Benzodiazepine - Knowledge

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benzodiazepines are unlikely to be effective long-term treatments for sleep and anxiety. While BZD therapeutic effects disappear with tolerance, depression and impulsivity with high suicidal risk commonly persist. Several studies have confirmed that long-term benzodiazepines are not significantly different from placebo for sleep or anxiety. This may explain why patients commonly increase doses over time and many eventually take more than one type of benzodiazepine after the first loses effectiveness. Additionally, because tolerance to benzodiazepine sedating effects develops more quickly than does tolerance to brainstem depressant effects, those taking more benzodiazepines to achieve desired effects may experience sudden respiratory depression, hypotension or death. Most patients with anxiety disorders and PTSD have symptoms that persist for at least several months, making tolerance to therapeutic effects a distinct problem for them and necessitating the need for more effective long-term treatment (e.g., psychotherapy, serotonergic antidepressants).

2562: 1514:. Tolerance manifests itself as diminished pharmacological effect and develops relatively quickly to the sedative, hypnotic, anticonvulsant, and muscle relaxant actions of benzodiazepines. Tolerance to anti-anxiety effects develops more slowly with little evidence of continued effectiveness beyond four to six months of continued use. In general, tolerance to the amnesic effects does not occur. However, controversy exists as to tolerance to the anxiolytic effects with some evidence that benzodiazepines retain efficacy and opposing evidence from a systematic review of the literature that tolerance frequently occurs and some evidence that anxiety may worsen with long-term use. The question of tolerance to the amnesic effects of benzodiazepines is, likewise, unclear. Some evidence suggests that partial tolerance does develop, and that, "memory impairment is limited to a narrow window within 90 minutes after each dose". 1972: 715:, since they result in rapid and marked relief of symptoms in most individuals; however, they are not recommended beyond 2–4 weeks of use due to risks of tolerance and dependence and a lack of long-term effectiveness. As for insomnia, they may also be used on an irregular/"as-needed" basis, such as in cases where said anxiety is at its worst. Compared to other pharmacological treatments, benzodiazepines are twice as likely to lead to a relapse of the underlying condition upon discontinuation. Psychological therapies and other pharmacological therapies are recommended for the long-term treatment of generalized anxiety disorder. Antidepressants have higher remission rates and are, in general, safe and effective in the short and long term. 744:. Their use beyond 2 to 4 weeks is not recommended due to the risk of dependence. The Committee on Safety of Medicines report recommended that where long-term use of benzodiazepines for insomnia is indicated then treatment should be intermittent wherever possible. It is preferred that benzodiazepines be taken intermittently and at the lowest effective dose. They improve sleep-related problems by shortening the time spent in bed before falling asleep, prolonging the sleep time, and, in general, reducing wakefulness. However, they worsen sleep quality by increasing light sleep and decreasing deep sleep. Other drawbacks of hypnotics, including benzodiazepines, are possible tolerance to their effects, 1841: 1527: 2888: 578:, and psychotherapy should be based on the patient's history, preference, and other individual characteristics. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors are likely to be the best choice of pharmacotherapy for many patients with panic disorder, but benzodiazepines are also often used, and some studies suggest that these medications are still used with greater frequency than the SSRIs. One advantage of benzodiazepines is that they alleviate the anxiety symptoms much faster than antidepressants, and therefore may be preferred in patients for whom rapid symptom control is critical. However, this advantage is offset by the possibility of developing 1487: 447: 1832: 1250:, and progressively worsens over time. Adverse effects on cognition can be mistaken for the effects of old age. The benefits of withdrawal include improved cognition, alertness, mobility, reduced risk incontinence, and a reduced risk of falls and fractures. The success of gradual-tapering benzodiazepines is as great in the elderly as in younger people. Benzodiazepines should be prescribed to the elderly only with caution and only for a short period at low doses. Short to intermediate-acting benzodiazepines are preferred in the elderly such as 2589: 586:. APA guidelines state that, in general, pharmacotherapy of panic disorder should be continued for at least a year, and that clinical experience supports continuing benzodiazepine treatment to prevent recurrence. Although major concerns about benzodiazepine tolerance and withdrawal have been raised, there is no evidence for significant dose escalation in patients using benzodiazepines long-term. For many such patients, stable doses of benzodiazepines retain their efficacy over several years. 1302: 1372:

relationships may occur. A study published in 2020 found that long-term use of prescription benzodiazepines is associated with an increase in all-cause mortality among those age 65 or younger, but not those older than 65. The study also found that all-cause mortality was increased further in cases in which benzodiazepines are co-prescribed with opioids, relative to cases in which benzodiazepines are prescribed without opioids, but again only in those age 65 or younger.

1400:. However, researchers hold contrary opinions regarding the effects of long-term administration. One view is that many of the short-term effects continue into the long-term and may even worsen, and are not resolved after stopping benzodiazepine usage. Another view maintains that cognitive deficits in chronic benzodiazepine users occur only for a short period after the dose, or that the anxiety disorder is the cause of these deficits. 47: 1850: 3218:

be written in ink with no use of correction fluid (although a written register is not required for temazepam in the United Kingdom). Disposal of expired stock must be witnessed by a designated inspector (either a local drug-enforcement police officer or official from health authority). Benzodiazepine use ranges from occasional binges on large doses, to chronic and compulsive drug use of high doses.

