798:
42:
2104:
782:. There is no evidence to support administering fever reducing medications such as acetaminophen at the time of a febrile seizure or to prevent the rate of recurrence. Rapid cooling methods such as an ice bath or a cold bath should be avoided as a method to lower the child's temperature, especially during a febrile seizure.
698:
Lumbar puncture is recommended if there are obvious signs and symptoms of meningitis or if there is high clinical suspicion. However, lumbar puncture is an option that may be considered in children younger than 12 months of age since signs and symptoms of meningitis may be atypical, if the child does
291:
Signs and symptoms depend on if the febrile seizure is simple versus complex. In general, the child's temperature is greater than 38 °C (100.4 °F), although most have a fever of 39 °C (102.2 °F) or higher. Most febrile seizures will occur during the first 24 hours of developing a
902:
Febrile seizures happen between the ages of 6 months and 5 years. The peak age for a febrile seizure is 18 months, with the most common age range being 12–30 months of age. They affect between 2-5% of children. They are more common in boys than girls. Febrile seizures can occur in any ethnic group,
877:
significantly more likely (about 3–5%) compared with the general public (1%). Children with febrile convulsions are more likely to have a febrile seizure in the future if they were young at their first seizure (less than 18 months old), have a family history of a febrile convulsions in first-degree
678:
Diagnosis involves gathering a detailed history including the value of highest temperature recorded, timing of seizure and fever, seizure characteristics, time to return to baseline, vaccination history, illness exposures, family history, etc.; and performing a physical exam that looks for signs of
480:
Febrile seizures are due to fevers, usually those greater than 38 °C (100.4 °F). The cause of the fevers is often a viral illness. The likelihood of a febrile seizure is related to how high the temperature reaches. Some feel that the rate of increase is not important while others feel the
278:
Febrile seizures affect 2–10% of children. They are more common in boys than girls. After a single febrile seizure there is an approximately 35% chance of having another one during childhood. Outcomes are generally excellent with similar academic achievements to other children and no change in the
211:
but without any serious underlying health issue. They most commonly occur in children between the ages of 6 months and 5 years. Most seizures are less than five minutes in duration, and the child is completely back to normal within an hour of the event. There are two types: simple febrile seizures
841:
Secondary causes of a seizure should be addressed if present. Questions that may be asked of the caregivers who witnessed the seizure include the length of the seizure, the timing of the day, loss of consciousness, loss of bowel or urinary continence, a period of altered level of consciousness or
820:
Seek immediate medical attention if this is the child's first febrile seizure and take the child to the doctor once the seizure has ended to check for the cause of the fever. This is especially urgent if the child shows symptoms of stiff neck, extreme lethargy, or abundant vomiting, which may be
556:
It was previously thought that febrile seizures were more likely to occur with the combined MMRV vaccine, but recent studies have found there to be no significant increase. Overall, febrile seizures triggered by vaccines are uncommon. Children who have a genetic predisposition towards febrile
809:
Note the start time of the seizure. If the seizure lasts longer than 5 minutes, call an ambulance. Medication to stop seizure, such as rectal diazepam or intranasal midazolam may be used. The child should be taken immediately to the nearest medical facility for further diagnosis and
816:
Position the child on his or her side or stomach to prevent choking. When possible, gently remove any objects from the child's mouth. Nothing should ever be placed in the child's mouth during a convulsion. These objects can obstruct the child's airway and make breathing
842:
confusion once the seizure stopped, movement of the eyes to a specific side, recent infections, recent medication usage including antibiotics or fever reducer medications, family history of febrile and afebrile seizures, vaccination and travel history.
216:
lasting less than 15 minutes in a 24-hour period. Complex febrile seizures have focal symptoms, last longer than 15 minutes, or occur more than once within 24 hours. About 80% are classified as simple febrile seizures.
845:
Vital signs should be monitored in the emergency department along with observation for 6 hours. Evaluation for the cause of fever should be performed including signs of an infection such as a bulging tympanic membrane
2404:
2389:
825:
In those with a single seizure lasting greater than 5 minutes or two consecutive seizures lasting greater than 5 minutes in which the person has not returned to their baseline mental status, defined as
830:, intravenous lorazepam, rectal diazepam, or intranasal midazolam is recommended. Anti-seizure medication are used in status epilepticus in an effort to prevent complications such as injury to the
603:
The exact underlying mechanism of febrile seizures is still unknown, but it is thought to be multi-factorial involving genetic and environmental factors. Speculation includes immaturity of the
615:, may help explain why children, particularly younger than age 3, are prone to febrile seizures, with occurrences decreasing after age 5. Other proposed mechanisms include the interactions of
296:, opened eyes which may be deviated or appear to be looking towards one direction, irregular breathing, increased secretions or foaming at the mouth, and the child may look pale or blue (
2089:
878:
relatives (a parent or sibling), have a short time between the onset of fever and the seizure, had a low degree of fever before their seizure, or have a seizure history of abnormal
870:. Those who have one febrile seizure have an approximately 30- 40% chance of having another one in the next two years, with the risk being greater in those who are younger.
515:. The risk is only slightly increased for a few days after receiving one of the implicated vaccines during the time when the child is likely to develop a fever as a natural
2213:
Vestergaard M, Pedersen MG, Ostergaard JR, Pedersen CB, Olsen J, Christensen J (August 2008). "Death in children with febrile seizures: a population-based cohort study".
671:, the risk of bacterial meningitis is low. If a child has recovered and is acting normally, bacterial meningitis is very unlikely, making further procedures such as a
564:
or metabolic problems. They run in families with reported family history in approximately 33% of people. Several genetic associations have been identified, including
623:, which are released during a fever, causing elevated temperatures in the brain, which may somehow lead to a seizure. Specific cytokines implicated include elevated
813:
Gradually place the child on a protected surface such as the floor or ground to prevent accidental injury. Do not restrain or hold a child during a convulsion.
3122:
1793:
Ma SJ, Xiong YQ, Jiang LN, Chen Q (2015). "Risk of febrile seizure after measles–mumps–rubella–varicella vaccine: A systematic review and meta-analysis".
