71:
253:, which focuses on improving the efficiency and market access of producers. However, most of these organizations are criticized for failing to guarantee minimum price, failing to provide pre-financing facilities, favouring plantations at the expense of family farms. The greatest idea about the certification scheme and its competitors is that they all have a logic of innovation they constantly attempt to innovate rather than generating income only but proactively meet the changing needs of different objectives with different ambitions.
20:
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uncertified. In 2001 only 13.6% could be sold as certified so limits were placed on new cooperatives joining the scheme. This plus an increased demand put up sales of certified to around 50% in 2003 with a figure of 37% commonly cited in recent years. Some exporting cooperatives do not manage to sell any of their output as certified, and others sell as little as 8%.
186:(EFTA)). The standards developed by Fairtrade Labelling Organization are the most widely used. Fairtrade Labelling Organization (FLO) International is the overall body that governs the fairtrade system. It aims to achieve high standards within the fairtrade system in terms of credibility, compliance of Fairtrade Standards by producers, traders, and retailers.
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Costa Rica, finds that many farmers often produce more fair trade coffee than they can sell, so will often end up selling to independent buyers that will often pay more than fair trade buyers can. Some scholars are concerned of the artificial stimulation of coffee production, especially since worldwide demand for coffee is relatively inelastic.
745:
Weber, J. (2006), âRationing in the Fair Trade coffee market: who enters and how?â, Paper presented at the âSecond
International Colloquium: Fair Trade and Sustainable Developmentâ, University of Quebec, Montreal, 19â21 June; de Janvry, A., McIntosh, C., & Sadoulet, E. (2010). Fair Trade and Free
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Fair trade has become a repetition of free trade rather than being an alternative to the market economy which is dominated by supply and demand. Fair trade is not serving its promises of creating opportunities for economically disadvantaged producers. Poverty has become a commodity through fair trade
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movement. Maintaining a balance between ethical and higher-quality coffee may be difficult with fair trade coffee due to what some coffee roasters deem as insufficient quality incentive within many fair-trade certified coffee farms. Deborah Sick's research, involving interviews with coffee farmers in
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Many fair trade organizations remain that adhere to a greater or smaller degree to the original objectives of fair trade than the mainstream of
Fairtrade International and its associate. These market products through alternative channels where possible, and market through specialist fair trade shops,
196:
FLO provides independent, transparent and competent standard setting by proposing the
Fairtrade Standards to the FLO Board that decides if standards are met. Each producer or trader has to meet the Generic Standards and the Product Standards which guarantees minimum prices that are considered fair to
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The exporting cooperatives incur costs including certification and inspection fees, additional marketing costs, costs of conforming to standards, and additional costs of cooperative operation, costs which are incurred on all coffee production, even if little or none is marketed as certified, with a
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model, which allows for more control over quality concerns, farmer empowerment, and sustainability issues. It is also valuable in fostering closer farmer to roaster business relationships, which can ultimately increase quality of life and profits for coffee growers and buyers alike. However, direct
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Importers of
Fairtrade coffee have to be registered with Fairtrade and pay a fee. Under the Fairtrade International standards they are obliged to pay a minimum price to the exporting organization, currently $ 1.40c/lb New York Board of Trade âCâ contract, F.O.B. origin for Arabica, and $ 1.05 for
217:
FLO together with other international Fair Trade organizations, IFAT, NEWS and EFTA respectively, have created a common
Platform called FINE (standing for the initial letters of FLO, IFAT, NEWS and EFTA) to work together to promote the case for trade justice in debates on trade and development. Rp
773:
Levi, Margaret, and April Linton. 2003. âFair Trade: A Cup at a Time?â Politics and
Society 31(3): 407-32. cited in de Janvry, A., McIntosh, C., & Sadoulet, E. (2010). Fair Trade and Free Entry: The Dissipation of Producer Benefits in a Disequilibrium Market. Retrieved December 24, 2012, from
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The marketing system for
Fairtrade and non-Fairtrade coffee is identical in the consuming countries, using mostly the same importing, packing, distributing and retailing firms. Some independent brands operate a virtual company, paying the normal importers, packers and distributors and advertising
