364:, had failed to mobilize broad support or engage all social forces. Entry into the war could expedite the course by mobilizing all of Italy for the first time, generating massive commitment that could catalyze the entire society. The Entente cause was synonymous with progress and the ultimate revolution against German-Austrian militarism and imperialism, the main obstacles to decisive revolutionary change in Europe. Like the
309:, also emerged in support of the war effort. Among these leftists were middle-class radicals and republicans who held relatively moderate views and were more vocal supporters of intervention from the revolutionary left. A minority of leaders and writers of revolutionary syndicalism had previously supported the war against Turkey in 1911. Despite the
355:
believed that engaging in the war did not mean abandoning the social revolution. They argued that the war would be the most direct way towards revolution. The leaders believed that previous class-based revolts, such as the
287:. The usefulness of the First World War was asserted as an indispensable historical moment for developing more advanced societies in a political-social sense. The manifesto inspired the formation of the
479:, that of the European revolution against barbarism, authoritarianism, militarism, Germanic feudalism and the Catholic perfidy of Austria." This statement reflects a debate within the
357:
666:
318:
443:
340:
since the 1870s. The term was used by trade unions, middle-class radicals, and even reformist peasants to organize various Fasci. The most notable among them was the
483:
at the time; interventionist positions such as those of
Alceste de Ambris were supported by anarchist like Kropotkin, but strongly contested by others (e.g.,
527:
404:, and radical republicans. The focus was on mobilizing the masses and involving them in a great national enterprise, eventually leading to a revolution.
344:, which had led a revolt against Sicily's existing political and economic structure during 1895–96. Therefore, the adoption of this nomenclature by the
562:
537:
567:
398:
who had abandoned revolutionary syndicalism, various pro-war revolutionary and reformist
Socialists, progressive nationalists from the magazine
123:
557:
507:
820:
517:
394:
after joining in
December 1914. His associates were a diverse group, comprising revolutionary syndicalists, new "national syndicalists" like
547:
825:
748:
645:
810:
815:
217:
321:
to support the cause. Various syndicalist leaders and key local groups formed a new interventionist organization, the
783:
721:
696:
621:
596:
413:
289:
139:
372:(PSI) refused to support the war effort due to deep social division and a lack of national integration in Italy.
302:
158:
378:'s public opposition to the official Socialist position on October 18, 1914, led to his resignation as
552:
434:
336:
was common among the
Italian left. In fact, it had been a standard practice among various sectors of
310:
284:
171:
104:
805:
542:
369:
182:
178:
118:
390:
funded by pro-war business interests. Mussolini quickly became the most prominent figure in the
487:) because such positions allegedly gave a political-historical priority to constitutional and
740:
637:
386:
259:: 'Revolutionary League of Internationalist Action') was a political movement that advocated
190:
480:
306:
280:
163:
8:
380:
337:
317:
rejected it. They called for intervention on the side of the
Entente. This move led the
400:
222:
202:
197:
667:
The Birth of
Fascist Ideology: From Cultural Rebellion to Political Revolution, p. 293
779:
717:
692:
617:
592:
522:
488:
464:
314:
212:
51:
41:
484:
476:
375:
361:
313:(USI) adopting a neutralist resolution in August 1914, syndicalist leaders such as
260:
716:. Translated by Maisel, David. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
532:
512:
472:
468:
395:
341:
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in the name of the working class. It is also stated that: "Our cause is that of
492:
384:'s editor just two days later. In mid-November, he launched a new publication,
272:
268:
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186:
36:
460:
276:
264:
365:
175:
438:
301:
The nationalist right-wing was not alone in their eagerness for
441:, who held the most aggressive pro-war views, formed their own
151:
275:. The movement's manifesto was drawn up on 5 October 1914 by
491:
ideals of the countries involved in the conflict over the
712:
Sternhell, Zeev; Sznajder, Mario; Asheri, Maia (1989).
711:
772:
Gli anarchici italiani dalla grande guerra al fascismo
459:
adherents describe themselves as socialists who fight
305:. A diverse group of fervent leftists, later known as
447:to encourage Italian involvement in the conflict.
616:. University of Wisconsin Press. pp. 81–87.
591:. University of Wisconsin Press. pp. 81–87.
797:
776:Italian anarchists from the Great War to fascism
407:On December 11, 1914, Mussolini reorganized the
353:Fascio Rivoluzionario d'Azione Internazionalista
323:Fascio Rivoluzionario d'Azione Internazionalista
236:Fascio Rivoluzionario d'Azione Internazionalista
29:Fascio Rivoluzionario d'Azione Internazionalista
250:Revolutionary Fasces of Internationalist Action
26:Revolutionary League of Internationalist Action
778:] (in Italian). Franco Angeli Edizioni.
433:as the "fascist movement". Simultaneously,
240:
769:
303:Italian intervention during the Great War
503:The promoting committee was formed by:
798:
419:Fasci autonomi d’azione rivoluzionaria
686:
611:
586:
821:Defunct organisations based in Italy
735:
733:
682:
680:
678:
676:
674:
256:
691:. Taylor & Francis, Routledge.
13:
421:(which Mussolini created) and the
14:
837:
826:Organizations established in 1914
751:from the original on 15 June 2017
730:
671:
648:from the original on 15 June 2017
423:Fascio d'Azione Internazionalista
741:"L'Archivio "storia - history""
689:A History of Fascism, 1914–1945
687:Payne, Stanley George (2003) .
