Trinity (nuclear test)

2786: 2774: 10424: 2762: 2449: 2738: 2750: 1959:. The explosion created a crater approximately 4.7 feet (1.4 m) deep and 88 yards (80 m) wide. The radius of the trinitite layer was approximately 330 yards (300 m). The 100-foot shot tower was completely vaporized. At the time of detonation, the surrounding mountains were illuminated "brighter than daytime" for one to two seconds, and the heat was reported as "being as hot as an oven" at the base camp. The observed colors of the illumination changed from purple to green and eventually to white. The roar of the shock wave took 40 seconds to reach the observers. It was felt over 100 miles (160 km) away, and the 211: 2700: 2712: 2141: 1601:"—a laboratory euphemism for a bomb—gave the laboratory's weapon physics division, "G Division", its name in August 1944. At that time it did not refer specifically to the Trinity Test device as that had yet to be developed, but once it was, it became the laboratory code name. The Trinity bomb was officially a Y-1561 device, as was the Fat Man used later in the bombing of Nagasaki. The two were very similar, though the Trinity bomb lacked fuzing and external ballistic casing. The bombs were still under development, and small changes continued to be made to the Fat Man design. 228: 2163: 10400: 10074: 253: 10388: 1742: 1407: 2113: 2187:

comparing it with the velocity of the blast wave) provided among the most accurate measurements of the blast pressure. Another method was to use the aluminum diaphragm box gauges designed to record the peak pressure of the blast wave. These indicated a blast energy of 9.9 kilotons of TNT (41 TJ) ± 1.0 kiloton of TNT (4.2 TJ). They were supplemented by a large number of other types of mechanical pressure gauges. And only one of them gave a reasonable result of about 10 kilotons of TNT (42 TJ).

2688: 598: 1839:), Robert Oppenheimer chose 0.3 kilotons of TNT (1.3 TJ), Kistiakowsky 1.4 kilotons of TNT (5.9 TJ), and Bethe chose 8 kilotons of TNT (33 TJ). Rabi, the last to arrive, took the only remaining choice – 18 kilotons of TNT (75 TJ), which turned out to be the winner. Bethe later stated that his choice of 8 kt was exactly the value calculated by Segrè, and he was swayed by Segrè's authority over that of a more junior member of Segrè's group who had calculated 20 kt. 1816: 1444: 1975:. At first it had a translucent character, but shortly turned to a tinted or colored white smoke appearance. The ball of fire seemed to rise in something of toadstool effect. Later the column proceeded as a cylinder of white smoke; it seemed to move ponderously. A hole was punched through the clouds, but two fog rings appeared well above the white smoke column. There was a spontaneous cheer from the observers. Dr. von Neumann said, "that was at least 5,000 tons and probably a lot more." 2125: 1204: 10220: 1692: 10085: 8836: 1648: 2724: 2559: 1992: 1067: 38: 1355: 2610: 1501:(with the total explosive power of approximately 108 tons of TNT (450 GJ)), actually a few tons more than the stated "100-tons". Kistiakowsky assured Bainbridge that the explosives used were not susceptible to shock. This was proven correct when some boxes fell off the elevator lifting them up to the platform. Flexible tubing was threaded through the pile of boxes of explosives. A radioactive slug from Hanford with 1,000 1478: 1867: 1457:

steel and make it difficult to measure the thermal effects. Even 100 tons of TNT (420 GJ) would send fragments flying, presenting a hazard to personnel and measuring equipment. It was therefore decided not to use it. Instead, it was hoisted up a steel tower 800 yards (732 m) from the explosion, where it could be used for a subsequent test. In the end, Jumbo survived the explosion, although its tower did not.

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completely into the tamper. The eye bolt was then removed from the capsule and replaced with a threaded uranium plug, a boron disk was placed on top of the capsule (to complete the thin spherical shell of plastic boron around the tamper), an aluminum plug was screwed into the hole in the pusher (aluminum shell surrounding the tamper), and the two remaining high explosive lenses were installed. Finally, the upper

1590: 1537: 260: 235: 2586: 1640:. Two equal hemispheres of plutonium-gallium alloy were plated with silver, and designated by serial numbers HS-1 and HS-2. The 6.19-kilogram (13.6 lb) radioactive core generated 15 W of heat, which warmed it up to about 100 to 110 °F (38 to 43 °C), and the silver plating developed blisters that had to be filed down and covered with gold foil; later cores were plated with 1461:

the vessel. With the conventional bombs placed in the bottom of Jumbo, the resulting blast sent fragments flying in all directions as far as three quarters of a mile. Who authorized the destruction of Jumbo remains controversial. The rusting skeleton of Jumbo sits in the parking lot at the Trinity site on the White Sands Missile Range, where it was moved in 1979.

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a considerable amount of high explosives and pyrotechnics exploded. There was no loss of life or injury to anyone, and the property damage outside of the explosives magazine was negligible. Weather conditions affecting the content of gas shells exploded by the blast may make it desirable for the Army to evacuate temporarily a few civilians from their homes."

2285:, is 21 kilotons of TNT (88 TJ), of which about 15 kilotons of TNT (63 TJ) was contributed by fission of the plutonium core, and about 6 kilotons of TNT (25 TJ) was from fission of the natural uranium tamper. A re-analysis of data published in 2021 put the yield at 24.8 ± 2 kilotons of TNT (103.8 ± 8.4 TJ). 1664:, who conducted a test detonation at Pajarito Canyon near Los Alamos without nuclear material. Magnetic measurements from this test suggested that the implosion might be insufficiently simultaneous and the bomb would fail. Bethe worked through the night to assess the results and reported that they were consistent with a perfect explosion. 1323:). The Alamogordo Bombing Range was renamed the White Sands Proving Ground on July 9, 1945, one week before the test. Despite the criterion that the site be isolated, nearly half a million people lived within 150 miles (240 km) of the test site; soon after the Trinity test, the Manhattan Project's chief medical officer, Colonel 1987:

struck by the rising sunlight so it cleared out the natural clouds. We saw a cloud that was dark and red at the bottom and daylight on the top. Then suddenly the sound reached us. It was very sharp and rumbled and all the mountains were rumbling with it. We suddenly started talking out loud and felt exposed to the whole world.

5558:. Borden Institute. "... approximately 82% of the fission energy is released as kinetic energy of the two large fission fragments. These fragments, being massive and highly charged particles, interact readily with matter. They transfer their energy quickly to the surrounding weapon materials, which rapidly become heated" 2593: 2676:. It was erected in 1965 by Army personnel using local rocks taken from the western boundary of the range. A special tour of the site on July 16, 1995 (marking the 50th anniversary of the Trinity test) attracted 5,000 visitors. Since then, the site has been open to the public on the first Saturdays of April and October. 1041:" focused the shock waves inward with sufficient force to rapidly compress the solid plutonium core to several times its original density. The increase in density caused the core – previously subcritical – to become supercritical. At the same time, the shock wave activated a small 2322:

Alamogordo, N.M., July 16 The commanding officer of the Alamogordo Army Air Base made the following statement today: "Several inquiries have been received concerning a heavy explosion which occurred on the Alamogordo Air base reservation this morning. A remotely located ammunition magazine containing

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would record gamma rays. A rotating drum spectrograph at the 10,000-yard (9,100 m) station would obtain the spectrum over the first hundredth of a second. Another, slow recording one would track the fireball. Cameras were placed in bunkers only 800 yards (730 m) from the tower, protected by

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About 40 seconds after the explosion the air blast reached me. I tried to estimate its strength by dropping from about six feet small pieces of paper before, during, and after the passage of the blast wave. Since, at the time, there was no wind I could observe very distinctly and actually measure the

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The lighting effects beggared description. The whole country was lighted by a searing light with the intensity many times that of the midday sun. It was golden, purple, violet, gray, and blue. It lighted every peak, crevasse and ridge of the nearby mountain range with a clarity and beauty that cannot

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offered to take wagers among the top physicists and military present on whether the atmosphere would ignite, and if so whether it would destroy just the state or incinerate the entire planet. This last result had been previously calculated by Bethe to be almost impossible, although for a while it had

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In the final two weeks before the test, some 250 personnel from Los Alamos were at work at the Trinity Site, and Lieutenant Bush's command had ballooned to 125 men guarding and maintaining the base camp. Another 160 men under Major T.O. Palmer were stationed outside the area with vehicles to evacuate

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Jumbo was destroyed on April 16, 1946, when an Army ordnance team detonated eight 500 lb bombs in the bottom of the steel container. Jumbo, with its steel banding around the middle, had been designed to contain the 5,000 lbs of high explosive in the atomic bomb while it was suspended in the center of

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playing, and the MPs resorted to using jeeps and trucks for transportation. Maintenance of morale among men working long hours under harsh conditions along with dangerous reptiles and insects was a challenge. Bush strove to improve the food and accommodation and to provide organized games and nightly

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The means of generating such a controlled reaction were uncertain, and the data obtained would not be as useful as that from a full-scale explosion. Oppenheimer argued that the bomb "must be tested in a range where the energy release is comparable with that contemplated for final use." In March 1944,

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Laurence had prepared four releases, covering outcomes ranging from a cover story for a successful test (the one which was used) to catastrophic scenarios involving serious damage to surrounding communities, evacuation of nearby residents, and a placeholder for the names of those killed. As Laurence

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I was staring straight ahead with my open left eye covered by a welder's glass and my right eye remaining open and uncovered. Suddenly, my right eye was blinded by a light which appeared instantaneously all about without any build up of intensity. My left eye could see the ball of fire start up like

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In addition to uncovering scientific and technological issues, the rehearsal test revealed practical concerns as well. Over 100 vehicles were used for the rehearsal test, but it was realized more would be required for the main test, and they would need better roads and repair facilities. More radios

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At 0530, 16 July 1945, in a remote section of the Alamogordo Air Base, New Mexico, the first full scale test was made of the implosion type atomic fission bomb. For the first time in history there was a nuclear explosion. And what an explosion! ... The test was successful beyond the most optimistic

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had been transferred temporarily to the Manhattan Project at Groves's request in early 1945. Groves had arranged for Laurence to view significant events, including Trinity and the atomic bombing of Japan. Laurence wrote press releases with the help of the Manhattan Project's public relations staff.

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tank lined with lead to approach the 5-foot-deep (1.5 m) and 30-foot-wide (9 m) blast crater and take a soil sample, although the radioactivity was low enough to allow several hours of unprotected exposure. An electrical signal of unknown origin caused the explosion to go off 0.25 seconds

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Due to its proximity to the bombing range, the base camp was accidentally bombed twice in May. When the lead plane on a practice night raid accidentally knocked out the generator or otherwise doused the lights illuminating their target, they went in search of the lights, and since they had not been

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The idea of testing the implosion device was brought up in discussions at Los Alamos in January 1944 and attracted enough support for Oppenheimer to approach Groves. Groves gave approval, but he had concerns. The Manhattan Project had spent a great deal of money and effort to produce the plutonium,

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The various energies emitted per fission event p. 4. 167 MeV is emitted by means of the repulsive electrostatic energy between the two daughter nuclei, which takes the form of the kinetic energy of the fission fragments, this kinetic energy results in both later blast and thermal effects. 5 MeV is

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Selby, Hugh D.; Hanson, Susan K.; Meininger, Daniel; Oldham, Warren J.; Kinman, William S.; Miller, Jeffrey L.; Reilly, Sean D.; Wende, Allison M.; Berger, Jennifer L.; Inglis, Jeremy; Pollington, Anthony D.; Waidmann, Christopher R.; Meade, Roger A.; Buescher, Kevin L.; Gattiker, James R.; Vander

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Responsibility for the design of a containment vessel for an unsuccessful explosion, known as "Jumbo", was assigned to Robert W. Henderson and Roy W. Carlson of the Los Alamos Laboratory's X-2A Section. The bomb would be placed into the heart of Jumbo, and if the bomb's detonation was unsuccessful

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produced plutonium in quantity, and Oppenheimer was confident that there would be enough for a second test. The use of Jumbo would interfere with the gathering of data on the explosion, the primary objective of the test. An explosion of more than 500 tons of TNT (2,100 GJ) would vaporize the

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Because there would be only one chance to carry out the test correctly, Bainbridge decided that a rehearsal should be carried out to allow the plans and procedures to be verified, and the instrumentation to be tested and calibrated. Oppenheimer was initially skeptical but gave permission, and he

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I did suggest it, but not on that ground ... Why I chose the name is not clear, but I know what thoughts were in my mind. There is a poem of John Donne, written just before his death, which I know and love. From it a quotation: "As West and East / In all flatt Maps – and I am

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recommended daily radiation exposure limit), but the shelter was evacuated before the radioactive cloud could reach it. The explosion was more efficient than expected, and the thermal updraft drew most of the cloud high enough that little fallout fell on the test site. Nevertheless, the fission

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It was like being at the bottom of an ocean of light. We were bathed in it from all directions. The light withdrew into the bomb as if the bomb sucked it up. Then it turned purple and blue and went up and up and up. We were still talking in whispers when the cloud reached the level where it was

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to investigate how this could be done. In February 1944, Ramsey proposed a small-scale test in which the explosion was limited in size by reducing the number of generations of chain reactions, and that it take place inside a sealed containment vessel from which the plutonium could be recovered.

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prompted construction of "Jumbo", a steel containment vessel that could contain the plutonium, allowing it to be recovered; but ultimately Jumbo was not used in the test. On May 7, 1945, a rehearsal was conducted, during which 108 short tons (98 t) of high explosive spiked with radioactive

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realized that the heat from the plutonium core had caused the capsule to expand, while the explosives assembly with the tamper had cooled during the night in the desert. By leaving the capsule in contact with the tamper, the temperatures equalized and, in a few minutes, the capsule had slipped

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made the initial calculations, followed by a more detailed analysis by Henderson and Carlson. They drew up specifications for a steel sphere 13 to 15 feet (3.96 to 4.57 m) in diameter, weighing 150 short tons (140 t) and capable of handling a pressure of 50,000 pounds per square inch

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The development team also considered other methods of recovering active material in the event of a dud explosion. One idea was to cover it with a cone of sand. Another was to suspend the bomb in a tank of water. As with Jumbo, it was decided not to proceed with these means of containment. The

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on their film, which was at that time usually packaged in cardboard containers. J. H. Webb, an employee of the Kodak Company, studied the matter and concluded that the contamination must have come from a nuclear explosion somewhere in the United States. He discounted the possibility that the

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was measured by a large number of sensors using a variety of physical principles. The piezoelectric blast gauges were thrown off scale and no records were obtained. The excess-velocity blast-yield measurement (precise measurement of the velocity of sound at the site of the explosion and then

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After the initial euphoria of witnessing the explosion had passed, Bainbridge told Oppenheimer, "Now we are all sons of bitches." Rabi noticed Oppenheimer's reaction: "I'll never forget his walk"; Rabi recalled, "I'll never forget the way he stepped out of the car ... his walk was like

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was installed to allow better communication with Los Alamos. A town hall was built to allow for large conferences and briefings, and the mess hall had to be upgraded. Because dust thrown up by vehicles interfered with some of the instrumentation, 20 miles (32 km) of road was sealed.

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that the government had supplied everyone with. He was one of the few scientists to watch the test (with eye protection), instead of following orders to lie on the ground with his back turned. He also brought suntan lotion, which he shared with the others. Ramsey chose zero (a complete

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the civilian population in the surrounding region should that prove necessary. They had enough vehicles to move 450 people to safety and had food and supplies to last them for two days. Arrangements were made for Alamogordo Army Air Field to provide accommodation. Groves had warned the

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of soil samples that they collected indicated that the total yield (or energy release) had been around 18.6 kilotons of TNT (78 TJ). This method turned out to be the most accurate means of determining the efficiency of a nuclear explosion and was used for many years after.

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a tremendous bubble or nob-like mushroom. I dropped the glass from my left eye almost immediately and watched the light climb upward. The light intensity fell rapidly, hence did not blind my left eye but it was still amazingly bright. It turned yellow, then red, and then

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suspended. Scientists used this as a laboratory for testing bomb components. Bainbridge and Davalos drew up plans for a base camp with accommodation and facilities for 160 personnel, along with the technical infrastructure to support the test. A construction firm from

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caused some of the scientists some anxiety. Bainbridge was furious with Fermi for frightening the guards, some of whom asked to be relieved; his own biggest fear was that nothing at all would happen, in which case he would have to return to the tower to investigate.

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at Los Alamos on July 3. It was driven to Trinity and back. A set of explosive lenses arrived on July 7, followed by a second set on July 10. Each was examined by Bradbury and Kistiakowsky, and the best ones were selected for use. The remainder were handed over to

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The test was scheduled for May 5 but was postponed for two days to allow for more equipment to be installed. Requests for further postponements had to be refused because they would have affected the schedule for the main test. The detonation time was set for 04:00

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As delivered in May 1945, Jumbo was 10 feet (3.05 m) in diameter and 25 feet (7.62 m) long with walls 14 inches (356 mm) thick, and weighed 214 short tons (191 long tons; 194 t). A special train brought it from the Babcock & Wilcox plant in

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The heaviest fallout contamination outside the restricted test area was 30 miles (48 km) from the detonation point, on Chupadera Mesa. The fallout there was reported to have settled in a white mist onto some of the livestock in the area, resulting in local

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To better understand the likely effect of a bomb dropped from a plane and detonated in air, and generate less nuclear fallout, the bomb was to be detonated atop a 100-foot (30 m) steel tower. The bomb was driven to the base of the tower, where a temporary

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displacement of the pieces of paper that were in the process of falling while the blast was passing. The shift was about 2 1/2 meters, which, at the time, I estimated to correspond to the blast that would be produced by ten thousand tons of T.N.T.

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he obtained Groves's tentative approval for testing a full-scale explosion inside a containment vessel, although Groves was still worried about how he would explain the loss of "a billion dollars worth" of plutonium in the event the test failed.