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Muradian, R., and W. Pelupessy. 2005. âGoverning the Coffee Chain: The Role of
Voluntary Regulatory Systemsâ World Development 33(12): 2029-2044., cited in de Janvry, A., McIntosh, C., & Sadoulet, E. (2010). Fair Trade and Free Entry: The Dissipation of Producer Benefits in a Disequilibrium
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The system could not become a solution to all humanity misfortunes; there are still concerns as the large amounts of profits does not go to the less privileged producers although much of the labor have been provided by these marginalized people. The poor may remain poor if there are no measures
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Any deficit after paying these costs means a lower price for farmers, while any surplus will normally go on âsocial projectsâ for âcommon goalsâ organized by the exporting cooperative rather than as extra payment for farmers. These may include the building of classrooms, baseball fields, or the
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Certified
Fairtrade coffee is normally exported by secondary or tertiary cooperatives, marketing this coffee on behalf of the cooperatives the farmers belong to with arrangements that may be complex. There is not enough demand to take all the certified coffee produced, so most has to be sold as
123:
Quotas remained a part of the agreement until 1989, when the organization was unable to negotiate a new agreement in time for the next year. It was decided that the 1983 agreement would be extended, but without the quotas because they had not yet been determined. A new agreement could not be
818:
accessed 15/1/2013; Fairtrade
Labelling Organizations International e.V. (2011), âFairtrade Standard for Small Producer Organizationsâ, version: 01.05.2011_v1.1 p28; Fairtrade International. (2013). Coffee. Retrieved January 3, 2013, from Fairtrade International:
256:
Coffee packers pay Fairtrade a fee for the right to use the Fairtrade logo, which gives consumers an assurance that the coffee meets Fairtrade criteria. The coffee with this certification mark must be produced by farmers and cooperatives that meet these criteria.
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higher price, so the cooperatives may make a loss on Fairtrade membership. Weber reports cooperatives not able to cover the extra costs of a marketing team for Fairtrade, with one covering only 70% of these costs after six years of Fairtrade membership.
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Riedel, C. P., F. M. Lopez, A. Widdows, A. Manji and M. Schneider (2005), âImpacts of Fair Trade: trade and market linkagesâ, Proceedings of the 18th International Farming Symposium, 31 Octoberâ3 November, Rome: Food and Agricultural Organisation,
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Fairtrade International (FLO), âFairtrade Minimum Price and Fairtrade Premium Tableâ 18.12.2012, accessed 8.1.2013; Fairtrade International (FLO) (2011), âFairtrade Standard for Coffee for Small Producer Organizationsâ version: 01.04.2011
233:. Fairtrade has become the most dominant Fair Trade label and has attracted a lot of competitors challenging its monopoly as an ethical label. Several labels from competitors have been created using different certification schemes.
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was then introduced in 1988 following a coffee crisis in which the supply of coffee was greater than the demand; since no price quotas had been reimplemented by the International Coffee Act, the market was flooded. Launched in the
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implemented to address the inequalities of the market as the poor cannot enjoy decent prices to what they sell to the rich countries. Prices provided by the system do not amount for inflation which can aggravate their conditions.
790:
Weber, J. (2006), âRationing in the Fair Trade coffee market: who enters and how?â, Paper presented at the âSecond International Colloquium: Fair Trade and Sustainable Developmentâ, University of Quebec, Montreal, 19â21
299:
FLO-CERT, a for-profit business owned by Fairtrade International, handles producer certification, inspecting and certifying producer organizations in more than 50 countries in Africa, Asia, and Latin America. In the
94:
by the Coffee Study Group, set limits on the amount of coffee traded between countries so there would be no excess supply and consequent drop in price. The ICA existed for five years and then was renewed in 1968.
130:
The agreements of 2001 and 2007 aimed to stabilize the coffee economy by promoting coffee consumption, raising the standard of living of growers by providing economic counselling, expanding research to include
209:
The FLO works with both Fairtrade Certified producer organizations and traders to match supply and demand. It is also responsible for strengthening these organizations and improve their access to the market.
120:", after a fictional Dutch character who opposed the exploitation of coffee farmers by Dutch colonialists in the East Indies. The organization created a label for products that met certain wage standards.