3625:
858:), and a widespread rash. CNS infections such as meningitis, encephalitis and brain abscesses should be ruled out, along with electrolyte abnormalities.
707:
1121:
3194:
3170:
2515:
723:
565:
3817:
3045:
2015:
Wilmshurst JM, Gaillard WD, Vinayan KP, Tsuchida TN, Plouin P, Van
Bogaert P, Carrizosa J, Elia M, Craiu D, Jovic NJ, Nordli D (August 2015).
746:, and convulsive syncope. However, febrile seizures are still the most likely cause of convulsions in children under the age of 5 years old.
2081:
3870:
1730:
1530:
1466:
727:
248:(EEG) is typically not needed. Examination to determine the source of the fever is recommended. In otherwise healthy-looking children a
3127:
3856:
312:
is a subtype of complex febrile seizures that lasts for longer than 30 minutes. It can occur in up to 5% of febrile seizure cases.
2883:
2800:
279:
risk of death for those with simple seizures. There is tentative evidence that affected children have a slightly increased risk of
2951:
873:
Simple febrile seizures do not tend to recur frequently (children tend to outgrow them) and do not make the development of adult
692:
3636:
3533:
2017:"Summary of recommendations for the management of infantile seizures: Task Force Report for the ILAE Commission of Pediatrics"
263:
are recommended in an effort to prevent further simple febrile seizures. In the few cases that last greater than 5 minutes, a
1163:
3723:
3586:
2714:
336:
1874:
King D, King A (October 2014). "Question 2: Should children who have a febrile seizure be screened for iron deficiency?".
3803:
2847:
2508:
2419:
504:. Although the exact mechanism is unknown, it is speculated that these infections may affect the brain directly or via a
3738:
3487:
3426:
2777:
1694:
1833:
Whelan H, Harmelink M, Chou E, Sallowm D, Khan N, Patil R, Sannagowdara K, Kim JH, Chen WL, Khalil S, Bajic I (2017).
789:
but there is a high rate of adverse effects. They are thus not recommended as an effort to prevent further seizures.
3521:
2977:
2862:
2734:
2686:
1919:"Relationship between iron deficiency anemia and febrile seizures in children: A systematic review and meta-analysis"
1724:
1524:
1460:
612:
489:
3285:
3280:
561:
3789:
3784:
3369:
3213:
2805:
2608:
573:
1544:
Ahmad S, Marsh ED (September 2010). "Febrile status epilepticus: current state of clinical and basic research".
3897:
3851:
3412:
3208:
3059:
2822:
2795:
2501:
3773:
3697:
3600:
3223:
3064:
3002:
212:
and complex febrile seizures. Simple febrile seizures involve an otherwise healthy child who has at most one
3507:
3398:
3165:
2992:
2857:
2772:
1592:"Febrile Seizures: Guideline for the Neurodiagnostic Evaluation of the Child With a Simple Febrile Seizure"
3779:
3562:
2944:
2827:
2739:
3827:
2744:
1113:
779:
588:
224:. They may run in families. The underlying mechanism is not fully known, but it is thought to involve
3297:
2895:
991:
Graves RC, Oehler K, Tingle LE (January 2012). "Febrile seizures: risks, evaluation, and prognosis".
851:
607:
at younger ages, making the brain more vulnerable to the effects of fever. The increased activity of
126:
1719:(2nd ed.). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 661.
1519:(2nd ed.). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 266.
1298:
Patel N, Ram D, Swiderska N, Mewasingh LD, Newton RW, Offringa M (August 2015). "Febrile seizures".
3492:
2691:
2430:
855:
662:
3344:
2656:
2621:
883:
256:
903:
although there have been higher rates in
Guamanians (14%), Japanese (6-9%) and Indians (5-10%).
3937:
3218:
3103:
2937:
2671:
2651:
2591:
835:
805:
If a child is having a febrile seizure, the following recommendations are made for caregivers:
688:
667:
646:
604:
229:
133:
2470:
1714:
1514:
1450:
3912:
3752:
2729:
2676:
715:
260:
232:. The diagnosis involves verifying that there is not an infection of the brain, there are no
3318:
3108:
2912:
2706:
2696:
2616:
2567:
743:
684:
544:
528:
245:
213:
79:
8:
3932:
2900:
2867:
2408:
1452:
Pocket
Pediatrics: The Massachusetts General Hospital for Children Handbook of Pediatrics
624:
577:
50:
2335:
Patterson JL, Carapetian SA, Hageman JR, Kelley KR (December 2013). "Febrile seizures".
3832:
3822:
3655:
2787:
2764:
2413:
2312:
2287:
2238:
2195:
2147:
2122:
2054:
1992:
1959:
1899:
1765:
1748:
1667:
1483:
1426:
1393:
1323:
1262:
1237:
1046:
827:
711:
627:
581:
309:
233:
142:
74:
63:
2226:
2082:"Febrile Seizures Fact Sheet. National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke"
894:
has been shown for complex febrile seizures, partly related to underlying conditions.
3669:
3572:
3497:
3473:
3360:
2852:
2681:
2524:
2441:
2352:
2317:
2268:
2230:
2187:
2152:
2046:
2038:
1997:
1979:
1940:
1891:
1887:
1856:
1810:
1770:
1720:
1690:
1659:
1655:
1621:
1613:
1561:
1520:
1456:
1431:
1413:
1369:
1315:
1267:
1169:
1159:
1154:
Roddy SM, McBride MC (2017). "Chapter 327: Seizure
Disorders". In McInerny TK (ed.).
