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218:. In April 2013 Sigloch and Mihalynuk noted that under North America these subducting slabs formed massive, essentially vertical walls of 800 km to 2,000 km deep and 400–600 km wide, forming "slab walls". One such large "slab wall" runs from north-west Canada to the eastern U.S. and extends to Central America; this "slab wall" had traditionally been associated with the subducting Farallon plate. Sigloch and Mihalynuk proposed that the Farallon should be partitioned into Northern Farallon,
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provide improved details of the submerged remnants. Since the North
American west coast shows a convoluted structure, significant work has been required to resolve the complexity. In 2013 a new and more nuanced explanation emerged, proposing two additional now-subducted plates which would account
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Multiple studies show that the subduction of the
Farallon Plate was characterized by a period of "flat-slab subduction," which is subduction of a plate at a relatively shallow angle to the overriding crust (in this case, North America). This phenomenon is one that accounts for the far-inland
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125 Myr ago the collision of the North
America margin with an archipelago of terranes (Mezcalera / Angayucham /Southern Farallon island arcs) begins. This broad expanse causes strong deformations and creates the
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When the final archipelago, the
Siletzia archipelago, lodged as a terrane, the associated trench stepped west as the terrane accreted, converting an intra-oceanic subduction trench into the current
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ago the
Mezcalera promontory (the leading terrane to strike North America) strikes land and begins to be overridden. The overridden segment is replaced by an incipient South Farallon trench.
682:
Schellart, W. P.; Stegman, D. R.; Farrington, R. J.; Freeman, J.; Moresi, L. (16 July 2010). "Cenozoic
Tectonics of Western North America Controlled by Evolving Width of Farallon Slab".
182:
orogenisis of the Rocky
Mountains and other ranges in North America which are much farther from the convergent plate boundary than is typical of a subduction-generated orogeny.
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and
Southern Farallon segments based on recent tomographic models. Under this model, the North American continent overrides a series of subduction trenches and incorporates
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Over time, the central part of the
Farallon Plate was subducted under the southwestern part of the North American Plate. The remains of the Farallon Plate are the
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Formation of the Juan de Fuca (including
Explorer and Gorda) and Cocos plates (including Rivera) and of the San Andreas Fault from the Farallon plate
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85–55 Myr ago Conjugate subducts. Northward shuffle of Insular terrane, Intermontane terrane, and Angayucham terranes along margin.
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these island arcs and terranes to the North American Plate. Much of western North America is composed of these accreted terranes.
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under the continent. However this simple model was unable to explain many terrane complexities, and is inconsistent with
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are formed in the Pacific Northwest along with a gradual override of the Mezcalera promontory by the Pacific Northwest.
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55–50 Myr ago Final override of westernmost Angayucham occurred, with an explosive end of Coast Mountain arc volcanism
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160–155 Myr ago the Rocky Mountain deformation begins, recorded by a synorogenic (formed contemporaneously with the
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accumulated over the past 200 million years as a result of the oceanic Farallon plate moving terranes onto the
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55–50 Myr ago saw the override of the Cascadia Root arc by the Pacific Northwest along with accretion of the
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Lonsdale, Peter (2005-08-01). "Creation of the Cocos and Nazca plates by fission of the Farallon plate".
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72–69 Myr ago the Angayucham arc, is overridden by North America and Carmacks volcanic episode results.
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As of 2013, it is generally accepted that the western quarter of North America consists of accreted
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782:"Global plate reconstructions with velocity fields from 150 Ma to present in 10 Ma increments"
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which have rifted off of other distant plates. These fragments from elsewhere are called
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A software model by NASA of the remnants of the Farallon Plate, deep in Earth's mantle
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Map of the Panthalassic ocean c. 180 mya, showing the position of the Farallon Plate
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460:"Numerical models of Farallon plate subduction: Creating and removing a flat slab"
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Ancient oceanic plate that has mostly subducted under the North American Plate
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The understanding of the Farallon Plate is rapidly evolving as details from
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635:"Intra-oceanic subduction shaped the assembly of Cordilleran North America"
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85 Myr ago the South Farallon trench moves westward after accretion of the
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140:(sometimes, "exotic" terranes). As the Farallon Plate subducted, it
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Goes, Saskia (April 2013). "Western North America's jigsaw".
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Schmid, C.; Goes, S.; van der Lee, S.; Giardini, D. (2002).
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results from basement uplift more than 1,000 km inland.
