485: 479: 478: 474: 473: 467: 461: 460: 457: 451: 450: 445: 437: 436: 432: 431: 417: 414: 413: 407: 406: 403: 400: 399: 394: 388: 387: 383: 382: 379: 373: 372: 368: 367: 361: 355: 354: 351: 345: 344: 339: 331: 330: 315: 313: 310: 260: 259: 256: 253: 252: 247: 241: 240: 236: 235: 229: 223: 222: 219: 213: 212: 207: 199: 198: 190: 188: 185: 146: 143: 117:divine service 69: 66: 48:passed by the 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8137: 8126: 8123: 8121: 8118: 8116: 8113: 8111: 8108: 8106: 8103: 8101: 8098: 8096: 8093: 8091: 8088: 8086: 8083: 8081: 8078: 8076: 8073: 8071: 8068: 8066: 8063: 8061: 8058: 8056: 8053: 8051: 8048: 8047: 8045: 8036: 8035:Ten Hours Act 8033: 8031: 8028: 8026: 8023: 8020: 8017: 8015: 8012: 8011: 8003: 7999: 7995: 7992: 7988: 7984: 7981: 7975: 7970: 7968: 7965: 7961: 7960: 7954: 7953: 7933: 7929: 7923: 7908: 7906:0-10-549690-1 7902: 7898: 7891: 7890: 7883: 7867: 7866: 7861: 7855: 7848: 7842: 7834: 7826: 7810: 7806: 7802: 7796: 7780: 7776: 7772: 7766: 7758: 7750: 7734: 7730: 7726: 7720: 7712: 7704: 7696: 7689: 7673: 7669: 7665: 7659: 7651: 7644: 7628: 7624: 7620: 7614: 7606: 7599: 7583: 7579: 7575: 7569: 7561: 7554: 7538: 7534: 7530: 7524: 7516: 7508: 7500: 7492: 7476: 7472: 7468: 7462: 7446: 7442: 7438: 7432: 7416: 7412: 7408: 7402: 7386: 7382: 7378: 7372: 7364: 7357: 7349: 7345: 7341: 7335: 7327: 7323: 7319: 7313: 7305: 7298: 7290: 7283: 7281: 7272: 7265: 7257: 7250: 7242: 7241: 7233: 7231: 7229: 7227: 7225: 7223: 7221: 7219: 7217: 7215: 7213: 7204: 7200: 7193: 7191: 7189: 7180: 7177:"Factories". 7173: 7165: 7158: 7156: 7147: 7139: 7130: 7123: 7114: 7107: 7099: 7092: 7086: 7081: 7073: 7066: 7054: 7046: 7039: 7032: 7026: 7019: 7013: 7006: 7000: 6993: 6987: 6978: 6969: 6967: 6965: 6963: 6946: 6945: 6937: 6935: 6918: 6914: 6910: 6904: 6897: 6893: 6889: 6883: 6875: 6868: 6860: 6859: 6851: 6843: 6836: 6829:. 9 May 1850. 6828: 6820: 6818: 6810: 6806: 6802: 6796: 6795:Leeds Mercury 6789: 6773: 6769: 6765: 6759: 6751: 6744: 6728: 6727: 6719: 6717: 6700: 6699: 6692: 6686: 6670: 6666: 6662: 6655: 6639: 6635: 6631: 6625: 6623: 6614: 6606: 6590: 6586: 6582: 6576: 6574: 6572: 6555: 6551: 6547: 6541: 6525: 6521: 6517: 6511: 6503: 6495: 6479: 6475: 6471: 6465: 6457: 6444: 6428: 6424: 6418: 6410: 6409:Leeds Mercury 6403: 6401: 6383: 6379: 6375: 6369: 6353: 6349: 6345: 6339: 6337: 6320: 6316: 6312: 6306: 6297: 6289: 6281: 6265: 6261: 6255: 6247: 6240: 6224: 6220: 6216: 6210: 6202: 6195: 6187: 6180: 6178: 6169: 6168:Leeds Mercury 6163: 6157: 6156:Leeds Mercury 6152:published as 6151: 6145: 6129: 6125: 6121: 6115: 6099: 6095: 6091: 6085: 6077: 6070: 6062: 6055: 6047: 6045:9780049420601 6041: 6037: 6032: 6031: 6021: 6013: 6006: 5990: 5986: 5982: 5976: 5974: 5957: 5953: 5949: 5943: 5935: 5928: 5920: 5913: 5905: 5898: 5890: 5883: 5875: 5872:"Factories". 