Cognitive development

313:(2021) pose a question: what forces or mechanisms at the cellular level manage four very general classes of tissue deformation, namely tissue folding and invagination, tissue flow and extension, tissue hollowing, and, finally, tissue branching? They challenge the nativists' notion that shape is fully encoded and determined by genes: how are cell mechanics and associated cell behaviors robustly organized in space and time during tissue morphogenesis? They argue that not only gene expression and the resulting biochemical cues but also mechanics and geometry act as sources of morphogenetic information to ultimately define the time and length scales of the cell behaviors driving morphogenesis. Thus, it is not only the interaction of gene activity with events and experiences in the environment that contributes to the formation of tissues in morphogenesis. Because the nervous system structures operate over everything that makes us human, the formation of neural tissues in a certain way is essential for shaping cognitive functions. According to research professor Igor Val Danilov, such a complex process of shaping the determined structure of the nervous system requires a complete developmental program with a template for accomplishing the final biological structure of the nervous system. Indeed, because even processes of the cell coupling for shaping a nervous system during embryonal development challenge the naturalistic approach, how the nervous system grasps perception and shapes intentionality (independently, i.e., without any template) seems even more complicated. 691:, the perception stability problem, the excitatory inputs problem, and the problem of Morphogenesis. The nervous system of the young organism at the prenatal stage of development cannot alone solve the complexity of intentionality-perception development for beginning cognitive development. For the innate sensitivity to specific patterns of information (referred to as core domains according to the Core Knowledge Theory) or for pairing the relevant cue with a particular symbol saved in the sensorimotor structures (embodied information according to Externalism), the organism only with an ability of reflex responses should distinguish the relevant stimulus (an informative cue) from the environment with the cacophony of stimuli: electromagnetic waves, chemical interactions, and pressure fluctuations. The notion of non-local neuronal coupling explains the neurophysiological processes of 727:. The traditional view was that this is the result of deterministic, human-specific genetic structures and processes. Other traditions, however, have emphasized the role of social experience in language learning. However, the relation of gene activity, experience, and language development is now recognized as incredibly complex and difficult to specify. Language development is sometimes separated into learning of phonology (systematic organization of sounds), morphology (structure of linguistic units—root words, affixes, parts of speech, intonation, etc.), syntax (rules of grammar within sentence structure), semantics (study of meaning), and discourse or pragmatics (relation between sentences). However, all of these aspects of language knowledge—which were originally posited by the linguist 45:, the understanding of logical relations, and cause-effect reasoning in school-age children). Cognitive development is defined as the emergence of the ability to consciously cognize, understand, and articulate their understanding in adult terms. Cognitive development is how a person perceives, thinks, and gains understanding of their world through the relations of genetic and learning factors. There are four stages to cognitive information development. They are, reasoning, intelligence, language, and memory. These stages start when the baby is about 18 months old, they play with toys, listen to their parents speak, they watch TV, anything that catches their attention helps build their cognitive development. 839:

responsible for motor skills, has been shown to have significant importance in cognitive functions in the same way that prefrontal cortex has important duties in not only cognitive abilities but also development of motor skills. To support this, there is evidence of close co-activation of neocerebellum and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in functional neuroimaging as well as abnormalities seen in both cerebellum and prefrontal cortex in the same developmental disorder. In this way, we see close interrelation of motor development and cognitive development and they cannot operate in their full capacity when either of them are impaired or delayed.

305:– Cell actions during an embryo formation, including shape changes, cell contact remodeling, cell migration, cell division, and cell extrusion, need control over cell mechanics. This complex dynamical process is associated with protrusive, contractile, and adhesive forces and hydrostatic pressure, as well as material properties of cells that dictate how cells respond to active stresses. Precise coordination of all cells is a necessary condition. Moreover, such a complex dynamical process likely requires clear parameters of the final biological structure – the complete developmental program with a template for accomplishing it. 217:'s theory is based on social learning as the most important aspect of cognitive development. In Vygotsky's theory, adults are very important for young children's development. They help children learn through mediation, which is modeling and explaining concepts. Together, adults and children master concepts of their culture and activities. Vygotsky believed we get our complex mental activities through social learning. A significant part of Vygotsky's theory is based on the zone of proximal development, which he believes is when the most effective learning takes place. The 299:– According to the received view in cognitive sciences, cognition develops due to experience-dependent neuronal plasticity, e.g.,. Neuronal plasticity refers to the capacity of the nervous system to modify itself, functionally and structurally, in response to experience and injury. However, the structural organization of excitatory inputs supporting spike-timing-dependent plasticity remains unknown. How is the relation between a specific sensory stimulus and the appropriate structural organization of the excitatory inputs in specific neurons formed? 866:

different cultures or that have been exposed to culturally different stimuli have differences in neural activity. For example, differences were found in that of the pre motor cortex during mental calculation and that of the VMPFC during trait judgements of one's mother from people with different cultural backgrounds. In conclusion, since differences were found in both high-level and low-level cognition one can assume that our brain's activity is strongly and, at least in part, constitutionally shaped by its sociocultural context.

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interdependent whereas Western cultures are more independent. Hedden et al. assessed functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) responses of East Asians and Americans while they performed independent (absolute) or interdependent (relative) tasks. The study showed that participants used regions of the brain associated with attentional control when they had to perform culturally incongruent tasks. In other words, neural paths used for the same task were different for Americans and East Asians.

95:: there is overwhelming evidence from biological and behavioral sciences that from the earliest points in development, gene activity interacts with events and experiences in the environment. While naturalists are convinced of the power of genetic mechanisms, knowledge from different disciplines, such as Comparative psychology, Molecular biology, and Neuroscience, shows arguments for an ecological component in launching cognition (see the section "The beginning of cognition" below). 683:, is probably the manifestation of this non-local neuronal coupling. In such a manner, the experienced agent ensures one-direction conveying information about an actual cognitive event toward an organism at the simple reflexes stage of cognitive development without interacting through sensory signals. Obviously, any sensory communication between the mother and fetus is impossible. Therefore, non-local neuronal coupling mediates environmental learning early in cognition. 5813: 5839: 5826: 935: 1044:

desired gender. The behaviors of the children also related back to their results. For instance, the transgender boys enjoyed food and activities typically associated and enjoyed by cisgender boys. The article reports that the researchers found that the children were not confused, deceptive, or oppositional of their gender identity, and responded with actions that are typically represented by their gender identity.

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struggle with number counting and object counting. Certain cultures have specific activities and events that are common at a younger age which can affect aspects such as object permeance. This indicates that children from different societies may achieve a stage like the formal operational stage while in other societies, children at the exact same age remain in the concrete operational stage.

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it its name. His main contribution is the stage theory of child cognitive development. He also published his observational studies of cognition in children, and created a series of simple tests to reveal different cognitive abilities in children. Piaget believed that people move through stages of development that allow them to think in new, more complex ways.

247:). The significance of this knowledge is that the mode to cognize at the stage without communication and abstract thinking, being a pre-requisite of social reality formation, determines the development of everything from cooperative interactions and knowledge assimilation to moral identity and cultural evolution that provides building societies (see also 87:, which aim to integrate Piaget's ideas with more recent models and concepts in developmental and cognitive science, theoretical cognitive neuroscience, and social-constructivist approaches. Another such model of cognitive development is Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Systems Theory. A major controversy in cognitive development has been " 196:, which identifies various levels of a child's environment. The primary focus of this theory focuses on the quality and context of a child's environment. Bronfenbrenner suggested that as a child grows older, their interaction between the various levels of their environment grows more complex due to cognitive abilities expanding. 771:; the pig leaders slowly eliminated words from the citizen's vocabulary so that they were incapable of realizing what they were missing. The Whorfian hypothesis failed to recognize that people can still be aware of the concept or item, even though they lack efficient coding to quickly identify the target information. 292:

Igor Val Danilov, newborns and infants cannot capture the same picture of the environment as adults because of their immature sensory systems. They cannot sense environmental stimuli from social phenomena to the same extent as adults. The outcomes of processing similar sensory stimuli in immature and

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Igor Val Danilov introduced the notion of non-local neuronal coupling of the mother and fetus neuronal networks. The term non-local neuronal coupling refers to the pre-perceptual communication provided by copying adequate ecological dynamics by one biological system from another, both indwelling one

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Evidence suggests that humans utilize two core systems for number representation: approximate representations and precise representations. The approximate number system helps to capture the relationship between quantities by estimating numerical magnitudes. This system becomes more precise with age.