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banner and released theatrically. It featured many people involved with the project, including J. Robert Oppenheimer and Ernest Lawrence, as actors in re-creations of real discussions and events that led up to the Trinity test. In 1947, a

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Operated on this morning. Diagnosis not yet complete but results seem satisfactory and already exceed expectations. Local press release necessary as interest extends great distance. Dr. Groves pleased. He returns tomorrow. I will keep you

2660:. The landmark includes the base camp where the scientists and support group lived, ground zero where the bomb was placed for the explosion, and the McDonald ranch house, where the plutonium core to the bomb was assembled. One of the old 2313:

Civilians noticed the bright lights and huge explosion. Groves, therefore, had the Second Air Force issue a press release with a cover story that he had prepared weeks before, which framed the explosion as the accidental destruction of a

2445:, and the crews of the two lead-lined Sherman tanks were subjected to considerable exposure. Anderson's dosimeter and film badge recorded 7 to 10 roentgens, and one of the tank drivers, who made three trips, recorded 13 to 15 roentgens. 2124: 1604:

To keep the design as simple as possible, a nearly solid spherical core was chosen rather than a hollow one, although calculations showed that a hollow core would be more efficient in its use of plutonium. The core was compressed to

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and fallout would be increased by rain, and lightning had the scientists concerned about a premature detonation. A crucial favorable weather report came in at 04:45, and the final twenty-minute countdown began at 05:10, read by

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open house. Visitors to a Trinity Site open house are allowed to see the ground zero and McDonald Ranch House areas. More than seventy years after the test, residual radiation at the site was about ten times higher than normal

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blast reinforcing effect. The final Nagasaki burst height was 1,650 feet (500 m) so the Mach stem started sooner. The knowledge that implosion worked led Oppenheimer to recommend to Groves that the uranium-235 used in a

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unit arrived at the site from Los Alamos on December 30, 1944. This unit established initial security checkpoints and horse patrols. The distances around the site proved too great for the horses, so they were repurposed for

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officials gave the photographic industry maps and forecasts of potential contamination, as well as expected fallout distributions, which enabled them to purchase uncontaminated materials and take other protective measures.

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in the area. The amount of radioactive exposure received during a one-hour visit to the site is about half of the total radiation exposure which a U.S. adult receives on an average day from natural and medical sources.

1351:, built the barracks, officers' quarters, mess hall and other basic facilities. The requirements expanded and by July 1945 250 people worked at the Trinity test site. On the weekend of the test, there were 425 present. 10058: 9994: 2395:

Doctor has just returned most enthusiastic and confident that the little boy is as husky as his big brother. The light in his eyes discernible from here to Highhold and I could have heard his screams from here to my

1100:. In 1962, Groves wrote to Oppenheimer about the origin of the name, asking if he had chosen it because it was a name common to rivers and peaks in the West and would not attract attention, and elicited this reply: 9978: 1724:

shack open to the west. The gadget was hauled up with an electric winch. A truckload of mattresses was placed underneath in case the cable broke and the gadget fell. A crew then attached each of the 32 Model 1773

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was a witness to the test, he knew that the last release, if used, might be his own obituary. A newspaper article published the same day stated that "the blast was seen and felt throughout an area extending from

2254:; few survived the blast, with all the gauges within 200 feet (61 m) of ground zero being destroyed, but sufficient data were recovered to measure the gamma ray component of the ionizing radiation released. 1687:

plug, or "slug". Air gaps were filled with 0.5-mil (0.013 mm) gold foil, and the two halves of the plug were held together with uranium washers and screws which fit smoothly into the domed ends of the plug.

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60 miles (100 km) away, but there was little shock at the base camp 10 miles (16 km) away. Shields thought that the explosion looked "beautiful", but it was hardly felt at 15,000 feet (4,600 m).

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A loud cry filled the air. The little groups that hitherto had stood rooted to the earth like desert plants broke into dance, the rhythm of primitive man dancing at one of his fire festivals at the coming of

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bunkers is visible beside the road just west of ground zero. An inner oblong fence was added in 1967, and the corridor barbed wire fence that connects the outer fence to the inner one was completed in 1972.

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For many of the Los Alamos scientists, Jumbo was "the physical manifestation of the lowest point in the Laboratory's hopes for the success of an implosion bomb." By the time it arrived, the reactors at the

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prominently portrayed the Trinity test. Nolan cited the film's depiction of the test firing as one of its most important scenes, calling it "the fulcrum that the whole story turns on." Nolan avoided using

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released in prompt or initial gamma radiation, 5 MeV in prompt neutron radiation (99.36% of total), 7 MeV in delayed neutron energy (0.64%) and 13 MeV in beta decay and gamma decay (residual radiation).

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of different speeds. Alternating the faster- and slower-burning explosives in a carefully calculated configuration would produce a compressive wave upon their simultaneous detonation. This so-called "

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Contemporary fundamental physics, data from the Trinity test, and others, resulted in the following total blast and thermal energy fractionation being observed for fission detonations near sea level

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consumed only 3 out of the 13 pounds of plutonium, leaving 10 pounds to be spread through the atmosphere and as fallout. The crater was far more radioactive than expected due to the formation of

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The scientists wanted good visibility, low humidity, light winds at low altitude, and westerly winds at high altitude for the test. The best weather was predicted between July 18 and 21, but the

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and other fascist countries. When their calculations showed that nuclear weapons were theoretically feasible, the British and United States governments supported an all-out effort to build them.

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at Pope, New Mexico, was upgraded by adding an unloading platform. Roads were built, and 200 miles (320 km) of telephone wire were strung. Electricity was supplied by portable generators.

572:. Thousands of people lived closer to the test than would have been allowed under guidelines adopted for subsequent tests, but no one living near the test was evacuated before or afterward. 10053: 9999: 8870: 8711: 9640: 1398:

informed of the presence of the Trinity base camp, and it was lit, they bombed it instead. The accidental bombing damaged the stables and the carpentry shop, and a small fire resulted.

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Safety and security required a remote, isolated and unpopulated area. The scientists also wanted a flat area to minimize secondary effects of the blast, and with little wind to spread

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The gadget was hoisted to the top of the tower. The tower stood on four legs extending 20 feet (6.1 m) into the ground, with concrete footings. Atop it was an oak platform and a

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Small-scale slow-motion cross-section of a shaped charge implosion design, similar to that used in the Trinity device and almost all subsequent nuclear fission weapons thereafter.

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It continued on to estimate the yield of the test (15-20 kilotons) and describe the effects vividly. Stimson took the report to Truman, who was "tremendously pepped up by it."

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Shelters were established 10,000 yards (9,100 m) due north, west, and south of the tower, each with its own chief: Robert Wilson at N-10,000, John Manley at W-10,000 and

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steel and lead glass, and mounted on sleds so they could be towed out by the lead-lined tank. Some observers brought their own cameras despite the security. Segrè brought in

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and its ancillary buildings, about 2 miles (3.2 km) to the southeast. Like the rest of the Alamogordo Bombing Range, it had been acquired by the government in 1942. The

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on the results of the test. Teller was the most optimistic, predicting 45 kilotons of TNT (190 TJ). He wore gloves to protect his hands and sunglasses underneath the

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As a result of the data gathered on the size of the blast, the detonation height for the bombing of Hiroshima was set at 1,885 feet (575 m) to take advantage of the

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wanted the test to be conducted before the conference began. It was therefore scheduled for July 16, the earliest date at which the bomb components would be available.

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The T (Theoretical) Division at Los Alamos had predicted a yield of between 5 and 10 kilotons of TNT (21 and 42 TJ). Immediately after the blast, two lead-lined

1951:) ± 15 seconds, the device exploded with an energy equivalent to 24.8 ± 2 kilotons of TNT (103.8 ± 8.4 TJ). The desert sand, largely made of 1375:

Throughout 1945, other personnel arrived at the Trinity Site to help prepare for the bomb test. They tried to use water out of the ranch wells but found the water so

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one – are one, / So death doth touch the Resurrection." That still does not make a Trinity, but in another, better known devotional poem Donne opens: "

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at S-10,000. Many other observers were around 20 miles (32 km) away, and some others were scattered at different distances, some in more informal situations.

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a few weeks later incorporated the War Department's press release on the test as Appendix 6, and contained the famous pictures of a "bulbous" Trinity fireball.

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We knew the world would not be the same. A few people laughed, a few people cried. Most people were silent. I remembered the line from the Hindu scripture, the

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would begin in earnest immediately at the moment of compression. Such a complicated design required substantial research and experimentation in engineering and

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The detonation was initially planned for 04:00 MWT but was postponed because of rain and lightning from early that morning. It was feared that the danger from

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arose from the scientific and political developments of the 1930s. The decade saw many new discoveries about the nature of atoms, including the existence of

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Atomic Energy for Military Purposes: the Official Report on the Development of the Atomic Bomb under the Auspices of the United States Government, 1940–1945

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The official estimate for the total yield of the Trinity bomb, which includes the energy of the blast component together with the contributions from the

1894:. By 05:30 the rain had gone. There were some communication problems: the shortwave radio frequency for communicating with the B-29s was shared with the 1469:(Chemistry and Metallurgy) group at Los Alamos also studied how the active material could be chemically recovered after a contained or failed explosion. 2801:

The Trinity test has been portrayed in various forms of media, including documentary films and dramatizations. In 1946, an 18-minute documentary titled

10524: 9610: 6199: 730: 292: 8111: 6156: 3631: 2424:, who observed Truman's newly confident approach with the Soviets the same day, concluded that he had become "a changed man" as a result of the news. 1812:. The VIPs viewed the test from Compania Hill (also called Compaña Hill or Cerro de la Colorado), about 20 miles (32 km) northwest of the tower. 9686: 6886: 7756: 2558: 6049: 5391: 2547:

This incident, along with the next continental US tests in 1951, set a precedent. In subsequent atmospheric nuclear tests at the Nevada Test Site,

197: 1522: 7405: 802: 7507: 6262: 5045: 4248: 2305:

with plutonium and enriched uranium. It was too late to do this with the first Little Boy, but the composite cores would soon enter production.

10509: 10499: 3813: 10088: 9603: 8726: 1729:

detonators. Full assembly of the bomb was completed by 17:00 on July 14. The seven-man arming party, consisting of Bainbridge, Kistiakowsky,

963:, in which (as in the Little Boy uranium bomb) two subcritical masses of fissile material would be brought rapidly together to form a single 736: 4716: 10114: 6005: 5820: 5086: 2737: 797: 6761: 6397: 4623: 3605: 2687: 1447:

Jumbo was not used for its originally intended purpose in the Trinity test but was in a tower some distance from the bomb when it went off

978:

in very pure microgram amounts, whereas a weapon would require kilogram quantities bred in a reactor. In April 1944, Los Alamos physicist

10404: 10078: 8879: 8291: 8153: 6445: 6423: 5671: 3895: 3672: 3078:" (XI,32), which he translated as "I am become Death, the destroyer of worlds". In the literature, the quote usually appears in the form 1092:

The origin of the code name "Trinity" for the test is unknown, but it is often attributed to Oppenheimer as a reference to the poetry of

786: 6378: 4183: 6659: 5941: 5534: 2134:

explosion, 25 ms after detonation. The viewed fireball hemisphere's highest point in this image is about 200 metres (660 ft) high.

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In his official report on the test, Thomas Farrell (who initially exclaimed, "The long-hairs have let it get away from them!") wrote:

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claimed to be the only person to see the explosion without the goggles provided, relying on a truck windshield to screen out harmful

838: 446: 6094: 4055: 10484: 5438: 2508:

support for affected "downwinders" which addressed serious community health problems resulting from similar tests conducted at the

781: 10519: 10107: 9650: 9523: 7998: 6738: 6487: 6149:"Study to Estimate Radiation Doses and Cancer Risks Resulting from Exposure to Radioactive Fallout from the Trinity Nuclear Test" 4451: 3488: 1655:

A trial assembly of the bomb, without active components or explosive lenses, was carried out by the bomb assembly team headed by

1651:

Basic nuclear components of the bomb. The uranium slug containing the plutonium sphere was inserted late in the assembly process.

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Film badges used to measure exposure to radioactivity indicated that no observers at N-10,000 had been exposed to more than 0.1

1733:

and four soldiers including Lieutenant Bush, drove out to the tower to perform the final arming shortly after 22:00 on July 15.

449:, Japan, on August 9, 1945. Concerns about whether the complex Fat Man design would work led to a decision to conduct the first 10355: 4128: 3163: 2548: 1106: 751: 741: 5333: 2528:

Hiroshima bomb was responsible because of the timing of the events. A hot spot of fallout contaminated the river water that a

2157: 1667:

Assembly of the nuclear capsule began on July 13 at the McDonald Ranch House, where the master bedroom had been turned into a

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polar cap was bolted into place. The assembly of active material and high explosives was finished at 17:45 hours on 13 July.

1363: 921: 767: 756: 746: 7847: 4681: 4209: 9626: 9562: 9487: 7041:

Bouville, André; Beck, Harold L; Thiessen, Kathleen M.; Hoffman, Owen; Potischman, Nancy; Simon, Steven L. (October 2020).

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Wiel, Scott A.; Marcy, Peter W. (October 11, 2021). "A New Yield Assessment for the Trinity Nuclear Test, 75 Years Later".

3134: 2657: 671: 580: 170: 2711: 9543: 7132:

Dvorak, Darrell F. (Winter 2013). "The First Atomic Bomb Mission: Trinity B-29 Operations Three Weeks Before Hiroshima".

5852: 5752: 2505: 720: 10459: 10041: 9129: 9015: 8062: 6078: 5711: 5508: 2112: 1243: 925: 1390:

plant there. Military and civilian construction personnel built warehouses, workshops, a magazine and commissary. The

10444: 10264: 8171: 7905: 7874: 7789: 7680: 7540: 7471: 7303: 7221: 7167: 7043:"The Methodology Used to Assess Doses from the First Nuclear Weapons Test (Trinity) to the Populations of New Mexico" 7023: 6841: 6575: 6277:

Webb, J. H. (1949). "The Fogging of Photographic Film by Radioactive Contaminants in Cardboard Packaging Materials".

6235: 6230: 6096: 5160: 5126: 4853: 2504:. People living in the surrounding area near the site were unaware of the project and later not included in the 1990 2408:, this indicated that the explosion could be seen 250 miles (400 km) away and heard 50 miles (80 km) away. 1436:, to the siding at Pope, where it was loaded on a large trailer and towed 25 miles (40 km) across the desert by 894: 7951: 6321: 1584: 10423: 2895:. The popularity of the film brought newfound attention to previous media depictions of the Trinity test, such as 10310: 9584: 8146: 5641: 5637: 4271: 2939: 2274:

with his 35 mm Perfex 44. He took the only known well-exposed color photograph of the detonation explosion.

1530: 1075:

and he wanted to know whether there would be a way to recover it. The Laboratory's Governing Board then directed

10254: 1195:

The E-9 group was renamed the X-2 (Development, Engineering and Tests) Group in the August 1944 reorganization.

10494: 10279: 10130: 9481: 9385: 8894: 6943: 6619: 4767: 3517: 2957: 2512:. Efforts in Congress to add the New Mexico residents to the population covered by the bill continued in 2024. 1726: 10274: 10234: 6792: 5575: 5359: 3105:

The small crater in the southeast corner was from the earlier test explosion of 108 tons of TNT (450 GJ).

2411:

Three days later, on July 21, a 13-page report written by Groves arrived at Potsdam via a courier. It stated:

2098:

and says, 'Now I am become Death, the destroyer of worlds.' I suppose we all thought that, one way or another.

1708:

was used to lower the capsule into the bomb. As the capsule entered the hole in the uranium tamper, it stuck.

974:

with complicated properties about which little was known at first, as until 1944 it had been produced only in

9284: 9277: 9115: 7779: 7326: 6095:

National Research Council (U.S.). Committee on Fire Research, United States. Office of Civil Defense (1969).

2857: 2493: 1489:

A 20-foot-high (6 m) wooden platform was constructed 800 yards (730 m) to the southeast of Trinity

1266: 1130:. Bainbridge's group was known as the E-9 (Explosives Development) Group. Stanley Kershaw, formerly from the 1018: 875: 831: 649: 435: 112: 6191: 6148: 900:

was appointed its director in September. The weapons development portion of this project was located at the

10249: 9329: 9186: 8778: 8051: 8014: 7698:

Parekh, P.P.; Semkow, T.M.; Torres, M.A.; Haines, D.K.; Cooper, J.M.; Rosenberg, P.M.; Kitto, M.E. (2006).

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John R. Lugo was flying a U.S. Navy transport at 10,000 feet (3,000 m), 30 miles (48 km) east of

1235: 488:

and its ancillary buildings, which scientists used as a laboratory for testing bomb components. Fears of a

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Two circling B-29s observed the test, with Shields again flying the lead plane. They carried members of

1610: 1609:

by the implosion generated by the high explosive lens. This design became known as a "Christy Core" or "

1386:

and hauled drinking water in from the firehouse in Socorro. Gasoline and diesel were purchased from the

1261:

The sites were surveyed by car and by air by Bainbridge, R. W. Henderson, Major W. A. Stevens and Major

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Fermi prepared his own experiment to measure the energy that was released as blast. He later recalled:

1849:

Mary Argo was the only female staff member to be officially invited to watch the test, which she did.

1822:

with the assembled bomb atop the test tower. He later succeeded Oppenheimer as director of Los Alamos.

1780:

wavelengths. Bainbridge asked Groves to keep his VIP list down to ten. He chose himself, Oppenheimer,

10416: 10392: 10289: 9324: 9170: 8721: 8716: 8040: 6258: 6152: 4244: 3597: 2481: 1545: 1526: 1223: 7727: 4587: 1748:

and Herbert Lehr prior to insertion of the bomb's tamper plug (visible in front of Lehr's left knee)

1138:

Samuel P. Davalos, the assistant post engineer at Los Alamos, was placed in charge of construction.

10454: 10330: 10159: 9528: 9207: 8803: 8336: 8195: 8126: 3817: 2824: 1570:

and more telephone lines were required. Lines needed to be buried to prevent damage by vehicles. A

1277: 824: 637: 509: 959:), was based on plutonium. The original design considered for a weapon based on plutonium-239 was 210: 10549: 10469: 9533: 9454: 8798: 8695: 8250: 8099: 2855:

was released, focusing closely on the events of the Trinity test. In 1989, a feature film titled

2833: 2341: 2333: 1684: 1625: 1289: 1131: 1003: 960: 666: 632: 450: 8048:, report of a visit to the Trinity site, with pictures comparing its past with its present state 5997: 5816: 4631: 2484:

documented that five counties in New Mexico experienced the greatest radioactive contamination:

2469:

or back hair. Patches of hair grew back discolored white. The Army bought 88 cattle in all from

10189: 9660: 8577: 8240: 8235: 8210: 7722: 6716: 6393: 2569: 2474: 2351:, released on August 12, 1945, gave some information on the blast, and the edition released by 2347:

Information about the Trinity test was made public shortly after the bombing of Hiroshima. The

1754: 1453: 1420: 1247: 1046: 987: 8118:", 106 photos, 11 measured drawings, 116 data pages, 8 photo caption pages 6449: 6419: 5667: 5329: 3939: 3899: 3668: 2041:

Oppenheimer later recalled that, while witnessing the explosion, he thought of a verse from a

1415:

the walls of Jumbo would not be breached, making it possible to recover the bomb's plutonium.