1082:
1038:
1000:
550:
374:
58:
2481:
2242:
2199:
2058:
1903:
1851:
1834:
1749:"Prophylactic antipyretics for prevention of febrile seizures following vaccination"
1671:
1348:"Cytokine levels in febrile seizure patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis"
1327:
1050:
3711:
3616:
3567:
3548:
3502:
3459:
3445:
3431:
3256:
3251:
3237:
3189:
3078:
3026:
3021:
3016:
2917:
2906:
2749:
2661:
2562:
2344:
2307:
2299:
2222:
2179:
2142:
2134:
2028:
1987:
1975:
1971:
1930:
1883:
1846:
1802:
1760:
1651:
1603:
1553:
1421:
1409:
1405:
1359:
1307:
1257:
1249:
1030:
866:
Long term outcomes are generally good with little risk of neurological problems or
208:
114:
1935:
1918:
1806:
1364:
1347:
3882:
3650:
3631:
3384:
3270:
3040:
2997:
2968:
2889:
2719:
2557:
2552:
2435:
2348:
2183:
1034:
785:
There is a decrease of recurrent febrile seizures with intermittent diazepam and
672:
592:
569:
516:
364:
293:
249:
221:
152:
2138:
3143:
2815:
2810:
2724:
2598:
2583:
2547:
1642:
Nakayama J, Arinami T (August 2006). "Molecular genetics of febrile seizures".
1557:
1074:
891:
264:
164:
2446:
2398:
3926:
3683:
2960:
2640:
2631:
2542:
2108:
2042:
1983:
1617:
1417:
1173:
786:
634:
631:
497:
481:
rate of increase is a risk factor. This latter position has not been proven.
342:
2303:
1346:
Kwon A, Kwak BO, Kim K, Ha J, Kim SJ, Bae SH, Son JS, Kim SN, Lee R (2018).
797:
300:). They may become incontinent (wet or soil themselves) and may also vomit.
41:
3691:
2929:
2356:
2321:
2272:
2234:
2191:
2156:
2050:
2001:
1944:
1895:
1860:
1814:
1774:
1663:
1625:
1608:
1591:
1565:
1435:
1373:
1319:
1271:
1086:
1042:
1004:
879:
847:
680:
658:
616:
523:
485:
275:
may be used. Efforts to rapidly cool during a seizure is not recommended.
3891:
2465:
831:
771:
719:
537:
493:
121:
2493:
1253:
775:
767:
654:
505:
241:
159:
138:
2381:
2033:
2016:
1311:
236:, and there have not been prior seizures that have occurred without a
2476:
2212:
887:
763:
759:
755:
739:
731:
679:
infection including meningitis and neurological status. Blood tests,
308:
There are two types of febrile seizures: simple and complex. Febrile
272:
268:
172:
67:
890:
after a complex febrile seizure is excellent, although an increased
3764:
2528:
1516:
Pediatric hospital medicine : textbook of inpatient management
874:
867:
735:
699:
not return to baseline, or if the child lacks immunization against
620:
585:
512:
297:
280:
225:
2107:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
2014:
850:), red pharynx, enlarged tonsils, enlarged cervical lymph nodes (
706:
Differential diagnosis includes other causes of seizures such as
687:
are generally not needed. However, for complex febrile seizures,
650:
501:
204:
2424:
2334:
1589:
467:
452:
437:
422:
345:
movements (usually affecting a single limb or side of the body)
3746:
3705:
3594:
3580:
3338:
3332:
3326:
3312:
3306:
3072:
3053:
3034:
3010:
2986:
2393:
1394:"Prophylactic drug management for febrile seizures in children"
608:
472:
595:
has also been reported, particularly in the developing world.
3732:
3677:
3663:
3644:
3556:
3515:
3481:
3467:
3453:
3439:
3420:
3406:
3392:
3378:
3264:
3245:
3231:
3202:
3183:
3159:
457:
442:
427:
237:
492:. Other infections associated with febrile seizures include
220:
Febrile seizures are triggered by fever, typically due to a
3864:
3845:
3841:
3811:
3797:
3542:
3116:
3097:
511:
There is a small chance of a febrile seizure after certain
409:
2258:
2170:
Shinnar S, Glauser TA (January 2002). "Febrile seizures".
1832:
1297:
1392:
Offringa M, Newton R, Nevitt SJ, Vraka K (16 June 2021).
1391:
1156:
American
Academy of Pediatrics Textbook of Pediatric Care
821:
signs of meningitis, an infection over the brain surface.
557:
seizures are more likely to have one after vaccination.
484:
In children, illnesses that often cause a fever include
722:, drug use and/or withdrawal, genetic conditions (i.e.
576:
for genetic predisposition to febrile seizures include
2120:
529:
combined diphtheria/tetanus/acellular pertussis/polio/
53:
showing a temperature of 38.8 °C or 101.8 °F
2259:
Cerisola A, ChaibĂşn E, Rosas M, Cibils L (2018). "".
1684:
2371:
1590:
Subcommittee on
Febrile Seizures (1 February 2011).
339:
movements (stiffening and shaking of arms and legs)
703:and pneumococcal or vaccination status is unknown.
1957:
1455:. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 419.
1158:(2nd ed.). : American Academy of Pediatrics.
990:
1685:Greenberg DA, Aminoff MJ, Simon RP (2012). "12".
661:. However, in children who are immunized against
355:<15 minutes (with most lasting <5 minutes)
292:fever. Signs of typical seizure activity include
3924:
2121:Seinfeld S, Goodkin HP, Shinnar S (March 2016).
1960:"EEG for children with complex febrile seizures"
1792:
1512:
2285:
1917:Kwak BO, Kim K, Kim SN, Lee R (November 2017).
1746:
1689:(8th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Medical.
1641:
1637:
1635:
228:, environmental factors, brain immaturity, and
2169:
1958:Shah PB, James S, Elayaraja S (9 April 2020).
1835:"Complex febrile seizures—A systematic review"
1072:
560:The seizures occur, by definition, without an
2945:
2509:
1916:
1345:
1235:
1021:Gupta A (February 2016). "Febrile Seizures".
16:Seizure associated with high body temperature
2959:
2206:
1708:
1706:
1632:
1153:
801:Side positioning for person having a seizure
540:, which is not used in North America anymore
373:Longer period of drowsiness; may experience
2127:Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine
1964:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1398:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
2952:
2938:
2516:
2502:
2076:
2074:
2072:
2070:
2068:
1742:
1740:
1543:
1508:
1506:
1504:
1341:
1339:
1337:
1231:
1229:
1227:
1225:
1223:
1221:
1219:
1217:
1215:
1213:
1211:
1209:
1207:
1205:
1203:
1068:
1066:
1064:
1062:
1060:
986:
984:
982:
980:
978:
976:
974:
972:
970:
968:
966:
964:
962:
960:
958:
956:
954:
952:
950:
948:
946:
944:
942:
940:
938:
936:
283:at 2% compared to the general population.
