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to make use of crowd translation for their fan translation tasks, including fan translation of video games. These fan translation projects are taken up by fans and outsourced by game developers, on the promise that any fan translated version of games will be published as a playable version of the game. While professional translation and localization would be much needed here, it is also true that companies and developers may not always have the budget to allow large-scale multilingual localizations. Additionally, some fans do want to play games in their vernacular language, even though they can understand other languages. An example of these fans are a group of
Catalan gamers who decide to translate games from English into Catalan on their own and with the permission of developers. They are plurilingual and can understand, at least, English, Spanish, Aranese (a variant of the Occitan language, with official status in Catalonia), and Catalan. With their linguistic activism, not only do they serve their linguistic community, but also portray interesting linguistic ideologies and configure a complex site for metalinguistic discussion and subsequent language learning prompted by the intercultural and interlinguistic process of fan translating.
668:. Various forms including educational courses, political speeches and critical news reports appear in recent years, which injects brand-new meaning to fan translation by extending its value from entertaining nature towards social significance. Just as Henry Jenkins states: "popular culture may be preparing the way for a more meaning public culture." As a newly emerging phenomena dependent on the progress of Internet-supported infrastructure, it surpasses its original focus on personal interest and makes itself visible in front of the entire society. As a result, it has to be admitted that fan translation is somehow an inevitable trend.
680:, as fans translate films, video games, comics, etc. often without seeking proper permission from the copyright holders. Studies of fan translators have shown that these fans do so because they are enthusiastic about the works they translate and want to help other fans access the material. Copyright holders often condone fan translation because it can help expose their products to a wider audience. As-well as encouraging their works to be translated, many rights holders threaten creators of fan translations. In 2007, a French teenager was arrested for producing and releasing a translated copy of
40:
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it includes two significant senses: for fan translators, it means a period of valuable experience and a pack of adequate preparation no matter if they are willing to take their fun hobby into another level; for professional translators, it serves as a type of sources to be referred and consulted once they encounter similar situations. In addition, from the perspective of development of fan translation, the content is no longer limited within
638:, technological advances and the expansion of online platforms have led to a dynamic rise in fan translation. This has been followed by an increase in voluntary translation communities as well as in the variety of the content. The largest beneficiaries are the audience, readers and game players who are also fellow fans of various
655:
attitude and most importantly, passion and enthusiasm for the same goal. Like a lot of specialization-based and art-based professions, rich experience and related knowledge are highly demanded in translation industry. Therefore, fan translation cannot be regarded as a threat. Instead, to some extent,
686:
in French. In 2013, Swedish police took down a website which hosted fan-made subtitles for users to download. Releasing subtitles without including the original copyrighted work is not generally considered copyright infringement, but works that involve direct release of the copyrighted material like
542:
of the original game into new binaries. Vazquez-Calvo (2018) provides an example of how the complex process of fan translating, negotiating the translated product and the subsequent distribution online sets the basis for rich language learning environments. However, there are communities who decide
609:, dates back to the 1980s. O'Hagan (2009) argues that fansubbing emerged as a form of protest over "the official often over-edited versions of anime typically aired in dubbed form on television networks outside Japan" and that fans sought more authentic translated versions in a shorter time frame.
470:), often into a language in which an official translated version is not yet available. Generally, fans do not have formal training as translators but they volunteer to participate in translation projects based on interest in a specific audiovisual genre, TV series, movie, etc.
642:
products, since they are given the chance to receive first-hand information from foreign cultures. The entertainment industry and other cultural industries also benefit because their products are given global exposure, with a consequence of cultural immersion and
592:, video games and other audiovisual products by a network of fans. The translated audio could offer a translation of the original soundtrack or be completely replaced by a new version, normally with humorous purposes, such as a parody or
569:
the comics, turning them into computer images and translate the text in the images. The resulting translations are then generally distributed only in electronic format. An alternative method of distributing fan-translated
390:
1009:
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scanlation do infringe copyright law. Japanese copyright holders and publishers in particular often take down fan translations, viewing them as pirated versions of their works.
647:. However, people also consider fan translation as a potential threat to professional translation. In fact, fan translation communities are built on the spirit of sharing,
64:
970:
Mandelin, Clyde. "Legends of
Localization: Fan Translation: Does it Help or Hurt Getting Professional Work?". Legends of Localization. Retrieved on November 16, 2016.
866:
Vazquez-Calvo, Boris (2020). "Guerrilla fan translation, language learning, and metalinguistic discussion in a
Catalan-speaking community of gamers".
933:
Zhang, Weiyu; Mao, Chengting (March 2013). "Fan activism sustained and challenged: participatory culture in
Chinese online translation communities".
400:
303:
412:
1047:
Spencer, Richard (2 August 2007). "China's
Censors Move in on Translators of Harry Potter". Pacific Newspaper Group. The Vancouver Sun.
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385:
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247:
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O'Hagan, Minako (2008). "Fan
Translation Networks: An Accidental Translator Training Environment?". In Kearns, John (ed.).
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497:, video games and other audiovisual media by a network of fans. For many languages, the most popular fan subtitling is of
902:"Self-Organized Citizen Translations of Harry Potter 7 (English translation of original Chinese article from yWeekend)"
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is to distribute only the translated text, requiring readers to purchase a copy of the work in the original language.