3162: 20788: 570:(APA) guidelines, published in January 2009, note that, in general, benzodiazepines are well tolerated, and their use for the initial treatment for panic disorder is strongly supported by numerous controlled trials. APA states that there is insufficient evidence to recommend any of the established panic disorder treatments over another. The choice of treatment between benzodiazepines, SSRIs, 7686: 730: 2261:. It has been suggested that some of their anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, and muscle relaxant effects may be in part mediated by this action. Benzodiazepines have binding sites in the periphery, however their effects on muscle tone is not mediated through these peripheral receptors. The peripheral binding sites for benzodiazepines are present in immune cells and gastrointestinal tract. 2920:

spring-cleaning in the lab. This compound, later named chlordiazepoxide, had not been tested in 1955 because of Sternbach's focus on other issues. Expecting pharmacology results to be negative, and hoping to publish the chemistry-related findings, researchers submitted it for a standard battery of animal tests. The compound showed very strong

767:, also known as z-drugs, in 1992 in response to safety concerns, individuals with insomnia and other sleep disorders have increasingly been prescribed nonbenzodiazepines (2.3% in 1993 to 13.7% of Americans in 2010), less often prescribed benzodiazepines (23.5% in 1993 to 10.8% in 2010). It is not clear as to whether the new 560:. However, there is disagreement among expert bodies regarding the long-term use of benzodiazepines for panic disorder. The views range from those holding benzodiazepines are not effective long-term and should be reserved for treatment-resistant cases to those holding they are as effective in the long term as 11205:

During this cleanup operation, my co-worker, Earl Reeder, drew my attention to a few hundred milligrams of two products, a nicely crystalline base and its hydrochloride. Both the base, which had been prepared by treating the quinazoline N-oxide 11 with methylamine, and its hydrochloride had been made

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among poly-drug users. Polydrug use involving benzodiazepines and alcohol can result in an increased risk of blackouts, risk-taking behaviours, seizures, and overdose. Dependence and tolerance, often coupled with dosage escalation, to benzodiazepines can develop rapidly among people who misuse drugs;

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Benzodiazepine drugs are substituted 1,4-benzodiazepines, although the chemical term can refer to many other compounds that do not have useful pharmacological properties. Different benzodiazepine drugs have different side groups attached to this central structure. The different side groups affect the

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is not routinely recommended because of the high risk of resedation and seizures. In a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of 326 people, 4 people had serious adverse events and 61% became resedated following the use of flumazenil. Numerous contraindications to its use exist. It is contraindicated

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A major disadvantage of benzodiazepines is that tolerance to therapeutic effects develops relatively quickly while many adverse effects persist. Tolerance develops to hypnotic and myorelaxant effects within days to weeks, and to anticonvulsant and anxiolytic effects within weeks to months. Therefore,

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While benzodiazepines may have short-term benefits for anxiety, sleep and agitation in some patients, long-term (i.e., greater than 2–4 weeks) use can result in a worsening of the very symptoms the medications are meant to treat. Potential explanations include exacerbating cognitive problems that are

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memory being the most commonly detected impairment. Some of the other impairments reported were decreased IQ, visiomotor coordination, information processing, verbal learning and concentration. The authors of the meta-analysis and a later reviewer noted that the applicability of this meta-analysis is

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Long-term use of benzodiazepines is associated with increased risk of cognitive impairment and dementia, and reduction in prescribing levels is likely to reduce dementia risk. The association of a history of benzodiazepine use and cognitive decline is unclear, with some studies reporting a lower risk

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as well as some ophthalmic procedures like refractive surgery; although such use is controversial and only recommended for those who are very anxious. Midazolam is the most commonly prescribed for this use because of its strong sedative actions and fast recovery time, as well as its water solubility,

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benzodiazepine. Non-medical temazepam use reached epidemic proportions in some parts of the world, in particular, in Europe and Australia, and is a major addictive substance in many Southeast Asian countries. This led authorities of various countries to place temazepam under a more restrictive legal

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midazolam) be stored in safe custody. Safe custody requirements ensures that pharmacists and doctors holding stock of temazepam must store it in securely fixed double-locked steel safety cabinets and maintain a written register, which must be bound and contain separate entries for temazepam and must

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on the development of tranquilizers. The pharmacological properties of the compounds prepared initially were disappointing, and Sternbach abandoned the project. Two years later, in April 1957, co-worker Earl Reeder noticed a "nicely crystalline" compound left over from the discontinued project while

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Benzodiazepines have a reputation with patients and doctors for causing a severe and traumatic withdrawal; however, this is in large part due to the withdrawal process being poorly managed. Over-rapid withdrawal from benzodiazepines increases the severity of the withdrawal syndrome and increases the

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is widely used by specialist epilepsy clinics worldwide and clonazepam is popular in the Netherlands, Belgium and France. Clobazam was approved for use in the United States in 2011. In the UK, both clobazam and clonazepam are second-line choices for treating many forms of epilepsy. Clobazam also has

