Father absence - Knowledge

583:, as well as an earlier onset of sexual behavior. The mean age of children with their biological father absent or partially absent is approximately 15. A higher percentage of children with a constantly absent biological father reported having sexual intercourse than those in the partially absent group. Those with a stepfather present and those with a biological father always absent have the earliest first-time experiences of sexual intercourse at on average 15.11 years old, whereas children without a stepfather or their biological father partially absent at the age of 15.38 experience their first encounter of sexual intercourse. The effect of having a partially absent biological father with a stepfather absence and the effect of both stepfather or biological father's absence is the same. This study indicated that the presence of a stepfather is not compensating for the disadvantages of a biological father being absent. In some situations, it can cause an even bigger negative effect on children. 525:. Some evolutionary theories propose that early childhood is vital for encoding information that shapes future reproductive strategies in regulating physical and motivational pathways of sexual behavior. Conflicting and stressful parental relationships can lead children to believe that resources are limited, people are untrustworthy, and relationships are opportunistic. As they replicate their parents' mating-oriented reproductive behavior, they tend to have multiple sexual partners and broken relationships. Children implicitly and explicitly model their sexual attitudes and behaviors on their parents, and see engagement in non-marital sex as normative. Father's absence can be a byproduct of initial social and economic strain within the household, as violence, lack of educational opportunities, and cumulative life exposure to poverty can increase the likelihood of early sexual endeavors and pregnancy. The timing of first intercourse can be heritable; shorter 336:, is where the three commonly identified fears (fear of rejection, fear of abandonment, and fear of commitment) express themselves. Each fear can be initially identifiable in the early stages of life without a father. The fatherless woman can adopt these fears due to the difficulty, trauma, or other pain created by the absence of her father. Furthermore, an absent father can leave a woman feeling abandoned, "not good enough," bereaved, and uncertain about what it means to be committed and received versus disloyal or rejected. Being rejected can create contradictory emotions due to the familiarity and predictability of the situation versus the feelings of betrayal and the fear of being abandoned. Generally, "what these people will do is to play it safe to protect themselves; they will not put themselves in situations that are going to be intimate. They will be highly social, sexual, intellectual, but not intimate." 2852:

for a researcher to adopt the following groups: pre-schoolers (nine years and below), adolescents (9-13 years), and youths/young adults (14-25 years). The research will become more attainable if carried out using learning institutions which will include pre-schools, secondary schools, and colleges. Therefore, a city within a state is selected where the research will be conducted and a preschool, one secondary school, and one college are selected within the city where respondents (children) are found. Objectives become necessary for the study. This will allow researchers to focus on certain areas and completely address the matter at hand without leaving gaps in the area of research. In addressing the topic, 'The effect on children of an absent parent following divorce,' the following research objectives can be used

489:. It has been disputed whether the environmental stress of a father's absence stimulates weight gain, and thus accelerates early puberty. Likewise, the stress arising from the absence of mother has been shown to have little influence on the child's body weight. Since mother absence does not predict weight gain in children, it seems that the increase in the child's body weight observed is due to the isolated genetic influence of an absent father, rather than the global environmental stress caused by the absence of either parent. This is possible because in ancestral times the survival rate of children with mother being absent was extremely low. A specialized mechanism to deal with a mother's absence has never been developed. 226:. Father absence may hinder the son's acquisition of the traditional masculine role, as he is not able to model his own behavior and attitude on his fathers'. Along similar lines, sons with absent fathers could have confused gender identities – if the son was separated from his father by age four, he would be less assertive, less involved in sport, less masculine than other boys and more dependent on his peers. Nevertheless, findings of certain empirical studies on psychosexual gender identification have been deemed contradictory and inconclusive. A number of studies have highlighted such negative consequences of the two-parent heterosexual household on children. Contrarily, others have pointed out that being reared in 576:, which refers to the observation that stepchildren are at a dramatically increased risk of physical abuse and homicide than children living with their biological parents. Although researchers have found a negative relationship between stepmothers and food expenditure, this effect is not observed with stepfathers and their stepchildren. Ellis and Garber (2000) and Ellis (2004) suggest that stepfather presence is a better predictor of age of menarche than father absence, as it indicates lower quality paternal investment. According to their findings, girls raised in families with stepfathers exhibit a significantly earlier age of menarche than girls raised without stepfathers. 293:, where a father's absence could mean a significant decrease in household income, revealed a considerable difference between the well-being of male and female offspring. In particular, the author found that a male infant's risk of dying per month was doubled if the biological father was absent – a 30% greater risk than that for females. For female infants, father absence (as opposed to presence) was associated with a lower risk of dying, as well as higher nutritional status. That is to say, father absence was only a statistical predictor of infant death only for male infants. Such a gender difference has been observed despite a strong 422:

fatherless homes, which is 9 times the national average (National Principals Association Report); 85% of all children who show behaviour disorders come from fatherless homes, which is 20 times the national average (Center for Disease Control); 85% of youth in prison come from fatherless homes, which is 20 times the national average; (Fulton County, Georgia, Texas Department of Correction), and 63% of youth suicides are of children who come from fatherless homes, which is 5 times the national average (US Department of Health/Census).