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As a child's awareness of their effect on the world around them grows they come to the conflict of industry and inferiority. Industry meaning ability and willingness to proactively interact with the world around them and Inferiority meaning incapability or perceived incapability to interact with the

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As a child grows from the stage of autonomy verses shame, they experience the conflict of initiative vs guilt. Initiative or having the ability to act in a situation against guilt or feeling bad about their actions or feeling incapable of acting. The virtue that develops in this stage is purpose and

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Each stage is defined by 2 conflicting psychological tendencies and by what traits develop in the stage dependent on how much of each tendency was experienced. There are virtues that develop in healthy circumstances and maladaptations that develop in unhealthy circumstances. It consists of 8 stages.

161:. She discussed four planes of development: birth to 6 years, 6 to 12, 12 to 18, and 18 to 24. The Montessori method now has three developmentally-meaningful age groups: 2–2.5 years, 2.5–6, and 6–12. She was working on human behavior in older children but only published lecture notes on the subject. 517:

During young adulthood, people find themselves in a place where they are looking for belonging in a small number of close relationships. Intimacy suggests finding very close relationships with other people and isolation is a lack of such a connection. The virtue that can arise from this is love and

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As a child grows into adolescence, their ability to interact with the world starts to interact with their perceptions of who they are, and they find themselves in a conflict between identity and identity confusion. Identity means knowledge of who they are and developing their own sense of right and

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Additionally, Piaget largely ignores the effects of social and cultural upbringing on stages of development because he only examined children from western societies. This matters as certain societies and cultures have different early childhood experiences. For example, individuals in nomadic tribes

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was the first psychologist and philosopher to brand this type of study as "cognitive development". Other researchers, in multiple disciplines, had studied development in children before, but Piaget is often credited as being the first one to make a systematic study of cognitive development and gave

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is what a child cannot accomplish alone but can accomplish with the help of an MKO (more knowledgeable other). Vygotsky also believed culture is a very important part of cognitive development such as the language, writing and counting system used in that culture. Another aspect of Vygotsky's theory

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in 1762. He discusses childhood development as happening in three stages. In the first stage, up to age 12, the child is guided by their emotions and impulses. In the second stage, ages 12–16, the child's reason starts to develop. In the third and final stage, age 16 and up, the child develops into

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period. Many of Piaget's theoretical claims have since fallen out of favor. His description of the most prominent changes in cognition with age, is generally still accepted today (e.g., how early perception moves from being dependent on concrete, external actions. Later, abstract understanding of

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New studies in transcultural neuroimaging studies have demonstrated that one's cultural background can influence the neural activity that underlies both high (for example, social cognition) and low (for example, perception) level cognitive functions. Studies demonstrated that groups that come from

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can be divided into three separate problems. (1) How are relevant elements that should be related as a whole selected and separated from elements that belong to other objects, ideas, or events? (2) How is the binding encoded so it can be transferred to other brain systems and used? (3) How are the

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wrote the theory of stages of moral development, which extended Piaget's findings of cognitive development and showed that they continue through the lifespan. Kohlberg's six stages follow Piaget's constructivist requirements in that those stages can not be skipped and it is very rare to regress in

171:. Gesell said that development occurs due to biological hereditary features such as genetics and children will reach developmental milestones when they are ready to do so in a predictable sequence. Because of his theory of development, he devised a developmental scale that is used today called the 398:

Piaget believed that infants entered a sensorimotor stage which lasts from birth until age 2. In this stage, individuals use their senses to investigate and interact with their environment. Through this they develop coordination between the sensory input and motor responses. Piaget also theorized

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has been noted to impact cognitive development as hearing loss impacts social development, language acquisition, and the culture reacts to a deaf child. Cognitive development in academic achievement, reading development, language development, performance on standardized measures of intelligence,

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tasks. However, American children showed greater activity in the left inferior frontal gyrus during the tasks whereas Japanese children had greater activity in the right inferior frontal gyrus during the Japanese Theory of Mind tasks. In conclusion, these examples suggest that the brain's neural

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posited that a person's thinking depends on the structure and content of their social group's language. Per Whorf, language determines our thoughts and perceptions. For example, it used to be thought that the Greeks, who wrote left to right, thought differently than Egyptians since the Egyptians

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Very young children appear to have some skill in navigation. This basic ability to infer the direction and distance of unseen locations develops in ways that are not entirely clear. However, there is some evidence that it involves the development of complex language skills between 3 and 5 years.

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Piaget believed that children entered a preoperational stage from roughly age 2 until age 7. This stage involves the development of symbolic thought (which manifests in children’s increased ability to ‘play pretend’). This stage involves language acquisition, but also the inability to understand

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siblings and unrelated cisgender children. The students participated in the IAT, a test that measures how one may identify based on a series of questions related to memory. Overall it determines a child's gender preference. It showed that the transgender children's results correlated with their

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Empiricists study how these skills may be learned in such a short time. The debate is over whether these systems are learned by general-purpose learning devices or domain-specific cognition. Moreover, many modern cognitive developmental psychologists, recognizing that the term "innate" does not

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In this stage of life people find that along with accomplishing personal goals, they are either giving to the next generation, whether as a mentor or a parent or they turn towards themselves and keep a distance from others. The virtue that arises in this stage is caring and the maladaptation is

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Many influential scientists argue that the genetic code is no more than a rule of causal specificity based on the fact that cells use nucleic acids as templates for the primary structure of proteins. However, it is unacceptable to say that DNA contains the information for phenotypic design. The

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had been accepted as a contributing factor to cognitive development. There have been a number of studies showing how bilingualism contributes to the executive function of the brain, which is the main center at which cognitive development happens. According to Bialystok in "Bilingualism and the

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It is speculated that a piece of an infants’ core knowledge lies in their ability to abstractly represent actors. Agents are actors, human or otherwise, who process events and situations, and select actions based on goals and beliefs. Children expect the actions of agents to be goal-directed,

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As a child starts to explore the world the conflict they experience is autonomy or a feeling of being able to do things themselves, verses shame or doubt, which is a feeling of being unable to do things themselves and fear of making mistakes. The virtue that arises during this period is will,

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who focused on how children develop personality and identity. Although a contemporary of Freud, there is a larger focus on social experiences that occur across the lifespan, as opposed to childhood exclusively, that contribute to how personality and identity emerge. His framework uses eight

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Cognitive development and motor development may also be closely interrelated. When a person experiences a neurodevelopmental disorder and their cognitive development is disturbed, we often see adverse effects in motor development as well. Cerebellum, which is the part of brain that is most

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Within the theorized systems, infants’ core knowledge of objects has been one of the most extensively studied. These studies suggest that young infants appear to have an early expectation of object solidity, namely understanding that objects cannot pass through one another. Similarly, they

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Behavioral research has shown that one's strength in independent (tasks which are focused on influencing others or oneself) or interdependent tasks (tasks where one changes their own behavior to favor others) differ based on their cultural context. In general, East Asian cultures are more

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Neo-Piagetian theories of cognitive development emphasized the role of information processing mechanisms in cognitive development, such as attention control and working memory. They suggested that progression along Piagetian stages or other levels of cognitive development is a function of

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Those in the twilight of their life look back at their lives and either are satisfied with their life's work or feel great regret. This satisfaction or regret is a large part of their identity at the end of their lives. The virtue that develops is wisdom and the maldevelopment is disdain.

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approach shows how, at different levels of interaction, from interpersonal dynamics to neuronal coupling, the collaborative interaction emerges in the mother-child pairs for sharing the essential sensory stimulus of the actual cognitive event. Finally, research has already shown that the

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is private speech. Private speech is when a person talks to themselves in order to help themselves problem solve. Scaffolding or providing support to a child and then slowly removing support and allowing the child to do more on their own over time is also an aspect of Vygotsky's theory.

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epigenetic approach to human psychological development – that cascading phenotypic effects are not encoded directly in the genes – contrasts sharply with many so-called nativist approaches. Opponents of innate knowledge discuss four problems in appearance of the perception of objects.

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hypothesis is the only one that attempts to explain neurophysiological processes at the beginning of cognitive development at different levels of interaction, from interpersonal dynamics to neuronal interactions. It also solves the above noted problems. Professor of psychology

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Jean Piaget is inexorably linked to cognitive development as he was the first to systematically study developmental processes. Despite being the first to develop a systemic study of cognitive development, Piaget was not the first to theorize about cognitive development.

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Piaget's theory of cognitive development ends at the formal operational stage that is usually developed in early adulthood. It does not take into account later stages of adult cognitive development as described by, for example, Harvard University professor

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Research suggests that children have an innate sensitivity to specific patterns of information, referred to as core domains.The discussion of “core knowledge” theory focuses on a few main systems, including agents, objects, numbers, and navigation.

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So, the fact that gene activity interacts with events and experiences in the environment (as noted above) may not fully explain the integrative complexity of intentionality-perception development for beginning cognitive development. Nowadays, the

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A baby has very little ability to do anything for themself. As such infants develop according to whether they learn to trust or distrust the world around them. The virtue that arises during this stage is hope and the maladaptation is withdrawal.