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only as a second-line choice, if the treatment with two different antidepressants was unsuccessful. Although they are second-line agents, benzodiazepines can be used for a limited time to relieve severe anxiety and agitation. CPA guidelines note that after 4–6 weeks the effect of benzodiazepines may

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receptor subtypes by benzodiazepines may result in distinct pharmacological actions. In terms of the mechanism of action of benzodiazepines, their similarities are too great to separate them into individual categories such as anxiolytic or hypnotic. For example, a hypnotic administered in low doses

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had been withdrawn and there were allegations that the consultant psychiatrists, the expert witnesses, had a conflict of interest. The court case fell through, at a cost of £30 million, and led to more cautious funding through legal aid for future cases. This made future class action lawsuits less

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receptors participate in the regulation of synaptic pruning by prompting microglial spine engulfment. Benzodiazepines have been shown to upregulate microglial spine engulfment and prompt overzealous eradication of synaptic connections. This mechanism may help explain the increased risk of dementia

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A meta-analysis of observational studies has determined an association between benzodiazepine use and cancer, though the risk across different agents and different cancers varied significantly. In terms of experimental basic science evidence, an analysis of carcinogenetic and genotoxicity data for

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for months after cessation of benzodiazepines. Approximately 10% of patients experience a notable protracted withdrawal syndrome, which can persist for many months or in some cases a year or longer. Protracted symptoms tend to resemble those seen during the first couple of months of withdrawal but

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Compared to other sedative-hypnotics, visits to the hospital involving benzodiazepines had a 66% greater odds of a serious adverse health outcome. This included hospitalization, patient transfer, or death, and visits involving a combination of benzodiazepines and non-benzodiapine receptor agonists

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and social phobia, increasing anxiety and depression, loss of interest in leisure pursuits and interests, and an inability to experience or express feelings can also occur. Not everyone, however, experiences problems with long-term use. Additionally, an altered perception of self, environment and

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may be used as an alternative. Both are used in the detoxification of individuals who are motivated to stop drinking, and are prescribed for a short period of time to reduce the risks of developing tolerance and dependence to the benzodiazepine medication itself. The benzodiazepines with a longer

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recommends discontinuing the usage of benzodiazepines in those on opioids and those who have used them long term. Benzodiazepines can have serious adverse health outcomes, and these findings support clinical and regulatory efforts to reduce usage, especially in combination with non-benzodiazepine

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Benzodiazepines have been detected in plant specimens and brain samples of animals not exposed to synthetic sources, including a human brain from the 1940s. However, it is unclear whether these compounds are biosynthesized by microbes or by plants and animals themselves. A microbial biosynthetic

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Withdrawal is best managed by transferring the physically dependent patient to an equivalent dose of diazepam because it has the longest half-life of all of the benzodiazepines, is metabolised into long-acting active metabolites and is available in low-potency tablets, which can be quartered for

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Although antidepressants with anxiolytic properties have been introduced, and there is increasing awareness of the adverse effects of benzodiazepines, prescriptions for short-term anxiety relief have not significantly dropped. For treatment of insomnia, benzodiazepines are now less popular than

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customised to the individual and, if indicated, psychological support is the most effective way of managing the withdrawal. Opinion as to the time needed to complete withdrawal ranges from four weeks to several years. A goal of less than six months has been suggested, but due to factors such as

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Some observational studies have detected significant associations between benzodiazepines and respiratory infections such as pneumonia where others have not. A large meta-analysis of pre-marketing randomized controlled trials on the pharmacologically related Z-Drugs suggest a small increase in

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and suicidality, disrupting sleep architecture by inhibiting deep stage sleep, withdrawal symptoms or rebound symptoms in between doses mimicking or exacerbating underlying anxiety or sleep disorders, inhibiting the benefits of psychotherapy by inhibiting memory consolidation and reducing fear

2977:. This led some doctors to require a signed consent form from their patients and to recommend that all patients be adequately warned of the risks of dependence and withdrawal before starting treatment with benzodiazepines. The court case against the drug manufacturers never reached a verdict; 1656:-based antibiotics are best avoided if possible; they displace benzodiazepines from their binding site and reduce GABA function and, thus, may aggravate withdrawal symptoms. Antipsychotics are not recommended for benzodiazepine withdrawal (or other CNS depressant withdrawal states) especially 1432:

and suicidal behavior sometimes occur. These reactions have been explained as consequences of disinhibition and the subsequent loss of control over socially unacceptable behavior. Paradoxical reactions are rare in the general population, with an incidence rate below 1% and similar to placebo.

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A 1999–2005 Australian police survey of detainees reported preliminary findings that self-reported users of benzodiazepines were less likely than non-user detainees to work full-time and more likely to receive government benefits, use methamphetamine or heroin, and be arrested or imprisoned.