40:
3857:Progressive symmetric erythrokeratodermia
2523:
2311:
2146:
2032:
1991:
1934:
1850:
1764:
1703:
1678:
1607:
1478:
1476:
1425:
1363:
1293:
1291:
1289:
1287:
1285:
1283:
1281:
1261:
1201:
1199:
1197:
1195:
1193:
1191:
1189:
1187:
1185:
1183:
1149:
1147:
1145:
1143:
1141:
1139:
1108:
1106:
1104:
1102:
1016:
1014:
934:
932:
930:
928:
926:
924:
922:
920:
918:
916:
3871:Clouston's hidrotic ectodermal dysplasia
2884:Citizens United for Research in Epilepsy
2328:
2008:
1873:
1747:Monfries N, Goldman RD (February 2017).
796:
2065:
1737:
1501:
1334:
1057:
538:diphtheria-tetanus-whole-cell pertussis
3925:
3818:Keratitis–ichthyosis–deafness syndrome
3637:Congenital absence of the vas deferens
1733:from the original on 6 September 2017.
1533:from the original on 6 September 2017.
1473:
1469:from the original on 6 September 2017.
1448:
1278:
1180:
1136:
1099:
1011:
913:
2933:
2497:
2286:Waruiru C, Appleton R (August 2004).
2254:
2252:
1828:
1826:
1824:
1788:
1786:
1784:
1712:
1585:
1583:
1581:
1579:
1577:
1575:
1020:
286:
2801:Dentatorubral–pallidoluysian atrophy
1387:
1385:
1383:
754:There is no benefit from the use of
386:No recurrence in the first 24 hours
2848:Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy
1236:Leung AK, Hon KL, Leung TN (2018).
1124:from the original on 6 October 2014
370:None or short period of drowsiness
13:
3488:Jervell and Lange-Nielsen syndrome
3427:Jervell and Lange-Nielsen syndrome
2778:Complex partial status epilepticus
2249:
1821:
1781:
1716:Epilepsy: a comprehensive textbook
1572:
490:viral upper respiratory infections
14:
3949:
2863:Psychogenic non-epileptic seizure
2735:Benign familial neonatal seizures
2687:Sleep-related hypermotor epilepsy
2367:
2092:from the original on 28 July 2017
1380:
710:(i.e. meningitis, encephalitis),
3898:Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus 2
3286:Congenital insensitivity to pain
3281:Paroxysmal extreme pain disorder
3209:Hypokalemic periodic paralysis 2
3060:Hypokalemic periodic paralysis 1
2292:Archives of Disease in Childhood
2102:
1888:10.1136/archdischild-2014-306689
1876:Archives of Disease in Childhood
1656:10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2005.11.023
389:May recur in the first 24 hours
3790:Hypoplastic left heart syndrome
3601:Thyrotoxic periodic paralysis 2
3214:Hyperkalemic periodic paralysis
3065:Thyrotoxic periodic paralysis 1
2279:
2163:
2114:
1951:
1910:
1867:
1852:10.1016/j.disamonth.2016.12.001
1546:Seminars in Pediatric Neurology
1537:
1442:
1238:"Febrile seizures: an overview"
897:
524:measles/mumps/rubella/varicella
519:. Implicated vaccines include:
3852:Erythrokeratodermia variabilis
3804:Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease X1
3508:Familial atrial fibrillation 3
3413:Spinocerebellar ataxia type-13
3399:Familial atrial fibrillation 7
3166:Familial hemiplegic migraine 3
2993:Familial hemiplegic migraine 1
2823:Early myoclonic encephalopathy
2796:Progressive myoclonus epilepsy
1976:10.1002/14651858.CD009196.pub5
1513:Ronald M. Perkin, ed. (2008).
1410:10.1002/14651858.CD003031.pub4
1114:"Symptoms of febrile seizures"
1073:Xixis KL, Keenaghan M (2019),
1023:Continuum (Minneapolis, Minn.)
244:, imaging of the brain, or an
1:
3698:Vitelliform macular dystrophy
3224:Potassium-aggravated myotonia
3003:Spinocerebellar ataxia type-6
2288:"Febrile seizures: an update"
2227:10.1016/S0140-6736(08)61198-8
1936:10.1016/j.seizure.2017.09.009
1807:10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.06.009
1365:10.1016/j.seizure.2018.04.023
906:
749:
252:is not necessarily required.
97:Typically less than 5 minutes
35:Fever fit, febrile convulsion
2773:Epilepsia partialis continua
2349:10.3928/00904481-20131122-09
2184:10.1177/08830738020170010601
1035:10.1212/CON.0000000000000274
861:
792:
640:
598:
7:
3785:Hallermann–Streiff syndrome
3780:Oculodentodigital dysplasia
3345:Pseudohypoaldosteronism 1AR
2828:Juvenile myoclonic epilepsy
2806:Unverricht–Lundborg disease
2139:10.1101/cshperspect.a022830
89:Ages of 6 months to 5 years
10:
3954:
2745:Myoclonic astatic epilepsy
2172:Journal of Child Neurology
1558:10.1016/j.spen.2010.06.004
653:and fever: in particular,
589:multifactorial inheritance
549:some types of inactivated
3908:
3881:
3763:
3722:
3615:
3532:
3368:
3359:
3296:
3151:
3142:
3089:
2976:
2967:
2896:Epilepsy Action Australia
2876:
2840:
2786:
2763:
2705:
2639:
2630:
2607:
2576:
2535:
2456:
2375:
1753:Canadian Family Physician
1081:, StatPearls Publishing,
993:American Family Physician
852:streptococcal pharyngitis
645:The diagnosis is made by
395:
181:
171:
158:
148:
132:
120:
109:
101:
93:
85:
73:
57:
48:
39:
31:
26:
2961:Diseases of ion channels
2858:Landau–Kleffner syndrome
2692:Panayiotopoulos syndrome
856:infectious mononucleosis
337:Generalized tonic clonic
303:
3563:Andersen–Tawil syndrome
2740:Lennox–Gastaut syndrome
2622:Epilepsy and employment
2304:10.1136/adc.2003.028449
649:more serious causes of
613:rapid brain development
257:anti-seizure medication
207:associated with a high
3828:Bart–Pumphrey syndrome
3219:Paramyotonia congenita
3104:Malignant hyperthermia
2672:Temporal lobe epilepsy
2592:Electroencephalography
1609:10.1542/peds.2010-3318
836:temporal lobe epilepsy
802:
716:electrolyte imbalances
712:metabolic disturbances
701:Haemophilus influenzae
668:Haemophilus influenzae
617:inflammatory mediators
605:central nervous system
591:. An association with
562:intracranial infection
531:Haemophilus influenzae
230:inflammatory mediators
134:Differential diagnosis
3753:Mucolipidosis type IV
3298:Constitutively active
2677:Frontal lobe epilepsy
800:
744:breath holding spells
543:some versions of the
508:leading to seizures.