332:
There are also some criticisms of fair trade specific to coffee. Colleen Haight of the Stanford Innovation Review argues that fair trade coffee is merely a way to market the idea of
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Robusta London âEURONEXT LIFFEâ contract, F.O.B origin with 30c/lb extra for organic. When the world price is above this level, they are obliged to pay 20c/lb above the world price.
179:
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Ballet, Jerome and Aurelie Carimentrand âFair trade and the Depersonalization of Ethicsâ Journal of Business Ethics (2010) 92:317â330 _ Springer 2010 DOI 10.1007/s10551-010-0576-0.
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Following the inception of fair trade certification, the "Transfair" label was later launched in Germany, and within ten years three other labeling organizations commenced: The
116:, fair trade certification aimed to artificially raise coffee prices in order to ensure growers sufficient wages to turn a profit. The original name of the organization was "
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trade is a new concept that is only utilized by for profit businesses like Counter Culture Coffee and Intelligentsia Coffee and therefore has no third party certification.
453:
694:
accessed 15/1/2013; Fairtrade Labelling Organizations International e.V. (2011), âFairtrade Standard for Small Producer Organizationsâ, version: 01.05.2011_v1.1
102:. The new agreement allowed for the suspension of price quotas if the supply of coffee could not meet the demand, and enabling them if prices dropped too low.
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within its label that labels goods produced by the poor giving it visibility it did not have before leaving the marginalized people in reduced circumstances.
1330:
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336:. Quality and transparency concerns regarding coffee are increasingly common amongst some consumers and coffee companies, as seen through the rise of the
2405:
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Griffiths, P., âEthical objections to Fairtradeâ Journal of Business Ethics July 2011(DOI) 10.1007/s10551-011-0972-0 www.springerlink.com Accessed at
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In 1984, the agreement was again redrawn, this time creating a database on coffee trade, and implementing stricter import and export regulations.
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Coffee retailers are not restricted by Fairtrade to sell Fairtrade coffee as a premium product and charge as much as they like for the coffee.
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The fair trade labeling organizations having most of the market share and who sell through supermarkets refer to a definition developed by
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From 1990 to 1992, without the quotas in place, coffee prices reached an all-time low because coffee price quotas could not be decided.
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are the main threats causing enormous headache for Fairtrade International (FLO) regulating authorities. A few examples include
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Davies, I.A. and A Crane, âEthical Decision Making in Fair Trade Companiesâ, Journal of Business Ethics 45: 79â92, 2003. p. 84
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Fairtrade International (FLO) (2011), âFairtrade Standard for Coffee for Small Producer Organizationsâ version: 01.04.2011
690:
Fairtrade International (FLO) (2011), âFairtrade Standard for Coffee for Small Producer Organizationsâ version: 01.04.2011
1154:
461:
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accessed 15/1/2013; Fairtrade Labelling Organizations International e.V. (2011) âGeneric Fairtrade Trade Standard, p 16â
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Sick, Deborah (2008-08-20). "Coffee, Farming Families, and Fair Trade in Costa Rica: New Markets, Same Old Problems?".
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249:, whose mission is to protect ecosystems and to preserve biodiversity and sustainability of modes of production, and
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there are many complaints of failure to enforce these standards, with farmers, cooperatives, importers and packers.
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farmers. Fair trade organizations support producers and sustainable environmental farming practices and prohibit
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The agreement was renegotiated in 1976 due to increasing coffee prices, largely a result of a severe frost in
2005:
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Criticisms of fair trade have been made as a result of independent research, and these are summarized in the
234:
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http://www.fairtrade.net/fileadmin/user_upload/content/2009/standards/documents/2012-04-01_EN_SPO_Coffee.pdf
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http://www.fairtrade.net/fileadmin/user_upload/content/2009/standards/documents/2012-04-01_EN_SPO_Coffee.pdf
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http://www.fairtrade.net/fileadmin/user_upload/content/2009/standards/documents/2012-04-01_EN_SPO_Coffee.pdf
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Entry: The Dissipation of Producer Benefits in a Disequilibrium Market. Retrieved December 24, 2012, from
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1985:
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http://www.fairtrade.net/fileadmin/user_upload/content/2009/standards/documents/2012-07-11_SPO_EN.pdf
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Fairtrade Labelling Organizations International e.V. (2011) âGeneric Fairtrade Trade Standard,â p11
154:. In 1997, these four organizations jointly created Fairtrade International (formerly called FLO, or
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standards by fair trade organizations, which create trading partnerships that are based on dialogue,
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245:, which promotes practices that help to protect the habitat of migrating birds, the American NGO
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A brand of fair-certified coffee. The "Fair" logo is on the lower right of the packages.