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From cultural psychologists' view, minds and culture shape each other. In other words, culture can influence brain structures which then influence our interpretation of the culture. These examples reveal cultural variations in neural responses:

675:). This non-local neuronal coupling succeeds due to a low-frequency oscillator (mother's heartbeats) that coordinates relevant local neuronal networks in specific subsystems of these two organisms, which already exhibit gamma activity (similar 739:

Development of Executive Function: The Role of Attention", children who are bilingual have to actively filter through the two different languages to select the one they need to use, which in turn makes the development stronger in that center.

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Subsequent work suggesting that preschoolers were indeed capable of taking others' perspectives into account and reasoning about abstract relationships, including causal relationships marked the demise of this aspect of stage theory as well.

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In cognitive development, the essential issue in beginning cognition is how the nervous system grasps perception and shapes intentionality in the sensorimotor stage (or before) when organisms only demonstrate simple reflexes (see articles

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Szymanski C, Pesquita A, Brennan AA, Perdikis D, Enns JT, Brick TR, et al. (May 2017). "Teams on the same wavelength perform better: Inter-brain phase synchronization constitutes a neural substrate for social facilitation".

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efficient, and understand that they have costs, such as time, energy, or effort. Children are importantly able to differentiate between actors and inanimate objects, proving a deeper understanding of the concept of an agent.

91:", i.e., the question if cognitive development is mainly determined by an individual's innate qualities ("nature"), or by their personal experiences ("nurture"). However, it is now recognized by most experts that this is a 580:

demonstrate an awareness of object continuity, expecting objects to move on continuous paths rather than teleporting or discontinuously changing their locations. They also expect objects to follow the laws of gravity.

255:). The contemporary academic discussion on a controversy in cognitive development (whether cognitive development is mainly determined by an individual's innate qualities or personal experiences) is still in progress. 686:

The notion of non-local neuronal coupling filled a gap in knowledge both in the Core Knowledge Theory and the group of positions in Externalism about the very beginning of cognition, which has also been shown by the

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Erikson worked with Freud but unlike Freud, Erikson focused on Biological, Psychological, and social factors in human development. Each stage is rooted in some kind of competence, or perceived ability to do things.

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rather than having to tell an adult which is more, they show no confusion about which group has more items. Piaget argues that the child cannot conserve numbers if they do not understand one-to-one correspondence.

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wrote right to left. Whorf's theory was so strict that he believed if a word is absent in a language, then the individual is unaware of the object's existence. This theory was played out in George Orwell's book,

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Also, there is evidence that this skill depends importantly on visual experience, because congenitally blind individuals have been found to have impaired abilities to infer new paths between familiar locations.

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This view collapsed in the 1980s when research was put out showing that infants as young as five months are able to represent out-of-sight objects, as well their properties, such as number and rigidity.

609:. However, it is unclear how visual experience in the first few days contributes to this perception. There are far more elaborate aspects of visual perception that develop during infancy and beyond. 368:

numbers. However, further experiments showed that children did not really understand what was being asked of them. When the experiment is done with candies, and the children are asked which set they

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Based on evidence of child cognitive development, experimental data from research on child behavior in the prenatal period, and advances in inter-brain neuroscience research, research professor at

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in 1897. He used a detailed observational study method with the children. Contemporary research in child development actually repeats observations and observational methods summarized by Sully in

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Zoia, S.; Blason, L.; D’Ottavio, G.; Bulgheroni, M.; Pezzetta, E.; Scabar, A.; Castiello, U. (2007). "Evidence of early development of action planning in the human foetus: a kinematic study."

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Jardri, R.; Houfflin-Debarge, V.; Delion, P.; Pruvo, J-P.; Thomas, P.; Pins, D. (2012). "Assessing fetal response to maternal speech using a noninvasive functional brain imaging technique."

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Astolfi L, Toppi J, De Vico Fallani F, Vecchiato G, Salinari S, Mattia D, et al. (September 2010). "Neuroelectrical hyperscanning measures simultaneous brain activity in humans".

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only from learning in the environment. According to the Externalism approach, communicative symbols are encoded into the local topological properties of neuronal maps, which reflect a

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hypothesised that social bonds between children and caregivers would gradually increase through the essential motive force of shared intentionality beginning from birth. The notion of

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Castiello, U.; Becchio, C.; Zoia, S.; Nelini, C.; Sartori, L.; Blason, L.; D'Ottavio, G.; Bulgheroni, M.; Gallese, V. (2010). "Wired to be social: the ontogeny of human interaction."

2799:(CSCI'22: December 14-16, 2022, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA); Publisher: IEEE Computer Society, Editors: Hamid R. Arabnia, Leonidas Deligiannidis, Fernando G. Tinetti, and Quoc-Nam Tran. 671:

environmental context. The naive actor (fetus) replicates information from the experienced agent (mother) due to the synchronization of intrinsic processes of these dynamic systems (

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that enable the acquisition of language, concepts, and beliefs. Quine's theory follows nativist philosophical traditions, such as the European rationalist philosophers, for example

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focusing on a child's development in terms of information processing, conceptual resources, perceptual skill, language learning, and other aspects of the developed adult brain and

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Val Danilov, I.; Svajyan, A.; Mihailova, S. (2023). "A New Computer-Aided Method for Assessing Children's Cognition in Bioengineering Systems for Diagnosing Developmental Delay."

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wrong. Identity confusion meaning confusion over who they are and what right and wrong is to them. The virtue that is developed is fidelity and the maldevelopment is repudiation.

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approach also points out that "an innate sensitivity to specific patterns of information" mentioned in the section "Speculated core systems of cognition" is also the outcome of

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visual-spatial and memory skills, development of conceptual skills, and neuropsychological function are dependent upon the child's primary language of communication, either

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or English, as well as if the child is able to communicate and use the communication modality as a language. There is some research pointing to deficits in development of

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Piaget believed that the formal operational stage spans roughly from age 12 through adulthood, and is marked by the ability to apply mental operations to abstract ideas.

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Piaget believed that the concrete operational stage spanned roughly from age 6 through age 12. This stage is marked by the development and achievement of skills such as

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Developmental Cognitive Psychology, Behavioral Neuroscience, and Psychobiology Program. Eunice Kennedy Shiver: National Institute of Child Health and Human Development.

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The second system helps to precisely monitor small groups (limited to around 3 for infants) of individual objects and accurately represent those numerical quantities.

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Lecanuet, J.P.; Granier‐Deferre, C.; Jacquet, A.Y.; Capponi, I.; Ledru, L. (1993). "Prenatal discrimination of a male and a female voice uttering the same sentence."

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While the conflicting tendencies may appear to be good versus bad. They can be considered as a balance where most healthy individuals experience some of each.

655:. The sensorimotor neuronal network enables pairing the relevant cue with a particular symbol saved in the sensorimotor structures and processes that reveals 41:. Qualitative differences between how a child processes their waking experience and how an adult processes their waking experience are acknowledged (such as 874:

Kobayashi et al. compared American-English monolingual and Japanese-English bilingual children's brain responses in understanding others' intentions through

175:(GDS) that provides parents, teachers, doctors, and other pertinent people with an overview of where an infant or child falls on the developmental spectrum. 3567: 1035:

people fit into cognitive development theory. At the earliest, transgender children can begin to socially transition during identity exploration. In 2015,

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Val Danilov, Igor. (2022). "A Bioengineering System for Assessing Children's Cognitive Development by Computerized Evaluation of Shared Intentionality."

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in children who are deaf and hard-of-hearing which may be due to a lack of early conversational experience. Other research points to lower scores on the

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began her career working with mentally disabled children in 1897, then conducted observation and experimental research in elementary schools. She wrote

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Diamond, Adele (26 December 2017). "Close Interrelation of Motor Development and Cognitive Development and of the Cerebellum and Prefrontal Cortex".

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Val Danilov, I.; Mihailova, S.; Svajyan, A. (2022). "Computerized Assessment of Cognitive Development in Neurotypical and Neurodivergent Children."

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Hedden, T.; Ketay, S.; Aron, A.; Markus, H. R.; Gabrieli, J. D. E. (2008). "Cultural influences on neural substrates of attentional control".

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Li, K.T.; Liang, J.; Zhou, C. (2021). "Gamma oscillations facilitate effective learning in excitatory-inhibitory balanced neural circuits."

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The relation of brain development and cognitive development is extremely complex and, since the 1990s, has been a growing area of research.

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framework. Researchers who discuss "core systems" often speculate about differences in thinking and learning between proposed domains.

