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1474:; electrical and mechanical components for about 50 bombs were stockpiled at Kirtland Army Air Field by August 1946, but only nine plutonium cores were available. Production of the Mod 0 ended in December 1948, by which time there were still only 53 cores available. It was replaced by improved versions known as Mods 1 and 2 which contained a number of minor changes, the most important of which was that they did not charge the X-Unit firing system's capacitors until released from the aircraft. The Mod 0s were withdrawn from service between March and July 1949, and by October they had all been rebuilt as Mods 1 and 2. Some 120 Mark III Fat Man units were added to the stockpile between 1947 and 1949, when it was superseded by the
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Fat Man shape to eliminate its persistent wobble until an arrangement dubbed a "California
Parachute" was approved, a cubical open-rear tail box outer surface with eight radial fins inside of it, four angled at 45 degrees and four perpendicular to the line of fall holding the outer square-fin box to the bomb's rear end. In drop tests in early weeks, the Fat Man missed its target by an average of 1,857 feet (566 m), but this was halved by June as the bombardiers became more proficient with it.
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and recharging took 72 hours. The batteries had to be removed in any case after nine days or they corroded. The plutonium core could not be left in for much longer, because its heat damaged the high explosives. Replacing the core also required the bomb to be completely disassembled and reassembled. This required about 40 to 50 men and took between 56 and 72 hours, depending on the skill of the bomb assembly team, and the
1292:, the flight engineer notified Sweeney that an inoperative fuel transfer pump made it impossible to use 640 US gallons (2,400 L) of fuel carried in a reserve tank. This fuel would still have to be carried all the way to Japan and back, consuming still more fuel. Replacing the pump would take hours; moving the Fat Man to another aircraft might take just as long and was dangerous as well, as the bomb was live. Colonel
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345:. Implosion-type bombs were determined to be significantly more efficient in terms of explosive yield per unit mass of fissile material in the bomb, because compressed fissile materials react more rapidly and therefore more completely. Nonetheless, it was decided that the plutonium gun would receive the bulk of the research effort, since it was the project with the least uncertainty involved. It was assumed that the
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672:, range, speed, flight ceiling, and survivability. Without the availability of the B-29, dropping the bomb would likely have been impossible. However, this still constrained the bomb to a maximum length of 11 feet (3.4 m), width of 5 feet (1.5 m) and weight of 20,000 pounds (9,100 kg). Removing the bomb rails allowed a maximum width of 5.5 feet (1.7 m).
558:-produced isotopes, on which the original measurements had been made, held much lower traces of plutonium-240. Its inclusion in reactor-bred plutonium appeared unavoidable. This meant that the spontaneous fission rate of the reactor plutonium was so high that pre-detonation was highly likely and that the bomb would blow itself apart during the initial formation of
628:. The brittle α phase that exists at room temperature changes to the plastic β phase at higher temperatures. Attention then shifted to the even more malleable δ phase that normally exists in the 300–450 °C (570–840 °F) range. It was found that this was stable at room temperature when alloyed with aluminum, but aluminum emits neutrons when bombarded with
1556:(hosting): "When are you going to show us the real thing? Surely this laboratory monstrosity is not the only type of atomic bomb we have in stockpile?" Nichols told him that better weapons would soon become available. After the "astonishingly good" results of Operation Sandstone were available, stockpiling of improved weapons began.
1439:. In November 1945, the Army Air Forces asked Los Alamos for 200 Fat Man bombs, but there were only two sets of plutonium cores and high-explosive assemblies at the time. The Army Air Forces wanted improvements to the design to make it easier to manufacture, assemble, handle, transport, and stockpile. The wartime
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A nuclear strike would have been a formidable undertaking in the post-war 1940s due to the limitations of the Mark III Fat Man. The lead-acid batteries which powered the fuzing system remained charged for only 36 hours, after which they needed to be recharged. To do this meant disassembling the bomb,
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Fat Man F31 was assembled on Tinian by
Project Alberta personnel, and the physics package was fully assembled and wired. It was placed inside its ellipsoidal aerodynamic bombshell, which was painted mustard yellow, and wheeled out, where it was signed by nearly 60 people, including Purnell, Brigadier
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the previous day. This covered 70% of the area over Kokura, obscuring the aiming point. Three bomb runs were made over the next 50 minutes, burning fuel and repeatedly exposing the aircraft to the heavy defenses of Yahata, but the bombardier was unable to drop visually. By the time of the third bomb
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The result was the fission of about 1 kilogram (2.2 lb) of the 6.19 kilograms (13.6 lb) of plutonium in the pit, or about 16% of the fissile material present. The detonation released the energy equivalent to the detonation of 21 kilotons of TNT or 88 terajoules. About 30% of the yield came
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was an 8.75-inch-diameter (222 mm) sphere, surrounded by a 0.125-inch-thick (3.2 mm) shell of boron-impregnated plastic. The plastic shell had a 5-inch-diameter (130 mm) cylindrical hole running through it, like the hole in a cored apple, in order to allow insertion of the pit as late
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The early Y-1222 model Fat Man was assembled with some 1,500 bolts. This was superseded by the Y-1291 design in
December 1944. This redesign work was substantial, and only the Y-1222 tail design was retained. Later versions included the Y-1560, which had 72 detonators; the Y-1561, which had 32; and
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Drop tests began in March 1944 and resulted in modifications to the
Silverplate aircraft due to the weight of the bomb. High-speed photographs revealed that the tail fins folded under the pressure, resulting in an erratic descent. Various combinations of stabilizer boxes and fins were tested on the
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The most significant change involved the use of an anti-jet ring within the plutonium pit, described earlier. In the
Trinity Gadget, the possibility of a fine jet of neutrons going between the seams of the pit was avoided by adding some crumpled gold foil around the initiator. Additionally, in the
1973:
Selby, Hugh D.; Hanson, Susan K.; Meininger, Daniel; Oldham, Warren J.; Kinman, William S.; Miller, Jeffrey L.; Reilly, Sean D.; Wende, Allison M.; Berger, Jennifer L.; Inglis, Jeremy; Pollington, Anthony D.; Waidmann, Christopher R.; Meade, Roger A.; Buescher, Kevin L.; Gattiker, James R.; Vander
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found a hole in the clouds. The Fat Man was dropped and exploded at 11:02 local time, following a 43-second free-fall, at an altitude of about 1,650 feet (500 m). There was poor visibility due to cloud cover, and the bomb missed its intended detonation point by almost two miles, so the damage
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into the desired shape. They found it easier to cast hemispheres than spheres. The core consisted of two hemispheres with a ring with a triangular cross-section between them to keep them aligned and prevent jets forming. As plutonium was found to corrode readily, the sphere was coated with nickel.
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An estimated 35,000–40,000 people were killed outright by the bombing at
Nagasaki. A total of 60,000–80,000 fatalities resulted, including from long-term health effects, the strongest of which was leukemia with an attributable risk of 46% for bomb victims. Others died later from related blast and
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met on Guam to discuss what should be done next. Since there was no indication of Japan surrendering, they decided to proceed with their orders and drop another bomb. Parsons said that
Project Alberta would have it ready by 11 August, but Tibbets pointed to weather reports indicating poor flying
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to implode a sphere, which he showed could not only result in a faster assembly of fissile material than was possible with the gun method, but greatly reduce the amount of material required because of the resulting higher density. The idea that, under such pressures, the plutonium metal would be
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Mitsubishi's industrial production in the city was severed by the attack; the dockyard would have produced at 80 percent of its full capacity within three to four months, the steelworks would have required a year to get back to substantial production, the electric works would have resumed some
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is credited with doing the calculations that showed how a solid subcritical sphere of plutonium could be compressed to a critical state, greatly simplifying the task, since earlier efforts had attempted the more-difficult compression of a hollow spherical shell. After
Christy's report, the
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the secondary target. The weapon was already armed but with the green electrical safety plugs still engaged. Ashworth changed them to red after ten minutes so that
Sweeney could climb to 17,000 feet (5,200 m) in order to get above storm clouds. During the pre-flight inspection of
1160:. The cores were transported to North Field, arriving on 2 August, when F31 was partly disassembled in order to check all its components. F33 was expended near Tinian during a final rehearsal on 8 August. F32 presumably would have been used for a third attack or its rehearsal.