10209: 10194: 9665: 9645: 9513: 9087: 8957: 8818: 8643: 8386: 8331: 8029: 7866:

Secrets of Victory: The Office of Censorship and the American Press and Radio in World War II

6374: 6001: 5530: 5150: 5116: 4843: 4179: 3139: 2851: 2524: 1562:

gauges developed by Anderson's team correctly indicated an explosion of 108 tons of TNT, but

1285: 1053:, and in August 1944 the entire Los Alamos Laboratory was reorganized to focus on this work. 1007: 983: 913: 909: 901: 897: 706: 691: 627: 458: 454: 9595: 7953:

Draft Report of the Los Alamos Historical Document Retrieval and Assessment (LAHDRA) Project

7462:

Critical Assembly: A Technical History of Los Alamos During the Oppenheimer Years, 1943–1945

6649: 9263: 9164: 9071: 9036: 8971: 8950: 8628: 8623: 8482: 8356: 8010: 7714: 7240: 6797: 6317: 6288: 4976: 4760: 3784: 2968:

The mattresses would not have protected the gadget, but they helped the men to feel better.

2645: 2640: 2473:; the 17 most significantly marked were kept at Los Alamos, while the rest were shipped to 2405: 2315: 2302: 2257:

Some fifty different cameras had been set up, taking motion and still photographs. Special

2175: 1331: 1026: 948: 654: 642: 485: 141: 42:

Detonation of the "gadget", with an estimated yield of 25 kilotons of TNT, and the ensuing

7896:

The Day the Sun Rose Twice: The Story of the Trinity Site Nuclear Explosion, July 16, 1945

6513: 4274:. The Voices of the Manhattan Project and National Museum of Nuclear Science and History. 4159: 4051: 2452:

Groves and Oppenheimer at the remains of one leg of the test tower. Canvas overshoes kept

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cameras taking 10,000 frames per second would record the minute details of the explosion.

8: 10474: 10269: 9291: 9249: 9214: 9043: 8487: 8442: 8402: 8225: 5847: 5146: 5112: 4839: 4721: 4559: 2922: 2849:. The Trinity test is depicted in its fifth episode. In early 1981, a documentary titled 2803: 2162: 2012: 1948: 1917: 1891: 1789: 1680: 1563: 1550: 1425: 1231: 1159: 1127: 995: 952: 917: 696: 484:

just before the test). The only structures originally in the immediate vicinity were the

477: 427: 280: 7718: 7671:

Racing for the Bomb: General Leslie R. Groves, the Manhattan Project's Indispensable Man

6292: 5442: 4980: 2078:

Years later he would explain that another verse had also entered his head at that time:

1014:

many times smaller than a full explosion. The Thin Man design would therefore not work.

10335: 9438: 9375: 9157: 9108: 9064: 9029: 9008: 8978: 8901: 8552: 8376: 8346: 8286: 8045: 7819: 7625: 7460: 7455: 7365: 7351: 7292: 7092: 7075: 7042: 6930: 6882: 6853: 6654: 5964: 5000: 4966: 3601: 2882: 2863: 2371: 2337: 2282: 2227: 2017: 1916:, the associate director of the Los Alamos Laboratory and the head of Project Alberta; 1875: 1672: 1324: 1251: 1151: 1123: 1119: 473: 469: 423: 20: 10204: 6730: 4447: 3492: 2723: 2618: 1327:, recommended that future tests be conducted at least 150 miles from populated areas. 353: 10340: 9538: 9235: 9221: 9200: 9150: 9136: 9122: 9050: 9022: 8985: 8964: 8929: 8922: 8767: 8756: 8663: 8522: 8517: 8467: 8316: 8311: 8301: 8162: 8035: 7964: 7938: 7928: 7911: 7901: 7880: 7870: 7864: 7839: 7829: 7795: 7785: 7748: 7740: 7686: 7676: 7669: 7655: 7645: 7617: 7583: 7563: 7546: 7536: 7499: 7477: 7467: 7424: 7382: 7372: 7343: 7309: 7299: 7263: 7227: 7217: 7200: 7190: 7173: 7163: 7141: 7120: 7100: 7080: 7062: 7029: 7019: 7012: 6983: 6947: 6906: 6870: 6860: 6837: 6571: 5187: 5156: 5122: 5034: 5004: 4992: 4849: 3945: 3944:. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers. p. 133. 2877: 2813: 2421: 1929: 1909:

who would carry out airborne measurements during the atomic missions. These included

1801: 1797: 1793: 1769: 1614: 1208: 1165: 1011: 971: 890: 857: 701: 686: 681: 676: 612: 533: 525: 431: 8567: 5968: 4399: 4397: 4132: 4075: 4073: 3975: 3973: 3749: 3747: 3745: 3347: 3345: 3343: 3294: 3292: 3156: 496:

Some 425 people were present on the weekend of the Trinity test. Observers included

10059:

University and college buildings listed on the National Register of Historic Places

9417: 9350: 9334: 9298: 9256: 9242: 9228: 9193: 9143: 8943: 8788: 8587: 8572: 8537: 8512: 8366: 8321: 8093: 8080: 7894: 7732: 7609: 7595: 7575: 7451: 7335: 7255: 7241:"Interpretation of Records Obtained from the New Mexico Atomic Test, July 16, 1945" 7070: 7054: 6902: 6898: 6296: 5956: 5183: 5030: 4984: 3553:"U.S. lawmakers move urgently to recognize survivors of the first atomic bomb test" 2892: 2652:

On December 21, 1965, the 51,500-acre (20,800 ha) Trinity Site was declared a

2509: 2466: 2367: 2364: 2251: 1972: 1895: 1741: 1525:(MWT), on May 7, but there was a 37-minute delay to allow the observation plane, a 1273: 1227: 1189: 1171: 1147: 1139: 1022: 549: 8123:

Downwind of the Atomic State: Atmospheric Testing and the Rise of the Risk Society

8025: 7736: 5611: 5485: 4988: 4881: 4677: 4554: 4205: 2200:

Fission bomb's energy distribution in the "moderate" kiloton range near sea level

1406: 10199: 10154: 10099: 9549: 9493: 9459: 9433: 9101: 9001: 8915: 8908: 8793: 8633: 8597: 8527: 8462: 8452: 8427: 8326: 8306: 8281: 7823: 7321: 7153: 6350:. White Sands Missile Range, Public Affairs Office. March 8, 2022. Archived from 6279: 6044: 5386: 4394: 4070: 3970: 3742: 3340: 3328: 3316: 3304: 3289: 3083: 2869: 2661: 2433: 2388: 1925: 1906: 1879: 1831: 1819: 1773: 1758: 1730: 1721: 1656: 1606: 1437: 1433: 1239: 1215: 1183: 1030: 932: 867: 622: 521: 505: 115: 8542: 7058: 6793:"Christopher Nolan takes us inside creating Oppenheimer's atomic bomb explosion" 4297: 4295: 4293: 3576: 3574: 2344:." The articles appeared in New Mexico, but East Coast newspapers ignored them. 979: 10428: 10149: 9355: 9180: 8992: 8736: 8731: 8502: 8447: 8437: 8432: 8351: 8276: 8205: 8105: 8056: 7807: 7775: 6934: 6829: 5960: 4124: 2520: 2329: 2266: 1960: 1943:

Close-up view of blast and fireball, with estimated yield of 25 kilotons of TNT

1933: 1809: 1781: 1705: 1633: 1629: 1428:; they had made something similar and were willing to attempt its manufacture. 1383: 1348: 1343: 1339: 1219: 1143: 1038: 863: 711: 659: 589: 561: 553: 541: 501: 419: 126: 44: 8087: 8073: 7204: 5725: 5707:

Reassessment of the Atomic Bomb Radiation Dosimetry for Hiroshima and Nagasaki

5686: 5599: 5473: 5461: 4862: 2828:

chronicled the development of nuclear weapons and portrayed the Trinity test.

10515:

Military facilities on the National Register of Historic Places in New Mexico

10438: 10360: 10174: 10169: 9508: 9380: 9094: 9078: 8751: 8613: 8582: 8562: 8507: 8497: 8407: 8296: 8271: 8215: 8106:

Video of the site, original blast, and the ranch where the bomb was assembled

7968: 7744: 7659: 7621: 7567: 7428: 7347: 7267: 7145: 7124: 7104: 7066: 6987: 6951: 6910: 4996: 4409: 4382: 4290: 4147: 3571: 3082:

of worlds, because this was the form in which it first appeared in print, in

2391:. Harrison sent a follow-up message which arrived on the morning of July 18: 2047: 1785: 1709: 1661: 1618: 1617:, who made the solid pit design a reality after it was initially proposed by 1559: 1498: 1443: 1391: 1335: 1310: 1297: 1262: 1076: 1050: 991: 964: 940: 545: 529: 497: 307: 294: 10490:

Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in New Mexico

7942: 7915: 7884: 7799: 7690: 7503: 7481: 7313: 7177: 7033: 6972: 6874: 6259:"Oak Ridge's Merril Eisenbud – Hiroshima, the Trinity Test, Nuclear Weapons" 5867: 5842: 5744: 5705: 5504: 5011: 2265:

cameras would record the wavelengths of light emitted by the explosion, and

1955:, melted and became a mildly radioactive light green glass, which was named 1517:

activity was dissolved, and Hempelmann poured the solution into the tubing.

10259: 10184: 10164: 9579: 9574: 9556: 9503: 9365: 8808: 8690: 8547: 8492: 8472: 8457: 8361: 8185: 8066: 7752: 7600: 7587: 7526: 7386: 7259: 7084: 6300: 6225: 6171: 3927:. U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, Technical Information Division. p. 1. 2952: 2544:. Aware of the gravity of his discovery, Webb kept this secret until 1949. 2370:

at the Potsdam Conference in Germany in a coded message from his assistant

2348: 2262: 1921: 1913: 1842: 1827: 1805: 1745: 1676: 1502: 1387: 1255: 1203: 879: 537: 513: 37: 10219: 7843: 7550: 7532:

Brighter than a Thousand Suns: A Personal History of the Atomic Scientists

7231: 3941:

Birthplace of the Atomic Bomb: A Complete History of the Trinity Test Site

3091:

Brighter than a Thousand Suns: A Personal History of the Atomic Scientists

3073: 1815: 10325: 10179: 9498: 9401: 9360: 8638: 8592: 8557: 8532: 8477: 8381: 8371: 8255: 6375:"National Register of Historic Places Inventory-Nomination: Trinity Site" 2401: 2383:

The message arrived at the "Little White House" in the Potsdam suburb of

2103: 1979: 1899: 1850: 1777: 1762: 1691: 1571: 1490: 936: 8878: 8115: 6448:. Virginia Tech Center for Digital Discourse and Culture. Archived from 1866: 1142:

Harold C. Bush became commander of the Base Camp at Trinity. Scientists

9370: 9175: 8741: 8685: 8422: 8412: 8341: 7629: 7355: 7294:

The Dragon's Tail: Radiation Safety in the Manhattan Project, 1942–1946

7112: 7007: 5142: 5108: 4835: 2673: 2631: 2541: 2537: 2529: 2462: 2384: 2294: 2278: 2183: 2171: 2095: 1982:

snuck in to watch the test despite not being invited, and wrote of it:

1898:, and the FM radios shared a frequency with a railroad freight yard in 1695:

The bomb being unloaded at the base of the tower for the final assembly

1668: 1647: 1554: 1416: 1093: 1034: 1006:

would detonate too soon after a critical mass was formed, producing a "

944: 905: 517: 462: 70: 4717:"How Oppenheimer weighed the odds of an atomic bomb test ending Earth" 4224: 3452: 3093:(1958), which was based on an interview with Oppenheimer. See Hijiya, 2068:

If the radiance of a thousand suns were to burst at once into the sky,

1536: 10144: 10054:

List of jails and prisons on the National Register of Historic Places

8783: 8649: 8417: 8220: 7159:

Surely You're Joking, Mr. Feynman!: Adventures of a Curious Character

5083:"Ralph Smith's eyewitness account of the Trinity trip to watch blast" 3594:"Trinity Site History: A copy of the brochure given to site visitors" 3412: 3410: 3408: 2819: 2808: 2729: 2453: 2442: 2289: 2271: 2034: 1996: 1991: 1956: 1939: 1886: 1714: 1514: 1506: 1486:

later agreed that it contributed to the success of the Trinity test.

1380: 975: 886: 565: 557: 438: 415: 109: 8131: 8020: 7613: 7339: 6971:

Baker, Richard D.; Hecker, Siegfried S.; Harbur, Delbert R. (1983).

6072:"Interim Report of CDC'S LAHDRA Project– Appendix N. pp. 17, 23, 37" 5355: 3505:

GPS Coordinates for obelisk (exact GZ) = N33.40.636 W106.28.525

1066: 480:, on what was the Alamogordo Bombing and Gunnery Range (renamed the 10320: 9056: 8823: 8656: 8190: 7637: 5141: 5107: 4971: 4834: 3069: 2918: 1701: 1510: 1376: 1354: 1269: 10530:

National Register of Historic Places in Socorro County, New Mexico

7925:

British Scientists and the Manhattan Project: the Los Alamos Years

6541:. White Sands Missile Range, Public Affairs Office. Archived from 6512:. White Sands Missile Range, Public Affairs Office. Archived from 6486:. White Sands Missile Range, Public Affairs Office. Archived from 5085:. White Sands Missile Range, Public Affairs Office. Archived from 4085: 3405: 3277: 2146:

An aerial photograph of the Trinity crater shortly after the test.

1558:

early, ruining experiments that required split-second timing. The

1477: 951:; the design used in the Trinity test, and eventually used in the 8813: 8680: 7498:. Washington, DC: United States Army Center of Military History. 7363:

Hawkins, David; Truslow, Edith C.; Smith, Ralph Carlisle (1961).

7097:

Atom Bombs: The Top Secret Inside Story of Little Boy and Fat Man

6536:"WSMR Release 36 – Trinity Site Open House now open twice a year" 5505:"Trinity Test, July 16, 1945, Eyewitness Accounts – Enrico Fermi" 5324: 5322: 4206:"Hans Bethe 94 – Help from the British, and the 'Christy Gadget'" 4104: 4102: 4100: 3129: 2846: 2842: 2669: 2533: 2470: 2298: 2238: 1765:

might have to be declared in the southwestern part of the state.

1637: 1097: 999: 956: 871: 569: 442: 8127:

https://nyupress.org/9781479815340/downwind-of-the-atomic-state/

6686:"'Oppenheimer' Fans Are Rediscovering a 40-Year-Old Documentary" 6348:"White Sands Missile Range > Trinity Site > Radioactivity" 3265: 3241: 2480:

Dose reconstruction published in 2020 under the auspices of the

1593:

The 30-metre (100 ft) "shot tower" constructed for the test

1589: 1566:

and Waldman's airborne condenser gauges were far less accurate.

8199: 2258: 2091: 2087: 1952: 1641: 1598: 1017:

Project scientists then turned to a more technically difficult

998:

at thousands of times the rate of plutonium-239, and the extra

19:"The Gadget" redirects here. For the novel by Paul Zindel, see 7450: 5786: 5784: 5782: 5731: 5692: 5617: 5605: 5491: 5479: 5467: 5319: 4868: 4761:"Report LA-602, Ignition of the Atmosphere With Nuclear Bombs" 4415: 4403: 4388: 4358: 4331: 4301: 4165: 4153: 4097: 4079: 3979: 3753: 3580: 3351: 3334: 3322: 3310: 3298: 2158:

Nuclear weapon yield § Calculating yields and controversy

1636:. This was stabilized at room temperature by alloying it with 1440:. At the time, it was the heaviest item ever shipped by rail. 9625: 7812:

A World Destroyed: Hiroshima and the Origins of the Arms Race

5899: 5897: 5531:"Chapter 3 Effects of Nuclear Explosions Section I – General" 4934: 2693:

Visitors to the Trinity site in 1995 for the 50th anniversary

2585: 2516: 2318:

on the base. The press release, written by Laurence, stated:

2042: 597: 6484:"Chronology: Cowboys to V-2s to the Space Shuttle to lasers" 5817:"Weekly Document #1: Trinity test press releases (May 1945)" 4818: 4816: 4421: 3958: 3062:

Oppenheimer spoke these words in the television documentary

2515:

In August 1945, shortly after the bombing of Hiroshima, the

1679:

placed it inside the two hemispheres of the plutonium core.

1544:

The fireball of the conventional explosion was visible from

8761: 8230: 8026:"Trinity Site – Manhattan Project National Historical Park" 7367:

Manhattan District history, Project Y, the Los Alamos story

7040: 6973:"Plutonium: A Wartime Nightmare but a Metallurgist's Dream" 6177: 5779: 4517: 4483: 4481: 4370: 4034: 4032: 3764: 3762: 3720: 3718: 3716: 3714: 3229: 3075:

kālo'smi lokakṣayakṛtpravṛddho lokānsamāhartumiha pravṛttaḥ

1533:

flown by Major Clyde "Stan" Shields, to get into position.

1481:

0.1 kiloton conventional explosives rehearsal test, Trinity

1368: 1179:

TR-5 (Spectrographic and Photographic) under Julian E. Mack

8063:"War Department release on New Mexico test, July 16, 1945" 6982:(Winter/Spring). Los Alamos National Laboratory: 142–151. 6248:

Originally published under the title "Worse Than We Knew".

6224:

Ortmeyer, Pat; Makhijani, Arjun (November–December 1997).