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Hu Y, Pan Y, Shi X, Cai Q, Li X, Cheng X (March 2018). "Inter-brain synchrony and cooperation context in interactive decision making".

330:, introduced by Michael Tomasello, was developed by Research Professor Igor Val Danilov, expanding it to the intrauterine period. The 5385: 704:

magnitude can be assessed by emulating the mother-fetal communication model in dyads of mothers and children from 2 to 10 years old.

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Tazerart, S.; Mitchell, D.E.; Miranda Rottmann, S.; Araya, R. (2020). "Aspike-timing-dependentplasticityrule for dendritic spines."

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suggesting a control over one's actions. The maladaptation for this stage is compulsion, or lack of control over one's actions.

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correct relationships between related elements within the same object defined? This problem is also connected to the problem of

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Val Danilov, I. (2023). "Theoretical Grounds of Shared Intentionality for Neuroscience in Developing Bioengineering Systems."

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observable aspects of reality can be captured; leading to the discovery of underlying abstract rules and principles, usually

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at the cellular level that reveal in young organisms the innate sensitivity and/or embodied meanings during cognition. The

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Lina-Granade, Geneviève; Comte-Gervais, Isabelle; Gippon, Laurie; Nappez, Gaëlle; Morin, Elodie; Truy, Eric (June 2010).

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The SAGE Handbook of Personality and Individual Differences: Volume II: Origins of Personality and Individual Differences

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Any means by which the capacity of the central nervous system can adapt to new physiological conditions and environment.

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McShane, John. "Cognitive Development: an information processing approach". 1991. pp. 22–24, 140, 141, 156, 157

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mature organisms differ. The corresponding holistic representations of objects can hardly occur in these organisms.

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Spelke, E. S. (2022). What Babies Know: Core Knowledge and Composition Volume 1 (Vol. 1). Oxford University Press.