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The list of benzodiazepines approved for the treatment of insomnia is fairly similar among most countries, but which benzodiazepines are officially designated as first-line hypnotics prescribed for the treatment of insomnia varies between countries. Longer-acting benzodiazepines such as

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problems are perhaps the most important risk factor for disinhibition; learning disabilities and neurological disorders are also significant risks. Most reports of disinhibition involve high doses of high-potency benzodiazepines. Paradoxical effects may also appear after chronic use of

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did not find any convincing evidence in favor of Z-drugs. NICE review pointed out that short-acting Z-drugs were inappropriately compared in clinical trials with long-acting benzodiazepines. There have been no trials comparing short-acting Z-drugs with appropriate doses of short-acting

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that increase ligand binding, benzodiazepine binding acts as a positive allosteric modulator by increasing the total conduction of chloride ions across the neuronal cell membrane when GABA is already bound to its receptor. This increased chloride ion influx hyperpolarizes the neuron's

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receptors that are made up of different combinations of subunit subtypes have different properties, different distributions in the brain and different activities relative to pharmacological and clinical effects. Benzodiazepines bind at the interface of the α and γ subunits on the

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A number of studies have drawn an association between long-term benzodiazepine use and neuro-degenerative disease, particularly Alzheimer's disease. It has been determined that long-term use of benzodiazepines is associated with increased dementia risk, even after controlling for

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agents, inhibit cytochrome enzymes in the liver. They reduce the rate of elimination of the benzodiazepines that are metabolized by CYP450, leading to possibly excessive drug accumulation and increased side-effects. In contrast, drugs that induce cytochrome P450 enzymes, such as

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In the United Kingdom, benzodiazepines are Class C controlled drugs, carrying the maximum penalty of 7 years imprisonment, an unlimited fine or both for possession and a maximum penalty of 14 years imprisonment, an unlimited fine or both for supplying benzodiazepines to others.

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Older adults should not use benzodiazepines to treat insomnia unless other treatments have failed. When benzodiazepines are used, patients, their caretakers, and their physician should discuss the increased risk of harms, including evidence that shows twice the incidence of

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for medical or dental procedures. Benzodiazepines are categorized as short, intermediate, or long-acting. Short- and intermediate-acting benzodiazepines are preferred for the treatment of insomnia; longer-acting benzodiazepines are recommended for the treatment of anxiety.

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The new group of drugs was initially greeted with optimism by the medical profession, but gradually concerns arose; in particular, the risk of dependence became evident in the 1980s. Benzodiazepines have a unique history in that they were responsible for the largest-ever

3322:, and as maintenance therapy in epilepsy (in particular, in cats). They are widely used in small and large animals (including horses, swine, cattle and exotic and wild animals) for their anxiolytic and sedative effects, as pre-medication before surgery, for induction of 1403:

While the definitive studies are lacking, the former view received support from a 2004 meta-analysis of 13 small studies. This meta-analysis found that long-term use of benzodiazepines was associated with moderate to large adverse effects on all areas of cognition, with

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is sometimes prescribed for acute psychosis or mania; their long-term use is not recommended due to risks of dependence. Further research investigating the use of benzodiazepines alone and in combination with antipsychotic medications for treating acute psychosis is

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receptor complex that depicts the five-protein subunits that form the receptor, the chloride (Cl) ion channel pore at the center, the two GABA active binding sites at the α1 and β2 interfaces and the benzodiazepine (BZD) allosteric binding site at the α1 and γ2

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that alleged the manufacturers knew of the dependence potential but intentionally withheld this information from doctors. At the same time, 117 general practitioners and 50 health authorities were sued by patients to recover damages for the harmful effects of

1464:. Anxiety, insomnia and irritability may be temporarily exacerbated during withdrawal, but psychiatric symptoms after discontinuation are usually less than even while taking benzodiazepines. Functioning significantly improves within 1 year of discontinuation. 3298:

status. Some countries, such as Sweden, banned the drug outright. Temazepam also has certain pharmacokinetic properties of absorption, distribution, elimination, and clearance that make it more apt to non-medical use compared to many other benzodiazepines.

775:, indirect comparison indicates that side-effects from benzodiazepines may be about twice as frequent as from nonbenzodiazepines. Some experts suggest using nonbenzodiazepines preferentially as a first-line long-term treatment of insomnia. However, the UK 1735:. A criticism of confounding can be applied to these findings as with the other controversial associations above. Further well-designed research from other populations as well as a biologically plausible mechanism is required to confirm this association. 1409:

limited because the subjects were taken mostly from withdrawal clinics; the coexisting drug, alcohol use, and psychiatric disorders were not defined; and several of the included studies conducted the cognitive measurements during the withdrawal period.

662:(NICE), benzodiazepines can be used in the immediate management of GAD, if necessary. However, they should not usually be given for longer than 2–4 weeks. The only medications NICE recommends for the longer term management of GAD are antidepressants. 982:

intoxication. Benzodiazepines are also used to calm the acutely agitated individual and can, if required, be given via an intramuscular injection. They can sometimes be effective in the short-term treatment of psychiatric emergencies such as acute

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withdrawal syndrome may appear after as little as three weeks of continuous use. Long-term use has the potential to cause both physical and psychological dependence and severe withdrawal symptoms such as depression, anxiety (often to the point of

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may result in falls and injuries particularly in the elderly. Another result is impairment of driving skills and increased likelihood of road traffic accidents. Decreased libido and erection problems are a common side effect. Depression and

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Beyond the well established link between benzodiazepines and psychomotor impairment resulting in motor vehicle accidents and falls leading to fracture; research in the 2000s and 2010s has raised the association between benzodiazepines (and

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Martin JL, Sainz-Pardo M, Furukawa TA, Martín-Sánchez E, Seoane T, Galán C (September 2007). "Benzodiazepines in generalized anxiety disorder: heterogeneity of outcomes based on a systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials".