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as possible. The missing tamper cylinder containing the pit could be slipped in through a hole in the surrounding 18.5-inch-diameter (470 mm) aluminum pusher. The pit was warm to the touch, emitting 2.4 W/kg-Pu, about 15 W for the 6.19-kilogram (13.6 lb) core.
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and his team. But
Neddermeyer's efforts in July and August at imploding tubes to produce cylinders tended to produce objects that resembled rocks. Neddermeyer was the only person who believed that implosion was practical, and only his enthusiasm kept the project alive.
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was to determine how to cast plutonium into a sphere. The difficulties became apparent when attempts to measure the density of plutonium gave inconsistent results. At first contamination was believed to be the cause, but it was soon determined that there were multiple
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the Y-1562, which had 132. There were also the Y-1563 and Y-1564, which were practice bombs with no detonators at all. The final wartime Y-1561 design was assembled with just 90 bolts. On 16 July 1945, a Y-1561 model Fat Man, known as the Gadget, was detonated in a
566:." The distance required to accelerate the plutonium to speeds where pre--detonation would be less likely would need a gun barrel too long for any existing or planned bomber. The only way to use plutonium in a workable bomb was therefore implosion.
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production within two months and been back at capacity within six months, and the arms plant would have required 15 months to return to 60 to 70 percent of former capacity. The Mitsubishi-Urakami Ordnance Works, which manufactured the
330:, who in turn assembled a special committee consisting of Lawrence, Compton, Oppenheimer, and McMillan to examine the issue. The committee concluded that any problems could be overcome simply by requiring higher purity.
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Neddermeyer discarded Serber and Tolman's initial concept of implosion as assembling a series of pieces in favor of one in which a hollow sphere was imploded by an explosive shell. He was assisted in this work by
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was brought in as a consultant and discussed the problem with Neddermeyer in June 1943. Thompson was skeptical that an implosion could be made sufficiently symmetric. Oppenheimer arranged for Neddermeyer and
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and was developed by von Neumann. The success of the bomb relied on absolute precision in all of the plates moving inward at the same time. To overcome the difficulty of synchronizing multiple detonations,
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gun design, and the Los Alamos Laboratory was reorganized with almost all of the research focused on the problems of implosion for the Fat Man bomb. The idea of using shaped charges as three-dimensional
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Sweeney then proceeded to the alternative target of Nagasaki. It was obscured by clouds as well, and Ashworth ordered Sweeney to make a radar approach. At the last minute, however, bombardier Captain
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The impracticability of a gun-type bomb using plutonium was agreed at a meeting in Los Alamos on 17 July 1944. All gun-type work in the Manhattan Project was re-directed towards the Little Boy,
419:(Fat Man) on a secret tour of the United States. Air Forces personnel used the code names over the phone to make it sound as though they were modifying a plane for Roosevelt and Churchill.
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burn injuries, and hundreds more from radiation illnesses from exposure to the bomb's initial radiation. Most of the direct deaths and injuries were among munitions or industrial workers.
520:, but they decided that an expert on explosives would be required. Kistiakowsky's name was immediately suggested, and Kistiakowsky was brought into the project as a consultant in October.
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371:, a former student of Oppenheimer's who worked on the Manhattan Project. He chose them based on their design shapes; the Thin Man was a very long device, and the name came from the
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It was the Battle of Kiska that would lead Time magazine to create the acronym, JANFU (joint army-navy foul-up) to complement the earlier SNAFU (situation normal, all fouled-up).
2829:. The History of Air Force Participation in the Atomic Energy Program, 1943–1953. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Air Force, Air University Historical Liaison Office. Archived from
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and was placed without its tail fin assembly in a steel caisson made from a submarine's conning tower; it was detonated 90 feet (27 m) beneath the landing craft
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319:, who acknowledged that their scientists at Berkeley and Chicago, respectively, knew about the problem, but they could offer no ready solution. Conant informed
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It even had a code: JANCFU for "joint army navy combined foul up" which was a cousin of "SNAFU," military vernacular for "situation normal, all f***ed up."
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compressed came from Teller, whose knowledge of how dense metals behaved under heavy pressure was influenced by his pre-war theoretical studies of the
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uranium gun-type design came later and was named only to contrast with the Thin Man. Los Alamos's Thin Man and Fat Man code names were adopted by the
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in a magnesium field carrying case designed for the purpose by Philip Morrison. Magnesium was chosen because it does not act as a tamper. It left
1513:
The only aircraft capable of carrying the bomb were Silverplate B-29s, and the only group equipped with them was the 509th Bombardment Group at
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B-29 that dropped the original device – black liquid asphalt sealant was sprayed over the original bomb casing's seams, simulated on the mockup.
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1200:, and Parsons. The acronym "JANCFU" was stenciled on the bomb's nose, standing for "Joint Army-Navy-Civilian Fuckup", a play on the acronym "
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on 28 July. Three Fat Man high-explosive pre-assemblies (designated F31, F32, and F33) were picked up at Kirtland on 28 July by three B-29s:
652:(Fat Man test unit) being raised from the pit into the bomb bay of a B-29 for bombing practice during the weeks before the attack on Nagasaki
979:-plastic shell intended to prevent pre-detonation of the bomb by stray neutrons. The shock-wave reaches the center of the bomb, where the...
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692:" test. It gave a yield of about 25 kilotonnes (100 TJ). Some minor changes were made to the design as a result of the Trinity test.
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The bomb was 128.375 inches (3.2607 m) long and 60.25 inches (153.0 cm) in diameter. It weighed 10,265 pounds (4,656 kg).
1571:, who provided them with secret information concerning the Manhattan Project and Fat Man. It was detonated on 29 August 1949 as part of
1042:). A fission chain reaction then begins. The tendency of the fissioning pit to blow itself apart prematurely is reduced by the inward
5094:
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3387:, 2003 (first printed in 1996, self-published), considered a definitive text about Fat Man; illustrations from which are used in the
1435:, which was much longer but not as wide as the Fat Man. The only American bombers that could carry the Fat Man were the B-29 and the
499:
to Los Alamos in September to take a fresh look at implosion. After reviewing Neddermeyer's studies, and discussing the matter with
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960:"pusher" transfers the imploding shock-wave from the low-density explosive to the high-density uranium, minimizing undesirable
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conditions on that day due to a storm and asked if the bomb could be made ready by 9 August. Parsons agreed to try to do so.
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Oppenheimer reviewed his options in early 1943 and gave priority to the gun-type weapon, but he created the E-5 Group at the
1552:
visited Sandia and Los Alamos to be shown the "special requirements" of atomic weapons. Gruenther asked Brigadier General
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197:, and its detonation marked the third nuclear explosion in history. The first one was built by scientists and engineers at
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in each of the 32 tapered high-explosive columns (positioned around the explosive material at the face centers of a
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The first plutonium core was transported with its polonium-beryllium modulated neutron initiator in the custody of
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recalled that "There were some changes of importance... The fundamental thing was, of course, very much the same."
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to collect the bombs and then to an overseas base from which a strike could be mounted. In March 1948, during the
660:. The only Allied aircraft considered capable of carrying the Fat Man without major modification were the British
4333:
2983:. Swords of Armageddon: US Nuclear Weapons Development since 1945. Sunnyvale, California: Chukelea Publications.
2851:
The Silverplate Bombers: A History and Registry of the Enola Gay and Other B-29s Configured to Carry Atomic Bombs
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was monitoring Japanese communications, and he reported activity on the Japanese fighter direction radio bands.
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Trinity Gadget, the pit was electroplated with silver, whereas with the later Fat Man bombs, nickel was used.
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The Mark III Mod 0 Fat Man was ordered into production in mid-1946. High explosives were manufactured by the
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Nuke-Rebuke: Writers & Artists Against Nuclear Energy & Weapons (The Contemporary anthology series)
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The explosion symmetrically compressed the plutonium to twice its normal density before the "Urchin" added
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The size of the bomb was constrained by the available aircraft, which were investigated for suitability by
225:
The name Fat Man refers to the early design of the bomb because it had a wide, round shape. Fat Man was an
1415:
The Los Alamos Laboratory and the Army Air Forces had already commenced work on improving the design. The
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on 9 August 1945. It was the second of the only two nuclear weapons ever used in warfare, the first being
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design in which two sub-critical masses would be brought together by firing a "bullet" into a "target".
272:, in July, at which various engineers and physicists discussed nuclear bomb design issues. They chose a
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Cross section of the Fat Man "physics package". See description and colors in this section for details.