486:middle ear infections
401:Genetic associations
294:loss of consciousness
261:anti-fever medication
3684:Osteopetrosis A2, B4
3493:Romano–Ward syndrome
3109:Central core disease
2913:Epilepsy Research UK
2697:Vertiginous epilepsy
2617:Epilepsy and driving
2568:Epilepsy in children
2123:"Status Epilepticus"
1029:(1 Epilepsy): 51–9.
691:and imaging with an
685:electroencephalogram
681:imaging of the brain
574:modes of inheritance
545:pneumococcal vaccine
246:electroencephalogram
214:tonic-clonic seizure
80:Tonic-clonic seizure
3238:Long QT syndrome 10
2901:Epilepsy Foundation
2868:Epilepsy in animals
2548:Aura (warning sign)
2178:(Suppl 1): S44-52.
1650:(Suppl 1): S190-8.
884:developmental delay
578:autosomal dominance
402:
317:
143:metabolic disorders
51:medical thermometer
3833:Vohwinkel syndrome
3823:Ichthyosis hystrix
3712:Bartter syndrome 3
3656:Myotonia congenita
3568:Long QT syndrome 7
3549:Bartter syndrome 2
3503:Long QT syndrome 1
3460:Brugada syndrome 5
3446:Long QT syndrome 6
3432:Long QT syndrome 5
3276:Febrile seizure 3B
3257:Long QT syndrome 3
3252:Brugada syndrome 1
3190:Brugada syndrome 6
3176:Febrile seizure 3A
3079:Brugada syndrome 4
3027:Long QT syndrome 8
3022:Brugada syndrome 3
2788:Myoclonic epilepsy
2765:Status epilepticus
2457:External resources
2267:(Suppl 2): 18–24.
1687:Clinical neurology
1484:"Febrile Seizures"
1254:10.7573/dic.212536
1120:. 1 October 2012.
828:status epilepticus
803:
582:reduced penetrance
400:
315:
310:status epilepticus
287:Signs and symptoms
234:metabolic problems
201:febrile convulsion
195:, also known as a
64:Emergency medicine
3920:
3919:
3611:
3610:
3573:Short QT syndrome
3498:Short QT syndrome
3474:Short QT syndrome
3385:Episodic ataxia 1
3361:Potassium channel
3355:
3354:
3319:Liddle's syndrome
3138:
3137:
3041:Ocular albinism 2
2998:Episodic ataxia 2
2927:
2926:
2841:Related disorders
2836:
2835:
2682:Rolandic epilepsy
2491:
2490:
2086:www.ninds.nih.gov
2034:10.1111/epi.13057
1801:(31): 3636–3649.
1644:Epilepsy Research
1449:Prasad P (2013).
1312:10.1136/bmj.h4240
1165:978-1-61002-047-3
1075:"Febrile Seizure"
886:. Similarly, the
551:influenza vaccine
478:
477:
393:
392:
189:
188:
21:Medical condition
3945:
3617:Chloride channel
3534:Inward-rectifier
3366:
3365:
3149:
3148:
3017:Timothy syndrome
2974:
2973:
2954:
2947:
2940:
2931:
2930:
2918:Epilepsy Society
2907:Epilepsy Outlook
2750:Epileptic spasms
2662:Gelastic seizure
2637:
2636:
2563:Neonatal seizure
2518:
2511:
2504:
2495:
2494:
2373:
2372:
2361:
2360:
2337:Pediatric Annals
2332:
2326:
2325:
2315:
2283:
2277:
2276:
2256:
2247:
2246:
2221:(9637): 457–63.
2210:
2204:
2203:
2167:
2161:
2160:
2150:
2118:
2112:
2106:
2105:
2101:
2099:
2097:
2078:
2063:
2062:
2036:
2027:(8): 1185–1197.
2012:
2006:
2005:
1995:
1955:
1949:
1948:
1938:
1914:
1908:
1907:
1871:
1865:
1864:
1854:
1830:
1819:
1818:
1790:
1779:
1778:
1768:
1744:
1735:
1734:
1713:Engel J (2008).
1710:
1701:
1700:
1682:
1676:
1675:
1639:
1630:
1629:
1611:
1587:
1570:
1569:
1541:
1535:
1534:
1510:
1499:
1498:
1496:
1494:
1488:familydoctor.org
1480:
1471:
1470:
1446:
1440:
1439:
1429:
1389:
1378:
1377:
1367:
1343:
1332:
1331:
1295:
1276:
1275:
1265:
1242:Drugs in Context
1233:
1178:
1177:
1151:
1134:
1133:
1131:
1129:
1110:
1097:
1096:
1095:
1093:
1070:
1055:
1054:
1018:
1009:
1008:
988:
695:may be helpful.