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Left: US yearly overdose deaths involving benzodiazepines. Center: The top line represents the number of benzodiazepine deaths that also involved opioids in the US. The bottom line represents benzodiazepine deaths that did not involve

521:, and upon discontinuation a withdrawal syndrome may occur. These factors, combined with other possible secondary effects after prolonged use such as psychomotor, cognitive, or memory impairments, limit their long-term applicability. 9052: 8187:

Matar MA, Zohar J, Kaplan Z, Cohen H (April 2009). "Alprazolam treatment immediately after stress exposure interferes with the normal HPA-stress response and increases vulnerability to subsequent stress in an animal model of PTSD".

3081:. A prescription is needed for possession of all benzodiazepines. Temazepam formulations containing 20 mg or greater of the drug are placed on List 1, thus requiring doctors to write prescriptions in the List 1 format. 3274:, which may have additional health consequences. Once benzodiazepine dependence has been established, a clinician usually converts the patient to an equivalent dose of diazepam before beginning a gradual reduction program. 3173:

Benzodiazepines are considered major addictive substances. Non-medical benzodiazepine use is mostly limited to individuals who use other substances, i.e., people who engage in polysubstance use. On the international scene,

1561:. Rebound symptoms are the return of the symptoms for which the patient was treated but worse than before. Withdrawal symptoms are the new symptoms that occur when the benzodiazepine is stopped. They are the main sign of 1395:

The short-term use of benzodiazepines adversely affects multiple areas of cognition, the most notable one being that it interferes with the formation and consolidation of memories of new material and may induce complete

1198:, and vomiting and may last for up to three to six months. Tapering down the dose during pregnancy may lessen its severity. If used in pregnancy, those benzodiazepines with a better and longer safety record, such as 1037:(OCD), although they are generally believed ineffective for this indication. Effectiveness was, however, found in one small study. Benzodiazepines can be considered as a treatment option in treatment resistant cases. 10893:

Madsen U, Bräuner-Osborne H, Greenwood JR, Johansen TN, Krogsgaard-Larsen P, Liljefors T, et al. (2005). "GABA and Glutamate receptor ligands and their therapeutic potential in CNS disorders". In Gad SC (ed.).

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By the American Geriatrics Society 2015 Beers Criteria Update Expert Panel (November 2015). "American Geriatrics Society 2015 Updated Beers Criteria for Potentially Inappropriate Medication Use in Older Adults".

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markedly raises the toxicity. The elderly are more sensitive to the side effects of benzodiazepines, and poisoning may even occur from their long-term use. The various benzodiazepines differ in their toxicity;

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with benzodiazepines and can induce dependence. Alcohol is also cross tolerant with benzodiazepines and more toxic and thus caution is needed to avoid replacing one dependence with another. During withdrawal,

593:(NICE), carried out a systematic review using different methodology and came to a different conclusion. They questioned the accuracy of studies that were not placebo-controlled. And, based on the findings of 868:. Discontinuation after long-term use in epilepsy requires additional caution because of the risks of rebound seizures. Therefore, the dose is slowly tapered over a period of up to six months or longer. 8647:

Heather N, Bowie A, Ashton H, McAvoy B, Spencer I, Brodie J, et al. (2004). "Randomised controlled trial of two brief interventions against long-term benzodiazepine use: outcome of intervention".

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and are more sensitive to the adverse effects such as memory problems, daytime sedation, impaired motor coordination, and increased risk of motor vehicle accidents and falls, and an increased risk of

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extinction, and reducing coping with trauma/stress and increasing vulnerability to future stress. The latter two explanations may be why benzodiazepines are ineffective and/or potentially harmful in

517:. In general, benzodiazepines are well tolerated and are safe and effective drugs in the short term for a wide range of conditions. Tolerance can develop to their effects and there is also a risk of 2528:

Long-acting compounds have a half-life of 40–250 hours. They have a risk of accumulation in the elderly and in individuals with severely impaired liver function, but they have a reduced severity of

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the membrane of the associated neuron. The inhibitory effect of the available GABA is potentiated, leading to sedative and anxiolytic effects. For instance, those ligands with high activity at the α

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which reduces pain upon injection. Diazepam and lorazepam are sometimes used. Lorazepam has particularly marked amnesic properties that may make it more effective when amnesia is the desired effect.