320:, "Does Father Absence Place Daughters at Special Risk for Early Sexual Activity and Teenage Pregnancy?" Ellis provides a greater focus on the timing of the father's absence in their daughter's life but still the results of promiscuity prove contingent on the father being present. From here, researchers have identified a commonality of 5 factors that work to explain how fatherlessness affects development in women, psychologically. 131:, fathers are traditionally deemed a provider of protection and support for the child's development. Through a number of pathways, father absence may influence child behavior, especially in early and middle childhood. Father absence often results in a decline in household income, and ineffective parenting arising from continued conflicts between parents and psychological distress in the aftermath of the separation. 152:, controlling for household factors such as resources, parental mental health and inter-parental relationship. The study found that father absence at a given age, similar to poverty and parental psychological distress, predicted a high probability of the child scoring above the cut-off score for total difficulties two years later. Likewise, the father's absence predicted several specific difficulties including 36: 140:

and their well being. Many of the studies that have shown the negative effects of a father's absence on children have not taken into account other factors that potentially contribute such as the child's characteristics and relationship with the parents before the separation, the child's gender, and the family environment before the separation.

160:, and abnormal emotional problems. Reciprocally, a child's severe externalizing and social during their preschool years were also associated with a greater probability of the father being absent two years later. The authors concluded that the father's absence seemed to be more of a cause than a consequence of the child's problem behavior. 339:"Sexual Healing Factor," which is most commonly identified across women of multiple age ranges and cultures for sexual expression, tends to serve as the primary indication of fatherlessness in a woman. The Sexual Healing Factor in girls and women is attributed primarily to control. This sexual behavior exists on a spectrum, ranging from 329:"Un-Factor," which is the development of the ideas of being "unworthy," "unlovable," and similar concepts in young women. When young women begin to believe these ideas, it creates a self-fulfilled prophecy where they only accept and attract love from men who affirm their feelings of being unlovable, unworthy, or other "un-factor" ideas. 2851:

In attempting to explain how divorce will affect children, it is necessary for research to first examine and categorize children in groups which will make it easy to carry out the study. This is because children will be affected differently by divorce depending on the age factor. It becomes even wise

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Commonly agreed across authors within the literature on Fatherhood is the idea that " girl's relationship with her father serves as the model for all her relationships with men in her life, romantic and otherwise". Many studies conducted produce the same result: that the absence of a father in a

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When a young man matures without his biological male role model, this can result in violent reactions to stress and emotions, resistance and hate towards authority, aggression, early rates of sexual encounters, transferences of the mother's negative talk about the father, and pressured ideologies to

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in the area. On the other hand, in developed countries such as the United Kingdom, where father absence may not inflict as much harm on the family's income, the effects of father absence are not noticeably gendered. This suggests that other factors, such as household income and cultural norms, are

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totaling over 200,000 families has revealed that genetic makeup significantly affects the individual's parenting behavior. Genes in the father's reliability predict up to 40% of his positive or negative emotions toward his children. In this sense, genes contribute to a father's liking or repulsion

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Research has shown that children who have experienced parental separation in early life often face developmental and behavioural difficulties through their childhood. For example, the separation of parents/guardians impacts children's relationship with their parents, their education, their health,

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Choice of effective treatment can be greatly varied and thus can be affected by many factors such as age, one's ability to understand and deal with emotionally heavy material, family member involvement, and the family and child's priorities and needs. In treating some of the negative effects that

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more in their offspring than men due to a slower rate of reproduction in females. Some theorists add that the assured maternal relatedness to one's offspring may also make women invest more than men. This is because some men may have variable paternity confidence that the child is his offspring.

383:: out of 11 million single parent households, 80% of them are fatherless, breaking down to 1 in every 4 children born; totaling to a percentage of 81.5%. Out of that 81.5% who were raised by single mothers, 34% were poor, 26.8% were jobless the entire year, and 30.3% had food insecurity; 421:

reported that the average experience of the American teenager includes living in the absence of their father. This leads to multiple negative impacts on youth in which 85% are reported to have behavioral issues (Center for Disease Control); 71% of high school dropouts and teen moms come from

470:, while other short-term reproductive strategies can diversify the genes inherited in offspring. These could lift up a higher success rate of rearing children to adolescence. Moreover, the stress of father absence prompts girls to develop a variety of internalizing disorders, such as 465:

life history, leading girls to adopt a short-term reproductive strategy, such as early menarche. This is because they perceive resources they have as scarce and, possibly, their lifespan to be shorter, under the influence of father absence. Early menarche can increase the chance of

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to a male therapist could help facilitate the opportunity to fill any emotional void created through father absence. On the other hand, simply through the existence of a connection with a consistent and empathetic adult can provide some paternal function, regardless of gender.