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2571:"United States Strategic Bombing Survey Summary Report (Pacific War) The Effects of the Atomic Bombs"
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Columbia university center for nuclear studies: Hiroshima and Nagasaki: The Long Term Health Effects
668:. At the time, the B-29 represented the epitome of bomber technology with significant advantages in
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929:, 30% TNT). The 32 waves then merge into a single spherical implosive shock-wave which hits the
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2445:"Bockscar … The Forgotten Plane That Dropped The Atomic Bomb « A Little Touch of History"
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The Soviet Union's first nuclear weapon was based closely on Fat Man's design thanks to spies
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Fat Man on its transport carriage, with liquid asphalt sealant applied over the casing's seams
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Critical Assembly: A Technical History of Los Alamos During the Oppenheimer Years, 1943–1945
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in 1946, and some 120 were produced between 1947 and 1949, when it was superseded by the
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998:"Urchin" is crushed, pushing the two metals together and thereby releasing a burst of
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632:, which would exacerbate the pre-ignition problem. The metallurgists then hit upon a
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516:. The prospect of more-efficient nuclear weapons impressed Oppenheimer, Teller, and
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1401:; it missed its aim point by 710 yards (650 m). The second bomb was nicknamed
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are produced, the tamper itself undergoes fission, accounting for up to 30% of the
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2907:. The Army Air Forces in World War II. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
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and his P-5 Group at Los Alamos on the newly reactor-produced plutonium from the
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test, and the military teams were not yet qualified to assemble atomic weapons.
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Kokura was obscured by clouds and drifting smoke from fires started by a major
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The implosion project remained a backup until April 1944, when experiments by
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3373:"Atomic John: A truck driver uncovers secrets about the first nuclear bombs"
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3. Plate with batteries (to detonate charge surrounding nuclear components)
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back into the pit, accelerating the chain reaction. If and when sufficient
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This article is about the World War II nuclear weapon. For other uses, see
3410:– Biographical film about the life and times of physicist Raemer Schreiber
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3394:
3217:
Project Alberta: The Preparation of Atomic Bombs For Use in World War II
964:. The shock-wave then compresses the inner components, passing through a
874:
569:
550:. This has a far higher spontaneous fission rate and radioactivity than
4928:
4872:
4609:
4599:
4528:
3473:
3335:
2885:
1509:" (above), which closely resembled Fat Man, even in its external shape.
1406:
1269:
961:
685:
517:
462:
396:
342:
242:
194:
4970:
4836:
4604:
4407:
3101:. Los Alamos National Laboratory. p. 16. LA-8819. Archived from
1976:"A New Yield Assessment for the Trinity Nuclear Test, 75 Years Later"
991:
902:
771:
604:
555:
536:
288:
202:
182:
145:
4318:
3248:
Peace & War: Reminiscences of a Life on the Frontiers of Science
2794:
Baker, Richard D.; Hecker, Siegfried S.; Harbur, Delbert R. (1983).
1813:
1091:
Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki § Bombing of Nagasaki
5010:
4843:
4377:
4307:
4302:
3121:
1992:
1360:
1284:
1210:
1205:
1105:
1043:
957:
810:
was 3.62 inches (92 mm) in diameter and contained an "Urchin"
573:
Small-scale slow-motion cut-away of shaped-charge implosion device.
487:
407:. A cover story was devised that Silverplate was about modifying a
214:
2765:"Section 8.1.1 The Design of Gadget, Fat Man, and "Joe 1" (RDS-1)"
2388:"World War II: the battle for Kiska (pt 2). - Free Online Library"
1801:
1258:
1250:
5000:
3385:
Atom Bombs: The Top Secret Inside Story of Little Boy and Fat Man
3279:
War's End: An Eyewitness Account of America's Last Atomic Mission
2878:
Atom Bombs: The Top Secret Inside Story of Little Boy and Fat Man
1462:, which had been established by the Manhattan Project as part of
1412:. The two weapons yielded about 23 kilotonnes (96 TJ) each.
1059:
1035:
999:
544:
346:
2664:
1446:
1254:
Detonation of the Mark III 'Fat Man' and ensuing mushroom cloud.
367:" and "Fat Man", respectively. These code names were created by
4386:
2085:
2083:
1280:
1100:
1019:
799:
Preserved Tinian "bomb pit#2", where Fat Man was loaded aboard
233:. The first of that type to be detonated was the Gadget in the
3055:
2618:
2616:
2577:
2129:
2127:
2125:
2112:
2110:
2040:
1929:
1927:
1925:
1865:
1795:
1783:
1759:
1744:
1729:
1705:
1690:
1642:
1606:
1591:
783:
Fat Man's "physics package" nuclear device about to be encased
341:
to investigate implosion as a hedge against the threat of pre-
3980:
3096:"The yields of the Hiroshima and Nagasaki nuclear explosions"
2559:. The Spirit That Moves Us Press. 1 May 1984. pp. 22–29.
2534:
1572:
1506:
1390:
1236:
from Project Alberta as the weaponeer in charge of the bomb.
1201:
976:
741:
7. Plate with instruments (radars, baroswitches, and timers)
3302:
Memoirs: A Twentieth-Century Journey in Science and Politics
2282:
2280:
2209:
2207:
2144:
2142:
2080:
1876:
1874:
1765:
4948:
4417:
3383:
Essay and interview with John Coster-Mullen, the author of
2796:"Plutonium: A Wartime Nightmare but a Metallurgist's Dream"
2613:
2331:
2230:
2166:
2154:
2122:
2107:
2095:
2068:
2046:
1922:
1125:
719:
1972:
1648:
1132:'s 320th Troop Carrier Squadron on 26 July and arrived at
39:
4235:
4212:
4161:
4150:
4145:
4140:
4135:
4130:
4120:
4110:
4105:
4095:
4090:
4085:
4080:
4060:
4045:
4040:
4035:
4010:
4005:
3755:
3734:
3729:
3662:
3657:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3617:
3607:
3273:
2681:
2679:
2652:
2601:
2589:
2509:
2497:
2464:
2462:
2277:
2204:
2139:
1871:
1711:
1372:
After the war, two Y-1561 Fat Man bombs were used in the
894:
403:
in their involvement in the Manhattan Project, codenamed
3018:. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press.
2481:
2479:
2477:
2307:
2297:
2295:
1944:
1942:
1898:
858:, a geometry popularly known from the pattern of common
363:
The gun-type and implosion-type designs were codenamed "
1624:
1443:
was continued, and drop tests resumed in January 1946.
543:
showed that it contained impurities in the form of the
307:
had "concluded that plutonium might not be a practical
2927:
Now It Can Be Told: The Story of the Manhattan Project
2853:. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company.
2676:
2459:
737:
5. Hinge fixing the two ellipsoidal parts of the bomb
503:, von Neumann suggested the use of high explosives in
5035:
2640:
2628:
2474:
2417:"The harrowing story of the Nagasaki bombing mission"
2319:
2292:
1954:
1939:
1910:
1886:
1470:. Mechanical components were made or procured by the
1163:
On 7 August, the day after the bombing of Hiroshima,
311:
for weapons because of impurities". Conant consulted
3277:; Antonucci, James A.; Antonucci, Marion K. (1997).
1672:
1612:
1336:
was somewhat less extensive than that in Hiroshima.
612:
solid-plutonium core weapon was referred to as the "
385:. The Fat Man was round and fat and was named after
2265:
1974:Wiel, Scott A.; Marcy, Peter W. (11 October 2021).
3396:The Half-Life of Genius Physicist Raemer Schreiber
3185:
3151:
3125:
3064:
2924:
1660:
814:that was 0.8 inches (20 mm) in diameter. The
268:held conferences in Chicago in June 1942, and in
3443:
3355:Video footage of the bombing of Nagasaki (silent)
2959:Downfall: The End of the Imperial Japanese Empire
2793:
1819:
1062:"tamper" (inertial confinement). The tamper also
5071:
3305:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Perseus Publishing.
3005:
1807:
1307:Effects of the Fat Man's detonation on Nagasaki
349:gun-type bomb could be easily adapted from it.
5110:World War II aerial bombs of the United States
1246:Weather events during wars § World War II
483:National Museum of the United States Air Force
284:, but the proposal attracted little interest.
4334:
3429:
3219:. Los Alamos, New Mexico: Exceptional Books.