5894: 5796: 5418: 5238: 4955: 4741: 4004: 4002: 4000: 3876: 3854: 3852: 3471: 3469: 3467: 3442: 3440: 1704:

was screwed into the 105-pound (48 kg) capsule and a

1154:

were consultants. Eventually seven subgroups were formed:

10346:

Military history of the United States during World War II

6020: 5063: 4813: 4319: 4019: 4017: 3555:. National Geographic. September 21, 2021. Archived from 3393: 3089:

on November 8, 1948. It later appeared in Robert Jungk's

2838: 2438:

National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements

2094:

that he should do his duty and, to impress him, takes on

1966:

Ralph Carlisle Smith, watching from Compania Hill, wrote:

1936:. The overcast sky obscured their view of the test site. 1836: 1494: 10555:

World War II on the National Register of Historic Places

8069:, with eyewitness reports from Groves and Farrell (1945) 7697: 5884: 5882: 5587: 5449: 5274: 5017: 4922: 4606: 4604: 4478: 4466: 4348: 4346: 4029: 3985: 3759: 3730: 3711: 3646: 3369: 3253: 2656:

district, and on October 15, 1966, it was listed on the

1540:

Men stack crates of high explosives for the 100-ton test

441:

bomb, nicknamed the "gadget", of the same design as the

6192:"RECA expansion passes U.S. Senate • Colorado Newsline" 6098:

Mass burns: proceedings of a workshop, 13–14 March 1968

5942:"The History of ICRP and the Evolution of its Policies" 5921: 5262: 5220:"Chronology on Decision to Bomb Hiroshima and Nagasaki" 5029: 3997: 3849: 3839: 3837: 3835: 3663: 3661: 3464: 3437: 3427: 3425: 2672:

about 12 feet (3.7 m) high, marks the explosion's

2639:

In September 1953, about 650 people attended the first

2387:

and was at once taken to Truman and Secretary of State

1096:, which in turn references the Christian belief of the 947:

bomb design, first used (without prior testing) in the

885:

These efforts were transferred to the authority of the

552:. The Trinity bomb released the explosive energy of 25 7214:

Now It Can Be Told: The Story of the Manhattan Project

6464: 6117: 5767: 4910: 4801: 4529: 4014: 3864: 1853:

snuck in to watch the test despite not being invited.

10376: 7187:

Jumbo: The Secret Vessel Built to Hold an Atomic Bomb

6129: 5909: 5879: 5710:, Radiation Effects Research Foundation, p. 47, 5406: 5250: 4696: 4658: 4646: 4601: 4505: 4343: 4307: 3357: 3193: 2891:

for the re-enactment of the explosion, instead using

2297:

gun-type weapon could be used more economically in a

2008:

be described but must be seen to be imagined ...

1276:

on September 7, 1944, lay at the northern end of the

1118:

In March 1944, planning for the test was assigned to

1045:

at the center of the core, thereby assuring that the

878:, especially among scientists who were refugees from 9519:

Unethical human experimentation in the United States

8880:

Nuclear weapons tests conducted by the United States

5152:

Their Day in the Sun: Women of the Manhattan Project

5118:

Their Day in the Sun: Women of the Manhattan Project

4845:

Their Day in the Sun: Women of the Manhattan Project

4493: 3832: 3699: 3687: 3658: 3422: 3381: 1002:

thereby released made it likely that plutonium in a

9656:

History of the National Register of Historic Places

7869:. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. 7598:(July 11, 1970). "Now We Are All Sons-of-Bitches". 7398:

Originally published as Los Alamos Report LAMS-2532

7362: 6762:"'The Bomb' Helps Return Nukes to the TV Spotlight" 6570:. New York: Oxford University Press 1978 hardcover 4230: 4091: 3458: 3416: 3283: 3181: 2151: 2070:that would be like the splendor of the mighty one. 10129: 8092:is available for free viewing and download at the 8079:is available for free viewing and download at the 7893: 7668: 7459: 7364: 7291: 7011: 6852: 6714:Kunk, Deborah J. – "'Fat Man' Brings Bomb Alive". 6624:The National Museum of Nuclear Science and History 5330:"J. Robert Oppenheimer on the Trinity test (1965)" 3217: 3205: 1585:Nuclear weapon design § Implosion-type weapon 10545:Tourist attractions in Socorro County, New Mexico 9687:List of U.S. National Historic Landmarks by state 8089:Nuclear Test Film – Nuclear Testing Review (1945) 7417:Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 6970: 6897:(5). Educational Foundation for Nuclear Science. 6372: 6223: 4951: 4949: 4678:"The atomic bomb test for 'Fat Man' – Hans Bethe" 3271: 2977:The reaction Teller was most concerned with was: 2400:Because Stimson's summer home at Highhold was on 1379:they could not drink it. They were forced to use 1265:. The site finally chosen, after consulting with 10535:New Mexico State Register of Cultural Properties 10436: 8001:, a 2020 article by Virginia Grant published in 7248:Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 6887:"'All in Our Time' – A Foul and Awesome Display" 5843:"Army Ammunition Explosion Rocks Southwest Area" 5179:The History and Science of the Manhattan Project 4440: 4432:sfn error: no target: CITEREFCoster-Mullen2020 ( 3157:"National Historic Landmarks Survey, New Mexico" 931:Manhattan Project scientists had identified two 476:desert about 35 miles (56 km) southeast of 10079:National Register of Historic Places portal 8032:, including a link for the public open house(s) 5033:; Strickfaden, William B.; Eckles, Jim (2005). 3808: 3806: 3630:. New Mexico Farm & Ranch Heritage Museum. 2873:, were released in 1995 and 2015 respectively. 2779:People gather around Ground Zero monument, 2018 2767:Sign warning against removal of trinitite, 2018 2668:The Trinity monument, a rough-sided, lava-rock 2038: ... this kind of strut. He had done it." 1628:, the metallurgists preferred the malleable δ ( 7700:"Radioactivity in Trinitite six decades later" 6626:. Atomic Heritage Foundation. August 2, 2017. 6312: 6310: 5939: 4946: 3068:(1965). Oppenheimer read the original text in 2861:depicted the Trinity test. Two documentaries, 2831:In 1980, a television drama miniseries titled 259: 234: 10540:Tourist attractions in Alamogordo, New Mexico 10115: 9611: 8864: 8147: 7675:. South Royalton, Vermont: Steerforth Press. 7091: 5819:. Restricted Data: The Nuclear Secrecy Blog. 5670:. Restricted Data: The Nuclear Secrecy Blog. 5574:. Technical University Vienna. Archived from 4427: 4376: 4364: 4337: 4247:. Restricted Data: The Nuclear Secrecy Blog. 4182:. Restricted Data: The Nuclear Secrecy Blog. 4108: 3816:. Brookings Institution Press. Archived from 1330:The only structures in the vicinity were the 1254:in Southern California; and the sand bars of 1218:. Eight candidate sites were considered: the 832: 7642:Robert Oppenheimer: A Life Inside the Center 7580:Dawn Over Zero: The Story of the Atomic Bomb 7298:. Berkeley: University of California Press. 6219: 6217: 3803: 2166:Lead-lined Sherman tank used in Trinity test 2061:यदि भाः सदृशी सा स्याद्भासस्तस्य महात्मनः।। 1963:reached 7.5 miles (12.1 km) in height. 1683:then placed the core in the natural uranium 1497:and 14.91 short tons (13.53 t) tons of 7324:(1998). "Mathematics on a Distant Planet". 6679: 6677: 6587:Taurog, Norman (director) (March 7, 1947). 6307: 5665: 5155:. Temple University Press. p. 51, 56. 4708: 4269: 3898:. White Sands Missile Range. Archived from 3491:. White Sands Missile Range. Archived from 10122: 10108: 9618: 9604: 8871: 8857: 8154: 8140: 6929: 6881: 6859:. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. 6828: 6759: 6620:"The Manhattan Project in Popular Culture" 6088: 5903: 5023: 4889:Los Alamos: Beginning of an Era, 1943–1945 4822: 4523: 4487: 4472: 4180:"Christy's Gadget: Reflections on a death" 4119: 4117: 4038: 4008: 3991: 3964: 3858: 3768: 3736: 3724: 3652: 3475: 3446: 1878:was due to start on July 16 and President 982:discovered that plutonium produced by the 839: 825: 596: 453:. The code name "Trinity" was assigned by 209: 36: 10525:National Historic Landmarks in New Mexico 9627:U.S. National Register of Historic Places 9569:Trinity and Beyond: The Atomic Bomb Movie 7828:. Princeton: Princeton University Press. 7726: 7238: 7099:. Waukesha, Wisconsin: J. Coster-Mullen. 7074: 6420:"Trinity Site National Historic Landmark" 6214: 5356:"Chapter 11. The Universal Form, text 32" 4970: 4940: 4874: 3814:"Moving "Jumbo" at the Trinity Test Site" 2363:The results of the test were conveyed to 2358: 1513:activity and 400 curies (15 TBq) of 874:governments in Europe led to a fear of a 171:U.S. National Register of Historic Places 7594: 7574: 7466:. New York: Cambridge University Press. 6674: 6366: 5802: 5523: 5436: 5268: 4552: 3779: 3777: 3620: 3151: 3149: 2447: 2161: 1990: 1938: 1865: 1814: 1740: 1690: 1646: 1588: 1535: 1476: 1442: 1405: 1353: 1202: 1065: 994:as an impurity. Plutonium-240 undergoes 198:NM State Register of Cultural Properties 189:U.S. National Historic Landmark District 9524:International Day against Nuclear Tests 8116:White Sands Missile Range, Trinity Site 7862: 7806: 7513:from the original on September 28, 2013 7492:Manhattan: The Army and the Atomic Bomb 7454:; Henriksen, Paul W.; Meade, Roger A.; 7320: 7184: 7152: 6994:from the original on September 28, 2023 6958:from the original on September 28, 2023 6917:from the original on September 28, 2023 6328:from the original on September 29, 2019 5927: 5855:from the original on September 28, 2023 5814: 5790: 5755:from the original on September 28, 2023 5714:from the original on September 24, 2015 5666:Wellerstein, Alex (November 10, 2014). 5556:"Nuclear Events and Their Consequences" 5200:from the original on September 28, 2023 5121:. Temple University Press. p. 51. 4848:. Temple University Press. p. 51. 4747: 4714: 4630:(3): 105–107. Fall 2003. Archived from 4585: 4535: 4242: 4177: 4129:"Constructing the Nagasaki Atomic Bomb" 4114: 3882: 3870: 3634:from the original on September 11, 2014 468:The test, both planned and directed by 10437: 10356:New Mexico World War II Army Airfields 7949: 7850:from the original on February 17, 2021 7774: 7707:Journal of Environmental Radioactivity 7666: 7557: 7403: 7289: 7211: 7131: 6850: 6790: 6772:from the original on November 14, 2023 6696:from the original on September 7, 2023 6470: 6373:Richard Greenwood (January 14, 1975). 6189: 6159:from the original on February 19, 2015 6123: 6026: 5876:, pp. vii–viii, 138–139, 247–254. 5773: 5674:from the original on November 13, 2014 5593: 5455: 5424: 5394:from the original on December 16, 2013 5362:from the original on November 17, 2012 5244: 4928: 4916: 4807: 4702: 4664: 4652: 4610: 4548: 4546: 4544: 4511: 4499: 4352: 4325: 4313: 4270:Smith, Cyril S.; Sanger, S.L. (1986). 4023: 3937: 3924:100-ton Test: Piezo Gauge Measurements 3920: 3530:from the original on February 24, 2017 3518:"White Sands Missile Range Fact Sheet" 3399: 3363: 3169:from the original on November 18, 2016 3130:"National Register Information System" 3124: 3122: 2600:Read by James Christopher for LibriVox 2549:United States Atomic Energy Commission 2250:There were also several gamma ray and 1176:TR-4 (Meteorology) under J. M. Hubbard 943:. Uranium-235 became the basis of the 908:, under the directorship of physicist 10510:July 1945 events in the United States 10500:History of Socorro County, New Mexico 10103: 9599: 8852: 8161: 8135: 8125:. (New York University Press, 2023): 7922: 7891: 7818: 7525: 7488: 7189:. Amazon Digital Services LLC - Kdp. 7111: 7006: 6741:from the original on December 7, 2023 6683: 6662:from the original on January 21, 2024 6502: 6135: 6105:from the original on January 26, 2021 6052:from the original on February 1, 2014 5915: 5888: 5873: 5745:"Blast Occurs At Alamogordo Air Base" 5537:from the original on January 11, 2016 5511:from the original on November 4, 2014 5412: 5300:Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur 5256: 5069: 5051:from the original on October 19, 2020 4795: 4753: 4454:from the original on January 16, 2021 4186:from the original on October 11, 2014 4058:from the original on October 13, 2014 3843: 3791:from the original on October 10, 2014 3774: 3705: 3693: 3547: 3545: 3431: 3387: 3375: 3259: 3247: 3235: 3223: 3211: 3199: 3187: 3146: 2914: 2912: 2796: 2308: 2059:दिवि सूर्यसहस्रस्य भवेद्युगपदुत्थिता। 1995:Original color-exposed photograph by 461:, possibly inspired by the poetry of 10405:National Register of Historic Places 9563:Reactor-grade plutonium nuclear test 9488:Fallout: An American Nuclear Tragedy 8112:Historic American Engineering Record 8021:Trinity Remembered: 60th Anniversary 7636: 6422:. National Science Digital Library. 6276: 6238:from the original on August 20, 2014 5940:Clarke, R. H.; Valentin, J. (2009). 5280: 5175: 4898:from the original on August 26, 2014 4891:. Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory. 4586:Fleming, Brenda (January 19, 2022). 4567:from the original on October 7, 2018 3481: 3135:National Register of Historic Places 2841:and the American television station 2705:Trinity Site Historical Marker, 2008 2658:National Register of Historic Places 2174:tanks made their way to the crater. 2053: 581:National Register of Historic Places 16:First detonation of a nuclear weapon 9544:Radiation Exposure Compensation Act 7762:from the original on April 12, 2019 7277:from the original on April 12, 2019 6834:The Decision to Use the Atomic Bomb 6394:"Accompanying 10 photos, from 1974" 6101:. National Academies. p. 248. 6008:from the original on August 7, 2023 5307:from the original on August 4, 2023 4777:from the original on March 31, 2020 4541: 4278:from the original on March 29, 2020 4123: 3119: 2940:Hymn to God, My God, in My Sickness 2506:Radiation Exposure Compensation Act 2301:implosion-type weapon containing a 1182:TR-6 (Airborne Measurements) under 1134:, was made responsible for safety. 1107:Batter my heart, three person'd God 1025:had proposed surrounding a fissile 1021:. In September 1943, mathematician 579:district in 1965 and listed on the 430:) on July 16, 1945, as part of the 13: 10042:National Historic Preservation Act 8619:Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki 7978:from the original on March 3, 2016 7784:. New York: Simon & Schuster. 7371:. Los Angeles: Tomash Publishers. 7162:. New York: W.W. Norton & Co. 6805:from the original on July 22, 2023 6760:Genzlinger, Neil (July 27, 2015). 6630:from the original on June 21, 2024 6600:from the original on June 21, 2024 6400:from the original on March 5, 2019 6381:from the original on March 5, 2019 6265:from the original on March 5, 2019 6202:from the original on March 8, 2024 6190:Prokop, Danielle (March 8, 2024). 4729:from the original on July 22, 2023 4684:from the original on April 4, 2020 4251:from the original on April 7, 2014 4212:from the original on April 4, 2020 3542: 2909: 2743:Closeup of plaque on obelisk, 2018 1244:Great Sand Dunes National Monument 1126:, working under explosives expert 928:conducted other development work. 926:University of California, Berkeley 14: 10566: 7992: 7119:. London: Lawrence & Bullen. 6891:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 6593:(Motion picture). United States: 6426:from the original on July 2, 2014 6231:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 5823:from the original on May 16, 2021 5336:from the original on May 16, 2008 4555:"The Nuclear Age's Blinding Dawn" 4231:Hawkins, Truslow & Smith 1961 4092:Hawkins, Truslow & Smith 1961 3675:from the original on July 2, 2014 3459:Hawkins, Truslow & Smith 1961 3417:Hawkins, Truslow & Smith 1961 3284:Hawkins, Truslow & Smith 1961 10505:History of the Manhattan Project 10465:American nuclear weapons testing 10422: 10410: 10398: 10386: 10218: 10084: 10083: 10072: 8835: 8834: 8075:Nuclear Test Film – Trinity Shot 7927:. New York: St. Martin's Press. 7644:. New York; Toronto: Doubleday. 7018:. New York: Simon and Schuster. 6784: 6753: 6723: 6708: 6642: 6612: 6580: 6560: 6528: 6476: 6438: 6412: 6340: 6322:National Science Digital Library 6251: 6183: 6141: 6064: 6032: 5990: 5978:from the original on May 8, 2012 5933: 5835: 5808: 5737: 5698: 5659: 5631:"Fact Sheet – Operation Trinity" 5623: 5561: 5549: 5497: 5439:"The Trinity Test: Eyewitnesses" 5437:Calloway, Larry (May 10, 2005). 5430: 5374: 5348: 5286: 5212: 5169: 5135: 5101: 5075: 4828: 4789: 4131:. Web of Stories. Archived from 3099: 3056: 2971: 2927:Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) 2839:British Broadcasting Corporation 2791:Post World War II Fat Man casing 2784: 2772: 2760: 2748: 2736: 2722: 2710: 2698: 2686: 2630:Problems playing this file? See 2606: 2584: 2557: 2152:Instrumentation and measurements 2139: 2123: 2111: 426:at 5:29 a.m. MWT (11:29:21 258: 251: 233: 226: 10485:Explosions in the United States 9585:Nuclear testing at Bikini Atoll 8102:, photographs of mushroom cloud 6791:Collis, Clark (July 18, 2023). 6446:"Trinity Atomic Website: Jumbo" 5638:Defense Threat Reduction Agency 4715:Johnson, Mark (July 22, 2023). 4670: 4616: 4579: 4263: 4236: 4198: 4171: 4044: 3931: 3914: 3888: 3586: 3510: 3272:Baker, Hecker & Harbur 1983 2962: 2945: 2932: 1531:216th Army Air Forces Base Unit 1472: 1113: 10520:Military history of New Mexico 10280:Los Alamos National Laboratory 10131:New Mexico during World War II 9995:Federated States of Micronesia 9641:Architectural style categories 9482:National Atomic Testing Museum 9386:Nevada Test and Training Range 7404:Hijiya, James A. (June 2000). 7185:Fraikor, Frederick J. (2021). 7156:(1985). Ralph Leighton (ed.). 6944:Los Alamos National Laboratory 6903:10.1080/00963402.1975.11458241 5569:"Nuclear Engineering Overview" 4768:Los Alamos National Laboratory 4450:. Atomic Heritage Foundation. 4054:. Atomic Heritage Foundation. 3095:The Gita of Robert Oppenheimer 2845:, aired for seven episodes on 2837:, a co-production between the 2198: 1207:Trinity Site (red arrow) near 1056: 361: 348: 1: 8054:Short article by Ker Than at 7923:Szasz, Ferenc Morton (1992). 7892:Szasz, Ferenc Morton (1984). 7781:The Making of the Atomic Bomb 7737:10.1016/j.jenvrad.2005.01.017 7327:American Mathematical Monthly 7117:Poems of John Donne, Volume I 6821: 6684:Tracy, Marc (July 27, 2023). 4989:10.1080/00295450.2021.1932176 4553:Calloway, Larry (July 1995). 3065:The Decision to Drop the Bomb 2755:Trinitite display table, 2018 2577: 1861: 1362:Lieutenant Bush's twelve-man 1164:TR-2 (Shock and Blast) under 876:German nuclear weapon project 851: 575:The test site was declared a 418:of the first detonation of a 327:36,480 acres (14,760 ha) 267:Show map of the United States 8779:Oppenheimer security hearing 8036:Trinity Test Fallout Pattern 8015:Sandia National Laboratories 7950:Widner, Thomas (June 2009). 7863:Sweeney, Michael S. (2001). 7535:. New York: Harcourt Brace. 6568:The March of Time, 1935–1951 5851:. July 16, 1945. p. 1. 5751:. July 16, 1945. p. 6. 5176:Reed, Bruce Cameron (2019). 4272:"Cyril S. Smith's Interview" 4168:, pp. 270–271, 293–294. 3250:, pp. 522–523, 535–537. 3112: 3053:(alpha particle) + 17.7 MeV. 1856: 1736: 1553:practiced using a converted 1236:El Malpais National Monument 1234:; and the lava flats of the 1198: 1122:, a professor of physics at 1087: 935:for potential use in bombs: 889:in June 1942 and became the 152:United States historic place 7: 10316:Arizona during World War II 7961:Centers for Disease Control 7059:10.1097/HP.0000000000001331 6040:"Science: Atomic Footprint" 4588:"PHOTO ESSAY: TRINITY SITE" 3938:Loring, William S. (2019). 3921:Walker, Raymond L. (1950). 3074: 2477:for long-term observation. 