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(2012). 3434:10.1177/0734282910383646 2848:Psychological Monographs 2187:"Core systems of number" 1967:Gelman, Rochel. (1978). 1880:. ISBN 978-0-262-20177-3 1639:Harvard University Press 1267:WESLEY, F (March 1989). 1240:Harvard University Press 1078:Human behaviour genetics 1066:Child development stages 1060:Developmental psychology 896:Deaf and hard-of-hearing 784:innate conceptual biases 653:dynamical action pattern 592: 447:Formal operational stage 276:multisensory integration 143:psychosexual development 141:developed the theory of 5819:Evolutionary psychology 5783:Sociocultural evolution 5624:Dual inheritance theory 5081:Personality development 4542:Theoretical foundations 4519:Evolutionary psychology 4320:Parental responsibility 4280:Cost of raising a child 3602:Begley, Sharon. (1996) 3332:10.1111/1467-8624.00437 3080:10.1111/1467-8624.00117 2330:10.1073/pnas.0707021105 1899:Journal of Intelligence 1579:Berk, Laura E. (2012). 968:"Cognitive development" 780:Willard Van Orman Quine 203:stages. Notable works: 167:was the creator of the 74:starting in adolescence 29:is a field of study in 5741:Social constructionism 5736:Psychological nativism 5711:Biological determinism 5659:Recent human evolution 5654:Punctuated equilibrium 5477:Behavioral epigenetics 5472:evolutionary economics 5441:Variability hypothesis 5386:Emotional intelligence 5119:Engineering psychology 4809:Evolution of the brain 3594:Klausmeier, J. Herbert 3044:10.30964/auebfd.470159 2551:Communications Biology 2502:Communications Biology 2270:Core systems of number 2000:Kegan, Robert (1986). 1783:Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 1744:Front Comput Neurosci. 1458:10.1037/e555792011-001 1433:10.1037/e417472005-178 944:relies excessively on 911:American Sign Language 794:Neo-Piagetian theories 782:argued that there are 226:Beginning of Cognition 113:Emile, or On Education 5867:Cognitive development 5768:Multilineal evolution 5731:Nature versus nurture 5690:Theoretical positions 5538:Functional psychology 5533:Evolutionary medicine 5508:Biological psychiatry 5216:Texting while driving 5206:Lead–crime hypothesis 5066:Cognitive development 5051:Caregiver deprivation 4562:Gene selection theory 4442:Families Need Fathers 4003:After-school activity 3927:Concerted cultivation 3922:Buddha-like parenting 3854:Nature versus nurture 3819:Cognitive development 3640:. London: Routledge. 3379:10.1353/aad.2012.1290 3203:; Temple, E. (2007). 3111:Psychological Science 2596:Biological Psychology 1952:Renner, John (1974). 1633:Thompson, E. (2010). 1519:10.5539/jedp.v3n1p140 1347:Sully, James (1895). 1311:Jean-Jacques Rousseau 1307:"Theory of Education" 1252:Piaget, Jean (1936). 817:and a high degree of 754:Linguistic relativity 702:Shared intentionality 697:Shared intentionality 693:Shared intentionality 661:Shared intentionality 659:. In this sense, the 619:Shared intentionality 613:Shared Intentionality 545:Core Knowledge Theory 336:Shared intentionality 332:Shared intentionality 328:Shared intentionality 319:Shared intentionality 108:Jean-Jacques Rousseau 89:nature versus nurture 27:Cognitive development 21:Cognitive Development 5872:Cognitive psychology 5721:Cultural determinism 5528:Evolutionary biology 5513:Cognitive psychology 5461:Academic disciplines 5109:Cognitive ergonomics 5076:Language acquisition 5056:Childhood attachment 4869:Wason selection task 4763:Behavioral modernity 4552:Cognitive revolution 4535:Evolutionary thought 4300:Right to family life 4227:Dysfunctional family 3937:Free-range parenting 3912:Attachment parenting 3902:Achievement ideology 2969:Theory into Practice 2942:Psychological Review 1733:2021; 2021: 6668175. 1654:1999, 24(1):105-125. 1558:Thought and language 1351:Studies of childhood 1273:Developmental Review 1234:Tomasello M. (2019). 725:language acquisition 719:Language acquisition 713:Language Acquisition 677:embodied information 673:embodied information 411:Preoperational stage 253:Collective behaviour 133:Studies of Childhood 125:Studies of Childhood 65:concrete operational 39:cognitive psychology 5788:Unilineal evolution 5553:Population genetics 5338:Sexy son hypothesis 5276:Hormonal motivation 5256:Concealed ovulation 4797:Dual process theory 4668:Parental investment 4315:Parental alienation 4242:Narcissistic parent 4166:Positive discipline 3987:Work at home parent 3967:Strict father model 3952:Nurturant parenting 3859:Parental investment 3694:Kinship terminology 3604:Your Child's Brain. 2924:Thought and Reality 2655:10.1093/scan/nsy060 2321:2008PNAS..105..809S 1446:Montessori, Maria, 1313:, Continuum, 2008, 843:Cultural influences 263:The binding problem 190:Urie Bronfenbrenner 5746:Social determinism 5629:Fisher's principle 5589:Great ape language 5579:Cultural evolution 5548:Philosophy of mind 5381:Division of labour 5343:Westermarck effect 5291:Mating preferences 5201:Distracted driving 4935:Literary criticism 4792:Domain specificity 4772:modularity of mind 4361:T. Berry Brazelton 4098:Social integration 3834:Identity formation 3616:2012-10-29 at the 3537:10.1111/cdev.12758 2891:10.1111/cdep.12116 1785:2021; 22: 245-265. 925:Transgender people 815:neural development 764:Benjamin Lee Whorf 748:Whorf's hypothesis 668:Liepaja University 645:situated cognition 629:embodied cognition 394:Sensorimotor stage 290:Liepaja University 69:formal operational 5854: 5853: 5832:Psychology portal 5796: 5795: 5639:Hologenome theory 5609:Unit of selection 5604:Primate cognition 5518:Cognitive science 5449: 5448: 5320:Sexual attraction 5296:Mating strategies 5061:Cinderella effect 4991:Moral foundations 4895:Visual perception 4787:Domain generality 4756:Facial expression 4704:Sexual dimorphism 4663:Natural selection 4609:Hamiltonian spite 4485: 4484: 4295:Family disruption 4217:Cinderella effect 4197:Child abandonment 4171:Tactical ignoring 4068:Moral development 3947:Helicopter parent 3942:Gatekeeper parent 3907:Atlas personality 3884:Social psychology 3829:Human development 3814:Child development 3799:Attachment theory 3647:978-0-415-05233-7 3524:Child Development 3475:(sup1): 327–331. 3320:Child Development 3068:Child Development 2805:979-8-3503-2028-2 2125:Adult Development 2002:The Evolving Self 1590:978-0-205-83191-3 1566:10.1037/11193-000 1396:978-1-4739-4292-9 1361:10.1037/11376-000 1328:978-0-8264-8412-3 1184:10.1037/10518-046 1156:978-1-4292-3719-2 1120:978-1-5264-4518-6 1054:Reuven Feuerstein 1029: 1028: 1021: 1003: 657:embodied meanings 607:biological motion 441:logical operators 401:object permanence 324:Michael Tomasello 200:Lawrence Kohlberg 43:object permanence 5889: 5841: 5828: 5815: 5814: 5458: 5457: 5454:Related subjects 5241:Adult attachment 4768:Cognitive module 4724: 4723: 4711:Social selection 4685:Costly signaling 4680:Sexual selection 4567:Modern synthesis 4512: 4505: 4498: 4489: 4488: 4335:Shared parenting 4146:Blanket training 4138:Child discipline 3778:In loco parentis 3757:Shared parenting 3679: 3672: 3665: 3656: 3655: 3651: 3582: 3581: 3579: 3578: 3564: 3558: 3557: 3539: 3515: 3509: 3508: 3460: 3454: 3453: 3413: 3407: 3406: 3358: 3352: 3351: 3311: 3305: 3304: 3296: 3290: 3289: 3249: 3243: 3242: 3232: 3196: 3190: 3189: 3149: 3143: 3142: 3106: 3100: 3099: 3063: 3057: 3056: 3046: 3026: 3020: 3019: 2991: 2985: 2984: 2964: 2958: 2957: 2937: 2928: 2927: 2919: 2913: 2912: 2902: 2870: 2864: 2863: 2860:10.1037/h0093840 2843: 2837: 2826:OBM Neurobiology 2822: 2816: 2793: 2787: 2784:OBM Neurobiology 2780: 2774: 2773: 2742:Brain Topography 2737: 2731: 2730: 2712: 2683: 2677: 2676: 2666: 2634: 2628: 2627: 2591: 2585: 2584: 2574: 2542: 2536: 2535: 2525: 2493: 2487: 2480: 2474: 2467: 2461: 2454: 2448: 2441: 2435: 2428: 2422: 2415: 2409: 2408:5(10), p.e13199. 