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coupling of Farallon plate to terranes produces the buoyant
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The Farallon Plate is also responsible for transporting old
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Farallon Plate subduction forms North American Cordillera
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Sigloch, Karin; Mihalynuk, Mitchell G. (4 April 2013).
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USGS Professional Paper 1515: images of Farallon Plate
279:. Sonora volcanism results from the slab sinking. The
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822:Demise of the Farallon Plate Beneath North America
105:plates, subducting under the northern part of the
458:Currie, Claire A.; Copeland, Peter (2022-01-25).
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74:at the centre of the triple junction during the
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234:) as it moves west in the following sequence:
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798:"Under California: An ancient tectonic plate"
164:Region of the modern Cascadia subduction zone
38:. It formed one of the three main plates of
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70:broke apart and after the formation of the
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568:Learn how and when to remove this message
531:This article includes a list of general
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18:
2357:Geology of Mendocino County, California
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1624:
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2362:Geology of Sonoma County, California
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587:
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230:(similar to those in the modern-day
214:of subducting slabs penetrating the
2352:Geology of Marin County, California
2242:= kiloannum (thousands years ago);
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253:on the South Farallon plate begins.
13:
2246:= megaannum (millions years ago);
826:California Institute of Technology
537:it lacks sufficient corresponding
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2250:= gigaannum (billions years ago).
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82:, which are located just west of
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1494:South American–Antarctic Ridge
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281:Tarahumara ignimbrite province
277:Shatsky Rise Conjugate plateau
1:
1689:Pleistocene (11.7 ka–2.58 Ma)
757:10.1016/S0012-821X(02)00985-8
377:
251:Franciscan subduction complex
2307:Geology of the Pacific Ocean
509:Sigloch & Mihalynuk 2013
493:Sigloch & Mihalynuk 2013
443:Sigloch & Mihalynuk 2013
173:for some of the complexity.
58:under the west coast of the
50:, which were connected by a
7:
1652:Geological history of Earth
842:Goddard Space Flight Center
786:Geological Survey of Norway
418:10.1016/j.tecto.2005.05.011
329:
54:. The Farallon Plate began
10:
2378:
2312:Historical tectonic plates
1925:Mississippian (323–359 Ma)
1920:Pennsylvanian (299–323 Ma)
1684:Holocene (present–11.7 ka)
1447:Galápagos Spreading Center
212:seismic tomographic images
2237:
2222:
2209:Paleoarchean (3.2–3.6 Ga)
2186:
2146:
2115:
2084:
2071:
2059:Terreneuvian (521–539 Ma)
2031:
2000:
1964:
1933:
1907:
1876:
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311:and Pacific Rim terranes.
132:and various fragments of
2302:Geology of North America
2204:Mesoarchean (2.8–3.2 Ga)
2049:Miaolingian (497–509 Ma)
1894:Guadalupian (260–272 Ma)
1746:Paleocene (56.0–66.0 Ma)
1736:Oligocene (23.0–33.9 Ma)
737:Earth Planet. Sci. Lett.
320:Cascadia subduction zone
263:Canadian Rocky Mountains
177:Shallow angle subduction
62:—then located in modern
2199:Neoarchean (2.5–2.8 Ga)
2164:Orosirian (1.8–2.05 Ga)
2159:Statherian (1.6–1.8 Ga)
2102:Cryogenian (635–720 Ma)
1992:Llandovery (433–444 Ma)
1899:Cisuralian (272–299 Ma)
1710:Pliocene (2.59–5.33 Ma)
1489:Pacific-Antarctic Ridge
749:2002E&PSL.204...17S
704:10.1126/science.1190366
552:more precise citations.