1578: 1061: 10: 10571: 10351:Nevada during World War II 10290:White Sands Proving Ground 10047:Historic Preservation Fund 10026:American Legation, Morocco 7900:. Albuquerque: UNM Press. 7814:. New York: Vintage Books. 7667:Norris, Robert S. (2002). 7290:Hacker, Barton C. (1987). 6851:Angelo, Joseph A. (2004). 5998:"Trinity Test Downwinders" 5961:10.1016/j.icrp.2009.07.009 4245:"The third core's revenge" 2889:computer-generated imagery 2679: 2654:National Historic Landmark 2427: 2353:Princeton University Press 2155: 2118:Ground zero after the test 1947:At 05:29:21 MWT (11:29:21 1582: 1358:The Trinity test base camp 1170:TR-3 (Measurements) under 855: 577:National Historic Landmark 482:White Sands Proving Ground 18: 10460:1945 in the United States 10298: 10227: 10216: 10137: 10067: 10034: 10013: 9988:Lists by associated state 9987: 9946: 9679: 9633: 9472: 9447: 9426: 9410: 9394: 9343: 9317: 9308: 8886: 8832: 8722:Bismuth phosphate process 8717:Atomic Energy Act of 1946 8704: 8673: 8606: 8395: 8264: 8178: 8169: 8114:(HAER) No. NM-1-A, " 8046:"My Radioactive Vacation" 8004:National Security Science 7596:Laurence, William Leonard 7576:Laurence, William Leonard 7558:Lamont, Lansing (1966) . 6396:. National Park Service. 6377:. National Park Service. 6153:National Cancer Institute 5035:"A New Look at Trinitite" 3598:White Sands Missile Range 3162:. National Park Service. 2923:Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) 2597:by National Atomic Museum 2482:National Cancer Institute 2404:and Harrison's farm near 2204: 1671:. The polonium-beryllium 1546:Alamogordo Army Air Field 1527:Boeing B-29 Superfortress 1410:Jumbo arrives at the site 1238:, all in New Mexico; the 1224:Jornada del Muerto Valley 870:. The concurrent rise of 401: 393: 385: 378:Date of Nuclear Explosion 377: 372: 359: 347:NRHP reference 346: 331: 323: 286: 276: 220: 208: 204: 195: 186: 177: 168: 161: 157: 138: 133: 121: 105: 95: 76: 65: 57: 52: 35: 30: 10445:1945 in military history 10331:Escape from Fort Stanton 10265:Fort Sumner Army Aifield 10235:Alamogordo Army Airfield 9969:Northern Mariana Islands 9529:Nevada Desert Experience 8041:Trinity Test Photographs 7582:. New York: A.A. Knopf. 7014:The Road from Los Alamos 6590:The Beginning or the End 5951:. ICRP Publication 109. 5382:"The Eternal Apprentice" 2902: 2825:The Beginning or the End 2568:Post-Trinity detonation 2536:used to manufacture the 2465:and a temporary loss of 2279:explosion's light output 2057: 1607:prompt super-criticality 1419:, Victor Weisskopf, and 1401: 1311:33.677267°N 106.475417°W 1278:Alamogordo Bombing Range 1226:; the area southwest of 568:), and a large cloud of 493:isotopes was detonated. 9534:Nuclear weapons testing 9455:Pacific Proving Grounds 8799:S-1 Executive Committee 8747:Einstein–Szilard letter 7489:Jones, Vincent (1985). 7212:Groves, Leslie (1962). 7207:– via Amazon.com. 6318:"Trinity Site Monument" 5668:"The Fat Man's uranium" 5042:Nuclear Weapons Journal 3238:, pp. 8–10, 28–29. 2919:Mountain War Time (MWT) 2717:Remnants of Jumbo, 2010 2572:and effects evaluation. 2416:expectations of anyone. 1826:The observers set up a 1626:allotropes of plutonium 1272:, the commander of the 1132:National Safety Council 1070:Map of the Trinity Site 1004:gun-type fission weapon 472:, was conducted in the 447:detonated over Nagasaki 10250:Carlsbad Army Airfield 10228:Military installations 10190:Willard Varnell Oliver 9964:Minor Outlying Islands 9947:Lists by insular areas 9661:Keeper of the Register 9335:Carson National Forest 8241:Salt Wells Pilot Plant 8100:Trinity's cloud (1945) 7456:Westfall, Catherine L. 7410:of Robert Oppenheimer" 7260:10.1785/BSSA0360040327 7239:Gutenberg, B. (1946). 6717:St. Paul Pioneer Press 6301:10.1103/PhysRev.76.375 6048:. September 17, 1945. 5147:Caroline L. Herzenberg 5113:Caroline L. Herzenberg 4840:Caroline L. Herzenberg 3669:"Building a test site" 2880:-directed blockbuster 2858:Fat Man and Little Boy 2570:bomb damage assessment 2457: 2418: 2398: 2381: 2359:Official notifications 2325: 2197: 2176:Radiochemical analysis 2167: 2100: 2090:is trying to persuade 2066: 2029: 2010: 2000: 1989: 1977: 1944: 1871: 1823: 1755:Governor of New Mexico 1749: 1696: 1652: 1594: 1541: 1482: 1454:Hanford Engineer Works 1448: 1421:Joseph O. Hirschfelder 1411: 1359: 1316:33.677267; -106.475417 1211: 1158:TR-1 (Services) under 1111: 1071: 988:Clinton Engineer Works 532:, Robert Oppenheimer, 457:, the director of the 402:Designated NMSRCP 308:33.67722°N 106.47528°W 242:Show map of New Mexico 180:U.S. Historic district 10495:History of New Mexico 10306:200th Coast Artillery 10285:Roswell Army Airfield 10210:Frank Tsosie Thompson 10195:J. Robert Oppenheimer 9666:National Park Service 9646:Contributing property 9514:Desert Rock exercises 8819:X-10 Graphite Reactor 8774:Nobel Prize laureates 8644:509th Composite Group 8028:information from the 7562:. London: Hutchison. 6836:. New York: Vintage. 6226:"Let Them Drink Milk" 6002:National Park Service 5358:. Bhagavad As It Is. 5303:. September 2, 2017. 5294:"Bhagavad Gita XI.12" 3787:. atomicarchive.com. 3671:. atomicarchive.com. 3140:National Park Service 2925:, the predecessor of 2921:was six hours behind 2897:The Day After Trinity 2852:The Day After Trinity 2451: 2413: 2393: 2376: 2320: 2192: 2165: 2080: 2024: 2005: 1994: 1984: 1968: 1942: 1869: 1818: 1744: 1694: 1650: 1592: 1539: 1480: 1446: 1409: 1357: 1206: 1188:TR-7 (Medical) under 1102: 1069: 984:X-10 Graphite Reactor 914:University of Chicago 910:J. Robert Oppenheimer 902:Los Alamos Laboratory 898:Leslie R. Groves, Jr. 459:Los Alamos Laboratory 455:J. Robert Oppenheimer 434:. The test was of an 10255:Deming Army Airfield 10245:Clovis Army Airfield 10021:District of Columbia 8727:British contribution 8629:Operation Peppermint 8624:Operation Crossroads 8483:Maria Goeppert Mayer 7438:on November 26, 2013 7216:. New York: Harper. 6798:Entertainment Weekly 6731:"Trinity and Beyond" 6452:on February 15, 2013 6178:Bouville et al. 2020 5732:Hoddeson et al. 1993 5693:Hoddeson et al. 1993 5647:on November 25, 2014 5618:Hoddeson et al. 1993 5606:Hoddeson et al. 1993 5492:Hoddeson et al. 1993 5480:Hoddeson et al. 1993 5468:Hoddeson et al. 1993 5445:on October 18, 2005. 5390:. November 8, 1948. 5089:on September 4, 2014 4869:Hoddeson et al. 1993 4624:"Edward Teller, RIP" 4416:Hoddeson et al. 1993 4404:Hoddeson et al. 1993 4389:Hoddeson et al. 1993 4302:Hoddeson et al. 1993 4166:Hoddeson et al. 1993 4154:Hoddeson et al. 1993 4080:Hoddeson et al. 1993 3980:Hoddeson et al. 1993 3754:Hoddeson et al. 1993 3581:Hoddeson et al. 1993 3352:Hoddeson et al. 1993 3335:Hoddeson et al. 1993 3323:Hoddeson et al. 1993 3311:Hoddeson et al. 1993 3299:Hoddeson et al. 1993 2646:background radiation 2406:Upperville, Virginia 2096:his multi-armed form 1792:, Brigadier General 1426:Babcock & Wilcox 1332:McDonald Ranch House 1248:Desert Training Area 949:bombing of Hiroshima 922:Radiation Laboratory 721:Nuclear-armed states 583:the following year. 486:McDonald Ranch House 394:Designated NHLD 313:33.67722; -106.47528 215:Trinity Site obelisk 142:Operation Crossroads 10270:Hobbs Army Airfield 8488:George Kistiakowsky 8443:Charles Critchfield 7820:Smyth, Henry DeWolf 7719:2006JEnvR..85..103P 7154:Feynman, Richard P. 7093:Coster-Mullen, John 6931:Bainbridge, Kenneth 6883:Bainbridge, Kenneth 6720:. October 20, 1989. 6566:Fielding, Raymond, 6490:on October 13, 2014 6293:1949PhRv...76..375W 5848:El Paso Herald-Post 5815:Wellerstein, Alex. 5793:, pp. 205–206. 5749:Clovis News-Journal 5620:, pp. 354–355. 5494:, pp. 375–376. 5427:, pp. 123–124. 5283:, pp. 456–457. 5247:, pp. 325–326. 5072:, pp. 247–254. 5020:, pp. 103–120. 4981:2021NucTe.207S.321S 4943:, pp. 327–330. 4750:, pp. 640–650. 4722:The Washington Post 4560:Albuquerque Journal 4406:, pp. 368–370. 4328:, pp. 661–663. 4243:Wellerstein, Alex. 4233:, pp. 256–257. 4178:Wellerstein, Alex. 4135:on October 10, 2014 4082:, pp. 307–308. 4052:"Robert F. Christy" 3982:, pp. 360–362. 3885:, pp. 102–106. 3756:, pp. 366–367. 3628:"McDonald, David G" 3461:, pp. 269–270. 3402:, pp. 571–572. 3378:, pp. 211–212. 3354:, pp. 174–175. 3337:, pp. 245–247. 3325:, pp. 130–138. 3313:, pp. 240–242. 3301:, pp. 235–239. 3262:, pp. 508–509. 2201: 2022:He later recalled: 2013:William L. Laurence 1675:was assembled, and 1551:Herbert L. Anderson 1307: / 1216:radioactive fallout 1190:Louis H. Hempelmann 1128:George Kistiakowsky 996:spontaneous fission 953:bombing of Nagasaki 918:Columbia University 478:Socorro, New Mexico 422:, conducted by the 304: / 281:Bingham, New Mexico 10480:Explosions in 1945 10450:1945 in New Mexico 10417:Nuclear technology 10393:History of Science 10336:Lordsburg Killings 9381:Sand Springs Range 8553:Henry DeWolf Smyth 8332:Robert Oppenheimer 8287:Priscilla Duffield 8052:"Visiting Trinity" 7999:"The Trinity Test" 7959:. Washington, DC: 6980:Los Alamos Science 6855:Nuclear Technology 6766:The New York Times 6690:The New York Times 6655:BBC Genome Project 6155:. March 28, 2014. 6084:on March 17, 2014. 6029:, pp. 99–101. 5949:Annals of the ICRP 5332:. Atomic Archive. 5298:Gita Supersite by 5226:on August 27, 2009 5018:Parekh et al. 2006 4959:Nuclear Technology 4680:. Web of stories. 4428:Coster-Mullen 2020 4377:Coster-Mullen 2012 4365:Coster-Mullen 2012 4338:Coster-Mullen 2012 4208:. Web of Stories. 4109:Coster-Mullen 2012 3967:, pp. 41, 58. 3608:on August 31, 2014 3602:United States Army 2864:Trinity and Beyond 2797:In popular culture 2458: 2372:George L. Harrison 2309:Civilian detection 2283:ionizing radiation 2281:and both forms of 2228:ionizing radiation 2199: 2182:The energy of the 2168: 2018:The New York Times 2001: 1945: 1876:Potsdam Conference 1872: 1824: 1750: 1697: 1673:"Urchin" initiator 1653: 1613:" after physicist 1595: 1542: 1483: 1449: 1412: 1360: 1325:Stafford L. Warren 1284:near the towns of 1252:San Nicolas Island 1212: 1124:Harvard University 1120:Kenneth Bainbridge 1072: 474:Jornada del Muerto 470:Kenneth Bainbridge 424:United States Army 80:July 16, 1945 21:The Gadget (novel) 10374: 10373: 10341:Manhattan Project 10097: 10096: 9651:Historic district 9593: 9592: 9539:Project Plowshare 9468: 9467: 8846: 8845: 8768:Los Alamos Primer 8757:Interim Committee 8712:African Americans 8664:The Great Artiste 8523:Isidor Isaac Rabi 8518:Norman Ramsey Jr. 8317:Franklin Matthias 8256:Heavy water sites 8163:Manhattan Project 7934:978-0-312-06167-8 7835:978-0-8047-1722-9 7651:978-0-385-50407-2 7452:Hoddeson, Lillian 7378:978-0-938228-08-0 7196:979-8-5620-7794-3 7134:Air Power History 6866:978-0-313-05907-0 6354:on March 16, 2022 6196:Colorado Newsline 5805:, pp. 39–41. 5596:, pp. 10–25. 5458:, pp. 10–24. 5193:978-3-662-58174-2 5031:Hermes, Robert E. 4965:(sup1): 321–325. 4931:, pp. 11–13. 4526:, pp. 29–30. 4367:, pp. 49–50. 4340:, pp. 56–57. 4111:, pp. 47–53. 3951:978-1-4766-3381-7 3902:on March 16, 2022 3896:"Trinity History" 3495:on August 6, 2007 3202:, pp. 30–31. 2893:practical effects 2878:Christopher Nolan 2814:The March of Time 2611: 2601: 2519:Company observed 2422:Winston Churchill 2252:neutron detectors 2248: 2247: 2076: 2075: 1930:Wolfgang Panofsky 1802:Isidor Isaac Rabi 1798:Charles Lauritsen 1794:Thomas F. Farrell 1770:Frank Oppenheimer 1615:Robert F. Christy 1523:Mountain War Time 1246:in Colorado; the 1209:Carrizozo Malpais 1029:by two different 1012:nuclear explosion 972:synthetic element 895:Brigadier General 891:Manhattan Project 858:Manhattan Project 849: 848: 613:Nuclear explosion 534:Frank Oppenheimer 526:Isidor Isaac Rabi 432:Manhattan Project 409: 408: 405:December 20, 1968 397:December 21, 1965 373:Significant dates 150: 149: 10562: 10427: 10426: 10415: 10414: 10413: 10403: 10402: 10401: 10391: 10390: 10389: 10382: 10311:American Theater 10222: 10124: 10117: 10110: 10101: 10100: 10087: 10086: 10077: 10076: 10075: 10000:Marshall Islands 9620: 9613: 9606: 9597: 9596: 9351:Nevada Test Site 9315: 9314: 8873: 8866: 8859: 8850: 8849: 8838: 8837: 8789:Quebec Agreement 8573:John von Neumann 8513:George B. Pegram 8322:Dorothy McKibbin 8156: 8149: 8142: 8133: 8132: 8094:Internet Archive 8081:Internet Archive 8011:The Trinity test 7987: 7985: 7983: 7977: 7958: 7946: 7919: 7899: 7888: 7859: 7857: 7855: 7815: 7803: 7771: 7769: 7767: 7761: 7730: 7704: 7694: 7674: 7663: 7633: 7591: 7571: 7554: 7522: 7520: 7518: 7512: 7497: 7485: 7465: 7447: 7445: 7443: 7437: 7431:. Archived from 7414: 7400: 7395: 7393: 7370: 7359: 7322:Hamming, Richard 7317: 7297: 7286: 7284: 7282: 7276: 7245: 7235: 7208: 7181: 7149: 7128: 7108: 7088: 7078: 7037: 7017: 7003: 7001: 6999: 6977: 6967: 6965: 6963: 6941: 6926: 6924: 6922: 6878: 6858: 6847: 6815: 6814: 6812: 6810: 6788: 6782: 6781: 6779: 6777: 6757: 6751: 6750: 6748: 6746: 6727: 6721: 6712: 6706: 6705: 6703: 6701: 6681: 6672: 6671: 6669: 6667: 6646: 6640: 6639: 6637: 6635: 6616: 6610: 6609: 6607: 6605: 6584: 6578: 6564: 6558: 6557: 6555: 6553: 6548:on July 13, 2015 6547: 6540: 6532: 6526: 6525: 6523: 6521: 6516:on July 12, 2015 6506: 6500: 6499: 6497: 6495: 6480: 6474: 6468: 6462: 6461: 6459: 6457: 6442: 6436: 6435: 6433: 6431: 6416: 6410: 6409: 6407: 6405: 6390: 6388: 6386: 6370: 6364: 6363: 6361: 6359: 6344: 6338: 6337: 6335: 6333: 6314: 6305: 6304: 6274: 6272: 6270: 6255: 6249: 6247: 6245: 6243: 6221: 6212: 6211: 6209: 6207: 6187: 6181: 6175: 6169: 6168: 6166: 6164: 6145: 6139: 6133: 6127: 6121: 6115: 6114: 6112: 6110: 6092: 6086: 6085: 6083: 6077:. 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Archived from 5216: 5210: 5209: 5207: 5205: 5184:Springer Science 5173: 5167: 5166: 5139: 5133: 5132: 5105: 5099: 5098: 5096: 5094: 5079: 5073: 5067: 5061: 5060: 5058: 5056: 5050: 5039: 5027: 5021: 5015: 5009: 5008: 4974: 4953: 4944: 4938: 4932: 4926: 4920: 4914: 4908: 4907: 4905: 4903: 4897: 4886: 4878: 4872: 4866: 4860: 4859: 4832: 4826: 4820: 4811: 4805: 4799: 4793: 4787: 4786: 4784: 4782: 4776: 4765: 4757: 4751: 4745: 4739: 4738: 4736: 4734: 4712: 4706: 4700: 4694: 4693: 4691: 4689: 4674: 4668: 4662: 4656: 4650: 4644: 4643: 4641: 4639: 4634:on March 3, 2016 4628:The New Atlantis 4620: 4614: 4608: 4599: 4598: 4596: 4594: 4583: 4577: 4576: 4574: 4572: 4550: 4539: 4533: 4527: 4521: 4515: 4509: 4503: 4497: 4491: 4485: 4476: 4470: 4464: 4463: 4461: 4459: 4444: 4438: 4437: 4425: 4419: 4413: 4407: 4401: 4392: 4386: 4380: 4374: 4368: 4362: 4356: 4350: 4341: 4335: 4329: 4323: 4317: 4311: 4305: 4299: 4288: 4287: 4285: 4283: 4267: 4261: 4260: 4258: 4256: 4240: 4234: 4228: 4222: 4221: 4219: 4217: 4202: 4196: 4195: 4193: 4191: 4175: 4169: 4163: 4157: 4151: 4145: 4144: 4142: 4140: 4121: 4112: 4106: 4095: 4089: 4083: 4077: 4068: 4067: 4065: 4063: 4048: 4042: 4036: 4027: 4026:, pp. 9–10. 