2402: 2396: 2389: 2383: 2372: 2366: 2359: 2353: 2352: 2342: 2332: 2300: 2294: 2287: 2281: 2266: 2260: 2259: 2233: 2224: 2218: 2217: 2191: 2182: 2176: 2175: 2174: 2173: 2150: 2129: 2128: 2117: 2111: 2110: 2108: 2107: 2096: 2073: 2070: 2064: 2061: 2055: 2052: 2046: 2045: 2043: 2042: 2021: 2012: 2006: 2005: 1997: 1991: 1990: 1964: 1958: 1957: 1949: 1943: 1942: 1932: 1914: 1890: 1881: 1874: 1868: 1867: 1865: 1850:OBM Neurobiology 1841: 1822: 1819:OBM Neurobiology 1815: 1786: 1779: 1773: 1766: 1760: 1753: 1747: 1740: 1734: 1727: 1721: 1720: 1718: 1703:OBM Neurobiology 1694: 1655: 1648: 1642: 1631: 1620: 1619: 1601: 1595: 1594: 1576: 1570: 1569: 1553: 1547: 1546: 1538: 1532: 1531: 1521: 1497: 1491: 1490: 1488: 1487: 1473: 1467: 1466: 1465: 1464: 1443: 1437: 1436: 1420: 1414: 1413: 1412: 1411: 1371: 1365: 1364: 1354: 1344: 1338: 1337: 1336: 1335: 1303: 1297: 1296: 1264: 1258: 1257: 1249: 1243: 1232: 1223: 1209: 1203: 1202: 1201: 1200: 1167: 1161: 1160: 1136: 1130: 1129: 1128: 1127: 1094: 1024: 1017: 1013: 1010: 1004: 1002: 961: 937: 929: 852:Figure-line task 603:depth perception 249:Social cognition 149:Maria Montessori 5897: 5896: 5892: 5891: 5890: 5888: 5887: 5886: 5857: 5856: 5855: 5850: 5792: 5778:Neoevolutionism 5685: 5669:Species complex 5634:Group selection 5572:Research topics 5567: 5543:Neuropsychology 5445: 5431:Substance abuse 5353:Sex differences 5347: 5261:Coolidge effect 5222: 5134:Neuroergonomics 5099: 5090: 5014: 4916: 4850:Folk psychology 4731: 4715: 4585: 4578: 4521: 4516: 4486: 4481: 4430: 4411:Matthew Sanders 4366:Rudolf Dreikurs 4339: 4325:Parents' rights 4285:Deadbeat parent 4262: 4256: 4180: 4132: 4108:The talk (race) 3991: 3982:Tiger parenting 3888: 3783: 3732:Extended family 3688: 3683: 3648: 3618:Wayback Machine 3590: 3588:Further reading 3585: 3576: 3574: 3566: 3565: 3561: 3516: 3512: 3461: 3457: 3414: 3410: 3359: 3355: 3312: 3308: 3297: 3293: 3270:10.2307/1859664 3250: 3246: 3199:Kobayashi, C.; 3197: 3193: 3170:10.1038/nrn2456 3150: 3146: 3107: 3103: 3064: 3060: 3027: 3023: 3016: 2997:Word and Object 2992: 2988: 2965: 2961: 2938: 2931: 2920: 2916: 2871: 2867: 2844: 2840: 2823: 2819: 2815:. pp:1591-1598. 2794: 2790: 2781: 2777: 2738: 2734: 2684: 2680: 2635: 2631: 2592: 2588: 2543: 2539: 2494: 2490: 2481: 2477: 2468: 2464: 2455: 2451: 2442: 2438: 2429: 2425: 2416: 2412: 2403: 2399: 2390: 2386: 2373: 2369: 2360: 2356: 2301: 2297: 2288: 2284: 2267: 2263: 2231: 2225: 2221: 2189: 2183: 2179: 2171: 2169: 2151: 2132: 2119: 2118: 2114: 2105: 2103: 2098: 2097: 2076: 2071: 2067: 2062: 2058: 2053: 2049: 2040: 2038: 2019: 2013: 2009: 1998: 1994: 1979: 1965: 1961: 1950: 1946: 1891: 1884: 1875: 1871: 1842: 1825: 1816: 1789: 1780: 1776: 1772:2020; 11: 4276. 1767: 1763: 1754: 1750: 1741: 1737: 1728: 1724: 1695: 1658: 1649: 1645: 1632: 1623: 1616: 1602: 1598: 1591: 1577: 1573: 1554: 1550: 1539: 1535: 1498: 1494: 1485: 1483: 1477:"Gesell Theory" 1475: 1474: 1470: 1462: 1460: 1444: 1440: 1421: 1417: 1409: 1407: 1397: 1373: 1372: 1368: 1345: 1341: 1333: 1331: 1329: 1305: 1304: 1300: 1265: 1261: 1250: 1246: 1233: 1226: 1210: 1206: 1198: 1196: 1194: 1168: 1164: 1157: 1137: 1133: 1125: 1123: 1121: 1095: 1091: 1087: 1050: 1025: 1014: 1008: 1005: 962: 960: 954: 950:primary sources 938: 927: 906:hard-of-hearing 898: 893: 872: 863: 854: 845: 819:neuroplasticity 811: 802: 796: 777: 756: 750: 745: 721: 715: 710: 689:binding problem 621: 615: 595: 586: 577: 568: 547: 542: 533: 524: 515: 506: 497: 488: 479: 470: 457: 449: 426: 413: 396: 391: 362: 350: 344: 271:binding problem 241:binding problem 228: 129:Children's Ways 101: 93:false dichotomy 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 5895: 5885: 5884: 5879: 5874: 5869: 5852: 5851: 5849: 5848: 5835: 5822: 5809: 5801: 5798: 5797: 5794: 5793: 5791: 5790: 5785: 5780: 5775: 5770: 5765: 5760: 5755: 5754: 5753: 5748: 5743: 5738: 5733: 5728: 5723: 5718: 5713: 5699: 5693: 5691: 5687: 5686: 5684: 5683: 5682: 5681: 5676: 5671: 5666: 5661: 5656: 5651: 5646: 5641: 5636: 5631: 5626: 5621: 5616: 5606: 5601: 5596: 5591: 5586: 5581: 5575: 5573: 5569: 5568: 5566: 5565: 5560: 5555: 5550: 5545: 5540: 5535: 5530: 5525: 5520: 5515: 5510: 5505: 5500: 5483: 5474: 5464: 5462: 5455: 5451: 5450: 5447: 5446: 5444: 5443: 5438: 5433: 5428: 5423: 5418: 5413: 5408: 5403: 5398: 5393: 5388: 5383: 5378: 5373: 5368: 5363: 5357: 5355: 5349: 5348: 5346: 5345: 5340: 5335: 5322: 5313: 5308: 5303: 5298: 5293: 5288: 5283: 5278: 5273: 5268: 5263: 5258: 5253: 5248: 5243: 5238: 5232: 5230: 5224: 5223: 5221: 5220: 5219: 5218: 5213: 5208: 5203: 5193: 5188: 5183: 5178: 5173: 5168: 5163: 5161:Mind-blindness 5158: 5153: 5148: 5143: 5138: 5137: 5136: 5131: 5126: 5121: 5116: 5105: 5103: 5092: 5091: 5089: 5088: 5083: 5078: 5073: 5068: 5063: 5058: 5053: 5048: 5035: 5030: 5024: 5022: 5016: 5015: 5013: 5012: 5007: 5006: 5005: 4995: 4994: 4993: 4983: 4982: 4981: 4976: 4971: 4961: 4956: 4955: 4954: 4944: 4943: 4942: 4937: 4926: 4924: 4918: 4917: 4915: 4914: 4913: 4912: 4907: 4902: 4892: 4887: 4882: 4873: 4872: 4871: 4866: 4856: 4854:theory of mind 4847: 4838: 4837: 4836: 4831: 4826: 4816: 4811: 4806: 4801: 4800: 4799: 4794: 4789: 4784: 4779: 4765: 4760: 4759: 4758: 4753: 4748: 4737: 4735: 4721: 4717: 4716: 4714: 4713: 4708: 4707: 4706: 4701: 4696: 4687: 4677: 4676: 4675: 4665: 4660: 4655: 4650: 4649: 4648: 4638: 4633: 4628: 4623: 4621:Baldwin effect 4618: 4617: 4616: 4611: 4606: 4596: 4590: 4588: 4580: 4579: 4577: 4576: 4571: 4570: 4569: 4564: 4559: 4554: 4549: 4539: 4538: 4537: 4526: 4523: 4522: 4515: 4514: 4507: 4500: 4492: 4483: 4482: 4480: 4479: 4474: 4469: 4464: 4459: 4454: 4452:Mothers' Union 4449: 4444: 4438: 4436: 4432: 4431: 4429: 4428: 4426:Benjamin Spock 4423: 4418: 4413: 4408: 4406:Penelope Leach 4403: 4401:Annette Lareau 4398: 4393: 4391:Alan E. Kazdin 4388: 4383: 4378: 4373: 4368: 4363: 4358: 4353: 4351:Mary Ainsworth 4347: 4345: 4341: 4340: 4338: 4337: 4332: 4327: 4322: 4317: 4312: 4307: 4302: 4297: 4292: 4287: 4282: 4277: 4272: 4266: 4264: 4263:social aspects 4258: 4257: 4255: 4254: 4249: 4244: 4239: 4234: 4229: 4224: 4219: 4214: 4209: 4204: 4199: 4194: 4188: 4186: 4182: 4181: 4179: 4178: 4173: 4168: 4163: 4158: 4153: 4148: 4142: 4140: 4134: 4133: 4131: 4130: 4125: 4115: 4110: 4105: 4100: 4095: 4090: 4080: 4075: 4070: 4065: 4060: 4055: 4050: 4045: 4040: 4035: 4030: 4028:Dishabituation 4025: 4020: 4015: 4010: 4005: 3999: 3997: 3993: 3992: 3990: 3989: 3984: 3979: 3974: 3969: 3964: 3959: 3957:Slow parenting 3954: 3949: 3944: 3939: 3934: 3929: 3924: 3919: 3914: 3909: 3904: 3898: 3896: 3890: 3889: 3887: 3886: 3881: 3876: 3871: 3866: 3861: 3856: 3851: 3846: 3841: 3836: 3831: 3826: 3821: 3816: 3811: 3806: 3801: 3795: 3793: 3788:Theories 3785: 3784: 3782: 3781: 3774: 3769: 3767:Blended family 3764: 3759: 3754: 3749: 3747:Nuclear family 3744: 3739: 3734: 3729: 3724: 3719: 3714: 3709: 3704: 3698: 3696: 3690: 3689: 3682: 3681: 3674: 3667: 3659: 3653: 3652: 3646: 3633: 3626: 3620: 3607: 3600: 3597: 3589: 3586: 3584: 3583: 3559: 3530:(2): 620–637. 