2337:Mesozoic North America
2332:Cenozoic North America
2169:Rhyacian (2.05–2.3 Ga)
2138:Calymmian (1.4–1.6 Ga)
2097:Ediacaran (539–635 Ma)
2044:Furongian (485–497 Ma)
1889:Lopingian (252–260 Ma)
1715:Miocene (5.33–23.0 Ma)
1542:Pacific-Farallon Ridge
1514:Ancient oceanic ridges
1504:Southwest Indian Ridge
1499:Southeast Indian Ridge
1236:Philippine Mobile Belt
367:Pacific-Farallon Ridge
270:Omineca magmatic belts
232:Indonesian Archipelago
195:
165:
152:
78:. It is named for the
24:
2174:Siderian (2.3–2.5 Ga)
2133:Ectasian (1.2–1.4 Ga)
2054:Series 2 (509–521 Ma)
1741:Eocene (33.9–56.0 Ma)
286:85–55 Myr ago Strong
249:) clastic wedge. The
193:
163:
150:
121:subducting under the
22:
2214:Eoarchean (3.6–4 Ga)
2107:Tonian (720 Ma–1 Ga)
1987:Wenlock (427–433 Ma)
1977:Pridoli (419–423 Ma)
1417:Central Indian Ridge
268:124–90 Myr ago the
123:South American Plate
107:North American Plate
60:North American Plate
2347:Mesozoic California
2342:Cenozoic California
2269: •
2258: •
2256:Geologic time scale
2018:Middle (458–470 Ma)
1982:Ludlow (423–427 Ma)
1951:Middle (383–393 Ma)
1846:Middle (237–247 Ma)
1815:Middle (164–174 Ma)
1532:Kula-Farallon Ridge
696:2010Sci...329..316S
659:10.1038/nature12019
651:2013Natur.496...50S
602:2013Natur.496...35G
410:2005Tectp.404..237L
362:Kula–Farallon Ridge
2317:Historical geology
2267:Geology portal
2128:Stenian (1–1.2 Ga)
2023:Early (470–485 Ma)
1956:Early (393–419 Ma)
1851:Early (247–252 Ma)
1820:Early (174–201 Ma)
1789:Early (100–145 Ma)
1784:Late (66.0–100 Ma)
1573:Geology portal
1547:Pacific-Kula Ridge
1537:Mid-Labrador Ridge
1462:Mid-Atlantic Ridge
1457:Juan de Fuca Ridge
836:2020-10-29 at the
831:The Farallon Plate
472:10.1130/GES02393.1
204:continental margin
196:
170:seismic tomography
166:
153:
134:continental crust,
25:
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2182:
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2148:Paleoproterozoic
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2013:Late (444–458 Ma)
1946:Late (359–383 Ma)
1859:
1858:
1841:Late (201–237 Ma)
1810:Late (145–164 Ma)
1754:
1753:
1675:(present–2.58 Ma)
1663:(present–66.0 Ma)
1618:
1617:
1432:East Pacific Rise
690:(5989): 316–319.
578:
577:
570:
372:San Andreas Fault
113:subducting under
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2327:Mesozoic geology
2322:Cenozoic geology
2278:World portal
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2117:Mesoproterozoic
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788:. Archived from
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548:this article by
539:inline citations
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259:Sevier Mountains
80:Farallon Islands
42:, alongside the
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1412:Carlsberg Ridge
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1151:Juan Fernández
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965:
959:
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943:
941:
939:
938:
936:South American
933:
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926:North American
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811:External links
809:
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792:on 2011-07-23.
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743:(1–2): 17–32.
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36:tectonic plate
29:Farallon Plate
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2088:(539 Ma–1 Ga)
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1865:Paleozoic Era
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1775:(66.0–145 Ma)
1770:
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1763:(66.0–252 Ma)
1757:
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1552:Phoenix Ridge
1550:
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1066:Balmoral Reef
1064:
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1059:
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1054:
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766:on 2015-10-15
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392:
388:
385:
384:
373:
370:
368:
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355:
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352:Izanagi Plate
350:
349:
345:
339:
334:
327:
325:
321:
313:
310:
306:
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297:
293:
289:
288:transpressive
285:
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248:
244:
241:
237:
236:
235:
233:
229:
225:
221:
217:
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209:
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192:
183:
174:
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162:
156:Current state
149:
145:
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139:
135:
131:
126:
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
91:
89:
85:
84:San Francisco
81:
77:
73:
72:Pacific Plate
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
48:Phoenix Plate
45:
44:Izanagi Plate
41:
37:
34:
30:
21:
2252:
2188:Archean Eon
2150:(1.6–2.5 Ga)
2035:(485–539 Ma)
2004:(444–485 Ma)
1968:(419–444 Ma)
1937:(359–419 Ma)
1911:(299–359 Ma)
1880:(252–299 Ma)
1868:(252–539 Ma)
1832:(201–252 Ma)
1801:(145–201 Ma)
1760:Mesozoic Era
1660:Cenozoic Era
1607:
1595:
1583:
1564:
1442:Gakkel Ridge
1354:Intermontane
1343:
1146:Juan de Fuca
1003:New Hebrides
955:Minor plates
886:Major plates
790:the original
768:. Retrieved
761:the original
740:
735:
687:
683:
642:
638:
593:
589:
581:Bibliography
580:
579:
564:
555:
536:
500:
488:
463:
438:
426:
401:
397:
391:
382:
381:
317:
292:Shatsky Rise
216:lower-mantle
197:
180:
167:
127:
103:Juan de Fuca
92:
28:
26:
2224:Hadean Eon
2002:Ordovician
1773:Cretaceous
1673:Quaternary
1527:Alpha Ridge
1522:Aegir Ridge
1477:Mohns Ridge
1452:Gorda Ridge
1427:Cocos Ridge
1422:Chile Ridge
1266:Solomon Sea
1206:North Andes
1196:Molucca Sea
1091:Conway Reef
1076:Bird's Head
1043:Microplates
550:introducing
324:slab window
130:island arcs
119:Nazca Plate
111:Cocos Plate
40:Panthalassa
2291:Categories
2226:(4–4.6 Ga)
2190:(2.5–4 Ga)
2119:(1–1.6 Ga)
1725:Paleogene
1407:Aden Ridge
1256:Seychelles
1171:Madagascar
1056:Aegean Sea
1013:Philippine
914:Australian
770:2013-04-04
533:references
378:References
357:Kula Plate
283:is formed.