693:MRI of the brain
403:
399:
375:Todd's paralysis
318:
314:
209:body temperature
115:body temperature
44:
24:
23:
3953:
3952:
3948:
3947:
3946:
3944:
3943:
3942:
3923:
3922:
3921:
3916:
3904:
3877:
3759:
3718:
3651:Thomsen disease
3632:Cystic fibrosis
3607:
3528:
3351:
3292:
3271:Erythromelalgia
3134:
3085:
2969:Calcium channel
2963:
2958:
2928:
2923:
2890:Epilepsy Action
2872:
2832:
2782:
2759:
2755:Febrile seizure
2720:Absence seizure
2701:
2657:Complex partial
2626:
2609:Personal issues
2603:
2588:Investigations
2584:Anticonvulsants
2572:
2558:Epileptogenesis
2553:Postictal state
2531:
2522:
2492:
2487:
2486:
2452:
2451:
2384:
2370:
2365:
2364:
2333:
2329:
2284:
2280:
2257:
2250:
2211:
2207:
2168:
2164:
2119:
2115:
2103:
2095:
2093:
2080:
2079:
2066:
2013:
2009:
1970:(4): CD009196.
1956:
1952:
1915:
1911:
1872:
1868:
1839:Disease-a-Month
1831:
1822:
1791:
1782:
1745:
1738:
1727:
1711:
1704:
1697:
1683:
1679:
1640:
1633:
1588:
1573:
1542:
1538:
1527:
1511:
1502:
1492:
1490:
1482:
1481:
1474:
1463:
1447:
1443:
1404:(6): CD003031.
1390:
1381:
1344:
1335:
1296:
1279:
1234:
1181:
1166:
1152:
1137:
1127:
1125:
1112:
1111:
1100:
1091:
1089:
1071:
1058:
1019:
1012:
989:
914:
909:
900:
864:
795:
752:
673:lumbar puncture
643:
619:, particularly
601:
593:iron deficiency
570:Dravet Syndrome
517:immune response
398:
365:Postictal state
358:>15 minutes
332:Characteristics
306:
289:
250:lumbar puncture
222:viral infection
193:febrile seizure
185:~5% of children
167:(rarely needed)
165:Benzodiazepines
153:Supportive care
105:Simple, complex
27:Febrile seizure
22:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3951:
3941:
3940:
3935:
3918:
3917:
3909:
3906:
3905:
3903:
3902:
3901:
3900:
3887:
3885:
3879:
3878:
3876:
3875:
3874:
3873:
3861:
3860:
3859:
3854:
3838:
3837:
3836:
3830:
3825:
3820:
3808:
3807:
3806:
3794:
3793:
3792:
3787:
3782:
3769:
3767:
3761:
3760:
3758:
3757:
3756:
3755:
3743:
3742:
3741:
3728:
3726:
3720:
3719:
3717:
3716:
3715:
3714:
3702:
3701:
3700:
3688:
3687:
3686:
3674:
3673:
3672:
3670:Dent's disease
3660:
3659:
3658:
3653:
3641:
3640:
3639:
3634:
3621:
3619:
3613:
3612:
3609:
3608:
3606:
3605:
3604:
3603:
3591:
3590:
3589:
3577:
3576:
3575:
3570:
3565:
3553:
3552:
3551:
3538:
3536:
3530:
3529:
3527:
3526:
3525:
3524:
3512:
3511:
3510:
3505:
3500:
3495:
3490:
3478:
3477:
3476:
3464:
3463:
3462:
3450:
3449:
3448:
3436:
3435:
3434:
3429:
3417:
3416:
3415:
3403:
3402:
3401:
3389:
3388:
3387:
3374:
3372:
3363:
3357:
3356:
3353:
3352:
3350:
3349:
3348:
3347:
3323:
3322:
3321:
3302:
3300:
3294:
3293:
3291:
3290:
3289:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3261:
3260:
3259:
3254:
3242:
3241:
3240:
3228:
3227:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3199:
3198:
3197:
3192:
3180:
3179:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3155:
3153:
3146:
3144:Sodium channel
3140:
3139:
3136:
3135:
3133:
3132:
3131:
3130:
3125:
3113:
3112:
3111:
3106:
3093:
3091:
3087:
3086:
3084:
3083:
3082:
3081:
3069:
3068:
3067:
3062:
3050:
3049:
3048:
3043:
3031:
3030:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3007:
3006:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2982:
2980:
2971:
2965:
2964:
2957:
2956:
2949:
2942:
2934:
2925:
2924:
2922:
2921:
2915:
2910:
2904:
2898:
2893:
2887:
2880:
2878:
2874:
2873:
2871:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2853:Todd's paresis
2850:
2844:
2842:
2838:
2837:
2834:
2833:
2831:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2819:
2818:
2816:Lafora disease
2813:
2811:MERRF syndrome
2808:
2803:
2792:
2790:
2784:
2783:
2781:
2780:
2775:
2769:
2767:
2761:
2760:
2758:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2725:Atonic seizure
2722:
2717:
2711:
2709:
2703:
2702:
2700:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2665:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2652:Simple partial
2649:
2645:
2643:
2634:
2628:
2627:
2625:
2624:
2619:
2613:
2611:
2605:
2604:
2602:
2601:
2599:Epileptologist
2596:
2595:
2594:
2586:
2580:
2578:
2574:
2573:
2571:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2539:
2537:
2533:
2532:
2521:
2520:
2513:
2506:
2498:
2489:
2488:
2485:
2484:
2473:
2461:
2460:
2458:
2454:
2453:
2450:
2449:
2438:
2427:
2416:
2401:
2385:
2380:
2379:
2377:
2376:Classification
2369:
2368:External links
2366:
2363:
2362:
2343:(12): 249–54.
2327:
2278:
2248:
2205:
2162:
2133:(3): a022830.
2113:
2064:
2007:
1950:
1909:
1866:
1820:
1780:
1759:(2): 128–130.
1736:
1725:
1702:
1696:978-0071759052
1695:
1677:
1631:
1602:(2): 389–394.