5868: 5860: 5853: 5851: 5842: 5835: 5827: 5820: 5804: 5800: 5794: 5778: 5774: 5770: 5764: 5756: 5755:Leeds Mercury 5749: 5741: 5740:Leeds Mercury 5734: 5718: 5714: 5710: 5704: 5696: 5692: 5689:"Factories". 5685: 5677: 5670: 5654: 5650: 5646: 5640: 5638: 5629: 5628:Leeds Mercury 5621: 5605: 5601: 5597: 5591: 5583: 5576: 5568: 5561: 5552: 5549:"Factories". 5545: 5543: 5534: 5527: 5519: 5512: 5504: 5503:Leeds Mercury 5496: 5488: 5481: 5465: 5461: 5457: 5451: 5435: 5431: 5427: 5421: 5413: 5406: 5398: 5391: 5383: 5376: 5368: 5361: 5353: 5352:UK Parliament 5349: 5343: 5335: 5328: 5320: 5313: 5311: 5309: 5300: 5293: 5285: 5278: 5270: 5269: 5260: 5258: 5249: 5243: 5239: 5235: 5228: 5221: 5215: 5199: 5198: 5189: 5187: 5185: 5168: 5164: 5160: 5154: 5138: 5134: 5130: 5124: 5116: 5109: 5102:. 2 May 1833. 5101: 5094: 5086: 5082: 5076: 5070: 5062: 5055: 5047: 5040: 5024: 5020: 5016: 5010: 4994: 4990: 4986: 4980: 4972: 4968: 4964: 4958: 4956: 4947: 4943: 4939: 4933: 4931: 4921: 4913: 4904: 4898: 4894: 4888: 4882: 4873: 4867: 4863: 4857: 4851: 4834: 4829: 4823: 4807: 4803: 4799: 4793: 4785: 4778: 4770: 4763: 4755: 4748: 4733: 4729: 4723: 4707: 4703: 4699: 4693: 4691: 4689: 4672: 4668: 4664: 4658: 4651: 4650:Parliament.uk 4647: 4642: 4635: 4630: 4628: 4626: 4624: 4622: 4620: 4618: 4616: 4614: 4612: 4610: 4608: 4606: 4604: 4602: 4600: 4598: 4596: 4587: 4586: 4579: 4577: 4575: 4573: 4571: 4566: 4549: 4539: 4530: 4522: 4518: 4512: 4502: 4495: 4489: 4483:-Factory Act 4482: 4478: 4472: 4462: 4452: 4443: 4433: 4425: 4424:Northern Star 4420: 4416: 4410: 4401: 4394: 4389: 4383: 4374: 4364: 4357: 4350: 4342: 4338: 4334: 4330: 4325: 4319: 4312: 4305: 4299: 4295: 4289: 4280: 4270: 4266: 4256: 4253: 4251: 4248: 4246: 4243: 4241: 4240:UK labour law 4238: 4236: 4233: 4232: 4226: 4224: 4220: 4216: 4210: 4200: 4198: 4197:SR&O 1939 4194: 4190: 4186: 4177: 4173: 4166: 4162: 4160: 4156: 4151: 4147: 4145: 4141: 4136: 4132: 4129: 4127: 4123: 4118: 4116: 4112: 4108: 4098: 4093: 4086: 4075: 4073: 4069: 4065: 4061: 4057: 4048: 4044: 4038: 4035: 4033: 4030: 4028: 4025: 4023: 4020: 4018: 4015: 4014: 4012: 4008: 4003: 