2875:
2622:
2583:
2337:
2236:
2172:
2160:
2133:
2116:
2101:
2089:
2074:
2052:
1933:
1840:. Restricted Data: The Nuclear Secrecy Blog.
1771:
415:(Thin Man) and United Kingdom Prime Minister
3241:
3128:Robert Oppenheimer: A Life Inside the Center
2573:. U.S. Strategic Bombing Survey. p. 24.
1654:
1478:. The Mark III Fat Man was retired in 1950.
636:, which stabilized the δ phase and could be
237:less than a month earlier on 16 July at the
191:detonated over the Japanese city of Nagasaki
16:U.S. atomic bomb type used at Nagasaki, 1945
2447:. Awesometalks.wordpress.com. 7 August 2008
2352:
2248:
2213:
2178:
1279:lifted off at 03:47 on 9 August 1945, with
1104:Mushroom cloud after Fat Man exploded over
449:'s Explosives Research Laboratory near the
5090:Cold War aerial bombs of the United States
4341:
4327:
3436:
3422:
3405:
2901:Craven, Wesley; Cate, James, eds. (1953).
2900:
2540:
873:The detonation wave (arrows) is initially
5115:Weapons and ammunition introduced in 1945
5105:World War II weapons of the United States
5080:Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
2880:. Waukesha, Wisconsin: J. Coster-Mullen.
2009:
1991:
1466:, and a new plant was established at the
1431:bombers had bomb bays sized to carry the
749:tail assembly (0.20-inch aluminum sheet)
3158:. New York: William Morrow and Company.
3071:. New York: Cambridge University Press.
2848:
2762:
2723:
2468:
2286:
2184:
1904:
1488:
1445:
1359:
1302:
1264:
1257:
1249:
1214:after the plane's command pilot Captain
1099:
794:
786:
778:
770:
643:
568:
472:
3349:Manhattan: The Army and the Atomic Bomb
3251:. New York: Columbia University Press.
3146:
3059:; Henriksen, Paul W.; Meade, Roger A.;
2700:"Spies Who Spilled Atomic Bomb Secrets"
2685:
2670:
2510:Sweeney, Antonucci & Antonucci 1997
2498:Sweeney, Antonucci & Antonucci 1997
2414:
2187:"Section 8.0 The First Nuclear Weapons"
1831:
1630:
1618:
1380:in the Pacific. The first was known as
1355:
739:6. Physics package (see details below)
5072:
3295:
3180:
2981:Volume V: US Nuclear Weapons Histories
2975:
2919:
2698:Holmes, Marian Smith (19 April 2009).
2697:
2658:
2646:
2634:
2607:
2595:
2551:
2549:
2485:
2325:
2249:Wellerstein, Alex (23 December 2013).
2214:Wellerstein, Alex (10 November 2014).
2148:
1960:
1948:
1916:
1892:
1880:
1717:
1678:
1296:and Sweeney therefore elected to have
1084:
4348:
4322:
3417:
3093:
3043:from the original on 27 February 2012
2953:
2823:Vol. I, Project Silverplate 1943–1946
2819:
2348:
2346:
2313:
2271:
1666:
1324:was getting close; Second Lieutenant
245:. Two more were detonated during the
3388:
3214:
3120:
2301:
1484:Armed Forces Special Weapons Project
1081:from fission of the uranium tamper.
735:a firing set placed near the charge
239:Alamogordo Bombing and Gunnery Range
44:Replica of the original Fat Man bomb
3804:Tactical Atomic Demolition Munition
3371:Samuels, David (23 January 2009) .
2904:The Pacific: Matterhorn to Nagasaki
2546:
2353:Wellerstein, Alex (7 August 2015).
1486:had only three teams in June 1948.
447:National Defense Research Committee
257:. The Fat Man was retired in 1950.
13:
5100:Nuclear bombs of the United States
4806:Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
3798:Special Atomic Demolition Munition
3192:. New York: Simon & Schuster.
2343:
1521:. They would first have to fly to
1493:Espionage information procured by
1272:of Fat Man Atomic bomb in Nagasaki
260:
14:
5126:
3792:Medium Atomic Demolition Munition
3342:
2730:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
2421:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
2415:Gaulkin, Thomas (5 August 2022).
1844:from the original on 7 April 2014
1529:, all the assembly teams were in
1152:from the 509th Composite Group's
941:inner charges' faster explosive (
5095:History of the Manhattan Project
5057:
5045:
5022:
5021:
3375:. A Reporter at Large (column).
3132:. New York; Toronto: Doubleday.
1505:led to the first Soviet device "
1208:of the B-29 Superfortress named
754:
709:
38:
2763:Sublette, Carey (3 July 2007).
2756:
2717:
2691:
2563:
2515:
2437:
2408:
2380:
2242:
2185:Sublette, Carey (3 July 2007).
2058:
1966:
1825:
1820:Baker, Hecker & Harbur 1983
1395:and it was dropped by the B-29
1388:'s character in the 1946 movie
1158:216th Army Air Forces Base Unit
601:exploding-bridgewire detonators
295:, the director of the British "
3094:Malik, John (September 1985).
2750:10.1080/00963402.1993.11456340
1352:, was destroyed in the blast.
1224:with his crew on the mission.
1204:". It was then wheeled to the
848:exploding-bridgewire detonator
718:1. One of four AN 219 contact
422:
97:
1:
3445:United States nuclear devices
3188:The Making of the Atomic Bomb
3009:; Anderson, Oscar E. (1962).
2849:Campbell, Richard H. (2005).
2786:
2726:"Soviet Scientists Speak Out"
2011:10.1080/00295450.2021.1932176
1239:
1232:and his crew, with Commander
1095:
465:suburb), where they spoke to
401:United States Army Air Forces
291:bomb was questioned in 1942.
282:implosion-type nuclear weapon
227:implosion-type nuclear weapon
116:10,300 pounds (4,670 kg)
4966:Oppenheimer security hearing
4156:Reliable Replacement Warhead
3245:; Crease, Robert P. (1998).
2876:Coster-Mullen, John (2012).
1315:raid by 224 B-29s on nearby
716:Fat Man external schematic.
603:to replace the less precise
7:
3329:
1808:Hewlett & Anderson 1962
1573:Operation "First Lightning"
1417:North American B-45 Tornado
812:modulated neutron initiator
766:
699:
10:
5131:
2961:. New York: Random House.
1468:Iowa Army Ammunition Plant
1283:as the primary target and
1243:
1128:transport aircraft of the
1088:
761:Fat Man internal schematic
389:'s character in Hammett's
356:
18:
5019:
4909:Bismuth phosphate process
4904:Atomic Energy Act of 1946
4891:
4860:
4793:
4582:
4451:
4365:
4356:
4290:
4249:
4222:
4185:
4174:
3953:
3937:
3826:
3817:
3765:
3702:
3671:
3560:
3464:
3451:
2673:, pp. 260, 264, 265.
1154:393d Bombardment Squadron
666:Boeing B-29 Superfortress
352:
211:Boeing B-29 Superfortress
209:and was dropped from the
159:
151:
141:
136:
128:
120:
112:
107:
96:
88:
78:
73:
66:Place of origin
65:
49:
37:
30:
3215:Russ, Harlow W. (1990).
3012:The New World, 1939–1946
2807:(Winter/Spring): 142–151
2724:Holloway, David (1993).
2512:, pp. 179, 213–215.
1798:, pp. 293, 307–308.
1655:Serber & Crease 1998
1578:
850:simultaneously starts a
359:Little Boy § Naming
21:Fat Man (disambiguation)
4986:S-1 Executive Committee
4934:Einstein–Szilard letter
2251:"Kilotons per kilogram"
2216:"The Fat Man's Uranium"
1156:, and another from the
1122:Kirtland Army Air Field
634:plutonium–gallium alloy
626:allotropes of plutonium
229:with a solid plutonium
124:128 inches (3.3 m)
4428:Salt Wells Pilot Plant
3367:in QuickTime VR format
3061:Westfall, Catherine L.
2541:Craven & Cate 1953
2392:www.thefreelibrary.com
2355:"What About Nagasaki?"
1548:and Brigadier General
1540:In June 1948, General
1510:
1460:Salt Wells Pilot Plant
1455:
1369:
1350:attack on Pearl Harbor
1308:
1300:continue the mission.