1571:
1536:
1525:
1500:
1472:
1461:
1441:
1379:
1333:
1277:
1179:
1164:
1135:
1098:
1056:
1010:
911:
910:
908:
905:
899:
896:
863:
860:
823:
822:
818:
814:
811:
794:
791:
751:
748:
708:CNS infections
642:
639:
600:
597:
554:
553:
547:
541:
535:
526:
476:
475:
470:
465:
461:
460:
455:
450:
446:
445:
440:
435:
431:
430:
425:
420:
416:
415:
412:
407:
397:
394:
391:
390:
387:
384:
378:
377:
371:
368:
360:
359:
356:
353:
347:
346:
340:
334:
328:
327:
324:
321:
305:
302:
288:
285:
265:benzodiazepine
187:
186:
183:
179:
178:
175:
169:
168:
162:
156:
155:
150:
146:
145:
136:
130:
129:
127:Family history
124:
118:
117:
111:
107:
106:
103:
99:
98:
95:
91:
90:
87:
83:
82:
77:
71:
70:
61:
55:
54:
46:
45:
37:
36:
33:
29:
28:
20:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3950:
3939:
3938:Seizure types
3936:
3934:
3931:
3930:
3928:
3915:
3914:
3907:
3899:
3896:
3895:
3894:
3893:
3889:
3888:
3886:
3884:
3880:
3872:
3869:
3868:
3867:
3866:
3862:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3849:
3848:
3847:
3843:
3839:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3815:
3814:
3813:
3809:
3805:
3802:
3801:
3800:
3799:
3795:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3777:
3776:
3775:
3771:
3770:
3768:
3766:
3762:
3754:
3751:
3750:
3749:
3748:
3744:
3740:
3737:
3736:
3735:
3734:
3730:
3729:
3727:
3725:
3721:
3713:
3710:
3709:
3708:
3707:
3703:
3699:
3696:
3695:
3694:
3693:
3689:
3685:
3682:
3681:
3680:
3679:
3675:
3671:
3668:
3667:
3666:
3665:
3661:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3648:
3647:
3646:
3642:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3629:
3628:
3627:
3623:
3622:
3620:
3618:
3614:
3602:
3599:
3598:
3597:
3596:
3592:
3588:
3585:
3584:
3583:
3582:
3578:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3560:
3559:
3558:
3554:
3550:
3547:
3546:
3545:
3544:
3540:
3539:
3537:
3535:
3531:
3523:
3520:
3519:
3518:
3517:
3513:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3485:
3484:
3483:
3479:
3475:
3472:
3471:
3470:
3469:
3465:
3461:
3458:
3457:
3456:
3455:
3451:
3447:
3444:
3443:
3442:
3441:
3437:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3424:
3423:
3422:
3418:
3414:
3411:
3410:
3409:
3408:
3404:
3400:
3397:
3396:
3395:
3394:
3390:
3386:
3383:
3382:
3381:
3380:
3376:
3375:
3373:
3371:
3370:Voltage-gated
3367:
3364:
3362:
3358:
3346:
3343:
3342:
3341:
3340:
3335:
3334:
3329:
3328:
3324:
3320:
3317:
3316:
3315:
3314:
3309:
3308:
3304:
3303:
3301:
3299:
3295:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3268:
3267:
3266:
3262:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3249:
3248:
3247:
3243:
3239:
3236:
3235:
3234:
3233:
3229:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3206:
3205:
3204:
3200:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3187:
3186:
3185:
3181:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3163:
3162:
3161:
3157:
3156:
3154:
3152:Voltage-gated
3150:
3147:
3145:
3141:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3120:
3119:
3118:
3114:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3101:
3100:
3099:
3095:
3094:
3092:
3088:
3080:
3077:
3076:
3075:
3074:
3070:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3057:
3056:
3055:
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2996:
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2978:Voltage-gated
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2877:Organizations
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2632:Seizure types
2629:
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2618:
2615:
2614:
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2610:
2606:
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2543:Seizure types
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2109:public domain
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1977:
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1937:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
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999:(2): 149–53.
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892:risk of death
889:
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783:
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675:unnecessary.
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498:Salmonellosis
495:
491:
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469:
466:
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301:
299:
295:
284:
282:
276:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
253:
251:
247:
243:
242:Blood testing
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
218:
215:
210:
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194:
184:
180:
176:
174:
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3913:ion channels
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3890:
3863:
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3090:Ligand gated
3071:
3052:
3033:
3009:
2985:
2754:
2715:Tonic–clonic
2475:
2464:
2440:
2429:
2418:
2403:
2388:
2340:
2336:
2330:
2298:(8): 751–6.
2295:
2291:
2281:
2264:
2260:
2218:
2214:
2208:
2175:
2171:
2165:
2130:
2126:
2116:
2094:. Retrieved
2085:
2024:
2020:
2010:
1967:
1963:
1953:
1926:
1922:
1912:
1879:
1875:
1869:
1842:
1838:
1798:
1794:
1756:
1752:
1715:
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1680:
1647:
1643:
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1595:
1552:(3): 150–4.
1549:
1545:
1539:
1515:
1491:. Retrieved
1487:
1451:
1444:
1401:
1397:
1355:
1351:
1303:
1299:
1245:
1241:
1155:
1126:. Retrieved
1117:
1090:, retrieved
1078:
1026:
1022:
996:
992:
901:
898:Epidemiology
880:neurological
872:
865:
848:otitis media
844:
840:
824:
804:
784:
780:zinc sulfate
753:
705:
700:
697:
677:
666:
663:pneumococcal
659:encephalitis
644:
602:
559:
555:
530:
510:
483:
479:
381:
363:
350:
331:
307:
290:
277:
254:
219:
200:
196:
192:
190:
122:Risk factors
18:
3724:TRP channel
2707:Generalised
2466:MedlinePlus
1845:(1): 5–23.
832:hippocampus
647:eliminating
572:. Possible
494:Shigellosis
86:Usual onset
32:Other names
3933:Pediatrics
3927:Categories
3911:See also:
2730:Automatism
2577:Management
2442:DiseasesDB
1596:Pediatrics
1493:24 January
1248:: 212536.
1128:13 October
1118:www.nhs.uk
1092:13 January
1079:StatPearls
907:References
817:difficult.
810:treatment.
776:pyridoxine
768:diclofenac
750:Prevention
738:, febrile
734:, febrile
720:CNS trauma
655:meningitis
506:neurotoxin
382:Recurrence
160:Medication
139:Meningitis
49:An analog
2482:neuro/134
2477:eMedicine
2043:1528-1167
2021:Epilepsia
1984:1469-493X
1929:: 27–34.