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half-life make detoxification more tolerable, and dangerous (and potentially lethal) alcohol withdrawal effects are less likely to occur. On the other hand, short-acting benzodiazepines may lead to

4829:"Clinical Guideline 22 (amended). Anxiety: management of anxiety (panic disorder, with or without agoraphobia, and generalised anxiety disorder) in adults in primary, secondary and community care" 967:

Benzodiazepines are well known for their strong muscle-relaxing properties and can be useful in the treatment of muscle spasms, although tolerance often develops to their muscle relaxant effects.

19976: 9069: 8684:"World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry (WFSBP) guidelines for the pharmacological treatment of anxiety, obsessive-compulsive and post-traumatic stress disorders – first revision" 7168:

Snowden M, Sato K, Roy-Byrne P (September 2003). "Assessment and treatment of nursing home residents with depression or behavioral symptoms associated with dementia: a review of the literature".

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Sand P, Kavvadias D, Feineis D, Riederer P, Schreier P, Kleinschnitz M, et al. (1 August 2000). "Naturally occurring benzodiazepines: current status of research and clinical implications".

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Allain H, Bentué-Ferrer D, Polard E, Akwa Y, Patat A (2005). "Postural instability and consequent falls and hip fractures associated with use of hypnotics in the elderly: a comparative review".

1608:. Increased glutamatergic activity is thought to be part of a compensatory mechanism to chronic GABAergic inhibition from benzodiazepines. Therefore, a gradual reduction regimen is recommended. 18926: 6490:

Gallegos J, Vaidya P, D'Agati D, Jayaram G, Nguyen T, Tripathi A, et al. (June 2012). "Decreasing adverse outcomes of unmodified electroconvulsive therapy: suggestions and possibilities".

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be updated for all benzodiazepine medicines to describe the risks of abuse, misuse, addiction, physical dependence, and withdrawal reactions consistently across all the medicines in the class.

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in newborns, a controversial conclusion as some studies find no association between benzodiazepines and cleft palate. Their use by expectant mothers shortly before the delivery may result in a

2458:. Desmethyldiazepam has a half-life of 36–200 hours, and flurazepam, with the main active metabolite of desalkylflurazepam, with a half-life of 40–250 hours. These long-acting metabolites are 2713:

receptor and possess similar pharmacological properties. While the nonbenzodiazepines are by definition structurally unrelated to the benzodiazepines, both classes of drugs possess a common

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Benzodiazepines are indicated in the management of breathlessness (shortness of breath) in advanced diseases, in particular where other treatments have failed to adequately control symptoms.

2636:, which increases the overall conductance of these inhibitory channels; this results in the various therapeutic effects as well as adverse effects of benzodiazepines. Other less important 19008: 4131: 2703:)-one substructure (see figure to the right). Benzodiazepines have been found to mimic protein reverse turns structurally, which enable them with their biological activity in many cases. 1305:

Table from the 2010 ISCD study ranking various drugs (legal and illegal) based on statements by drug-harm experts. Benzodiazepines were found to be the 10th most dangerous drug overall.

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Allgulander C, Bandelow B, Hollander E, Montgomery SA, Nutt DJ, Okasha A, et al. (August 2003). "WCA recommendations for the long-term treatment of generalized anxiety disorder".

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receptor complexes also contain a single binding site for benzodiazepines. Binding of benzodiazepines to this receptor complex does not alter binding of GABA. Unlike other positive

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Penninkilampi R, Eslick GD (June 2018). "A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Risk of Dementia Associated with Benzodiazepine Use, After Controlling for Protopathic Bias".

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potentiates their action. This often results in increased sedation, impaired motor coordination, suppressed breathing, and other adverse effects that have potential to be lethal.

9272: 4631:"World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry (WFSBP) Guidelines for the Pharmacological Treatment of Anxiety, Obsessive-Compulsive and Posttraumatic Stress Disorders" 1553:

Discontinuation of benzodiazepines or abrupt reduction of the dose, even after a relatively short course of treatment (two to four weeks), may result in two groups of symptoms,

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particularly in the elderly; although some long term users report continued benefit from taking benzodiazepines, this may be the result of suppression of withdrawal effects.

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Galdiero F, Bentivoglio C, Nuzzo I, Ianniello R, Capasso C, Mattera S, et al. (November 1995). "Effects of benzodiazepines on immunodeficiency and resistance in mice".

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Withdrawal from long term benzodiazepines is beneficial for most individuals. Withdrawal of benzodiazepines from long-term users, in general, leads to improved physical and

19038: 17727: 5177: 4132:"FDA requires strong warnings for opioid analgesics, prescription opioid cough products, and benzodiazepine labeling related to serious risks and death from combined use" 8774:

Morin CM, Bélanger L, Bastien C, Vallières A (January 2005). "Long-term outcome after discontinuation of benzodiazepines for insomnia: a survival analysis of relapse".

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Verdoux H, Lagnaoui R, Begaud B (March 2005). "Is benzodiazepine use a risk factor for cognitive decline and dementia? A literature review of epidemiological studies".

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Kamen L, Henney HR, Runyan JD (February 2008). "A practical overview of tizanidine use for spasticity secondary to multiple sclerosis, stroke, and spinal cord injury".