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kin). Furthermore, proximity to a mother's relatives can dramatically improve female children's height for age, an indicator of good nutrition. Women who return to their village of birth following marital dissolution are seen to benefit from extra matrilateral kin support.

438:, is associated with negative outcomes in both genders. Early maturing girls have been found to be at risk for teenage pregnancy, drinking and weight problems, and giving birth to low birth weight infants. Early maturing boys are at risk for sexual promiscuity and 163:

Through direct interaction, fathers' involvement in children's development has a positive influence on their social, behavioral, and psychological outcomes. In general, the engagement of a fatherly figure reduces the frequency of behavioral problems and

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Father absence in a household can result in children (of both sexes) having earlier average ages of first sexual intercourse than those raised in father-present households. There is also the effect of increased rates of teenage

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In light of certain research, father absence can be disadvantageous; certain evidence suggests stepfather presence does not reduce these disadvantages but in fact, has a worsening effect on such issues. For example, the

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childhood experiences. The psychodynamic approach suggests that for a child to develop a "normal" gender identity, they will have to be raised in a conventional family where there is a father and a mother.

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were Hispanic-defined. It did not take into account the 53% of American-Indian and Alaskan-Native as well as the 17% Asian-American and Pacific-Islander children recorded within these single-parent homes.

365:(RAD). These emotions can express themselves as a drive for previous factors (such as fueling overachievement or hypersexuality) and create increased impulsivity or criminal behavior, among other factors. 350:"Over Factor," is more explicitly defined as overeating or overachieving to compensate for the absent father. The intensity of these behaviors can reach levels comparable to obsession and/or addiction. 461:, a central event of female puberty, is associated with the father's absence. According to the evolutionary explanation, an unstable home environment (e.g. father absence) discourages a long-term 554:

women are on average 2.4 kg heavier than women whose children's fathers are present. Widowed and divorced mothers as well as their daughters are reported to have substantially improved

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and single-parent households where the father was absent did not affect the psychosexual development of children, despite higher aggressiveness and submissiveness and lower assertiveness.

114:, other factors such as family poverty and developmental difficulties have been associated with father absence, the effects of which have been explained by various theoretical approaches. 281:

for his children, the latter of which may result in the father's absence. However, genes are not the sole predictors of whether a father will like or dislike his child.

533:(AR) gene has been associated with aggression, impulsivity, a high number of sexual partners, divorce in males, and earlier ages of physical maturation in females. 46: 148:

In regard to the effects of father absence, a recent British study assessed child problem behaviour in over 15,000 families using the clinical cut-offs of the

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Family composition, stress, and the timing of human menarche. In Socioendocrinology of primate reproduction. Edited by Toni E. Ziegler and Fred B. Bercovitch

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There is mixed empirical evidence on the relative impact of a father's absence on the development of male and female offspring. A recent study in rural

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leading to excessive weight gain which precipitates early menarche. A study shows that there are fewer monitored meals in the father-absent household.

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In addition, recent findings seem to regard genes, rather than the environment, as the mechanism underlying the positive correlation between high

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Genes and hormones may account for the tendency of fathers to be absent. Certain DNA patterns have been shown to affect an individual's degree of

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Having meals in the family is arguably more beneficial to children than eating alone (i.e. solitary eating), as the former lowers the chance of

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Giles, Graham G.; Severi, Gianluca; English, Dallas R.; McCredie, Margaret R.E.; MacInnis, Robert; Boyle, Peter; Hopper, John L. (2003-01-10).

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Relative to other groups, children with a constantly absent biological father but a stepfather present reported more frequent incidences of

1046: 508:) and his offspring to early puberty. The essentialness of androgen receptors to female fertility and ovary development has been proven by 3012:"Psychosocial Antecedents of Variation in Girls' Pubertal Timing: Maternal Depression, Stepfather Presence, and Marital and Family Stress" 4445: 1505: 157: 149: 718:"Parent-Daughter Transmission of the Androgen Receptor Gene as an Explanation of the Effect of Father Absence on Age of Menarche" 1240: 4324: 2677:"The Role of Puberty in Violent and Nonviolent Delinquency among Anglo American, Mexican American, and African American Boys" 2151: 2040: 2005: 347:. In both extremes, the girl is able to maintain a sense of control, deciding exactly what sex will look like for themselves. 2866:

Normal and aberrant growth. In Williams Textbook of Endocrinology (8th edition). Edited by Wilson, J. D. & Foster, D. W

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daughter's life can lead to increased promiscuity and sexualized activity. Ellis conducted one such study

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believed that being parented by a single mother could confuse the child's identity or lead them to become

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behaviors in the child, while divorce later in childhood or adolescence may dampen academic performance.