1273:
1262:
1255:
1109:
803:
792:
784:
776:
743:8. Barotube collector
670:maximum takeoff weight
653:
574:
492:
459:Bruceton, Pennsylvania
132:60 inches (1.5 m)
5006:X-10 Graphite Reactor
4961:Nobel Prize laureates
4831:509th Composite Group
1515:Walker Air Force Base
1492:
1449:
1429:Boeing B-47 Stratojet
1363:
1306:
1268:
1261:
1253:
1234:Frederick L. Ashworth
1130:509th Composite Group
1103:
856:truncated icosahedron
798:
790:
782:
774:
647:
572:
529:X-10 Graphite Reactor
476:
411:for use by President
357:Further information:
335:Los Alamos Laboratory
287:The feasibility of a
199:Los Alamos Laboratory
83:Los Alamos Laboratory
4914:British contribution
4816:Operation Peppermint
4811:Operation Crossroads
4670:Maria Goeppert Mayer
3281:. Quill Publishing.
2931:. New York: Harper.
2527:23 July 2015 at the
2041:Hoddeson et al. 1993
1866:Hoddeson et al. 1993
1796:Hoddeson et al. 1993
1784:Hoddeson et al. 1993
1760:Hoddeson et al. 1993
1745:Hoddeson et al. 1993
1730:Hoddeson et al. 1993
1706:Hoddeson et al. 1993
1691:Hoddeson et al. 1993
1643:Hoddeson et al. 1993
1607:Hoddeson et al. 1993
1592:Hoddeson et al. 1993
1374:Operation Crossroads
1356:Post-war development
747:California Parachute
684:at a remote site in
658:Norman Foster Ramsey
495:Oppenheimer brought
477:Replica mockup of a
328:Leslie R. Groves Jr.
309:fissionable material
303:on 14 November that
270:Berkeley, California
247:Operation Crossroads
235:Trinity nuclear test
205:manufactured at the
4675:George Kistiakowsky
4630:Charles Critchfield
3154:The Road to Trinity
3148:Nichols, Kenneth D.
3108:on 27 February 2008
3007:Hewlett, Richard G.
2836:on 22 February 2014
2820:Bowen, Lee (1959).
2769:Nuclear Weapons FAQ
2742:1993BuAtS..49d..18H
2661:, pp. 147–149.
2610:, pp. 142–145.
2598:, pp. 137–142.
2543:, pp. 723–725.
2500:, pp. 204–205.
2316:, pp. 283–284.
2191:Nuclear Weapons FAQ
2151:, pp. 122–123.
2002:2021NucTe.207S.321S
1883:, pp. 119–120.
1868:, pp. 380–383.
1832:Wellerstein, Alex.
1822:, pp. 144–145.
1810:, pp. 244–245.
1786:, pp. 270–271.
1747:, pp. 240–244.
1720:, pp. 174–176.
1708:, pp. 130–133.
1535:Operation Sandstone
1519:Roswell, New Mexico
1476:Mark 4 nuclear bomb
1472:Rock Island Arsenal
1228:was flown by Major
1085:Bombing of Nagasaki
1002:into the compressed
956:The medium-density
607:detonation system.
467:George Kistiakowsky
436:, and John Streib.
434:Charles Critchfield
301:James Bryant Conant
255:Mark 4 nuclear bomb
152:Filling weight
5064:History of science
5052:Nuclear technology
4740:Henry DeWolf Smyth
4519:Robert Oppenheimer
4474:Priscilla Duffield
2804:Los Alamos Science
2623:Coster-Mullen 2012
2584:Coster-Mullen 2012
2531:, updated 7/3/2014
2338:Coster-Mullen 2012
2237:Coster-Mullen 2012
2173:Coster-Mullen 2012
2161:Coster-Mullen 2012
2134:Coster-Mullen 2012
2117:Coster-Mullen 2012
2102:Coster-Mullen 2012
2090:Coster-Mullen 2012
2075:Coster-Mullen 2012
2053:Coster-Mullen 2012
1980:Nuclear Technology
1934:Coster-Mullen 2012
1772:Coster-Mullen 2012
1511:
1456:
1370:
1322:anti-aircraft fire
1309:
1274:
1263:
1256:
1230:Charles W. Sweeney
1175:William S. Parsons
1168:William R. Purnell
1110:
921:slower explosive (
889:faster explosive (
804:
793:
785:
777:
654:
575:
493:
413:Franklin Roosevelt
392:The Maltese Falcon
387:Sydney Greenstreet
266:Robert Oppenheimer
189:the United States
74:Production history
5033:
5032:
4955:Los Alamos Primer
4944:Interim Committee
4899:African Americans
4851:The Great Artiste
4710:Isidor Isaac Rabi
4705:Norman Ramsey Jr.
4504:Franklin Matthias
4443:Heavy water sites
4350:Manhattan Project
4316:
4315:
4245:
4244:
4170:
4169:
3813:
3812:
3767:Atomic demolition
3288:978-0-380-78874-3
3226:978-0-944482-01-8
3199:978-0-684-81378-3
3165:978-0-688-06910-0
3139:978-0-385-50407-2
3078:978-0-521-44132-2
3057:Hoddeson, Lillian
3025:978-0-520-07186-5
2990:978-0-9791915-0-3
2968:978-0-679-41424-7
2955:Frank, Richard B.
2860:978-0-7864-2139-8
2586:, pp. 84–85.
2304:, pp. 64–65.
2289:, pp. 38–40.
2253:. Restricted Data
2218:. Restricted Data
1986:(sup1): 321–325.
1693:, pp. 86–90.
1633:, pp. 64–65.
1594:, pp. 42–44.
1550:Anthony McAuliffe
1376:nuclear tests at
1346:Type 91 torpedoes
1221:The Great Artiste
1216:Frederick C. Bock
1198:Thomas F. Farrell
1064:reflects neutrons
1024:delta-phase alloy
664:and the American
597:Lawrence Johnston
481:displayed in the
438:L. T. E. Thompson
417:Winston Churchill
325:Brigadier General
321:Manhattan Project
278:Richard C. Tolman
249:nuclear tests at
218:piloted by Major
177:" (also known as
171:
170:
5122:
5062:
5061:
5060:
5050:
5049:
5048:
5041:
5025:
5024:
4976:Quebec Agreement
4760:John von Neumann
4700:George B. Pegram
4509:Dorothy McKibbin
4343:
4336:
4329:
4320:
4319:
4183:
4182:
3824:
3823:
3462:
3461:
3438:
3431:
3424:
3415:
3414:
3409:
3382:
3356:
3324:
3292:
3275:Sweeney, Charles
3270:
3238:
3211:
3191:
3177:
3157:
3143:
3131:
3117:
3115:
3113:
3107:
3100:
3090:
3070:
3052:
3050:
3048:
3042:
3017:
3002:
2972:
2950:
2930:
2916:
2897:
2872:
2845:
2843:
2841:
2835:
2828:
2816:
2814:
2812:
2800:
2780:
2779:
2777:
2775:
2760:
2754:
2753:
2721:
2715:
2714:
2712:
2710:
2695:
2689:
2683:
2674:
2668:
2662:
2656:
2650:
2644:
2638:
2632:
2626:
2620:
2611:
2605:
2599:
2593:
2587:
2581:
2575:
2574:
2567:
2561:
2560:
2553:
2544:
2538:
2532:
2519:
2513:
2507:
2501:
2495:
2489:
2483:
2472:
2466:
2457:
2456:
2454:
2452:
2441:
2435:
2434:
2429:
2427:
2412:
2406:
2405:
2400:
2398:
2384:
2378:
2377:
2375:
2373:
2350:
2341:
2335:
2329:
2323:
2317:
2311:
2305:
2299:
2290:
2284:
2275:
2269:
2263:
2262:
2260:
2258:
2246:
2240:
2234:
2228:
2227:
2225:
2223:
2211:
2202:
2201:
2199:
2197:
2182:
2176:
2170:
2164:
2158:
2152:
2146:
2137:
2131:
2120:
2114:
2105:
2099:
2093:
2087:
2078:
2072:
2066:
2062:
2056:
2050:
2044:
2038:
2032:
2031:
2013:
1995:
1970:
1964:
1958:
1952:
1946:
1937:
1931:
1920:
1914:
1908:
1907:, pp. 8–10.