3999: 3997: 3993: 3988: 3980: 3977: 3975:Introduced by 3973: 3969: 3966: 3964: 3960: 3956: 3954: 3950: 3946: 3936: 3931: 3924: 3912: 3909: 3905: 3901: 3897: 3891: 3889: 3883: 3878: 3876: 3866: 3863: 3861: 3857: 3848: 3844: 3837: 3834: 3831: 3829: 3825: 3819: 3816: 3814: 3811: 3809: 3806: 3804: 3801: 3800: 3798: 3794: 3789: 3785: 3783: 3779: 3774: 3770: 3767: 3765: 3761: 3757: 3755: 3751: 3747: 3737: 3732: 3725: 3714: 3712: 3708: 3702: 3692: 3689: 3685: 3672: 3669: 3666: 3664: 3660: 3654: 3651: 3650: 3648: 3644: 3639: 3636:5 August 1891 3635: 3633: 3629: 3624: 3620: 3617: 3615: 3611: 3607: 3605: 3601: 3597: 3587: 3582: 3575: 3563: 3558: 3556: 3555: 3550: 3549:Hugh Childers 3547: 3543: 3539: 3535: 3521: 3518: 3515: 3513: 3509: 3504: 3500: 3498: 3494: 3489: 3485: 3482: 3480: 3476: 3472: 3470: 3466: 3462: 3452: 3447: 3440: 3429: 3427: 3423: 3418: 3416: 3412: 3408: 3403: 3400: 3396: 3383: 3380: 3377: 3375: 3371: 3366: 3362: 3360: 3356: 3351: 3347: 3344: 3342: 3338: 3334: 3324: 3319: 3312: 3298: 3295: 3292: 3290: 3286: 3281: 3277: 3271: 3267: 3264: 3262: 3258: 3254: 3244: 3239: 3232: 3218: 3215: 3212: 3210: 3206: 3201: 3197: 3195: 3191: 3186: 3182: 3179: 3177: 3173: 3169: 3159: 3154: 3147: 3136: 3132: 3130: 3126: 3122: 3117: 3111: 3093: 3089: 3087: 3079: 3076: 3073: 3072: 3071: 3064: 3061: 3060: 3059: 3053: 3050: 3047: 3046: 3045: 3042: 3039: 3029: 3025: 3023: 3013: 3009: 3002: 2996: 2993: 2991: 2988: 2986: 2983: 2981: 2978: 2976: 2973: 2971: 2968: 2966: 2963: 2961: 2958: 2956: 2953: 2951: 2948: 2946: 2943: 2941: 2938: 2936: 2933: 2931: 2928: 2926: 2923: 2921: 2918: 2917: 2915: 2911: 2905: 2902: 2901: 2899: 2897: 2893: 2888: 2884: 2882: 2878: 2874: 2872: 2868: 2863: 2859: 2856: 2854: 2850: 2846: 2844: 2840: 2836: 2826: 2821: 2806: 2801: 2799: 2798:Cotton Famine 2794: 2785: 2781: 2778: 2774: 2770: 2766: 2753: 2750: 2747: 2745: 2741: 2736: 2732: 2730: 2726: 2721: 2717: 2714: 2712: 2708: 2704: 2702: 2698: 2694: 2684: 2679: 2665: 2661: 2657: 2645: 2642: 2639: 2637: 2633: 2628: 2624: 2622: 2618: 2613: 2609: 2606: 2604: 2600: 2596: 2594: 2590: 2586: 2576: 2571: 2564: 2550: 2547: 2544: 2542: 2538: 2533: 2529: 2527: 2523: 2518: 2514: 2511: 2509: 2505: 2501: 2499: 2495: 2491: 2481: 2476: 2469: 2459: 2455: 2448: 2442: 2439: 2438: 2436: 2434: 2430: 2423: 2420: 2418: 2415: 2412: 2410: 2407: 2405: 2402: 2401: 2399: 2395: 2390: 2387:9 August 1870 2386: 2384: 2380: 2375: 2371: 2368: 2366: 2362: 2358: 2356: 2352: 2348: 2338: 2333: 2326: 2316: 