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agencies to handle their brand rather than doing it themselves, for cost reasons.
158:), which continues to set Fairtrade standards, inspecting and certifying growers.
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1045:
The Fair Trade Scandal : Marketing Poverty to Benefit the Rich
1020:"Learn & Do | Community | Direct Trade | Intelligentsia Coffee"
135:
and quality relating to geographic area, and conducting studies of
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2123:
2043:
1844:
1299:
684:
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producers. They also aim for long term trading relationships and
43:
666:
http://www.griffithsspeaker.com/Fairtrade/why_fair_trade_isn.htm
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460:(in Dutch and English). Max Havelaar Foundation. Archived from
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99:
31:
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170:, an association of four international fair trade networks (
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344:
Many who believe fair trade coffee is insufficient use the
167:
1551:
557:"Fairtrade International (FLO): Fairtrade International"
224:
802:
317:
but they have a small proportion of the total market.
1331:
Fair Trade Association of Australia & New Zealand
90:
of 1962. This agreement, which was negotiated at the
364:
16:
Coffee certified as produced to fair trade standards
1326:
AsociaciĂłn del Sello de Productos de Comercio Justo
1075:
1042:
451:
484:"History of The International Coffee Organization"
82:Prior to fair trade, prices were regulated by the
786:
784:
776:http://are.berkeley.edu/~alain/workingpapers.html
762:http://are.berkeley.edu/~alain/workingpapers.html
748:http://are.berkeley.edu/~alain/workingpapers.html
534:. Fairtrade Labelling Organizations International
2673:
658:
447:
445:
206:Facilitating and Developing Fairtrade Business
1274:International Resources for Fairer Trade (IRFT)
1244:Fairtrade Labelling Organizations International
291:establishment of women's groups, for instance.
172:Fairtrade Labelling Organizations International
156:Fairtrade Labelling Organizations International
46:, with the goal of achieving greater equity in
781:
504:
86:according to the regulations set forth by the
1567:
1148:
498:
442:
34:that is certified as having been produced to
1112:Trudel, Remi; Cotte, June (8 January 2009).
611:
1111:
872:"The Problem with Fair Trade Coffee (SSIR)"
294:
161:
1574:
1560:
1305:International Fairtrade Certification Mark
1155:
1141:
760:Market. Retrieved December 24, 2012, from
193:Setting International Fairtrade Standards
1300:FLO-CERT (inspection & certification)
995:"Sustainability | Counter Culture Coffee"
54:by offering better trading conditions to
2606:Gustav III of Sweden's coffee experiment
69:
18:
2376:Coffee ceremony of Ethiopia and Eritrea
1366:Fair Trade USA (formerly TransFair USA)
1120:. Massachusetts Institute of Technology
826:
2674:
1660:List of countries by coffee production
730:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
649:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
214:Making the case for Fairtrade Justice
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1136:
584:
894:
821:http://www.fairtrade.net/coffee.html
580:
578:
576:
551:
549:
225:Certification scheme and competition
139:, principles similar to fair trade.
507:"CERTIFICATION & YOUR BUSINESS"
486:. International Coffee Organization
307:
260:
229:The certification scheme is run by
50:. These partnerships contribute to
13:
2555:United States Barista Championship
585:Sylla, Ndongo Samba (2015-11-20).
458:FairTrade Max Havelaar Netherlands
14:
2703:
1356:Max Havelaar-Stiftung Switzerland
1105:
843:. URL accessed on August 1, 2008.
573:
546:
84:International Coffee Organization
2654:
2653:
2640:
1536:
1535:
1203:Alternative trading organization
395:
381:
367:
1346:Association Max Havelaar France
1259:European Fair Trade Association
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1036:
1012:
987:
963:
931:
888:
864:
855:
846:
808:
794:
767:
753:
739:
184:European Fair Trade Association
180:Network of European World shops
1254:Network of European Worldshops
1162:
971:"What is Direct Trade coffee?"