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754:"Evolution of User-Generated Translation: Fansubs, Translation Hacking and Crowdsourcing"
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626:, produced in the mid-1980s, requiring an average of 100 hours per episode to subtitle.
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1137:"Pirate Translators: Why Fans are Localizing Games without Permission"
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211:
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Fan translation of audiovisual material, particularly fansubbing of
1010:"Cultural consumer and copyright: A case study of anime fansubbing"
834:"The Online Ecology of Literacy and Language Practices of a Gamer"
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Early fansubbing and fandubbing efforts involved manipulation of
206:
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Translator and
Interpreter Training: Issues, Methods and Debates
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an, while fansubs into dramasenglish and hindi are largely of
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of various forms of written or multimedia products made by
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1084:"Undertexter subtitle translation site raided by police"
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Convergence
Culture: Where Old and New Media Collide
800:
758:
The
Journal of Internationalization and Localization
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in the late 1990s and still mainly focuses on older
984:(. ed.). New York: New York University Press.
534:. These translations are typically distributed as
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922:. Continuum International. pp. 158–183.
672:Problems concerning copyright and censorship
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478:Notable areas of fan translation include:
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425:
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523:– this practice grew with the rise of
458:translation) refers to the unofficial
391:Bhagavad-gita translations by language
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248:Internationalization and localization
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1111:Marketing the Arts: A Fresh Approach
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838:Educational Technology & Society
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683:Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows
16:Unofficial translations made by fans
1059:"Teen in Potter translation arrest"
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13:
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802:. London: Routledge. p. 308.
381:Books and magazines on translation
14:
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676:Fan translation often borders on
935:Chinese Journal of Communication
38:
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1108:Kerrigan, Finola (2010-04-27).
1101:
1076:
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521:Fan translation of video games
413:Kural translations by language
386:Bible translations by language
161:Dynamic and formal equivalence
1:
832:Vazquez-Calvo, Boris (2018).
798:Pérez-González, Luis (2014).
720:
401:List of most translated works
202:Translation management system
947:10.1080/17544750.2013.753499
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509:entertainment, particularly
7:
1014:Creative Industries Journal
690:
10:
1187:
600:
1135:Diño, Gino (2015-09-03).
880:10.1017/S095834402000021X
565:, by a fan network. Fans
752:O'Hagan, Minako (2009).
473:
376:Journalistic translation
1008:Lee, Hye-Kyung (2011).
980:Jenkins, Henry (2008).
501:movies and American TV
258:Video game localization
166:Contrastive linguistics
678:copyright infringement
341:Telephone interpreting
227:Multimedia translation
1026:10.1386/cij.3.3.237_1
645:cultural assimilation
549:– The translation of
273:Software localization
253:Language localization
156:Translation criticism
85:Linguistic validation
771:10.1075/jial.1.04hag
268:Website localization
634:The development of
590:television programs
561:and sometimes full
495:television programs
335:Video relay service
192:Machine translation
151:Translation project
141:Translation studies
536:unofficial patches
525:video game console
197:Mobile translation
1121:978-1-136-99501-9
809:978-0-415-53027-9
636:cultural industry
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320:Untranslatability
171:Polysystem theory
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904:. 26 July 2007.
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715:fan translation
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452:Fan translation
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351:Fan translation
330:Transliteration
120:Sense-for-sense
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557:, as well as
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299:Organizations
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281:Institutional
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243:Glocalization
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115:Word-for-word
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1144:. Retrieved
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1092:. Retrieved
1090:. 2013-07-10
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1067:. Retrieved
1065:. 2007-08-08
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941:(1): 45–61.
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666:fan fictions
649:volunteering
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540:binary files
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289:Associations
235:Localization
179:Technologies
697:Fan fiction
662:video games
460:translation
408:Translators
222:Postediting
217:Pre-editing
32:Translation
1160:Categories
1146:2024-08-29
1094:2022-07-24
1069:2022-07-24
764:: 94–121.
721:References
578:Fandubbing
547:Scanlation
507:East Asian
487:subtitling
483:Fansubbing
371:Scanlation
212:Subtitling
125:Homophonic
95:Regulatory
1171:Fan labor
1034:145768597
888:228834340
630:Influence
623:Lupin III
614:VHS tapes
528:emulation
515:tokusatsu
499:Hollywood
468:fan labor
100:Technical
1088:BBC News
1063:BBC News
955:55473184
780:56048790
713:Mother 3
691:See also
110:Cultural
60:Literary
24:a series
22:Part of
620:was of
601:History
582:dubbing
304:Schools
207:Dubbing
90:Medical
1141:Slator
1118:
1032:
988:
953:
886:
868:ReCALL
806:
778:
707:Fansub
702:Fandub
658:movies
586:movies
580:– The
563:novels
551:comics
503:dramas
491:movies
485:– The
366:Fandub
361:Fansub
294:Awards
133:Theory
1030:S2CID
951:S2CID
884:S2CID
776:S2CID
607:anime
555:manga
511:anime
474:Media
337:(VRS)
80:Kural
75:Quran
70:Bible
55:Legal
47:Types
1116:ISBN
986:ISBN
804:ISBN
664:and
651:, a
567:scan
513:and
464:fans
454:(or
1022:doi
943:doi
876:doi
766:doi
584:of
489:of
187:CAT
1162::
1139:.
1086:.
1061:.
1028:.
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1012:.
1000:^
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728:^
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596:.
517:.
466:(
440:e
433:t
426:v
357:)
353:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