3510: 3455: 3428:(3): 238–248. 3408: 3373:(7): 923–930. 3353: 3326:(3): 768–778. 3306: 3291: 3244: 3209:Brain Research 3191: 3164:(1): 646–654. 3158:Nature Reviews 3144: 3101: 3058: 3021: 3014: 2986: 2975:(5): 306–311. 2959: 2948:(3): 377–389. 2929: 2914: 2885:(2): 117–121. 2865: 2838: 2828:2022;6(3):18; 2817: 2788: 2775: 2748:(3): 243–256. 2732: 2678: 2649:(8): 841–849. 2629: 2586: 2537: 2488: 2475: 2462: 2460:2(4): 217-228. 2449: 2436: 2423: 2410: 2397: 2384: 2367: 2354: 2315:(2): 809–813. 2295: 2282: 2261: 2242:(2): 198–212. 2219: 2200:(7): 307–314. 2177: 2130: 2127:: 31–39. 2022. 2112: 2074: 2065: 2056: 2047: 2007: 1992: 1977: 1959: 1944: 1882: 1869: 1823: 1787: 1774: 1761: 1759:2017. pp. 1-5. 1748: 1735: 1722: 1656: 1643: 1621: 1615:978-0134524283 1614: 1596: 1589: 1571: 1548: 1533: 1492: 1468: 1438: 1415: 1395: 1375:"Sully, James" 1366: 1339: 1327: 1298: 1259: 1244: 1224: 1211:Carlson, N.R. 1204: 1192: 1162: 1155: 1131: 1119: 1088: 1086: 1083: 1082: 1081: 1075: 1069: 1063: 1057: 1049: 1046: 1037:Kristina Olson 1027: 1026: 941: 939: 932: 926: 923: 915:theory of mind 897: 894: 892: 889: 884:theory of mind 871: 868: 862: 859: 853: 850: 844: 841: 833: 832: 829: 826: 810: 807: 798:Main article: 795: 792: 776: 773: 752:Main article: 749: 746: 744: 743:Other theories 741: 717:Main article: 714: 711: 709: 706: 681:mirror neurons 617:Main article: 614: 611: 594: 591: 585: 582: 576: 573: 567: 564: 546: 543: 541: 538: 532: 529: 523: 520: 514: 511: 505: 502: 496: 493: 487: 484: 478: 475: 469: 466: 456: 453: 448: 445: 425: 422: 412: 409: 395: 392: 390: 387: 361: 358: 346:Main article: 343: 340: 227: 224: 100: 97: 61:preoperational 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5894: 5883: 5880: 5878: 5875: 5873: 5870: 5868: 5865: 5864: 5862: 5847: 5846: 5840: 5836: 5834: 5833: 5827: 5823: 5821: 5820: 5810: 5808: 5807: 5803: 5802: 5799: 5789: 5786: 5784: 5781: 5779: 5776: 5774: 5773:Neo-Darwinism 5771: 5769: 5766: 5764: 5761: 5759: 5758:Functionalism 5756: 5752: 5749: 5747: 5744: 5742: 5739: 5737: 5734: 5732: 5729: 5727: 5724: 5722: 5719: 5717: 5716:Connectionism 5714: 5712: 5709: 5708: 5707: 5706:indeterminism 5703: 5700: 5698: 5695: 5694: 5692: 5688: 5680: 5677: 5675: 5672: 5670: 5667: 5665: 5662: 5660: 5657: 5655: 5652: 5650: 5647: 5645: 5642: 5640: 5637: 5635: 5632: 5630: 5627: 5625: 5622: 5620: 5617: 5615: 5612: 5611: 5610: 5607: 5605: 5602: 5600: 5597: 5595: 5592: 5590: 5587: 5585: 5582: 5580: 5577: 5576: 5574: 5570: 5564: 5561: 5559: 5556: 5554: 5551: 5549: 5546: 5544: 5541: 5539: 5536: 5534: 5531: 5529: 5526: 5524: 5521: 5519: 5516: 5514: 5511: 5509: 5506: 5504: 5501: 5499: 5495: 5491: 5487: 5484: 5482: 5478: 5475: 5473: 5469: 5466: 5465: 5463: 5459: 5456: 5452: 5442: 5439: 5437: 5434: 5432: 5429: 5427: 5426:Schizophrenia 5424: 5422: 5419: 5417: 5414: 5412: 5411:Mental health 5409: 5407: 5404: 5402: 5399: 5397: 5394: 5392: 5389: 5387: 5384: 5382: 5379: 5377: 5374: 5372: 5369: 5367: 5364: 5362: 5359: 5358: 5356: 5354: 5350: 5344: 5341: 5339: 5336: 5334: 5330: 5326: 5323: 5321: 5317: 5314: 5312: 5309: 5307: 5304: 5302: 5299: 5297: 5294: 5292: 5289: 5287: 5286:Mate guarding 5284: 5282: 5279: 5277: 5274: 5272: 5269: 5267: 5264: 5262: 5259: 5257: 5254: 5252: 5249: 5247: 5246:Age disparity 5244: 5242: 5239: 5237: 5234: 5233: 5231: 5229: 5225: 5217: 5214: 5212: 5209: 5207: 5204: 5202: 5199: 5198: 5197: 5194: 5192: 5189: 5187: 5184: 5182: 5179: 5177: 5176:Schizophrenia 5174: 5172: 5169: 5167: 5164: 5162: 5159: 5157: 5154: 5152: 5149: 5147: 5144: 5142: 5139: 5135: 5132: 5130: 5127: 5125: 5122: 5120: 5117: 5115: 5112: 5111: 5110: 5107: 5106: 5104: 5102: 5101:Mental health 5097: 5096:Human factors 5093: 5087: 5086:Socialization 5084: 5082: 5079: 5077: 5074: 5072: 5069: 5067: 5064: 5062: 5059: 5057: 5054: 5052: 5049: 5047: 5046:paternal bond 5043: 5039: 5036: 5034: 5031: 5029: 5026: 5025: 5023: 5021: 5017: 5011: 5008: 5004: 5001: 5000: 4999: 4996: 4992: 4989: 4988: 4987: 4984: 4980: 4977: 4975: 4972: 4970: 4967: 4966: 4965: 4962: 4960: 4957: 4953: 4950: 4949: 4948: 4945: 4941: 4938: 4936: 4933: 4932: 4931: 4928: 4927: 4925: 4923: 4919: 4911: 4910:Naïve physics 4908: 4906: 4903: 4901: 4898: 4897: 4896: 4893: 4891: 4888: 4886: 4883: 4881: 4877: 4876:Motor control 4874: 4870: 4867: 4865: 4862: 4861: 4860: 4857: 4855: 4851: 4848: 4846: 4842: 4839: 4835: 4834:Ophidiophobia 4832: 4830: 4827: 4825: 4824:Arachnophobia 4822: 4821: 4820: 4817: 4815: 4812: 4810: 4807: 4805: 4802: 4798: 4795: 4793: 4790: 4788: 4785: 4783: 4780: 4778: 4775: 4774: 4773: 4769: 4766: 4764: 4761: 4757: 4754: 4752: 4751:Display rules 4749: 4747: 4744: 4743: 4742: 4739: 4738: 4736: 4734: 4729: 4725: 4722: 4718: 4712: 4709: 4705: 4702: 4700: 4697: 4695: 4691: 4688: 4686: 4683: 4682: 4681: 4678: 4674: 4671: 4670: 4669: 4666: 4664: 4661: 4659: 4656: 4654: 4653:Kin selection 4651: 4647: 4644: 4643: 4642: 4639: 4637: 4634: 4632: 4629: 4627: 4624: 4622: 4619: 4615: 4612: 4610: 4607: 4605: 4602: 4601: 4600: 4597: 4595: 4592: 4591: 4589: 4587: 4581: 4575: 4572: 4568: 4565: 4563: 4560: 4558: 4555: 4553: 4550: 4548: 4547:Adaptationism 4545: 4544: 4543: 4540: 4536: 4533: 4532: 4531: 4528: 4527: 4524: 4520: 4513: 4508: 4506: 4501: 4499: 4494: 4493: 4490: 4478: 4475: 4473: 4470: 4468: 4465: 4463: 4460: 4458: 4455: 4453: 4450: 4448: 4445: 4443: 4440: 4439: 4437: 4435:Organizations 4433: 4427: 4424: 4422: 4421:B. F. Skinner 4419: 4417: 4416:William Sears 4414: 4412: 4409: 4407: 4404: 4402: 4399: 4397: 4394: 4392: 4389: 4387: 4386:Thomas Gordon 4384: 4382: 4379: 4377: 4374: 4372: 4369: 4367: 4364: 4362: 4359: 4357: 4354: 4352: 4349: 4348: 4346: 4342: 4336: 4333: 4331: 4328: 4326: 4323: 4321: 4318: 4316: 4313: 4311: 4308: 4306: 4303: 4301: 4298: 4296: 4293: 4291: 4288: 4286: 4283: 4281: 4278: 4276: 4275:Child support 4273: 4271: 4270:Child custody 4268: 4267: 4265: 4259: 4253: 4250: 4248: 4245: 4243: 4240: 4238: 4235: 4233: 4230: 4228: 4225: 4223: 4220: 4218: 4215: 4213: 4212:Child neglect 4210: 4208: 4205: 4203: 4200: 4198: 4195: 4193: 4190: 4189: 4187: 4183: 4177: 4174: 4172: 4169: 4167: 4164: 4162: 4159: 4157: 4154: 4152: 4149: 4147: 4144: 4143: 4141: 4139: 4135: 4129: 4126: 4123: 4119: 4116: 4114: 4111: 4109: 4106: 4104: 4101: 4099: 4096: 4094: 4091: 4088: 4084: 4081: 4079: 4076: 4074: 4071: 4069: 4066: 4064: 4061: 4059: 4056: 4054: 4051: 4049: 4046: 4044: 4043:Homeschooling 4041: 4039: 4036: 4034: 4031: 4029: 4026: 4024: 4021: 4019: 4016: 4014: 4011: 4009: 4006: 4004: 4001: 4000: 3998: 3994: 3988: 3985: 3983: 3980: 3978: 3975: 3973: 3970: 3968: 3965: 3963: 3960: 3958: 3955: 3953: 3950: 3948: 3945: 3943: 3940: 3938: 3935: 3933: 3930: 3928: 3925: 3923: 3920: 3918: 3915: 3913: 3910: 3908: 3905: 3903: 3900: 3899: 3897: 3895: 3891: 3885: 3882: 3880: 3879:Socialization 3877: 3875: 3872: 3870: 3867: 3865: 3864:Paternal bond 3862: 3860: 3857: 3855: 3852: 3850: 3849:Maternal bond 3847: 3845: 3842: 3840: 3837: 3835: 3832: 3830: 3827: 3825: 3822: 3820: 3817: 3815: 3812: 3810: 3807: 3805: 3802: 3800: 3797: 3796: 3794: 3791: 3786: 3780: 3779: 3775: 3773: 3770: 3768: 3765: 3763: 3762:Single parent 3760: 3758: 3755: 3753: 3750: 3748: 3745: 3743: 3740: 3738: 3735: 3733: 3730: 3728: 3725: 3723: 3722:Alloparenting 3720: 3718: 3715: 3713: 3710: 3708: 3705: 3703: 3700: 3699: 3697: 3695: 3691: 3687: 3680: 3675: 3673: 3668: 3666: 3661: 3660: 3657: 3649: 3643: 3639: 3634: 3631: 3627: 3625: 3621: 3619: 3615: 3612: 3608: 3605: 3601: 3598: 3595: 3592: 3591: 3573: 3569: 3563: 3555: 3551: 3547: 3543: 3538: 3533: 3529: 3525: 3521: 3514: 3506: 3502: 3498: 3494: 3490: 3486: 3482: 3478: 3474: 3470: 3466: 3459: 3451: 3447: 3443: 3439: 3435: 3431: 3427: 3423: 3419: 3412: 3404: 3400: 3396: 3392: 3388: 3384: 3380: 3376: 3372: 3368: 3364: 3357: 3349: 3345: 3341: 3337: 3333: 3329: 3325: 3321: 3317: 3310: 3302: 3295: 3287: 3283: 3279: 3275: 3271: 3267: 3263: 3259: 3255: 3248: 3240: 3236: 3231: 3226: 3222: 3218: 3215:(1): 95–107. 