897:Latin American Research Review
670:
524:
476:
88:International Coffee Agreement
1:
2006:Single-serve coffee container
1472:List of Fairtrade settlements
1249:World Fair Trade Organization
436:
403:Business and economics portal
320:
231:Fairtrade International (FLO)
176:World Fair Trade Organization
1076:Decarlo, Jacqueline (2007).
1043:Sylla, Ndongo Samba (2014).
1024:www.intelligentsiacoffee.com
454:"HOW DID IT ACTUALLY START?"
277:
268:
199:environmental sustainability
7:
1426:Gepa The Fair Trade Company
1118:MIT Sloan Management Review
360:
10:
2708:
2560:World Barista Championship
1986:Neapolitan flip coffee pot
1581:
939:"Voting with your trolley"
65:
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2014:
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1500:
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1374:
1318:
1310:Fair Trade Certified Mark
1282:
1236:
1193:Fair trade impact studies
1170:
1114:"Does It Pay To Be Good?"
1080:. Oneworld Publications.
452:Max Havelaar Foundation.
1612:International Coffee Day
1341:The Fairtrade Foundation
1290:Fair trade certification
431:World Trade Organization
295:Enforcement of standards
239:non-profit organizations
162:Fair trade organizations
109:Fair trade certification
2406:Historical coffeehouses
1295:Fairtrade International
1188:Fair trade and politics
1183:Fairtrade certification
505:Fair Trade USA (2010).
124:negotiated until 1992.
52:sustainable development
2616:Coffee vending machine
1840:Furan-2-ylmethanethiol
1416:Equal Exchange Trading
1351:Stichting Max Havelaar
1336:Fairtrade Mark Ireland
1213:Trade Justice Movement
999:Counter Culture Coffee
587:The Fair Trade Scandal
79:
24:
2421:Viennese coffee house
1952:Karlsbad coffee maker
1451:Ten Thousand Villages
1269:Fair Trade Federation
1178:History of fair trade
975:www.ethicalcoffee.net
73:
22:
2581:Coffee and doughnuts
2184:Indian filter coffee
1617:Single-origin coffee
1492:World Fair Trade Day
1431:Handcrafting Justice
1319:Labeling initiatives
595:10.2307/j.ctt183p3b4
243:Bird-friendly Coffee
144:Fairtrade Foundation
2621:Used coffee grounds
1541:Category:Fair trade
1477:Fairtrade fortnight
1436:SERRV International
1421:Rainforest Alliance
1376:Alternative trading
803:http://www.fao.org/
681:accessed 15/1/2013.
421:Rainforest Alliance
416:Organic agriculture
334:ethical consumerism
247:Rainforest Alliance
48:international trade
2626:Sustainable coffee
2323:Organization lists
2284:RĂŒdesheimer Kaffee
2064:Café com cheirinho
1653:Sustainable coffee
1648:Shade-grown coffee
1078:A beginner's guide
909:10.1353/lar.0.0042
839:2009-09-18 at the
736:accessed 15/1/2013
655:accessed 15/1/2013
464:on 16 January 2013
426:Sustainable coffee
411:Anti-globalization
389:Agriculture portal
80:
25:
2687:Coffee production
2669:
2668:
2647:Coffee portal
2565:World Brewers Cup
2189:Ipoh white coffee
1670:Coffee wastewater
1638:Coffee production
1622:Third-wave coffee
1549:
1548:
1391:Artisans du Monde
1198:Fair trade debate
832:FLO-CERT (2008).
561:www.fairtrade.net
338:third wave coffee
327:fair trade debate
302:fair trade debate
189:FLO's Main Tasks
62:or forced labor.