1902:
1896:
1890:
1884:
1878:
1869:
1863:
1854:
1853:
1851:
1849:
1834:"You don't know
1829:
1823:
1817:
1811:
1805:
1799:
1793:
1787:
1781:
1775:
1769:
1763:
1757:
1748:
1742:
1733:
1727:
1721:
1715:
1709:
1703:
1694:
1688:
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1676:
1670:
1664:
1658:
1652:
1646:
1640:
1634:
1628:
1622:
1616:
1610:
1604:
1595:
1589:
1569:David Greenglass
1546:Alfred Gruenther
1544:, Major General
1503:David Greenglass
1348:released in the
1333:Kermit K. Beahan
1118:Raemer Schreiber
1108:on 9 August 1945
1075:
1055:
1047:
1011:
1003:
987:
980:
973:
965:
953:
946:
938:
930:
918:
910:
886:
878:
870:
863:
843:
816:depleted uranium
758:
713:
688:, known as the "
619:The task of the
584:explosive lenses
579:enriched uranium
497:John von Neumann
383:series of movies
375:detective novel
373:Dashiell Hammett
339:Seth Neddermeyer
299:" project, told
185:for the type of
160:Blast yield
99:
42:
33:
28:
27:
5130:
5129:
5125:
5124:
5123:
5121:
5120:
5119:
5070:
5069:
5068:
5058:
5056:
5046:
5044:
5036:
5034:
5029:
5015:
4981:RaLa Experiment
4887:
4856:
4821:Project Alberta
4789:
4785:Chien-Shiung Wu
4715:James Rainwater
4650:Richard Feynman
4640:John R. Dunning
4615:Norris Bradbury
4578:
4564:Stafford Warren
4534:William Purnell
4514:Kenneth Nichols
4494:Ernest Lawrence
4469:James B. Conant
4447:
4361:
4352:
4347:
4317:
4312:
4286:
4241:
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3949:
3933:
3809:
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3454:
3447:
3442:
3389:Physics Package
3370:
3354:
3345:
3332:
3327:
3313:
3289:
3259:
3227:
3200:
3182:Rhodes, Richard
3166:
3140:
3111:
3109:
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3098:
3079:
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3015:
2991:
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2594:
2590:
2582:
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2569:
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2555:
2554:
2547:
2539:
2535:
2529:Wayback Machine
2520:
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2100:
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1971:
1967:
1959:
1955:
1947:
1940:
1932:
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1911:
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1637:
1629:
1625:
1617:
1613:
1605:
1598:
1590:
1586:
1581:
1554:Kenneth Nichols
1527:Berlin Blockade
1403:Helen of Bikini
1358:
1248:
1242:
1114:Project Alberta
1098:
1093:
1087:
1076:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1013:
1009:
1005:
989:
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981:
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951:
947:
940:
936:
932:
920:
916:
912:
888:
884:
880:
872:
868:
864:
852:detonation wave
845:
841:
769:
762:
759:
750:
744:
742:
740:
738:
736:
730:
728:
722:
717:
714:
702:
694:Philip Morrison
630:alpha particles
525:Emilio G. Segrè
455:Bureau of Mines
425:
361:
355:
313:Ernest Lawrence
263:
261:Early decisions
220:Charles Sweeney
137:
45:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5128:
5118:
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4978:
4973:
4968:
4963:
4958:
4951:
4946:
4941:
4936:
4931:
4926:
4924:Chicago Pile-1
4921:
4919:Calutron Girls
4916:
4911:
4906:
4901:
4895:
4893:
4892:Related topics
4889:
4888:
4886:
4885:
4880:
4875:
4870:
4864:
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4858:
4857:
4855:
4854:
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4787:
4782:
4777:
4772:
4767:
4762:
4757:
4755:Stanisław Ulam
4752:
4747:
4742:
4737:
4732:
4727:
4722:
4717:
4712:
4707:
4702:
4697:
4692:
4690:Edwin McMillan
4687:
4682:
4677:
4672:
4667:
4662:
4657:
4652:
4647:
4642:
4637:
4635:Harry Daghlian
4632:
4627:
4625:John Cockcroft
4622:
4620:James Chadwick
4617:
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4607:
4602:
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4586:
4584:
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4544:Charles Thomas
4541:
4539:Frank Spedding
4536:
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4526:
4521:
4516:
4511:
4506:
4501:
4499:James Marshall
4496:
4491:
4486:
4481:
4479:Thomas Farrell
4476:
4471:
4466:
4464:Arthur Compton
4461:
4455:
4453:
4452:Administrators
4449:
4448:
4446:
4445:
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4300:
4294:
4292:
4288:
4287:
4285:
4284:
4279:
4274:
4269:
4264:
4259:
4253:
4251:
4250:Primary stages
4247:
4246:
4243:
4242:
4240:
4239:
4233:
4226:
4224:
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3595:
3590:
3585:
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3564:
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3557:
3555:
3554:
3549:
3544:
3539:
3534:
3529:
3524:
3519:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3483:
3477:
3470:
3468:
3459:
3449:
3448:
3441:
3440:
3433:
3426:
3418:
3412:
3411:
3392:
3391:section above.
3378:The New Yorker
3368:
3362:
3351:
3344:
3343:External links
3341:
3340:
3339:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3325:
3311:
3297:Teller, Edward
3293:
3287:
3271:
3257:
3243:Serber, Robert
3239:
3225:
3212:
3198:
3178:
3164:
3144:
3138:
3118:
3091:
3077:
3053:
3024:
3003:
2989:
2973:
2967:
2951:
2937:
2921:Groves, Leslie
2917:
2898:
2873:
2859:
2846:
2817:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2782:
2781:
2755:
2716:
2690:
2688:, p. 264.
2675:
2663:
2651:
2649:, p. 150.
2639:
2637:, p. 143.
2627:
2612:
2600:
2588:
2576:
2562:
2545:
2533:
2514:
2502:
2490:
2488:, p. 740.
2473:
2458:
2436:
2407:
2379:
2359:The New Yorker
2342:
2330:
2328:, p. 342.
2318:
2306:
2291:
2276:
2264:
2241:
2229:
2203:
2177:
2165:
2153:
2138:
2121:
2106:
2094:
2092:, p. 186.
2079:
2067:
2057:
2045:
2043:, p. 377.
2033:
1965:
1963:, p. 127.
1953:
1951:, p. 121.
1938:
1921:
1919:, p. 131.
1909:
1897:
1895:, p. 254.
1885:
1870:
1855:
1824:
1812:
1800:
1788:
1776:
1774:, p. 110.
1764:
1762:, p. 163.
1749:
1734:
1732:, p. 228.
1722:
1710:
1695:
1683:
1681:, p. 481.
1671:
1659:
1657:, p. 104.
1647:
1635:
1623:
1611:
1596:
1583:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1368:, 23-kilotons.