3214: 3210: 3206: 3202: 3201:Glover, G. H. 3195: 3187: 3183: 3179: 3175: 3171: 3167: 3163: 3159: 3155: 3148: 3140: 3136: 3132: 3128: 3124: 3120: 3116: 3112: 3105: 3097: 3093: 3089: 3085: 3081: 3077: 3073: 3069: 3062: 3054: 3050: 3045: 3040: 3036: 3032: 3025: 3017: 3015:9780262312790 3011: 3007: 3003: 2999: 2998: 2990: 2982: 2978: 2974: 2970: 2963: 2955: 2951: 2947: 2943: 2936: 2934: 2925: 2918: 2910: 2906: 2901: 2896: 2892: 2888: 2884: 2880: 2876: 2869: 2861: 2857: 2853: 2849: 2842: 2835: 2831: 2827: 2821: 2814: 2810: 2806: 2802: 2798: 2792: 2785: 2779: 2771: 2767: 2763: 2759: 2755: 2751: 2747: 2743: 2736: 2728: 2724: 2720: 2716: 2711: 2706: 2702: 2698: 2694: 2690: 2682: 2674: 2670: 2665: 2660: 2656: 2652: 2648: 2644: 2640: 2633: 2625: 2621: 2617: 2613: 2609: 2605: 2601: 2597: 2590: 2582: 2578: 2573: 2568: 2564: 2560: 2556: 2552: 2548: 2541: 2533: 2529: 2524: 2519: 2515: 2511: 2507: 2503: 2499: 2492: 2485: 2479: 2472: 2466: 2459: 2453: 2446: 2440: 2433: 2427: 2420: 2414: 2407: 2401: 2395:176, 217-226. 2394: 2388: 2381: 2377: 2371: 2364: 2358: 2350: 2346: 2341: 2336: 2331: 2326: 2322: 2318: 2314: 2310: 2306: 2299: 2292: 2286: 2279: 2275: 2271: 2265: 2257: 2253: 2249: 2245: 2241: 2237: 2230: 2223: 2215: 2211: 2207: 2203: 2199: 2195: 2188: 2181: 2168: 2164: 2160: 2156: 2149: 2147: 2145: 2143: 2141: 2139: 2137: 2135: 2126: 2122: 2116: 2101: 2095: 2093: 2091: 2089: 2087: 2085: 2083: 2081: 2079: 2069: 2060: 2051: 2037: 2033: 2029: 2025: 2018: 2011: 2003: 1996: 1988: 1984: 1980: 1978:0-674-11636-4 1974: 1970: 1963: 1955: 1948: 1940: 1936: 1931: 1926: 1922: 1918: 1913: 1908: 1904: 1900: 1896: 1889: 1887: 1879: 1873: 1864: 1859: 1855: 1851: 1847: 1840: 1838: 1836: 1834: 1832: 1830: 1828: 1820: 1814: 1812: 1810: 1808: 1806: 1804: 1802: 1800: 1798: 1796: 1794: 1792: 1784: 1778: 1771: 1765: 1758: 1752: 1745: 1739: 1732: 1731:Neural Plast. 1726: 1717: 1712: 1708: 1704: 1700: 1693: 1691: 1689: 1687: 1685: 1683: 1681: 1679: 1677: 1675: 1673: 1671: 1669: 1667: 1665: 1663: 1661: 1653: 1647: 1640: 1636: 1630: 1628: 1626: 1617: 1611: 1607: 1600: 1592: 1586: 1582: 1575: 1567: 1563: 1559: 1552: 1544: 1537: 1529: 1525: 1520: 1515: 1511: 1507: 1503: 1496: 1482: 1478: 1472: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1450: 1442: 1434: 1430: 1426: 1419: 1406: 1402: 1398: 1392: 1388: 1384: 1380: 1376: 1370: 1362: 1358: 1353: 1352: 1343: 1330: 1324: 1320: 1316: 1312: 1308: 1302: 1294: 1290: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1270: 1263: 1255: 1248: 1241: 1237: 1231: 1229: 1222: 1221:0-205-45769-X 1218: 1214: 1208: 1195: 1193:1-55798-652-5 1189: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1166: 1158: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1143: 1135: 1122: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1104: 1100: 1093: 1089: 1079: 1076: 1073: 1070: 1067: 1064: 1061: 1058: 1055: 1052: 1051: 1045: 1042: 1038: 1034: 1023: 1020: 1012: 1001: 998: 994: 991: 987: 984: 980: 977: 973: 970: – 969: 965: 964:Find sources: 958: 952: 951: 947: 942:This section 940: 936: 931: 930: 922: 920: 916: 912: 907: 903: 888: 885: 881: 877: 867: 858: 849: 840: 836: 830: 827: 824: 823: 822: 820: 816: 806: 801: 791: 789: 788:Immanuel Kant 785: 781: 772: 770: 765: 761: 755: 740: 737: 732: 730: 726: 720: 705: 703: 698: 694: 690: 684: 682: 678: 674: 669: 664: 662: 658: 654: 650: 646: 642: 641:extended mind 638: 634: 630: 626: 620: 610: 608: 604: 599: 590: 581: 572: 563: 559: 557: 553: 537: 528: 527:rejectivity. 519: 510: 501: 492: 483: 474: 465: 461: 455:Erik Erickson 452: 444: 442: 438: 433: 431: 421: 417: 408: 404: 402: 386: 382: 380: 374: 371: 367: 357: 354: 349: 339: 337: 333: 329: 325: 320: 314: 312: 308: 304: 300: 298: 294: 291: 287: 283: 281: 277: 272: 268: 267:Anne Treisman 264: 260: 256: 254: 250: 246: 242: 238: 234: 223: 220: 216: 212: 210: 206: 201: 197: 195: 191: 187: 184: 180: 176: 174: 170: 166: 165:Arnold Gesell 162: 160: 156: 155: 150: 146: 144: 140: 139:Sigmund Freud 136: 134: 130: 126: 122: 118: 115: 114: 109: 105: 96: 94: 90: 86: 82: 77: 75: 70: 66: 62: 58: 54: 50: 46: 44: 40: 36: 32: 28: 22: 5877:Neuroscience 5843: 5830: 5817: 5804: 5563:Sociobiology 5421:Neuroscience 5401:Intelligence 5065: 4947:Anthropology 4900:Color vision 4885:Multitasking 4864:Flynn effect 4859:Intelligence 4841:Folk biology 4584:Evolutionary 4371:David Elkind 4222:Codependency 4207:Child labour 4063:Latchkey kid 4053:Introjection 3839:Introjection 3818: 3789: 3776: 3742:Noncustodial 3637: 3575:. 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Retrieved 1480: 1471: 1461:, retrieved 1448: 1441: 1424: 1418: 1408:, retrieved 1378: 1369: 1350: 1342: 1332:, retrieved 1310: 1301: 1279:(1): 58–63. 1276: 1272: 1262: 1253: 1247: 1235: 1212: 1207: 1197:, retrieved 1175: 1165: 1141: 1134: 1124:, retrieved 1102: 1092: 1030: 1015: 1006: 996: 989: 982: 975: 963: 943: 899: 876:false-belief 873: 864: 855: 846: 837: 834: 812: 809:Neuroscience 803: 778: 760:Edward Sapir 757: 736:bilingualism 733: 729:Noam Chomsky 722: 685: 665: 622: 600: 596: 587: 578: 569: 560: 556:non-nativist 548: 534: 525: 516: 507: 498: 489: 480: 471: 462: 458: 450: 434: 430:conservation 427: 418: 414: 405: 397: 383: 379:Robert Kegan 375: 369: 363: 351: 315: 302: 301: 296: 295: 285: 284: 262: 261: 257: 229: 215:Lev Vygotsky 213: 208: 204: 198: 192:devised the 188: 183:neo-Freudian 179:Erik Erikson 177: 163: 152: 147: 137: 132: 128: 127:in 1895 and 124: 119: 111: 106: 102: 78: 68: 64: 60: 57:sensorimotor 56: 47: 31:neuroscience 26: 25: 5702:Determinism 5614:Coevolution 5558:Primatology 5396:Gender role 5301:Orientation 5181:Screen time 5038:Affectional 5020:Development 4699:Mate choice 4626:By-products 4594:Adaptations 4557:Cognitivism 4381:Haim Ginott 4356:John Bowlby 4202:Child abuse 4122:educational 4038:Habituation 4023:Co-sleeping 3809:Behaviorism 3737:Foster care 3727:Coparenting 3264:(5): 1163. 2695:: 425–436. 1856:(4): 1–17. 1770:Nat Commun. 1709:(4): 1–17. 1033:transgender 769:Animal Farm 625:Externalism 353:Jean Piaget 342:Jean Piaget 207:(1976) and 121:James Sully 49:Jean Piaget 5861:Categories 5649:Population 5644:Lamarckism 5490:behavioral 5468:Behavioral 5416:Narcissism 5361:Aggression 5151:Hypophobia 5141:Depression 5028:Attachment 5010:Universals 4974:Psychology 4952:Biological 4940:Musicology 4930:Aesthetics 4829:Basophobia 4636:Exaptation 4614:Reciprocal 4396:Truby King 4290:Disownment 4103:Television 4093:Role model 4018:Child care 3996:Techniques 3962:Soccer mom 3932:Enmeshment 3869:Pediatrics 3577:2023-05-11 2689:NeuroImage 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