4021: 4012: 4006: 3995: 3989: 3983: 3977: 3968: 3962: 3956: 3955: 3935: 3929: 3928: 3918: 3912: 3911: 3909: 3907: 3892: 3886: 3880: 3874: 3868: 3862: 3856: 3847: 3841: 3830: 3829: 3827: 3825: 3810: 3801: 3800: 3798: 3796: 3781: 3772: 3766: 3757: 3751: 3740: 3734: 3728: 3722: 3709: 3703: 3697: 3691: 3685: 3684: 3682: 3680: 3665: 3656: 3650: 3644: 3643: 3641: 3639: 3624: 3618: 3617: 3615: 3613: 3604:. Archived from 3590: 3584: 3578: 3569: 3568: 3566: 3564: 3559:on July 21, 2023 3549: 3540: 3539: 3537: 3535: 3529: 3522: 3514: 3508: 3507: 3502: 3500: 3485: 3479: 3473: 3462: 3456: 3450: 3444: 3435: 3429: 3420: 3414: 3403: 3397: 3391: 3385: 3379: 3373: 3367: 3361: 3355: 3349: 3338: 3332: 3326: 3320: 3314: 3308: 3302: 3296: 3287: 3281: 3275: 3269: 3263: 3257: 3251: 3245: 3239: 3233: 3227: 3221: 3215: 3209: 3203: 3197: 3191: 3185: 3179: 3178: 3176: 3174: 3168: 3161: 3153: 3144: 3143: 3126: 3106: 3103: 3097: 3077: 3060: 3054: 3052: 3051: 3050: 3043: 3042: 3033: 3032: 3031: 3024: 3023: 3014: 3013: 3012: 3005: 3004: 2995: 2994: 2993: 2986: 2985: 2975: 2969: 2966: 2960: 2949: 2943: 2936: 2930: 2916: 2807:was produced by 2788: 2776: 2764: 2752: 2740: 2726: 2714: 2702: 2690: 2617:Audio 00:24:52 ( 2613: 2612: 2599: 2588: 2561: 2510:Nevada Test Site 2368:Henry L. Stimson 2365:Secretary of War 2202: 2143: 2127: 2115: 2054: 1973:beautiful purple 1896:Voice of America 1468: 1438:crawler tractors 1322: 1321: 1319: 1318: 1317: 1312: 1308: 1305: 1304: 1303: 1300: 1274:Second Air Force 1228:Cuba, New Mexico 1172:Robert R. Wilson 1160:John H. Williams 1148:Victor Weisskopf 1140:First Lieutenant 1023:John von Neumann 1019:implosion design 933:fissile isotopes 862:The creation of 841: 834: 827: 778: 672:Target selection 600: 586: 585: 550:John von Neumann 436:implosion-design 389:October 15, 1966 363: 350: 342: 340: 319: 318: 316: 315: 314: 309: 305: 302: 301: 300: 297: 268: 262: 261: 255: 243: 237: 236: 230: 213: 155: 154: 91: 89: 84: 47: 40: 28: 27: 10570: 10569: 10565: 10564: 10563: 10561: 10560: 10559: 10455:1945 in science 10435: 10434: 10433: 10421: 10411: 10409: 10399: 10397: 10387: 10385: 10377: 10375: 10370: 10294: 10223: 10214: 10205:Emilio G. Segrè 10200:Merril Sandoval 10155:John J. Dempsey 10133: 10128: 10098: 10093: 10073: 10071: 10063: 10030: 10009: 9983: 9942: 9675: 9629: 9624: 9594: 9589: 9550:The Atomic Cafe 9494:Alvin C. Graves 9474: 9464: 9443: 9422: 9406: 9390: 9339: 9310: 9304: 9285:Upshot–Knothole 9278:Tumbler–Snapper 8882: 8877: 8847: 8842: 8828: 8794:RaLa Experiment 8700: 8669: 8634:Project Alberta 8602: 8598:Chien-Shiung Wu 8528:James Rainwater 8463:Richard Feynman 8453:John R. Dunning 8428:Norris Bradbury 8391: 8377:Stafford Warren 8347:William Purnell 8327:Kenneth Nichols 8307:Ernest Lawrence 8282:James B. Conant 8260: 8174: 8165: 8160: 8086:The short film 8072:The short film 7995: 7990: 7981: 7979: 7975: 7956: 7935: 7908: 7877: 7853: 7851: 7836: 7808:Sherwin, Martin 7792: 7776:Rhodes, Richard 7765: 7763: 7759: 7728:10.1.1.494.5179 7702: 7683: 7652: 7614:10.2307/3955694 7543: 7516: 7514: 7510: 7495: 7474: 7441: 7439: 7435: 7412: 7391: 7389: 7379: 7340:10.2307/2589247 7306: 7280: 7278: 7274: 7243: 7224: 7197: 7170: 7026: 6997: 6995: 6975: 6961: 6959: 6939: 6920: 6918: 6867: 6844: 6830:Alperovitz, Gar 6824: 6819: 6818: 6808: 6806: 6789: 6785: 6775: 6773: 6758: 6754: 6744: 6742: 6735:Rotten Tomatoes 6729: 6728: 6724: 6713: 6709: 6699: 6697: 6682: 6675: 6665: 6663: 6648: 6647: 6643: 6633: 6631: 6618: 6617: 6613: 6603: 6601: 6586: 6585: 6581: 6565: 6561: 6551: 6549: 6545: 6538: 6534: 6533: 6529: 6519: 6517: 6508: 6507: 6503: 6493: 6491: 6482: 6481: 6477: 6469: 6465: 6455: 6453: 6444: 6443: 6439: 6429: 6427: 6418: 6417: 6413: 6403: 6401: 6392: 6384: 6382: 6371: 6367: 6357: 6355: 6346: 6345: 6341: 6331: 6329: 6316: 6315: 6308: 6280:Physical Review 6268: 6266: 6257: 6256: 6252: 6241: 6239: 6222: 6215: 6205: 6203: 6188: 6184: 6176: 6172: 6162: 6160: 6147: 6146: 6142: 6134: 6130: 6122: 6118: 6108: 6106: 6093: 6089: 6081: 6074: 6070: 6069: 6065: 6055: 6053: 6038: 6037: 6033: 6025: 6021: 6011: 6009: 5996: 5995: 5991: 5981: 5979: 5975: 5944: 5938: 5934: 5926: 5922: 5914: 5910: 5904:Alperovitz 1996 5902: 5895: 5887: 5880: 5872: 5868: 5858: 5856: 5841: 5840: 5836: 5826: 5824: 5813: 5809: 5801: 5797: 5789: 5780: 5772: 5768: 5758: 5756: 5743: 5742: 5738: 5730: 5726: 5717: 5715: 5704: 5703: 5699: 5691: 5687: 5677: 5675: 5664: 5660: 5650: 5648: 5644: 5633: 5629: 5628: 5624: 5616: 5612: 5604: 5600: 5592: 5588: 5578: 5571: 5567: 5566: 5562: 5554: 5550: 5540: 5538: 5529: 5528: 5524: 5514: 5512: 5507:. Gene Dannen. 5503: 5502: 5498: 5490: 5486: 5478: 5474: 5466: 5462: 5454: 5450: 5435: 5431: 5423: 5419: 5411: 5407: 5397: 5395: 5380: 5379: 5375: 5365: 5363: 5354: 5353: 5349: 5339: 5337: 5328: 5327: 5320: 5310: 5308: 5292: 5291: 5287: 5279: 5275: 5267: 5263: 5255: 5251: 5243: 5239: 5229: 5227: 5218: 5217: 5213: 5203: 5201: 5194: 5186:. p. 351. 5174: 5170: 5163: 5140: 5136: 5129: 5106: 5102: 5092: 5090: 5081: 5080: 5076: 5068: 5064: 5054: 5052: 5048: 5037: 5028: 5024: 5016: 5012: 4954: 4947: 4939: 4935: 4927: 4923: 4915: 4911: 4901: 4899: 4895: 4884: 4880: 4879: 4875: 4867: 4863: 4856: 4833: 4829: 4823:Bainbridge 1975 4821: 4814: 4806: 4802: 4794: 4790: 4780: 4778: 4774: 4763: 4759: 4758: 4754: 4746: 4742: 4732: 4730: 4713: 4709: 4701: 4697: 4687: 4685: 4676: 4675: 4671: 4663: 4659: 4651: 4647: 4637: 4635: 4622: 4621: 4617: 4609: 4602: 4592: 4590: 4584: 4580: 4570: 4568: 4551: 4542: 4534: 4530: 4524:Bainbridge 1976 4522: 4518: 4510: 4506: 4498: 4494: 4488:Bainbridge 1976 4486: 4479: 4473:Bainbridge 1976 4471: 4467: 4457: 4455: 4446: 4445: 4441: 4431: 4426: 4422: 4414: 4410: 4402: 4395: 4387: 4383: 4375: 4371: 4363: 4359: 4351: 4344: 4336: 4332: 4324: 4320: 4312: 4308: 4300: 4291: 4281: 4279: 4268: 4264: 4254: 4252: 4241: 4237: 4229: 4225: 4215: 4213: 4204: 4203: 4199: 4189: 4187: 4176: 4172: 4164: 4160: 4152: 4148: 4138: 4136: 4125:Christy, Robert 4122: 4115: 4107: 4098: 4090: 4086: 4078: 4071: 4061: 4059: 4050: 4049: 4045: 4039:Bainbridge 1976 4037: 4030: 4022: 4015: 4009:Bainbridge 1976 4007: 3998: 3992:Bainbridge 1976 3990: 3986: 3978: 3971: 3965:Bainbridge 1975 3963: 3959: 3952: 3936: 3932: 3919: 3915: 3905: 3903: 3894: 3893: 3889: 3881: 3877: 3869: 3865: 3859:Bainbridge 1976 3857: 3850: 3842: 3833: 3823: 3821: 3820:on May 30, 2013 3812: 3811: 3804: 3794: 3792: 3783: 3782: 3775: 3769:Bainbridge 1975 3767: 3760: 3752: 3743: 3737:Bainbridge 1975 3735: 3731: 3725:Bainbridge 1975 3723: 3712: 3704: 3700: 3692: 3688: 3678: 3676: 3667: 3666: 3659: 3653:Bainbridge 1975 3651: 3647: 3637: 3635: 3626: 3625: 3621: 3611: 3609: 3592: 3591: 3587: 3579: 3572: 3562: 3560: 3551: 3550: 3543: 3533: 3531: 3527: 3520: 3516: 3515: 3511: 3498: 3496: 3487: 3486: 3482: 3476:Bainbridge 1976 3474: 3465: 3457: 3453: 3447:Bainbridge 1976 3445: 3438: 3430: 3423: 3415: 3406: 3398: 3394: 3386: 3382: 3374: 3370: 3362: 3358: 3350: 3341: 3333: 3329: 3321: 3317: 3309: 3305: 3297: 3290: 3282: 3278: 3270: 3266: 3258: 3254: 3246: 3242: 3234: 3230: 3222: 3218: 3210: 3206: 3198: 3194: 3190:, pp. 3–8. 3186: 3182: 3172: 3170: 3166: 3159: 3155: 3154: 3147: 3142:. July 9, 2010. 3128: 3127: 3120: 3115: 3110: 3109: 3104: 3100: 3061: 3057: 3049: 3047: 3046: 3045: 3041: 3038: 3037: 3036: 3035: 3030: 3028: 3027: 3026: 3022: 3019: 3018: 3017: 3016: 3011: 3009: 3008: 3007: 3003: 3000: 2999: 2998: 2997: 2992: 2990: 2989: 2988: 2984: 2981: 2980: 2979: 2978: 2976: 2972: 2967: 2963: 2950: 2946: 2938:From the poem " 2937: 2933: 2917: 2910: 2905: 2799: 2792: 2789: 2780: 2777: 2768: 2765: 2756: 2753: 2744: 2741: 2732: 2727: 2718: 2715: 2706: 2703: 2694: 2691: 2682: 2662:instrumentation 2637: 2636: 2628: 2626: 2625: 2624: 2623: 2622: 2614: 2607: 2604: 2602: 2598: 2596: 2589: 2580: 2575: 2574: 2573: 2567: 2562: 2430: 2389:James F. Byrnes 2361: 2340:, Socorro, and 2311: 2267:pinhole cameras 2160: 2154: 2147: 2144: 2135: 2128: 2119: 2116: 2072: 2069: 2063: 2060: 2045:holy book, the 1999:, July 16, 1945 1926:Bernard Waldman 1907:Project Alberta 1880:Harry S. Truman 1864: 1859: 1832:welding goggles 1820:Norris Bradbury 1806:Geoffrey Taylor 1774:Richard Feynman 1759:John J. Dempsey 1739: 1731:Joseph McKibben 1722:corrugated iron 1657:Norris Bradbury 1624:Of the several 1587: 1581: 1475: 1466: 1434:Barberton, Ohio 1404: 1392:railroad siding 1315: 1313: 1309: 1306: 1301: 1298: 1296: 1294: 1293: 1240:San Luis Valley 1230:, and north of 1220:Tularosa Valley 1201: 1184:Bernard Waldman 1116: 1090: 1064: 1059: 1033:which produced 1031:high explosives 970:Plutonium is a 868:nuclear fission 864:nuclear weapons 860: 854: 845: 796: 776: 766: 735: 590:Nuclear weapons 562:kilotons of TNT 554:kilotons of TNT 538:Geoffrey Taylor 522:Richard Feynman 506:James B. Conant 338: 336: 312: 310: 306: 303: 298: 295: 293: 291: 290: 272: 271: 270: 269: 266: 265: 264: 263: 246: 245: 244: 241: 240: 239: 238: 216: 200: 191: 182: 173: 164: 153: 146: 145: 134:Test chronology 87: 85: 82: 81: 48: 43: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 10568: 10558: 10557: 10552: 10550:Tularosa Basin 10547: 10542: 10537: 10532: 10527: 10522: 10517: 10512: 10507: 10502: 10497: 10492: 10487: 10482: 10477: 10472: 10470:Atomic tourism 10467: 10462: 10457: 10452: 10447: 10432: 10431: 10419: 10407: 10395: 10372: 10371: 10369: 10368: 10363: 10358: 10353: 10348: 10343: 10338: 10333: 10328: 10323: 10318: 10313: 10308: 10302: 10300: 10296: 10295: 10293: 10292: 10287: 10282: 10277: 10275:Kirtland Field 10272: 10267: 10262: 10257: 10252: 10247: 10242: 10240:Camp Lordsburg 10237: 10231: 10229: 10225: 10224: 10217: 10215: 10213: 10212: 10207: 10202: 10197: 10192: 10187: 10182: 10177: 10172: 10167: 10162: 10160:Thomas Farrell 10157: 10152: 10150:Jerry C. Begay 10147: 10141: 10139: 10135: 10134: 10127: 10126: 10119: 10112: 10104: 10095: 10094: 10092: 10091: 10081: 10068: 10065: 10064: 10062: 10061: 10056: 10051: 10050: 10049: 10038: 10036: 10032: 10031: 10029: 10028: 10023: 10017: 10015: 10011: 10010: 10008: 10007: 10002: 9997: 9991: 9989: 9985: 9984: 9982: 9981: 9979:Virgin Islands 9976: 9971: 9966: 9961: 9956: 9954:American Samoa 9950: 9948: 9944: 9943: 9941: 9940: 9935: 9930: 9925: 9920: 9915: 9910: 9905: 9900: 9895: 9890: 9888:South Carolina 9885: 9880: 9875: 9870: 9865: 9860: 9855: 9853:North Carolina 9850: 9845: 9840: 9835: 9830: 9825: 9820: 9815: 9810: 9805: 9800: 9795: 9790: 9785: 9780: 9775: 9770: 9765: 9760: 9755: 9750: 9745: 9740: 9735: 9730: 9725: 9720: 9715: 9710: 9705: 9700: 9695: 9690: 9683: 9681: 9680:Lists by state 9677: 9676: 9674: 9673: 9671:Property types 9668: 9663: 9658: 9653: 9648: 9643: 9637: 9635: 9631: 9630: 9623: 9622: 9615: 9608: 9600: 9591: 9590: 9588: 9587: 9582: 9577: 9572: 9565: 9560: 9553: 9546: 9541: 9536: 9531: 9526: 9521: 9516: 9511: 9506: 9501: 9496: 9491: 9484: 9478: 9476: 9470: 9469: 9466: 9465: 9463: 9462: 9460:South Atlantic 9457: 9451: 9449: 9445: 9444: 9442: 9441: 9436: 9430: 9428: 9424: 9423: 9421: 9420: 9414: 9412: 9408: 9407: 9405: 9404: 9398: 9396: 9392: 9391: 9389: 9388: 9383: 9378: 9376:Central Nevada 9373: 9368: 9363: 9358: 9356:Frenchman Flat 9353: 9347: 9345: 9341: 9340: 9338: 9337: 9332: 9327: 9321: 9319: 9312: 9306: 9305: 9303: 9302: 9295: 9288: 9281: 9274: 9267: 9260: 9253: 9246: 9239: 9232: 9225: 9218: 9211: 9208:Roller Coaster 9204: 9197: 9190: 9183: 9181:Project 58/58A 9178: 9173: 9168: 9161: 9154: 9147: 9140: 9133: 9126: 9119: 9112: 9105: 9098: 9091: 9084: 9083: 9082: 9068: 9061: 9060: 9059: 9047: 9040: 9033: 9026: 9019: 9012: 9005: 8998: 8997: 8996: 8993:Starfish Prime 8982: 8975: 8968: 8961: 8954: 8947: 8940: 8933: 8926: 8919: 8912: 8905: 8898: 8890: 8888: 8884: 8883: 8876: 8875: 8868: 8861: 8853: 8844: 8843: 8833: 8830: 8829: 8827: 8826: 8821: 8816: 8811: 8806: 8801: 8796: 8791: 8786: 8781: 8776: 8771: 8764: 8759: 8754: 8749: 8744: 8739: 8737:Chicago Pile-1 8734: 8732:Calutron Girls 8729: 8724: 8719: 8714: 8708: 8706: 8705:Related topics 8702: 8701: 8699: 8698: 8693: 8688: 8683: 8677: 8675: 8671: 8670: 8668: 8667: 8660: 8653: 8646: 8641: 8636: 8631: 8626: 8621: 8616: 8610: 8608: 8604: 8603: 8601: 8600: 8595: 8590: 8585: 8580: 8575: 8570: 8568:Stanisław Ulam 8565: 8560: 8555: 8550: 8545: 8540: 8535: 8530: 8525: 8520: 8515: 8510: 8505: 8503:Edwin McMillan 8500: 8495: 8490: 8485: 8480: 8475: 8470: 8465: 8460: 8455: 8450: 8448:Harry Daghlian 8445: 8440: 8438:John Cockcroft 8435: 8433:James Chadwick 8430: 8425: 8420: 8415: 8410: 8405: 8399: 8397: 8393: 8392: 8390: 8389: 8384: 8379: 8374: 8369: 8364: 8359: 8357:Charles Thomas 8354: 8352:Frank Spedding 8349: 8344: 8339: 8334: 8329: 8324: 8319: 8314: 8312:James Marshall 8309: 8304: 8299: 8294: 8292:Thomas Farrell 8289: 8284: 8279: 8277:Arthur Compton 8274: 8268: 8266: 8265:Administrators 8262: 8261: 8259: 8258: 8253: 8248: 8243: 8238: 8233: 8228: 8223: 8218: 8213: 8208: 8203: 8193: 8188: 8182: 8180: 8176: 8175: 8170: 8167: 8166: 8159: 8158: 8151: 8144: 8136: 8130: 8129: 8119: 8109: 8103: 8097: 8084: 8070: 8060: 8057:3 Quarks Daily 8049: 8043: 8038: 8033: 8023: 8018: 8008: 7994: 7993:External links 7991: 7989: 7988: 7947: 7933: 7920: 7906: 7889: 7875: 7860: 7834: 7816: 7804: 7790: 7772: 7713:(1): 103–120. 7695: 7681: 7664: 7650: 7634: 7592: 7572: 7560:Day of Trinity 7555: 7541: 7523: 7486: 7472: 7448: 7401: 7377: 7360: 7334:(7): 640–650. 7318: 7304: 7287: 7236: 7222: 7209: 7195: 7182: 7168: 7150: 7129: 7109: 7089: 7053:(4): 400–427. 7047:Health Physics 7038: 7024: 7008:Bethe, Hans A. 7004: 6968: 6942:. Los Alamos: 6927: 6879: 6865: 6848: 6842: 6825: 6823: 6820: 6817: 6816: 6783: 6752: 6722: 6707: 6673: 6641: 6611: 6579: 6559: 6527: 6510:"Trinity Site" 6501: 6475: 6473:, p. 601. 6463: 6437: 6411: 6365: 6339: 6306: 6287:(3): 375–380. 6250: 6213: 6182: 6180:, p. 405. 6170: 6140: 6138:, p. 134. 6128: 6126:, p. 105. 6116: 6087: 6063: 6031: 6019: 5989: 5932: 5930:, p. 308. 5920: 5918:, p. 518. 5908: 5906:, p. 240. 5893: 5891:, p. 517. 5878: 5866: 5834: 5807: 5795: 5778: 5776:, p. 407. 5766: 5736: 5734:, p. 377. 5724: 5697: 5695:, p. 374. 5685: 5658: 5622: 5610: 5608:, p. 375. 5598: 5586: 5560: 5548: 5522: 5496: 5484: 5482:, p. 359. 5472: 5470:, p. 376. 5460: 5448: 5429: 5417: 5415:, p. 201. 5405: 5373: 5347: 5318: 5285: 5273: 5261: 5259:, p. 554. 5249: 5237: 5211: 5192: 5168: 5161: 5134: 5127: 5100: 5074: 5062: 5022: 5010: 4945: 4941:Gutenberg 1946 4933: 4921: 4919:, p. 404. 4909: 4873: 4871:, p. 364. 4861: 4854: 4827: 4812: 4810:, p. 197. 4800: 4788: 4752: 4740: 4707: 4705:, p. 664. 4695: 4669: 4667:, p. 677. 4657: 4655:, p. 668. 4645: 4615: 4613:, p. 656. 4600: 4578: 4540: 4538:, p. 134. 4528: 4516: 4514:, p. 402. 4504: 4492: 4477: 4465: 4448:"Herbert Lehr" 4439: 4430:, p. 314. 4420: 4418:, p. 483. 4408: 4393: 4391:, p. 370. 4381: 4369: 4357: 4355:, p. 654. 4342: 4330: 4318: 4316:, p. 657. 4306: 4304:, p. 365. 4289: 4262: 4235: 4223: 4197: 4170: 4158: 4156:, p. 293. 4146: 4113: 4096: 4094:, p. 228. 4084: 4069: 4043: 4028: 4013: 3996: 3984: 3969: 3957: 3950: 3930: 3913: 3887: 3875: 3873:, p. 100. 3863: 3848: 3846:, p. 512. 3831: 3802: 3773: 3758: 3741: 3729: 3710: 3708:, p. 480. 3698: 3696:, p. 481. 3686: 3657: 3645: 3619: 3585: 3583:, p. 311. 3570: 3541: 3509: 3489:"Trinity Site" 3480: 3463: 3451: 3436: 3434:, p. 478. 3421: 3419:, p. 266. 3404: 3392: 3390:, p. 165. 3380: 3368: 3366:, p. 395. 3356: 3339: 3327: 3315: 3303: 3288: 3286:, p. 101. 3276: 3274:, p. 142. 