1357:
1354:
1320:run, Japanese
1241:
1238:
1149:Laggin' Dragon
1143:Luke the Spook
1097:
1094:
1089:Main article:
1086:
1083:
1078:
1077:
1072:weapon's yield
1052:
1050:
1038:(96%–1%–3% by
1008:
1006:
984:
982:
970:
968:
950:
948:
935:
933:
927:barium nitrate
915:
913:
883:
881:
867:
865:
840:
834:chain reaction
829:to initiate a
768:
765:
764:
763:
760:
753:
751:
727:radar antenna
715:
708:
701:
698:
682:test explosion
662:Avro Lancaster
614:Christy Gadget
609:Robert Christy
562:, creating a "
505:shaped charges
443:Edwin McMillan
424:
421:
354:
351:
317:Arthur Compton
305:James Chadwick
262:
259:
187:nuclear weapon
169:
168:
161:
157:
156:
153:
149:
148:
143:
139:
138:
134:
133:
130:
126:
125:
122:
118:
117:
114:
110:
109:
108:Specifications
105:
104:
101:
94:
93:
90:
86:
85:
80:
76:
75:
71:
70:
67:
63:
62:
51:
47:
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43:
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34:
15:
9:
6:
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3:
2:
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5039:
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5018:
5012:
5009:
5007:
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5002:
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4992:
4989:
4987:
4984:
4982:
4979:
4977:
4974:
4972:
4969:
4967:
4964:
4962:
4959:
4957:
4956:
4952:
4950:
4947:
4945:
4942:
4940:
4939:Franck Report
4937:
4935:
4932:
4930:
4927:
4925:
4922:
4920:
4917:
4915:
4912:
4910:
4907:
4905:
4902:
4900:
4897:
4896:
4894:
4890:
4884:
4881:
4879:
4876:
4874:
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4863:
4859:
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4845:
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4834:
4832:
4829:
4827:
4824:
4822:
4819:
4817:
4814:
4812:
4809:
4807:
4804:
4802:
4801:Alsos Mission
4799:
4798:
4796:
4792:
4786:
4783:
4781:
4778:
4776:
4775:Robert Wilson
4773:
4771:
4770:Eugene Wigner
4768:
4766:
4763:
4761:
4758:
4756:
4753:
4751:
4750:Edward Teller
4748:
4746:
4743:
4741:
4738:
4736:
4733:
4731:
4728:
4726:
4725:Glenn Seaborg
4723:
4721:
4718:
4716:
4713:
4711:
4708:
4706:
4703:
4701:
4698:
4696:
4695:Mark Oliphant
4693:
4691:
4688:
4686:
4685:Willard Libby
4683:
4681:
4678:
4676:
4673:
4671:
4668:
4666:
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4661:
4658:
4656:
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4638:
4636:
4633:
4631:
4628:
4626:
4623:
4621:
4618:
4616:
4613:
4611:
4608:
4606:
4603:
4601:
4598:
4596:
4595:Robert Bacher
4593:
4591:
4588:
4587:
4585:
4581:
4575:
4574:Roscoe Wilson
4572:
4570:
4567:
4565:
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4560:
4557:
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4545:
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4517:
4515:
4512:
4510:
4507:
4505:
4502:
4500:
4497:
4495:
4492:
4490:
4489:John Lansdale
4487:
4485:
4484:Leslie Groves
4482:
4480:
4477:
4475:
4472:
4470:
4467:
4465:
4462:
4460:
4459:Vannevar Bush
4457:
4456:
4454:
4450:
4444:
4441:
4439:
4436:
4434:
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3852:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3832:
3831:
3829:
3827:Gravity bombs
3825:
3822:
3820:
3819:Thermonuclear
3816:
3805:
3802:
3799:
3796:
3793:
3790:
3788:
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3493:
3490:
3487:
3484:
3481:
3478:
3475:
3472:
3471:
3469:
3467:
3466:Gravity bombs
3463:
3460:
3458:
3450:
3446:
3439:
3434:
3432:
3427:
3425:
3420:
3419:
3416:
3408:
3403:
3399:
3397:
3393:
3390:
3386:
3380:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3366:
3365:Fat Man Model
3363:
3361:
3357:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3346:
3337:
3334:
3333:
3322:
3318:
3314:
3312:9780738205328
3308:
3304:
3303:
3298:
3294:
3290:
3284:
3280:
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3258:9780231105460
3254:
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3209:
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3141:
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3097:
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3021:
3014:
3013:
3008:
3004:
3000:
2996:
2992:
2986:
2982:
2978:
2977:Hansen, Chuck
2974:
2970:
2964:
2960:
2956:
2952:
2948:
2944:
2940:
2938:0-306-70738-1
2934:
2929:
2928:
2922:
2918:
2914:
2910:
2906:
2905:
2899:
2895:
2891:
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2694:
2687:
2682:
2680:
2672:
2667:
2660:
2655:
2648:
2643:
2636:
2631:
2625:, p. 87.
2624:
2619:
2617:
2609:
2604:
2597:
2592:
2585:
2580:
2572:
2566:
2558:
2552:
2550:
2542:
2537:
2530:
2526:
2523:
2518:
2511:
2506:
2499:
2494:
2487:
2482:
2480:
2478:
2471:, p. 32.
2470:
2469:Campbell 2005
2465:
2463:
2446:
2440:
2433:
2422:
2418:
2411:
2404:
2393:
2389:
2383:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2349:
2347:
2340:, p. 67.
2339:
2334:
2327:
2322:
2315:
2310:
2303:
2298:
2296:
2288:
2287:Campbell 2005
2283:
2281:
2274:, p. 25.
2273:
2268:
2252:
2245:
2239:, p. 46.
2238:
2233:
2217:
2210:
2208:
2192:
2188:
2181:
2175:, p. 57.
2174:
2169:
2163:, p. 48.
2162:
2157:
2150:
2145:
2143:
2136:, p. 41.
2135:
2130:
2128:
2126:
2119:, p. 45.
2118:
2113:
2111:
2104:, p. 49.
2103:
2098:
2091:
2086:
2084:
2077:, p. 47.
2076:
2071:
2061:
2055:, p. 53.
2054:
2049:
2042:
2037:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1969:
1962:
1957:
1950:
1945:
1943:
1936:, p. 52.
1935:
1930:
1928:
1926:
1918:
1913:
1906:
1905:Campbell 2005
1901:
1894:
1889:
1882:
1877:
1875:
1867:
1862:
1860:
1843:
1839:
1837:
1828:
1821:
1816:
1809:
1804:
1797:
1792:
1785:
1780:
1773:
1768:
1761:
1756:
1754:
1746:
1741:
1739:
1731:
1726:
1719:
1714:
1707:
1702:
1700:
1692:
1687:
1680:
1675:
1669:, p. 96.
1668:
1663:
1656:
1651:
1645:, p. 87.
1644:
1639:
1632:
1627:
1621:, p. 64.
1620:
1615:
1609:, p. 55.
1608:
1603:
1601:
1593:
1588:
1584:
1576:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1565:Theodore Hall
1562:
1557:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1538:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1499:Theodore Hall
1496:
1491:
1487:
1485:
1479:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1464:Project Camel
1461:
1453:
1448:
1444:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1421:Convair XB-46
1418:
1413:
1411:
1410:
1404:
1400:
1399:
1394:
1392:
1387:
1386:Rita Hayworth
1383:
1379:
1375:
1367:
1362:
1353:
1351:
1347:
1341:
1337:
1334:
1329:
1327:
1323:
1318:
1314:
1305:
1301:
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1247:
1237:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1222:
1217:
1213:
1212:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1193:
1190:
1187:
1186:Major General
1183:
1180:
1176:
1173:
1169:
1166:
1161:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1150:
1145:
1144:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1107:
1102:
1092:
1082:
1073:
1069:
1068:fast neutrons
1065:
1061:
1051:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1007:
1001:
997:
993:
983:
978:
969:
963:
959:
949:
944:
943:Composition B
934:
928:
924:
914:
908:
904:
900:
896:
892:
891:Composition B
882:
876:
866:
861:
857:
853:
849:
839:
838:
837:
835:
832:
828:
827:free neutrons
823:
820:
817:
813:
809:
808:plutonium pit
802:
797:
789:
781:
773:
757:
752:
748:
734:
726:
721:
712:
707:
706:
705:
697:
695:
691:
687:
683:
677:
673:
671:
667:
663:
659:
651:
646:
642:
639:
635:
631:
627:
622:
621:metallurgists
617:
615:
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
589:
588:James L. Tuck
585:
580:
571:
567:
565:
561:
560:critical mass
557:
553:
552:plutonium-239
549:
548:plutonium-240
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
521:
519:
515:
511:
506:
502:
501:Edward Teller
498:
490:
489:
485:, beside the
484:
480:
475:
471:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
445:to visit the
444:
439:
435:
431:
420:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
393:
388:
384:
380:
379:
374:
370:
369:Robert Serber
366:
360:
350:
348:
344:
340:
336:
331:
329:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
293:Wallace Akers
290:
285:
283:
280:suggested an
279:
275:
271:
267:
258:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
223:
221:
217:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
147:
144:
140:
135:
131:
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
106:
102:
95:
91:
87:
84:
81:
77:
72:
69:United States
68:
64:
61:
58:
55:
52:
48:
41:
36:
29:
26:
22:
5011:Y-12 Project
4996:Smyth Report
4991:S-50 Project
4953:
4949:K-25 Project
4878:Pumpkin bomb
4867:
4849:
4842:
4835:
4765:John Wheeler
4735:Louis Slotin
4730:Emilio Segrè
4680:George Koval
4660:James Franck
4645:Enrico Fermi
4590:Luis Alvarez
4549:Paul Tibbets
4524:Deak Parsons
4291:Experimental
3485:
3395:
3384:
3376:
3301:
3278:
3247:
3216:
3187:
3153:
3127:
3110:. Retrieved
3103:the original
3066:
3045:. Retrieved
3011:
2980:
2958:
2926:
2903:
2877:
2850:
2838:. Retrieved
2831:the original
2822:
2809:. Retrieved
2802:
2772:. Retrieved
2768:
2758:
2736:(4): 18–19.