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Parker AM, Sricharoenchai T, Raparla S, Schneck KW, Bienvenu OJ, Needham DM (May 2015). "Posttraumatic stress disorder in critical illness survivors: a metaanalysis".

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The benefits of benzodiazepines are least and the risks are greatest in the elderly. They are listed as a potentially inappropriate medication for older adults by the

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Michelini S, Cassano GB, Frare F, et al. (1996). "Long-term use of benzodiazepines: tolerance, dependence and clinical problems in anxiety and mood disorders".

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indicated as a second- or third-line treatment and suitable for long-term use. NICE stated that long-term use of benzodiazepines for panic disorder with or without

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The frequent use of benzodiazepines for the treatment of anxiety is likely a reflection of their effectiveness, rapid onset of anxiolytic effect, and tolerability.

11898: 16794: 11820: 9338:"The impact of benzodiazepines on occurrence of pneumonia and mortality from pneumonia: a nested case-control and survival analysis in a population-based cohort" 6533:

Authier N, Balayssac D, Sautereau M, Zangarelli A, Courty P, Somogyi AA, et al. (November 2009). "Benzodiazepine dependence: focus on withdrawal syndrome".

1757:; statistics in England showed that benzodiazepines were responsible for 3.8% of all deaths by poisoning from a single drug. However, combining these drugs with 3191: 3179: 3136: 3132: 1731:

The evidence suggesting a link between benzodiazepines (and Z-Drugs) and pancreatic inflammation is very sparse and limited to a few observational studies from

11144:

Carlo P, Finollo R, Ledda A, Brambilla G (January 1989). "Absence of liver DNA fragmentation in rats treated with high oral doses of 32 benzodiazepine drugs".

4044:

ACOG Committee on Practice Bulletins--Obstetrics (April 2008). "ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 92: Use of Psychiatric Medications During Pregnancy and Lactation".

1182:. This syndrome may be hard to recognize, as it starts several days after delivery, for example, as late as 21 days for chlordiazepoxide. The symptoms include 530: 10471:"Long-term diazepam treatment enhances microglial spine engulfment and impairs cognitive performance via the mitochondrial 18 kDa translocator protein (TSPO)" 3077:

In the Netherlands, since October 1993, benzodiazepines, including formulations containing less than 20 mg of temazepam, are all placed on List 2 of the

19028: 19013: 5201: 949:

treatment facilities should be available. They have also been found to increase the likelihood of later PTSD after people have been removed from ventilators.

776: 659: 590: 84: 6638: 925:. Lorazepam is the only benzodiazepine with predictable intramuscular absorption and it is the most effective in preventing and controlling acute seizures. 18998: 18993: 18988: 10862: 2944:

in 1963, and for a while the two were the most commercially successful drugs. The introduction of benzodiazepines led to a decrease in the prescription of

6313: 629:

is an unlicensed indication, does not have long-term efficacy, and is, therefore, not recommended by clinical guidelines. Psychological therapies such as

19033: 14242: 3521:

Dikeos DG, Theleritis CG, Soldatos CR (2008). "Benzodiazepines: effects on sleep". In Pandi-Perumal SR, Verster JC, Monti JM, Lader M, Langer SZ (eds.).

2493:. Rebound insomnia, however, is more common upon discontinuation of intermediate-acting benzodiazepines than longer-acting benzodiazepines. Examples are 342:, long-term use can cause "impaired thinking or memory loss, anxiety and depression, irritability, paranoia, aggression, etc." A minority of people have 5467:"Clinical Guidelines and Evidence Review for the Epilepsies: diagnosis and management in adults and children in primary and secondary care (Appendix B)" 633:

are recommended as a first-line therapy for panic disorder; benzodiazepine use has been found to interfere with therapeutic gains from these therapies.

11015:

Ripka WC, De Lucca GV, Bach AC, Pottorf RS, Blaney JM (1993). "Protein β-turn mimetics I. Design, synthesis, and evaluation in model cyclic peptides".

10924: 2982:

likely to succeed, due to the high cost from financing a smaller number of cases, and increasing charges for losing the case for each person involved.

4710:"Proposal for the inclusion in the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines of a selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitor for Generalised Anxiety Disorder" 771:

hypnotics (Z-drugs) are better than the short-acting benzodiazepines. The efficacy of these two groups of medications is similar. According to the US

20328: 20062: 19023: 15318: 12049: 11748:

Lee KK, Chan TY, Chan AW, Lau GS, Critchley JA (1995). "Use and abuse of benzodiazepines in Hong Kong 1990–1993 – the impact of regulatory changes".

10929: 10312:

Wafford KA, Macaulay AJ, Fradley R, O'Meara GF, Reynolds DS, Rosahl TW (June 2004). "Differentiating the role of gamma-aminobutyric acid type A (GABA

3002:. Nonbenzodiazepines are molecularly distinct, but nonetheless, they work on the same benzodiazepine receptors and produce similar sedative effects. 2695:

receptor and so modulate the pharmacological properties. Many of the pharmacologically active "classical" benzodiazepine drugs contain the 5-phenyl-1

11002: 9273:"The association between benzodiazepines and influenza-like illness-related pneumonia and mortality: a survival analysis using UK Primary Care data" 8078:

Gelpin E, Bonne O, Peri T, Brandes D, Shalev AY (September 1996). "Treatment of recent trauma survivors with benzodiazepines: a prospective study".