1618:0031-4005
1418:1469-493X
1306:: h4240.
1174:952123506
888:prognosis
882:signs or
862:Prognosis
793:Treatment
764:ibuprofen
760:valproate
756:phenytoin
740:myoclonus
732:shivering
641:Diagnosis
621:cytokines
599:Mechanism
586:polygenic
273:midazolam
269:lorazepam
197:fever fit
182:Frequency
173:Prognosis
149:Treatment
68:neurology
59:Specialty
3765:Connexin
2668:Epilepsy
2648:Seizures
2529:epilepsy
2525:Seizures
2357:24295158
2322:15269077
2273:30199360
2261:Medicina
2243:17305241
2235:18692714
2200:11876657
2192:11918463
2157:26931807
2096:9 August
2090:Archived
2059:13707556
2051:26122601
2002:32270497
1945:28957722
1904:43130862
1896:25217390
1861:28089358
1815:26073015
1775:28209678
1731:Archived
1672:34951349
1664:16887333
1626:21285335
1566:20727483
1531:Archived
1467:Archived
1436:34131913
1374:29727742
1358:: 5–10.
1328:35218071
1320:26286537
1272:30038660
1122:Archived
1087:28846243
1051:33033538
1043:26844730
1005:22335215
875:epilepsy
868:epilepsy
736:delirium
513:vaccines
351:Duration
326:Complex
298:cyanotic
281:epilepsy
267:such as
255:Neither
226:genetics
94:Duration
75:Symptoms
3195:GEFS+ 1
3171:GEFS+ 2
3054:CACNA1S
3035:CACNA1F
3011:CACNA1C
2987:CACNA1A
2436:D003294
2313:1720014
2148:4772080
1993:7142325
1923:Seizure
1795:Vaccine
1766:5395384
1427:8207248
1352:Seizure
1263:6052913
683:and an
651:seizure
611:during
609:neurons
502:Roseola
323:Simple
205:seizure
203:, is a
3747:TRPML1
3706:CLCNKB
3595:KCNJ18
3581:KCNJ11
3339:SCNN1G
3333:SCNN1B
3327:SCNN1A
3313:SCNN1G
3307:SCNN1B
3073:CACNB2
3046:CSNB2A
2536:Basics
2471:000980
2425:604352
2414:780.31
2355:
2320:
2310:
2271:
2241:
2233:
2215:Lancet
2198:
2190:
2155:
2145:
2057:
2049:
2041:
2000:
1990:
1982:
1943:
1902:
1894:
1859:
1813:
1773:
1763:
1723:
1693:
1670:
1662:
1624:
1616:
1564:
1523:
1459:
1434:
1424:
1416:
1372:
1326:
1318:
1270:
1260:
1172:
1162:
1085:
1049:
1041:
1003:
714:(i.e.
533:type b
500:, and
473:GABRG2
468:611277
453:604352
438:604403
434:FEB3B
423:604403
419:FEB3A
396:Causes
316:Types
110:Causes
3883:Porin
3739:FSGS2
3733:TRPC6
3692:BEST1
3678:CLCN7
3664:CLCN5
3645:CLCN1
3587:TNDM3
3557:KCNJ2
3543:KCNJ1
3522:BFNS1
3516:KCNQ2
3482:KCNQ1
3468:KCNH2
3454:KCNE3
3440:KCNE2
3421:KCNE1
3407:KCNC3
3393:KCNA5
3379:KCNA1
3265:SCN9A
3246:SCN5A
3232:SCN4B
3203:SCN4A
3184:SCN1B
3160:SCN1A
3128:ARVD2
3123:CPVT1
2641:Focal
2399:R56.0
2239:S2CID
2196:S2CID
2055:S2CID
1900:S2CID
1668:S2CID
1324:S2CID
1047:S2CID
778:, or
728:FIRES
724:GEFS+
632:serum
628:IL-1β
580:with
566:GEFS+
464:FEB8
458:GPR98
449:FEB4
443:SCN9A
428:SCN1A
414:Gene
343:Focal
304:Types
238:fever
113:High
102:Types
3892:AQP2
3865:GJB6
3846:GJB4
3842:GJB3
3812:GJB2
3798:GJB1
3774:GJA1
3626:CFTR
3117:RYR2
3098:RYR1
2920:(UK)
2909:(UK)
2903:(US)
2892:(UK)
2886:(US)
2527:and
2447:4777
2431:MeSH
2420:OMIM
2409:9-CM
2353:PMID
2318:PMID
2269:PMID
2231:PMID
2188:PMID
2153:PMID
2098:2017
2047:PMID
2039:ISSN
1998:PMID
1980:ISSN
1968:2020
1941:PMID
1892:PMID
1857:PMID
1811:PMID
1771:PMID
1721:ISBN
1691:ISBN
1660:PMID
1622:PMID
1614:ISSN
1562:PMID
1521:ISBN
1495:2020
1457:ISBN
1432:PMID
1414:ISSN
1402:2021
1370:PMID
1316:PMID
1268:PMID
1170:OCLC
1160:ISBN
1130:2014
1094:2020
1083:PMID
1039:PMID
1001:PMID
665:and
657:and
635:IL-6
630:and
584:and
568:and
488:and
410:OMIM
406:Type
259:nor
177:Good
2405:ICD
2390:ICD
2345:doi
2308:PMC
2300:doi
2223:doi
2219:372
2180:doi
2143:PMC
2135:doi
2029:doi
1988:PMC
1972:doi
1931:doi
1884:doi
1847:doi
1803:doi
1761:PMC
1652:doi
1604:doi
1600:127
1554:doi
1422:PMC
1406:doi
1360:doi
1308:doi
1304:351
1300:BMJ
1258:PMC
1250:doi
1031:doi
854:or
834:or
726:),
718:),
689:EEG
625:CSF
271:or
199:or
3929::
2480::
2469::
2445::
2434::
2423::
2412::
2397::
2394:10
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2341:42
2339:.
2316:.
2306:.
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2251:^
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2217:.
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2088:.
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2067:^
2053:.
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2023:.
2019:.
1996:.
1986:.
1978:.
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1962:.
1939:.
1927:52
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1823:^
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