2733:
2729:
2719:
2707:. Retrieved
2703:
2693:
2686:Nichols 1987
2671:Nichols 1987
2666:
2654:
2642:
2630:
2603:
2591:
2579:
2565:
2556:
2536:
2517:
2505:
2493:
2449:. Retrieved
2439:
2431:
2424:. Retrieved
2420:
2410:
2402:
2395:. Retrieved
2391:
2382:
2370:. Retrieved
2358:
2333:
2321:
2309:
2267:
2255:. Retrieved
2244:
2232:
2220:. Retrieved
2194:. Retrieved
2190:
2180:
2168:
2156:
2097:
2070:
2060:
2048:
2036:
1983:
1979:
1968:
1956:
1912:
1900:
1888:
1846:. Retrieved
1835:
1827:
1815:
1803:
1791:
1779:
1767:
1725:
1713:
1686:
1674:
1662:
1650:
1638:
1631:Nichols 1987
1626:
1619:Nichols 1987
1614:
1587:
1558:
1542:Omar Bradley
1539:
1512:
1480:
1457:
1451:
1441:Project W-47
1437:Convair B-36
1425:Martin XB-48
1414:
1408:
1402:
1398:Dave's Dream
1396:
1389:
1381:
1378:Bikini Atoll
1371:
1365:
1342:
1338:
1330:
1310:
1297:
1294:Paul Tibbets
1289:
1276:
1275:
1225:
1219:
1209:
1194:
1189:Curtis LeMay
1165:Rear Admiral
1162:
1147:
1141:
1111:
1079:
860:soccer balls
824:
805:
800:
746:
732:
724:
703:
678:
674:
655:
650:pumpkin bomb
618:
593:Luis Alvarez
576:
541:Hanford Site
522:
514:George Gamow
510:Earth's core
494:
486:
478:
451:laboratories
430:Hugh Bradner
426:
390:
378:The Thin Man
376:
362:
332:
286:
264:
251:Bikini Atoll
224:
213:
207:Hanford Site
178:
174:
172:
167:(88 TJ)
60:gravity bomb
25:
4826:Silverplate
4780:Leona Woods
4745:Leo Szilard
4720:Bruno Rossi
4665:Klaus Fuchs
4569:Ed Westcott
4559:Harold Urey
3938:Depth bombs
3672:Depth bombs
3112:27 February
2811:22 November
2704:Smithsonian
2659:Hansen 1995
2647:Hansen 1995
2635:Hansen 1995
2608:Hansen 1995
2596:Hansen 1995
2486:Rhodes 1986
2326:Groves 1962
2149:Hansen 1995
1961:Hansen 1995
1949:Hansen 1995
1917:Hansen 1995
1893:Groves 1962
1881:Hansen 1995
1718:Teller 2001
1679:Rhodes 1986
1561:Klaus Fuchs
1523:Sandia Base
1495:Klaus Fuchs
1364:Crossroads-
1326:Jacob Beser
1313:firebombing
1218:, who flew
1182:Carl Spaatz
1177:, Tibbets,
1134:North Field
1058:...natural-
638:hot pressed
423:Development
409:Pullman car
405:Silverplate
297:Tube Alloys
155:6.4 kg
100: built
5085:Code names
5074:Categories
4929:Demon core
4873:Little Boy
4794:Operations
4610:Niels Bohr
4600:Hans Bethe
4583:Scientists
4529:Boris Pash
4408:Los Alamos
3474:Little Boy
3455:(including
3336:Third Shot
2886:B0006S2AJ0
2787:References
2314:Frank 1999
2272:Malik 1985
2257:9 December
2222:9 December
1993:2103.06258
1667:Bowen 1959
1450:Sandstone-
1433:Grand Slam
1270:Hypocenter
1244:See also:
1240:Detonation
962:turbulence
903:wavefronts
686:New Mexico
586:came from
518:Hans Bethe
463:Pittsburgh
397:Little Boy
343:detonation
243:New Mexico
195:Little Boy
181:) was the
4971:Plutonium
4837:Enola Gay
4655:Val Fitch
4605:Aage Bohr
4554:Bud Uanna
4423:Oak Ridge
4223:Artillery
4178:radiation
3769:munitions
3703:Artillery
3122:Monk, Ray
3034:637004643
2999:231585284
2913:256469807
2894:298514167
2774:12 August
2451:31 August
2367:0028-792X
2302:Russ 1990
2196:29 August
2028:244134027
2020:0029-5450
1172:Commodore
992:beryllium
974: ...
939: ...
919: ...
887: ...
605:primacord
599:invented
556:cyclotron
537:B Reactor
533:Oak Ridge
323:director
289:plutonium
203:plutonium
146:Plutonium
92:1945–1949
5027:Category
4883:Thin Man
4844:Bockscar
4438:Wendover
4418:New York
4413:Montreal
4403:Inyokern
4378:Berkeley
4359:Timeline
4308:RACER IV
4282:Starling
4186:Warheads
4176:Enhanced
3954:Warheads
3561:Warheads
3488:(Mark 3)
3482:(Mark 2)
3480:Thin Man
3476:(Mark 1)
3457:boosted)
3330:See also
3321:48150267
3299:(2001).
3267:37631186
3235:24429257
3208:13793436
3184:(1986).
3174:15223648
3150:(1987).
3124:(2012).
3087:26764320
3063:(1993).
3047:26 March
3038:Archived
2979:(1995).
2957:(1999).
2923:(1962).
2869:58554961
2525:Archived
1842:Archived
1533:for the
1531:Eniwetok
1298:Bockscar
1290:Bockscar
1285:Nagasaki
1277:Bockscar
1226:Bockscar
1211:Bockscar
1206:bomb bay
1196:General
1116:courier
1106:Nagasaki
1096:Assembly
1044:momentum
1040:molarity
1022:-plated
1000:neutrons
958:aluminum
801:Bockscar
767:Assembly
700:Interior
535:and the
488:Bockscar
365:Thin Man
274:gun-type
215:Bockscar
183:codename
179:Mark III
163:21
129:Diameter
89:Produced
79:Designer
32:Fat Man
5038:Portals
5001:Uranium
4868:Fat Man
4861:Weapons
4433:Trinity
4398:Hanford
4383:Chicago
4303:Sausage
4277:Kinglet
3889:Mark 39
3884:Mark 36
3874:Mark 27
3869:Mark 26
3864:Mark 24
3854:Mark 21
3849:Mark 17
3839:Mark 15
3834:Mark 14
3777:XM1 ADM
3679:Mark 90
3542:Mark 20
3537:Mark 18
3532:Mark 13
3527:Mark 12
3522:Mark 11
3517:Mark 10
3486:Fat Man
3453:Fission
3360:YouTube
2840:28 July
2738:Bibcode
2709:5 April
2426:28 July
2397:28 July
2372:28 July
1998:Bibcode
1848:4 April
1836:Fat Man
1179:General
1060:uranium
1036:gallium
1018:of the
923:Baratol
907:concave
905:become
901:). The
831:fission
733:X-Unit,
690:Trinity
545:isotope
539:at the
479:Fat Man
453:of the
347:uranium
175:Fat Man
142:Filling
57:fission
54:Nuclear
4393:Dayton
4387:Site A
4298:Gadget
4272:Tsetse
4267:Python
3806:(TADM)
3800:(SADM)
3794:(MADM)
3782:T2 ADM
3689:Mk 105
3684:Mk 101
3547:Mk 105
3512:Mark 8
3507:Mark 7
3502:Mark 6
3497:Mark 5
3492:Mark 4
3404:
3398:(2017)
3319:
3309:
3285:
3265:
3255:
3233:
3223:
3206:
3196:
3172:
3162:
3136:
3085:
3075:
3032:
3022:
2997:
2987:
2965:
2947:537684
2945:
2935:
2911:
2892:
2884:
2867:
2857:
2365:
2026:
2018:
1567:, and
1501:, and
1427:, and
1409:LSM-60
1384:after
1317:Yahata
1281:Kokura
1138:Tinian
1056:
1054:
1046:of the
1020:nickel
1012:
1010:
988:
986:
972:
954:
952:
937:
925:: 70%
917:
909:in the
897:, 40%
893:: 60%
885:
877:in the
875:convex
871:
869:
844:
842:
819:tamper
725:Archie
564:fizzle
554:. The
395:. The
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