1500: 258:, the hormone vasopressin can facilitate trust, empathy and social bonding. Injection of vasopressin in 4071:"The step-father effect in child abuse: Comparing discriminative parental solicitude and antisociality" 2742: 841: 772: 17: 3316: 2370:"A cross-cultural examination of the relationship between ages at menarche, marriage, and first birth" 2210: 2077:"Does Father Absence Place Daughters at Special Risk for Early Sexual Activity and Teenage Pregnancy?" 1472: 4319: 3800: 509: 2318: 1997:

Anger in the Bosom of Our Children: The Effects of Fatherlessness on Anger in Middle School Children

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that states a Knowledge editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic.

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Cite error: The named reference ":5" was defined multiple times with different content (see the

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occurs when parents separate and the father no longer lives with his children and provides no

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status which could be explained by them having greater access to the mother's relatives (

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receptors in brain regions and thus predicts less cheating on their partners. Similar to

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Wang, Wei; Zhao, Lan Juan; Liu, Yao Z.; Recker, Robert R.; Deng, Hong-Wen (2006-03-28).

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in sons and psychological problems in daughters, all the while facilitating children's

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Whilst father's absence mainly results from parental divorce and separation, including

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Despite limited agreement among researchers regarding the exact significance of

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Where's My Daddy? Effects of Fatherlessness on Women's Relational Communication

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Fatherless Daughters: Turning the Pain of Loss Into the Power of Forgiveness

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A study in Ethiopia in 2008 found that despite being poorer overall,

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The truth about cinderella : a Darwinian view of parental love

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and investment in their offspring. In particular, a study in

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personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay

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significant in the well-being and development of a child.

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Effect on children of an absent parent following divorce

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Goldberg, Julia S.; Carlson, Marcia J. (2014-08-01).

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United States Department of Health and Human Services

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United States Department of Health and Human Services

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significantly increased their likelihood of becoming

2670: 3874: 2731: 2211:"America's Families and Living Arrangements: 2018" 1598: 3573: 3317:"Link Between Body Fat and the Timing of Puberty" 2482:"Adiposity and age of menarche in Hispanic women" 4427: 4068: 4014: 1633: 1234: 310: 3374:Videon, Tami M; Manning, Carolyn K (May 2003). 2950:International Journal of Behavioral Development 2139: 1601:The psychoanalytic theory of male homosexuality 1406: 2868:. Philadelphia: Saunders. pp. 1079–1138. 1039: 301: 150:Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) 4381:Journal of Child and Adolescent Mental Health 3373: 2624:"Effects of early maturation on fetal growth" 3630: 2888: 1663: 1337: 1047:Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 587:No agreement upon effective client treatment 425: 353:"RAD Factor," is most commonly expressed as 4265:"Treatment of Children with Absent Fathers" 3881:. 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Richard 2362: 2356: 2355: 2353: 2352: 2338: 2323: 2322: 2316: 2311: 2309: 2301: 2289: 2283: 2282: 2280: 2279: 2265: 2254: 2253: 2251: 2250: 2236: 2225: 2224: 2222: 2221: 2207: 2201: 2200: 2190: 2172: 2166: 2165: 2137: 2131: 2130: 2120: 2061: 2055: 2054: 2026: 2020: 2019: 1991: 1972: 1971: 1915: 1906: 1905: 1878:10.1037/a0034205 1851: 1845: 1844: 1818: 1786: 1777: 1776: 1727:; Spencer, Ann; 1721: 1715: 1714: 1704: 1661: 1655: 1654: 1631: 1625: 1624: 1604: 1594: 1588: 1587: 1537: 1531: 1530: 1493: 1487: 1469: 1463: 1462: 1452: 1404: 1398: 1397: 1387: 1340:Osborne, Cynthia 1335: 1329: 1328: 1326: 1325: 1301: 1295: 1294: 1232: 1226: 1225: 1199: 1173: 1164: 1163: 1115:Acta Paediatrica 1105: 1096: 1095: 1037: 1028: 1027: 1001: 977: 968: 967: 915: 902: 893: 892: 882: 825: 819: 818: 765: 756: 755: 730:(4): 1046–1051. 710: 699: 698: 688: 655:(6): 1090–1097. 638: 529:of the X-linked 412: 411: 407: 403:were black, and 402: 401: 397: 392: 391: 387: 278:adoption studies 123:General problems 81: 74: 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