638:"L'Archivio "storia - history""
614:A History of Fascism, 1914–1945
589:A History of Fascism, 1914–1945
763:
705:
660:
630:
605:
580:
1:
811:Syndicalist political parties
714:The Birth of Fascist Ideology
573:
431:Fasci d'Azione Rivoluzionaria
414:Fasci d'Azione Rivoluzionaria
290:Fasci d'Azione Rivoluzionaria
140:Fasci d'Azione Rivoluzionaria
770:Giulietti, Fabrizio (2015).
498:
450:
358:Parma general strike of 1908
18:Political party in Italy
7:
10:
842:
612:Payne, Stanley G. (1996).
587:Payne, Stanley G. (1996).
296:
277:revolutionary syndicalists
816:Revolutionary Syndicalism
493:revolutionary perspective
435:Filippo Tommaso Marinetti
319:Unione Sindacale Milanese
311:Unione Sindacale Italiana
285:Unione Sindacale Italiana
208:
196:
172:Revolutionary syndicalism
157:
146:
134:
109:Unione Sindacale Milanese
105:Unione Sindacale Italiana
97:
77:
57:
47:
35:
23:
543:Angelo Oliviero Olivetti
444:Fasci Politici Futuristi
417:, which was a fusion of
370:Italian Socialist Party
198:Political position
183:Progressive nationalism
119:Italian Socialist Party
84:; 109 years ago
64:; 109 years ago
425:. On January 6, 1915,
283:former members of the
82:December 11, 1914
392:Fascio Rivoluzionario
346:Fascio Rivoluzionario
334:Fascio Rivoluzionario
307:left interventionists
281:left interventionists
187:Radical republicanism
348:was not surprising.
332:by the newly formed
263:'s participation in
164:Left-interventionism
62:October 4, 1914
351:The leaders of the
267:on the side of the
528:Amilcare De Ambris
489:liberal democratic
481:anarchist movement
455:In the manifesto,
427:Il Popolo d'Italia
387:Il Popolo d'Italia
338:Italian radicalism
745:www.larchivio.com
642:www.larchivio.com
523:Filippo Corridoni
465:Amilcare Cipriani
315:Alceste de Ambris
231:
230:
218:Political parties
213:Politics of Italy
150:Via Eustachi 50,
52:Filippo Corridoni
42:Alceste de Ambris
833:
790:
789:
767:
761:
760:
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737:
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709:
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664:
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627:
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603:
602:
584:
485:Errico Malatesta
429:referred to the
376:Benito Mussolini
258:
254:
251:
248:
245:
242:
135:Merged into
93:
92:
90:
85:
73:
72:
70:
65:
21:
20:
841:
840:
836:
835:
834:
832:
831:
830:
806:Italian fascism
796:
795:
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786:
768:
764:
754:
752:
739:
738:
731:
724:
710:
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661:
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636:
635:
631:
624:
610:
606:
599:
585:
581:
576:
568:Libero Tancredi
563:Sincero Rugarli
538:Aurelio Galassi
533:Attilio Deffenu
513:Michele Bianchi
501:
473:James Guillaume
453:
437:'s avant-garde
396:Sergio Panunzio
368:in Russia, the
342:Fasci Siciliani
325:, by October.
299:
252:
249:
246:
243:
227:
189:
185:
181:
174:
170:
166:
130:
114:
98:Split from
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86:
83:
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68:
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63:
61:
31:
30:
27:
19:
12:
11:
5:
839:
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530:
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452:
449:
298:
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273:Central Powers
269:Triple Entente
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55:
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45:
44:
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33:
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25:
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17:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
838:
827:
824:
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801:
787:
785:9788891721082
781:
777:
773:
766:
750:
746:
742:
736:
734:
725:
723:0-691-03289-0
719:
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698:0-203-50132-2
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623:9780299148737
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598:9780299148737
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191:Antigermanism
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80:
76:
60:
56:
53:
50:
46:
43:
40:
38:
34:
22:
16:
775:
771:
765:
753:. Retrieved
744:
713:
707:
688:
662:
650:. Retrieved
641:
632:
613:
607:
588:
582:
558:Silvio Rossi
553:Cesare Rossi
508:Decio Bacchi
502:
456:
454:
442:
430:
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422:
418:
412:
408:
406:
399:
391:
385:
379:
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329:
327:
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300:
288:
271:against the
235:
234:
232:
167:
147:Headquarters
138:
15:
518:Ugo Clerici
461:imperialism
265:World War I
800:Categories
574:References
548:Decio Papa
469:Kropotkine
366:Bolsheviks
179:Socialists
124:Defencists
89:1914-12-11
69:1914-10-04
755:3 January
652:3 January
499:Committee
451:Manifesto
439:Futurists
328:The term
223:Elections
203:Left-wing
176:Defencist
168:Factions:
78:Dissolved
749:Archived
646:Archived
477:Vaillant
362:Red Week
159:Ideology
411:as the
401:La Voce
360:or the
297:History
244:
87: (
67: (
58:Founded
48:Founder
782:
720:
695:
620:
595:
457:Fascio
409:Fascio
381:Avanti
330:Fascio
152:Milano
37:Leader
774:[
475:, of
471:, of
467:, of
261:Italy
780:ISBN
757:2022
718:ISBN
693:ISBN
654:2022
618:ISBN
593:ISBN
279:and
257:fig.
241:lit.
233:The
802::
747:.
743:.
732:^
673:^
644:.
640:.
495:.
293:.
255:;
788:.
759:.
726:.
701:.
656:.
626:.
601:.
253:'
247:'
239:(
91:)
71:)
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