2312: 2305: 2302: 2299: 2297: 2293: 2288: 2284: 2282: 2278: 2273: 2269: 2266: 2264: 2260: 2256: 2254: 2250: 2246: 2236: 2231: 2224: 2210: 2206: 2204: 2200: 2195: 2191: 2189: 2185: 2180: 2176: 2173: 2171: 2167: 2163: 2161: 2157: 2153: 2143: 2138: 2131: 2117: 2114: 2111: 2109: 2105: 2100: 2096: 2094: 2090: 2085: 2081: 2078: 2076: 2072: 2068: 2066: 2062: 2058: 2048: 2043: 2036: 2022: 2018: 2016: 2012: 2007: 2003: 2001: 1997: 1992: 1988: 1985: 1983: 1979: 1975: 1973: 1969: 1965: 1955: 1950: 1943: 1933:6 August 1861 1932: 1930: 1926: 1921: 1917: 1914: 1912: 1908: 1904: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1884: 1879: 1872: 1862: 1858: 1851: 1847: 1845: 1841: 1836: 1833:6 August 1860 1832: 1830: 1826: 1821: 1817: 1814: 1812: 1808: 1804: 1802: 1798: 1794: 1784: 1779: 1772: 1761: 1758: 1754: 1750: 1725: 1721: 1714: 1711: 1708: 1706: 1702: 1697: 1693: 1690: 1688: 1684: 1680: 1678: 1674: 1670: 1660: 1655: 1641: 1637: 1635: 1631: 1622: 1619: 1615: 1614: 1613: 1610: 1605: 1595: 1586: 1584: 1580: 1575: 1571: 1568: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1548: 1543: 1536: 1522: 1519: 1516: 1514: 1510: 1505: 1501: 1498: 1496: 1492: 1488: 1486: 1482: 1478: 1468: 1463: 1452: 1450: 1446: 1440: 1438: 1437:textile mills 1434: 1429: 1423: 1410: 1407: 1403: 1400: 1397: 1394: 1391: 1388: 1384: 1379: 1376: 1372: 1369: 1366: 1365: 1364: 1362: 1357: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1340: 1339:night working 1326: 1323: 1320: 1318: 1314: 1309: 1305: 1302: 1300: 1296: 1292: 1290: 1286: 1282: 1272: 1267: 1253: 1250: 1246: 1242: 1238: 1237: 1236:Leeds Mercury 1231: 1229: 1223: 1221: 1215: 1206: 1202: 1198: 1194: 1185: 1182: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1145: 1143: 1131: 1123: 1122: 1120: 1112: 1108: 1104: 1103: 1102: 1099: 1090: 1087: 1082: 1080: 1076: 1073: 1063: 1059: 1055: 1053: 1049: 1044: 1033: 1024: 1016: 1014: 1010: 1006: 1002: 999: 995: 991: 988: 985: 982: 981: 980: 978: 969: 965: 958: 955: 952: 950: 946: 943: 940: 936: 931: 927: 925: 921: 916: 912: 909: 907: 903: 899: 897: 893: 889: 879: 874: 863: 857: 854: 851: 848: 846: 843: 842: 841: 837: 833: 831: 825: 816: 814: 808: 804: 802: 798: 794: 793:John Marshall 790: 786: 776: 772: 768: 765: 761: 756: 754: 743: 741: 737: 732: 729: 715: 706: 703: 702:Night working 698: 691: 687: 686: 685: 683: 679: 651: 648: 645: 643: 639: 633: 630: 628: 625: 623: 620: 618: 615: 614: 612: 608: 603: 599: 596: 594: 590: 586: 584: 580: 576: 566: 561: 