3264: 3252: 3240: 3228: 3216: 3204: 3192: 3180: 3145: 3117: 3116: 3114: 3111: 3108: 3107: 3098: 3055: 3048: 3039: 3029: 3020: 3010: 3001: 2991: 2982: 2970: 2961: 2958:Holy Sonnet 14 2944: 2931: 2907: 2906: 2904: 2901: 2798: 2795: 2794: 2793: 2790: 2783: 2781: 2778: 2771: 2769: 2766: 2759: 2757: 2754: 2747: 2745: 2742: 2735: 2733: 2728: 2721: 2719: 2716: 2709: 2707: 2704: 2697: 2695: 2692: 2685: 2681: 2678: 2627: 2616: 2615: 2605: 2595:"Trinity Site" 2594: 2592: 2591: 2590: 2583: 2582: 2581: 2579: 2576: 2564: 2563: 2556: 2555: 2554: 2538:cardboard pulp 2429: 2426: 2360: 2357: 2310: 2307: 2303:composite core 2246: 2245: 2242: 2234: 2233: 2230: 2223: 2222: 2219: 2218:Thermal energy 2215: 2214: 2211: 2207: 2206: 2153: 2150: 2149: 2148: 2145: 2138: 2136: 2129: 2122: 2120: 2117: 2110: 2074: 2073: 2064: 1961:mushroom cloud 1934:William Penney 1892:Samuel Allison 1863: 1860: 1858: 1855: 1810:James Chadwick 1782:Richard Tolman 1738: 1735: 1580: 1577: 1474: 1471: 1403: 1400: 1384:saltwater soap 1349:Lubbock, Texas 1344:grazing rights 1282:Socorro County 1200: 1197: 1193: 1192: 1186: 1180: 1177: 1174: 1168: 1166:John H. Manley 1162: 1144:William Penney 1115: 1112: 1089: 1086: 1063: 1060: 1058: 1055: 1047:chain reaction 1043:neutron source 1039:explosive lens 856:Main article: 853: 850: 847: 846: 844: 843: 836: 829: 821: 818: 817: 816: 815: 810: 805: 800: 790: 789: 784: 779: 770: 760: 759: 754: 749: 747:United Kingdom 744: 739: 724: 723: 717: 716: 715: 714: 709: 704: 699: 694: 689: 684: 679: 674: 669: 663: 662: 657: 652: 646: 645: 640: 635: 630: 625: 620: 615: 607: 606: 602: 601: 593: 592: 542:Richard Tolman 510:Thomas Farrell 502:James Chadwick 420:nuclear weapon 407: 406: 403: 399: 398: 395: 391: 390: 387: 383: 382: 379: 375: 374: 370: 369: 364: 357: 356: 351: 344: 343: 333: 329: 328: 325: 321: 320: 288: 284: 283: 278: 274: 273: 257: 256: 250: 249: 248: 247: 232: 231: 225: 224: 223: 222: 221: 218: 217: 214: 206: 205: 202: 201: 196: 193: 192: 187: 184: 183: 178: 175: 174: 169: 166: 165: 162: 159: 158: 151: 148: 147: 140: 139: 136: 135: 131: 130: 123: 119: 118: 107: 103: 102: 97: 93: 92: 83:(79 years ago) 78: 74: 73: 69:Trinity Site, 67: 63: 62: 59: 55: 54: 50: 49: 45:mushroom cloud 41: 33: 32: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10567: 10556: 10553: 10551: 10548: 10546: 10543: 10541: 10538: 10536: 10533: 10531: 10528: 10526: 10523: 10521: 10518: 10516: 10513: 10511: 10508: 10506: 10503: 10501: 10498: 10496: 10493: 10491: 10488: 10486: 10483: 10481: 10478: 10476: 10473: 10471: 10468: 10466: 10463: 10461: 10458: 10456: 10453: 10451: 10448: 10446: 10443: 10442: 10440: 10430: 10425: 10420: 10418: 10408: 10406: 10396: 10394: 10384: 10383: 10380: 10367: 10364: 10362: 10361:Santa Fe Riot 10359: 10357: 10354: 10352: 10349: 10347: 10344: 10342: 10339: 10337: 10334: 10332: 10329: 10327: 10324: 10322: 10319: 10317: 10314: 10312: 10309: 10307: 10304: 10303: 10301: 10297: 10291: 10288: 10286: 10283: 10281: 10278: 10276: 10273: 10271: 10268: 10266: 10263: 10261: 10258: 10256: 10253: 10251: 10248: 10246: 10243: 10241: 10238: 10236: 10233: 10232: 10230: 10226: 10221: 10211: 10208: 10206: 10203: 10201: 10198: 10196: 10193: 10191: 10188: 10186: 10183: 10181: 10178: 10176: 10175:John E. Miles 10173: 10171: 10170:Leslie Groves 10168: 10166: 10163: 10161: 10158: 10156: 10153: 10151: 10148: 10146: 10143: 10142: 10140: 10136: 10132: 10125: 10120: 10118: 10113: 10111: 10106: 10105: 10102: 10090: 10082: 10080: 10070: 10069: 10066: 10060: 10057: 10055: 10052: 10048: 10045: 10044: 10043: 10040: 10039: 10037: 10033: 10027: 10024: 10022: 10019: 10018: 10016: 10012: 10006: 10003: 10001: 9998: 9996: 9993: 9992: 9990: 9986: 9980: 9977: 9975: 9972: 9970: 9967: 9965: 9962: 9960: 9957: 9955: 9952: 9951: 9949: 9945: 9939: 9936: 9934: 9931: 9929: 9928:West Virginia 9926: 9924: 9921: 9919: 9916: 9914: 9911: 9909: 9906: 9904: 9901: 9899: 9896: 9894: 9891: 9889: 9886: 9884: 9881: 9879: 9876: 9874: 9871: 9869: 9866: 9864: 9861: 9859: 9856: 9854: 9851: 9849: 9846: 9844: 9841: 9839: 9836: 9834: 9833:New Hampshire 9831: 9829: 9826: 9824: 9821: 9819: 9816: 9814: 9811: 9809: 9806: 9804: 9801: 9799: 9796: 9794: 9793:Massachusetts 9791: 9789: 9786: 9784: 9781: 9779: 9776: 9774: 9771: 9769: 9766: 9764: 9761: 9759: 9756: 9754: 9751: 9749: 9746: 9744: 9741: 9739: 9736: 9734: 9731: 9729: 9726: 9724: 9721: 9719: 9716: 9714: 9711: 9709: 9706: 9704: 9701: 9699: 9696: 9694: 9691: 9688: 9685: 9684: 9682: 9678: 9672: 9669: 9667: 9664: 9662: 9659: 9657: 9654: 9652: 9649: 9647: 9644: 9642: 9639: 9638: 9636: 9632: 9628: 9621: 9616: 9614: 9609: 9607: 9602: 9601: 9598: 9586: 9583: 9581: 9578: 9576: 9573: 9571: 9570: 9566: 9564: 9561: 9559: 9558: 9554: 9552: 9551: 9547: 9545: 9542: 9540: 9537: 9535: 9532: 9530: 9527: 9525: 9522: 9520: 9517: 9515: 9512: 9510: 9509:Corbin Harney 9507: 9505: 9502: 9500: 9497: 9495: 9492: 9490: 9489: 9485: 9483: 9480: 9479: 9477: 9471: 9461: 9458: 9456: 9453: 9452: 9450: 9446: 9440: 9437: 9435: 9432: 9431: 9429: 9425: 9419: 9416: 9415: 9413: 9409: 9403: 9400: 9399: 9397: 9393: 9387: 9384: 9382: 9379: 9377: 9374: 9372: 9369: 9367: 9364: 9362: 9359: 9357: 9354: 9352: 9349: 9348: 9346: 9342: 9336: 9333: 9331: 9328: 9326: 9323: 9322: 9320: 9316: 9313: 9307: 9300: 9296: 9293: 9289: 9286: 9282: 9279: 9275: 9272: 9268: 9265: 9261: 9258: 9254: 9251: 9247: 9244: 9240: 9237: 9233: 9230: 9226: 9223: 9219: 9216: 9212: 9209: 9205: 9202: 9198: 9195: 9191: 9188: 9184: 9182: 9179: 9177: 9174: 9172: 9169: 9166: 9162: 9159: 9155: 9152: 9148: 9145: 9141: 9138: 9134: 9131: 9127: 9124: 9120: 9117: 9116:Little Feller 9113: 9110: 9106: 9103: 9099: 9096: 9092: 9089: 9085: 9080: 9079:Hardtack Teak 9076: 9075: 9073: 9069: 9066: 9062: 9058: 9055: 9054: 9052: 9048: 9045: 9041: 9038: 9034: 9031: 9027: 9024: 9020: 9017: 9013: 9010: 9006: 9003: 8999: 8994: 8990: 8989: 8987: 8983: 8980: 8976: 8973: 8969: 8966: 8962: 8959: 8955: 8952: 8948: 8945: 8941: 8938: 8937:Buster–Jangle 8934: 8931: 8927: 8924: 8920: 8917: 8913: 8910: 8906: 8903: 8899: 8896: 8892: 8891: 8889: 8885: 8881: 8874: 8869: 8867: 8862: 8860: 8855: 8854: 8851: 8841: 8831: 8825: 8822: 8820: 8817: 8815: 8812: 8810: 8807: 8805: 8802: 8800: 8797: 8795: 8792: 8790: 8787: 8785: 8782: 8780: 8777: 8775: 8772: 8770: 8769: 8765: 8763: 8760: 8758: 8755: 8753: 8752:Franck Report 8750: 8748: 8745: 8743: 8740: 8738: 8735: 8733: 8730: 8728: 8725: 8723: 8720: 8718: 8715: 8713: 8710: 8709: 8707: 8703: 8697: 8694: 8692: 8689: 8687: 8684: 8682: 8679: 8678: 8676: 8672: 8666: 8665: 8661: 8659: 8658: 8654: 8652: 8651: 8647: 8645: 8642: 8640: 8637: 8635: 8632: 8630: 8627: 8625: 8622: 8620: 8617: 8615: 8614:Alsos Mission 8612: 8611: 8609: 8605: 8599: 8596: 8594: 8591: 8589: 8588:Robert Wilson 8586: 8584: 8583:Eugene Wigner 8581: 8579: 8576: 8574: 8571: 8569: 8566: 8564: 8563:Edward Teller 8561: 8559: 8556: 8554: 8551: 8549: 8546: 8544: 8541: 8539: 8538:Glenn Seaborg 8536: 8534: 8531: 8529: 8526: 8524: 8521: 8519: 8516: 8514: 8511: 8509: 8508:Mark Oliphant 8506: 8504: 8501: 8499: 8498:Willard Libby 8496: 8494: 8491: 8489: 8486: 8484: 8481: 8479: 8476: 8474: 8471: 8469: 8466: 8464: 8461: 8459: 8456: 8454: 8451: 8449: 8446: 8444: 8441: 8439: 8436: 8434: 8431: 8429: 8426: 8424: 8421: 8419: 8416: 8414: 8411: 8409: 8408:Robert Bacher 8406: 8404: 8401: 8400: 8398: 8394: 8388: 8387:Roscoe Wilson 8385: 8383: 8380: 8378: 8375: 8373: 8370: 8368: 8365: 8363: 8360: 8358: 8355: 8353: 8350: 8348: 8345: 8343: 8340: 8338: 8335: 8333: 8330: 8328: 8325: 8323: 8320: 8318: 8315: 8313: 8310: 8308: 8305: 8303: 8302:John Lansdale 8300: 8298: 8297:Leslie Groves 8295: 8293: 8290: 8288: 8285: 8283: 8280: 8278: 8275: 8273: 8272:Vannevar Bush 8270: 8269: 8267: 8263: 8257: 8254: 8252: 8249: 8247: 8244: 8242: 8239: 8237: 8234: 8232: 8229: 8227: 8224: 8222: 8219: 8217: 8214: 8212: 8209: 8207: 8204: 8201: 8197: 8194: 8192: 8189: 8187: 8184: 8183: 8181: 8177: 8173: 8168: 8164: 8157: 8152: 8150: 8145: 8143: 8138: 8137: 8134: 8128: 8124: 8121:Rice, James. 8120: 8117: 8113: 8110: 8107: 8104: 8101: 8098: 8095: 8091: 8090: 8085: 8082: 8078: 8076: 8071: 8068: 8064: 8061: 8059: 8058: 8053: 8050: 8047: 8044: 8042: 8039: 8037: 8034: 8031: 8027: 8024: 8022: 8019: 8016: 8012: 8009: 8006: 8005: 8000: 7997: 7996: 7974: 7970: 7966: 7962: 7955: 7954: 7948: 7944: 7940: 7936: 7930: 7926: 7921: 7917: 7913: 7909: 7907:0-8263-0768-X 7903: 7898: 7897: 7890: 7886: 7882: 7878: 7876:0-8078-2598-0 7872: 7868: 7867: 7861: 7849: 7845: 7841: 7837: 7831: 7827: 7826: 7821: 7817: 7813: 7809: 7805: 7801: 7797: 7793: 7791:0-671-44133-7 7787: 7783: 7782: 7777: 7773: 7758: 7754: 7750: 7746: 7742: 7738: 7734: 7729: 7724: 7720: 7716: 7712: 7708: 7701: 7696: 7692: 7688: 7684: 7682:1-58642-039-9 7678: 7673: 7672: 7665: 7661: 7657: 7653: 7647: 7643: 7639: 7635: 7631: 7627: 7623: 7619: 7615: 7611: 7607: 7603: 7602: 7597: 7593: 7589: 7585: 7581: 7577: 7573: 7569: 7565: 7561: 7556: 7552: 7548: 7544: 7542:0-15-614150-7 7538: 7534: 7533: 7528: 7527:Jungk, Robert 7524: 7509: 7505: 7501: 7494: 7493: 7487: 7483: 7479: 7475: 7473:0-521-44132-3 7469: 7464: 7463: 7457: 7453: 7449: 7434: 7430: 7426: 7422: 7418: 7411: 7409: 7402: 7399: 7388: 7384: 7380: 7374: 7369: 7368: 7361: 7357: 7353: 7349: 7345: 7341: 7337: 7333: 7329: 7328: 7323: 7319: 7315: 7311: 7307: 7305:0-520-05852-6 7301: 7296: 7295: 7288: 7273: 7269: 7265: 7261: 7257: 7253: 7249: 7242: 7237: 7233: 7229: 7225: 7223:0-306-70738-1 7219: 7215: 7210: 7206: 7202: 7198: 7192: 7188: 7183: 7179: 7175: 7171: 7169:0-393-01921-7 7165: 7161: 7160: 7155: 7151: 7147: 7143: 7139: 7135: 7130: 7126: 7122: 7118: 7114: 7110: 7106: 7102: 7098: 7094: 7090: 7086: 7082: 7077: 7072: 7068: 7064: 7060: 7056: 7052: 7048: 7044: 7039: 7035: 7031: 7027: 7025:0-671-74012-1 7021: 7016: 7015: 7009: 7005: 6993: 6989: 6985: 6981: 6974: 6969: 6957: 6954:. LA-6300-H. 6953: 6949: 6945: 6938: 6937: 6932: 6928: 6916: 6912: 6908: 6904: 6900: 6896: 6892: 6888: 6884: 6880: 6876: 6872: 6868: 6862: 6857: 6856: 6849: 6845: 6843:0-679-76285-X 6839: 6835: 6831: 6827: 6826: 6804: 6800: 6799: 6794: 6787: 6771: 6767: 6763: 6756: 6740: 6736: 6732: 6726: 6719: 6718: 6711: 6695: 6691: 6687: 6680: 6678: 6661: 6657: 6656: 6651: 6650:"Oppenheimer" 6645: 6629: 6625: 6621: 6615: 6599: 6596: 6592: 6591: 6583: 6577: 6576:0-19-502212-2 6573: 6569: 6563: 6544: 6537: 6531: 6515: 6511: 6505: 6489: 6485: 6479: 6472: 6467: 6451: 6447: 6441: 6425: 6421: 6415: 6399: 6395: 6380: 6376: 6369: 6353: 6349: 6343: 6327: 6323: 6319: 6313: 6311: 6302: 6298: 6294: 6290: 6286: 6282: 6281: 6275:, discussing 6264: 6260: 6254: 6242:September 22, 6237: 6233: 6232: 6227: 6220: 6218: 6201: 6197: 6193: 6186: 6179: 6174: 6163:September 17, 6158: 6154: 6150: 6144: 6137: 6132: 6125: 6120: 6104: 6100: 6099: 6091: 6080: 6073: 6067: 6051: 6047: 6046: 6041: 6035: 6028: 6023: 6007: 6003: 5999: 5993: 5974: 5970: 5966: 5962: 5958: 5955:(1): 75–110. 5954: 5950: 5943: 5936: 5929: 5924: 5917: 5912: 5905: 5900: 5898: 5890: 5885: 5883: 5875: 5870: 5854: 5850: 5849: 5844: 5838: 5822: 5818: 5811: 5804: 5803:Laurence 1970 5799: 5792: 5787: 5785: 5783: 5775: 5770: 5754: 5750: 5746: 5740: 5733: 5728: 5713: 5709: 5708: 5701: 5694: 5689: 5673: 5669: 5662: 5643: 5639: 5632: 5626: 5619: 5614: 5607: 5602: 5595: 5590: 5577: 5570: 5564: 5557: 5552: 5536: 5532: 5526: 5510: 5506: 5500: 5493: 5488: 5481: 5476: 5469: 5464: 5457: 5452: 5444: 5440: 5433: 5426: 5421: 5414: 5409: 5393: 5389: 5388: 5383: 5377: 5361: 5357: 5351: 5335: 5331: 5325: 5323: 5306: 5302: 5301: 5295: 5289: 5282: 5277: 5271:, p. 14. 5270: 5269:Laurence 1946 5265: 5258: 5253: 5246: 5241: 5225: 5221: 5215: 5199: 5195: 5189: 5185: 5181: 5180: 5172: 5164: 5162:9781592131921 5158: 5154: 5153: 5148: 5144: 5143:Ruth H. Howes 5138: 5130: 5128:9781592131921 5124: 5120: 5119: 5114: 5110: 5109:Ruth H. Howes 5104: 5088: 5084: 5078: 5071: 5066: 5055:September 15, 5047: 5043: 5036: 5032: 5026: 5019: 5014: 5006: 5002: 4998: 4994: 4990: 4986: 4982: 4978: 4973: 4968: 4964: 4960: 4952: 4950: 4942: 4937: 4930: 4925: 4918: 4913: 4894: 4890: 4883: 4877: 4870: 4865: 4857: 4855:9781592131921 4851: 4847: 4846: 4841: 4837: 4836:Ruth H. Howes 4831: 4825:, p. 44. 4824: 4819: 4817: 4809: 4804: 4798:, p. 30. 4797: 4792: 4773: 4769: 4762: 4756: 4749: 4744: 4728: 4724: 4723: 4718: 4711: 4704: 4699: 4683: 4679: 4673: 4666: 4661: 4654: 4649: 4633: 4629: 4625: 4619: 4612: 4607: 4605: 4589: 4582: 4566: 4562: 4561: 4556: 4549: 4547: 4545: 4537: 4532: 4525: 4520: 4513: 4508: 4502:, p. 90. 4501: 4496: 4490:, p. 25. 4489: 4484: 4482: 4475:, p. 15. 4474: 4469: 4453: 4449: 4443: 4435: 4429: 4424: 4417: 4412: 4405: 4400: 4398: 4390: 4385: 4379:, p. 58. 4378: 4373: 4366: 4361: 4354: 4349: 4347: 4339: 4334: 4327: 4322: 4315: 4310: 4303: 4298: 4296: 4294: 4277: 4273: 4266: 4250: 4246: 4239: 4232: 4227: 4211: 4207: 4201: 4185: 4181: 4174: 4167: 4162: 4155: 4150: 4134: 4130: 4126: 4120: 4118: 4110: 4105: 4103: 4101: 4093: 4088: 4081: 4076: 4074: 4057: 4053: 4047: 4041:, p. 12. 4040: 4035: 4033: 4025: 4020: 4018: 4010: 4005: 4003: 4001: 3994:, p. 11. 3993: 3988: 3981: 3976: 3974: 3966: 3961: 3953: 3947: 3943: 3942: 3934: 3926: 3925: 3917: 3906:September 26, 3901: 3897: 3891: 3884: 3879: 3872: 3867: 3860: 3855: 3853: 3845: 3840: 3838: 3836: 3819: 3815: 3809: 3807: 3790: 3786: 3780: 3778: 3771:, p. 43. 3770: 3765: 3763: 3755: 3750: 3748: 3746: 3739:, p. 42. 3738: 3733: 3727:, p. 41. 3726: 3721: 3719: 3717: 3715: 3707: 3702: 3695: 3690: 3674: 3670: 3664: 3662: 3655:, p. 40. 3654: 3649: 3638:September 11, 3633: 3629: 3623: 3612:September 11, 3607: 3603: 3599: 3595: 3589: 3582: 3577: 3575: 3558: 3554: 3548: 3546: 3526: 3519: 3513: 3506: 3494: 3490: 3484: 3477: 3472: 3470: 3468: 3460: 3455: 3448: 3443: 3441: 3433: 3428: 3426: 3418: 3413: 3411: 3409: 3401: 3396: 3389: 3384: 3377: 3372: 3365: 3360: 3353: 3348: 3346: 3344: 3336: 3331: 3324: 3319: 3312: 3307: 3300: 3295: 3293: 3285: 3280: 3273: 3268: 3261: 3256: 3249: 3244: 3237: 3232: 3226:, p. 63. 3225: 3220: 3214:, p. 76. 3213: 3208: 3201: 3196: 3189: 3184: 3165: 3158: 3152: 3150: 3141: 3137: 3136: 3131: 3125: 3123: 3118: 3102: 3096: 3092: 3088: 3086: 3081: 3076: 3071: 3067: 3066: 3059: 2974: 2965: 2959: 2955: 2954: 2948: 2941: 2935: 2928: 2924: 2920: 2915: 2913: 2908: 2900: 2898: 2894: 2890: 2885: 2884: 2879: 2874: 2872: 2871: 2866: 2865: 2860: 2859: 2854: 2853: 2848: 2844: 2840: 2836: 2835: 2829: 2827: 2826: 2821: 2816: 2815: 2810: 2806: 2805: 2787: 2782: 2775: 2770: 2763: 2758: 2751: 2746: 2739: 2734: 2731: 2725: 2720: 2713: 2708: 2701: 2696: 2689: 2684: 2683: 2677: 2675: 2671: 2666: 2663: 2659: 2655: 2650: 2647: 2642: 2635: 2633: 2620: 2603: 2587: 2571: 2566: 2560: 2553: 2550: 2545: 2543: 2539: 2535: 2531: 2526: 2522: 2518: 2513: 2511: 2507: 2503: 2499: 2495: 2491: 2487: 2483: 2478: 2476: 2472: 2468: 2464: 2455: 2450: 2446: 2444: 2439: 2436:(half of the 2435: 2425: 2423: 2417: 2412: 2409: 2407: 2403: 2397: 2392: 2390: 2386: 2380: 2375: 2373: 2369: 2366: 2356: 2354: 2350: 2345: 2343: 2339: 2335: 2331: 2324: 2319: 2317: 2306: 2304: 2300: 2296: 2291: 2286: 2284: 2280: 2275: 2273: 2268: 2264: 2260: 2255: 2253: 2243: 2240: 2236: 2235: 2231: 2229: 2225: 2224: 2220: 2217: 2216: 2212: 2209: 2208: 2203: 2196: 2191: 2188: 2185: 2180: 2177: 2173: 2164: 2159: 2142: 2137: 2133: 2126: 2121: 2114: 2109: 2108: 2107: 2105: 2099: 2097: 2093: 2089: 2085: 2084:Bhagavad Gita 2079: 2071: 2065: 2062: 2056: 2055: 2052: 2050: 2049: 2048:Bhagavad Gita 2044: 2039: 2037: 2036: 2028: 2023: 2020: 2019: 2014: 2009: 2004: 1998: 1993: 1988: 1983: 1981: 1976: 1974: 1967: 1964: 1962: 1958: 1954: 1950: 1941: 1937: 1935: 1931: 1927: 1923: 1919: 1915: 1912: 1908: 1903: 1901: 1897: 1893: 1888: 1883: 1881: 1877: 1868: 1854: 1852: 1847: 1844: 1840: 1838: 1833: 1829: 1821: 1817: 1813: 1811: 1807: 1803: 1799: 1795: 1791: 1787: 1786:Vannevar Bush 1783: 1779: 1775: 1771: 1766: 1764: 1760: 1756: 1747: 1743: 1734: 1732: 1728: 1723: 1718: 1716: 1711: 1710:Robert Bacher 1707: 1703: 1693: 1689: 1686: 1682: 1678: 1674: 1670: 1665: 1663: 1662:Edward Creutz 1658: 1649: 1645: 1643: 1639: 1635: 1631: 1627: 1622: 1620: 1619:Edward Teller 1616: 1612: 1608: 1602: 1600: 1591: 1586: 1576: 1573: 1567: 1565: 1561: 1560:piezoelectric 1556: 1552: 1547: 1538: 1534: 1532: 1528: 1524: 1518: 1516: 1512: 1508: 1504: 1500: 1499:Composition B 1496: 1492: 1487: 1479: 1470: 1462: 1458: 1455: 1445: 1441: 1439: 1435: 1429: 1427: 1422: 1418: 1408: 1399: 1395: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1382: 1378: 1373: 1370: 1365: 1356: 1352: 1350: 1345: 1341: 1337: 1336:patented land 1333: 1328: 1326: 1320: 1291: 1287: 1283: 1279: 1275: 1271: 1268: 1267:Major General 1264: 1263:Peer de Silva 1259: 1257: 1253: 1249: 1245: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1210: 1205: 1196: 1191: 1187: 1185: 1181: 1178: 1175: 1173: 1169: 1167: 1163: 1161: 1157: 1156: 1155: 1153: 1149: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1110: 1108: 1101: 1099: 1095: 1085: 1081: 1078: 1077:Norman Ramsey 1068: 1054: 1052: 1051:hydrodynamics 1048: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1032: 1028: 1024: 1020: 1015: 1013: 1009: 1005: 1001: 997: 993: 992:plutonium-240 989: 985: 981: 977: 973: 968: 966: 965:critical mass 962: 958: 954: 950: 946: 942: 941:plutonium-239 938: 934: 929: 927: 923: 919: 915: 911: 907: 903: 899: 896: 892: 888: 883: 881: 877: 873: 869: 865: 859: 842: 837: 835: 830: 828: 823: 822: 820: 819: 814: 811: 809: 806: 804: 801: 799: 795: 792: 791: 788: 785: 783: 780: 774: 771: 769: 765: 762: 761: 758: 755: 753: 750: 748: 745: 743: 740: 738: 737:United States 734: 732: 728: 727: 726: 725: 722: 719: 718: 713: 710: 708: 705: 703: 700: 698: 695: 693: 692:Proliferation 690: 688: 685: 683: 680: 678: 675: 673: 670: 668: 665: 664: 661: 658: 656: 653: 651: 648: 647: 644: 641: 639: 636: 634: 631: 629: 626: 624: 621: 619: 616: 614: 611: 610: 609: 608: 604: 603: 599: 595: 594: 591: 588: 587: 584: 582: 578: 573: 571: 567: 563: 559: 555: 551: 547: 546:Edward Teller 543: 539: 535: 531: 530:Leslie Groves 527: 523: 519: 515: 511: 507: 503: 499: 498:Vannevar Bush 494: 491: 487: 483: 479: 475: 471: 466: 464: 460: 456: 452: 448: 444: 440: 437: 433: 429: 425: 421: 417: 413: 404: 400: 396: 392: 388: 386:Added to NRHP 384: 381:July 16, 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