220:Angayucham
117:; and the
88:California
56:subducting
2253:See also:
2033:Cambrian
1966:Silurian
1935:Devonian
1830:Triassic
1799:Jurassic
1296:Trobriand
1201:Niuafo’ou
1156:Kerguelen
1131:Halmahera
1126:Greenland
1111:Galápagos
1081:Capricorn
1071:Banda Sea
1061:Anatolian
978:Caribbean
899:Antarctic
675:205233259
626:205076929
558:June 2015
505:Goes 2013
480:1553-040X
464:Geosphere
431:Goes 2013
224:Mezcalera
1878:Permian
1699:Neogene
1597:Category
1389:Kshiroda
1374:Malvinas
1344:Farallon
1339:Cimmeria
1306:Woodlark
1301:Victoria
1261:Shetland
1161:Kermadec
1101:Explorer
1051:Adriatic
983:Caroline
904:Eurasian
834:Archived
720:12044269
712:20647465
667:23552944
618:23552938
330:See also
309:Siletzia
261:and the
238:165–155
208:subducts
142:accreted
138:terranes
95:Explorer
46:and the
1609:Commons
1384:Phoenix
1359:Izanagi
1349:Insular
1334:Charcot
1251:Sangihe
1221:Okinawa
1191:Mariana
1176:Malpelo
1166:Lwandle
1141:Iranian
1136:Iberian
1033:Yangtze
1008:Okhotsk
968:Arabian
963:Amurian
931:Pacific
894:African
745:Bibcode
692:Bibcode
684:Science
647:Bibcode
598:Bibcode
546:improve
406:Bibcode
200:terrane
68:Pangaea
33:oceanic
2232:
1324:Baltic
1246:Rovuma
1241:Rivera
1226:Panama
1116:Gonâve
1106:Futuna
1096:Easter
1023:Somali
1018:Scotia
993:Indian
919:Indian
718:
710:
673:
665:
639:Nature
624:
616:
590:Nature
535:, but
478:
294:. The
247:orogen
206:as it
109:; the
101:, and
1369:Lhasa
1291:Tonga
1286:Tisza
1281:Timor
1231:Pelso
1186:Maoke
1181:Manus
1121:Gorda
1086:Coiba
1028:Sunda
998:Nazca
988:Cocos
973:Burma
764:(PDF)
732:(PDF)
716:S2CID
671:S2CID
622:S2CID
383:Notes
99:Gorda
1585:List
1364:Kula
708:PMID
663:PMID
614:PMID
476:ISSN
66:—as
64:Utah
27:The
1379:Moa
753:doi
741:204
700:doi
688:329
655:doi
643:496
606:doi
594:496
507:;
468:doi
414:doi
402:404
240:Myr
2293::
2248:Ga
2244:Ma
2240:ka
840:–
824:–
800:.
784:.
751:.
734:.
714:.
706:.
698:.
686:.
669:.
661:.
653:.
641:.
637:.
620:.
612:.
604:.
592:.
474:.
466:.
462:.
450:^
412:.
400:.
326:.
222:,
125:.
97:,
90:.
86:,
1644:e
1637:t
1630:v
870:e
863:t
856:v
804:.
773:.
755::
747::
722:.
702::
694::
677:.
657::
649::
628:.
608::
600::
571:)
565:(
560:)
556:(
542:.
511:.
495:.
482:.
470::
445:.
433:.
420:.
416::
408::
265:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