547: 543: 539: 535: 531: 522: 518: 513: 507: 504: 494: 490: 486: 484: 480: 475: 471: 468: 466: 462: 458: 456: 452: 448: 438: 433: 422: 412: 408: 401: 398: 395: 393: 389: 384: 380: 378: 374: 369: 365: 362: 360: 356: 352: 350: 346: 342: 332: 327: 309: 307: 303: 299: 295: 289: 284: 281: 274: 273:viewed end-on 271: 266: 254: 251: 248: 246: 242: 237: 233: 230: 228: 224: 220: 218: 214: 210: 200: 195: 184: 182: 178: 173: 170: 166: 162: 158: 152: 142: 139: 137: 132: 130: 126: 122: 118: 112: 108: 104: 100: 97: 93: 89: 85: 81: 75: 65: 61: 59: 53: 51: 47: 43: 34: 30: 19: 8055:Child labour 7997: 7986: 7973: 7958: 7935:. Retrieved 7931: 7922: 7912:28 September 7910:. Retrieved 7888: 7882: 7872:28 September 7870:. Retrieved 7863: 7854: 7841: 7832: 7825: 7813:. Retrieved 7808: 7804: 7795: 7783:. Retrieved 7778: 7774: 7765: 7756: 7749: 7737:. Retrieved 7732: 7728: 7719: 7710: 7703: 7694: 7688: 7676:. Retrieved 7671: 7667: 7658: 7649: 7643: 7631:. Retrieved 7626: 7622: 7613: 7604: 7598: 7586:. Retrieved 7581: 7577: 7568: 7559: 7553: 7541:. Retrieved 7536: 7532: 7523: 7514: 7507: 7498: 7491: 7479:. Retrieved 7474: 7470: 7461: 7449:. Retrieved 7444: 7440: 7431: 7419:. Retrieved 7414: 7410: 7401: 7389:. Retrieved 7384: 7380: 7371: 7362: 7356: 7347: 7343: 7334: 7325: 7321: 7312: 7303: 7297: 7288: 7270: 7264: 7255: 7249: 7239: 7202: 7198: 7178: 7172: 7163: 7145: 7138: 7128: 7122: 7112: 7106: 7097: 7091: 7085:Factory acts 7080: 7071: 7065: 7053: 7044: 7038: 7025: 7012: 6999: 6986: 6977: 6949:. Retrieved 6943: 6921:. Retrieved 6916: 6912: 6903: 6882: 6873: 6867: 6857: 6850: 6841: 6835: 6826: 6808: 6800: 6794: 6788: 6776:. Retrieved 6771: 6767: 6758: 6749: 6743: 6731:. Retrieved 6725: 6703:. Retrieved 6697: 6690: 6685: 6673:. Retrieved 6668: 6664: 6654: 6642:. Retrieved 6637: 6633: 6612: 6605: 6593:. Retrieved 6588: 6584: 6558:. Retrieved 6553: 6549: 6540: 6528:. Retrieved 6523: 6519: 6510: 6501: 6494: 6482:. Retrieved 6477: 6473: 6464: 6443:cite journal 6431:. Retrieved 6426: 6417: 6408: 6386:. Retrieved 6381: 6377: 6368: 6356:. Retrieved 6351: 6347: 6323:. Retrieved 6318: 6314: 6305: 6295: 6288: 6279: 6268:. Retrieved 6263: 6254: 6245: 6239: 6227:. Retrieved 6222: 6218: 6209: 6200: 6194: 6185: 6167: 6155: 6144: 6132:. Retrieved 6127: 6123: 6114: 6102:. Retrieved 6097: 6093: 6084: 6075: 6069: 6063:. p. 3. 6061:Morning Post 6060: 6054: 6029: 6020: 6011: 6005: 5993:. Retrieved 5988: 5984: 5960:. 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