28:Fair trade coffee
2699:
2660:Category: Coffee
2657:
2656:
2645:
2644:
2596:Coffee leaf rust
2469:Dandelion coffee
2335:Coffee companies
2174:Gassosa al caffĂš
1942:Espresso machine
1576:
1569:
1562:
1553:
1552:
1539:
1538:
1523:
1513:
1406:Divine Chocolate
1401:Ctm altromercato
1361:Fairtrade Canada
1157:
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706:. Archived from
705:
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631:
625:. Archived from
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2371:Coffee break
2340:Coffeehouses
2330:Bakery cafés
2299:White coffee
2289:Tenom coffee
2194:Irish coffee
2074:Café de olla
2059:Café au lait
2001:Vacuum maker
1969:Coffee syrup
1959:French press
1825:Caffeic acid
1794:
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1768:Charrieriana
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1446:Twin Trading
1122:. Retrieved
1117:
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1001:. 2016-08-11
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78:being sorted
76:coffee beans
40:transparency
27:
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2692:Commodities
2601:Coffee wars
2431:Substitutes
2401:Coffeehouse
2214:Kopi tubruk
2179:Iced coffee
2159:Frappuccino
2129:Café Cubano
2119:Coffee milk
2099:CaffĂš mocha
2089:CaffĂš crema
1947:French drip
1915:Drip coffee
1898:Coffeemaker
1855:Preparation
1835:Coffee bean
1740:Maracaturra
1512:(2006 film)
1237:Federations
1171:Core topics
1124:6 September
538:6 September
490:6 September
114:Netherlands
74:Fair trade
60:child labor
56:coffee bean
2682:Fair trade
2676:Categories
2586:Coffee bag
2505:Coffee cup
2444:Barley tea
2269:Raf coffee
2249:Marocchino
2239:Long black
2209:Kopi luwak
2149:Flat white
2139:Egg coffee
2104:Cappuccino
2079:Café Touba
1991:Percolator
1893:Chorreador
1813:Components
1745:Maragogipe
1631:Production
1602:Fair trade
1509:Black Gold
1441:Traidcraft
1396:Cafédirect
1218:Sweatshops
1164:Fair trade
1063:1083942810
1029:2017-04-17
1005:2017-04-17
980:2017-04-17
956:2017-04-17
881:2017-04-17
717:2013-01-15
636:2013-01-15
566:2019-04-17
437:References
321:Criticisms
36:fair trade
2522:Demitasse
2449:Barleycup
2416:Latte art
2411:Kopi tiam
2381:CoffeeCon
2349:Lifestyle
2314:Yuenyeung
2279:Ristretto
2109:Carajillo
2029:Americano
1935:ristretto
1903:Cold brew
1863:AeroPress
1720:Bonifieur
1695:varieties
1597:Economics
1460:Campaigns
1386:Alter Eco
1228:Worldshop
1096:852015077
951:0013-0613
925:154679642
917:1542-4278
278:Exporters
269:Importers
2479:Maya nut
2254:Mazagran
2144:Espresso
2024:Affogato
1981:Moka pot
1976:Knockbox
1920:Espresso
1830:Caffeine
1820:Cafestol
1789:Racemosa
1775:Liberica
1487:No Sweat
876:ssir.org
837:Archived
834:FLO-CERT
726:cite web
645:cite web
516:5 August
468:5 August
361:See also
178:(WFTO),
2464:Chicory
2356:Barista
2274:Red eye
2259:Moretta
2124:Cortado
2044:Bicerin
1845:Kahweol
1796:Robusta
1750:Molokai
1725:Bourbon
1710:Benguet
1704:Arabica
1690:Species
1607:History
66:History
44:respect
2658:
2510:sleeve
2484:Postum
2264:Oliang
2169:Garoto
1925:doppio
1883:Chemex
1873:Jebena
1781:Barako
1760:Sagada
1730:Geisha
1590:Topics
1583:Coffee
1522:(book)
1094:
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1061:
1051:
949:
923:
915:
601:
150:, and
100:Brazil
32:coffee
2574:Misc.
2527:spoon
2517:Cezve
2489:Qishr
2244:Lungo
2229:Latte
2199:Karsk
2164:GalĂŁo
1930:lungo
1908:nitro
1888:Cezve
1501:Media
921:S2CID
711:(PDF)
704:(PDF)
630:(PDF)
623:(PDF)
2539:Zarf
2474:Inka
2454:Caro
2204:Kopi
2039:Bica
1802:Sulu
1755:S795
1735:Kona
1692:and
1264:FINE
1126:2014
1092:OCLC
1082:ISBN
1059:OCLC
1049:ISBN
947:ISSN
913:ISSN
791:June
732:link
651:link
599:ISBN
540:2014
518:2012
492:2014
470:2012
237:and
235:NGOs
182:and
168:FINE
42:and
905:doi
591:doi
30:is
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