2489:

Intermediate-acting compounds have a median half-life of 12–40 hours. They may have some residual effects in the first half of the day if used as a

381:

of inappropriate medications for older adults. There is controversy concerning the safety of benzodiazepines in pregnancy. While they are not major

20230: 17882: 17720: 16128: 5466: 1891:(CYP450) enzymes and possess significant potential for interactions with other drugs. The other group comprises those that are metabolized through 1714:

infection risk as well. An immunodeficiency effect from the action of benzodiazepines on GABA-A receptors has been postulated from animal studies.

975:

are sometimes used as an alternative to benzodiazepines. Tizanidine has been found to have superior tolerability compared to diazepam and baclofen.

686:, the core symptom of GAD. However, in some cases, a prolonged treatment with benzodiazepines as the add-on to an antidepressant may be justified. 571: 11610: 7211:

Wang PS, Brookhart MA, Setoguchi S, Patrick AR, Schneeweiss S (November 2006). "Psychotropic medication use for behavioral symptoms of dementia".

4477: 1814:

in people with a history of long-term use of benzodiazepines, those having ingested a substance that lowers the seizure threshold or may cause an

636:

Benzodiazepines are usually administered orally; however, very occasionally lorazepam or diazepam may be given intravenously for the treatment of

20813: 10819: 7424:

Rapoport MJ, Lanctôt KL, Streiner DL, Bédard M, Vingilis E, Murray B, et al. (May 2009). "Benzodiazepine use and driving: a meta-analysis".

5327: 4025: 2608:. Red and blue sticks are oxygen and nitrogen atoms that are present in both structures. The red spheres labeled H1 and H2/A3 are, respectively, 11103: 8377:"Benzodiazepine use, cognitive impairment, and cognitive-behavioral therapy for anxiety disorders: issues in the treatment of a patient in need" 5703:

Devlin JW, Roberts RJ (July 2009). "Pharmacology of commonly used analgesics and sedatives in the ICU: benzodiazepines, propofol, and opioids".

4828: 16935: 13548: 8903:"Valium without dependence? Individual GABAA receptor subtype contribution toward benzodiazepine addiction, tolerance, and therapeutic effects" 8480:"Older adults and withdrawal from benzodiazepine hypnotics in general practice: effects on cognitive function, sleep, mood and quality of life" 8268:"Older adults and withdrawal from benzodiazepine hypnotics in general practice: effects on cognitive function, sleep, mood and quality of life" 4906:

Bandelow B, Reitt M, Röver C, Michaelis S, Görlich Y, Wedekind D (July 2015). "Efficacy of treatments for anxiety disorders: a meta-analysis".

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Charlson F, Degenhardt L, McLaren J, Hall W, Lynskey M (2009). "A systematic review of research examining benzodiazepine-related mortality".

1692:) and other, as of yet unproven, adverse effects including dementia, cancer, infections, pancreatitis and respiratory disease exacerbations. 1138: 17736: 16952: 14989: 14974: 14904: 12677: 11646: 10982: 9749:

Gaudreault P, Guay J, Thivierge RL, Verdy I (1991). "Benzodiazepine poisoning. Clinical and pharmacological considerations and treatment".

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sometime in 1955. The products were not submitted for pharmacological testing at that time because of our involvement with other problems

5379:

Clinical Guidelines and Evidence Review for the Epilepsies: diagnosis and management in adults and children in primary and secondary care

4597: 690: 11682: 5386: 4992: 20300: 19986: 19981: 19531: 19265: 19260: 19255: 19245: 19096: 15779: 12390: 9311: 9098: 6136:"Sleep and sex: what can go wrong? A review of the literature on sleep related disorders and abnormal sexual behaviors and experiences" 1344:) may be encountered with intravenous use. Less common side effects include nausea and changes in appetite, blurred vision, confusion, 1293:

have shown some benefit. Cognitive impairing effects of benzodiazepines that occur frequently in the elderly can also worsen dementia.

772: 10757: 19456: 18916: 13934: 12466: 10583: 4993:"Technology Appraisal Guidance 77. Guidance on the use of zaleplon, zolpidem and zopiclone for the short-term management of insomnia" 3063: 4555:

Stevens JC, Pollack MH (2005). "Benzodiazepines in clinical practice: consideration of their long-term use and alternative agents".

3246:

are sometimes used intravenously, which, if done incorrectly or in an unsterile manner, can lead to medical complications including

748:, and reduced slow-wave sleep and a withdrawal period typified by rebound insomnia and a prolonged period of anxiety and agitation. 8430: 8376: 7588: 11919: 8577:

Poyares D, Guilleminault C, Ohayon MM, Tufik S (1 June 2004). "Chronic benzodiazepine usage and withdrawal in insomnia patients".

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Lydiard RB, Brawman-Mintzer O, Ballenger JC (August 1996). "Recent developments in the psychopharmacology of anxiety disorders".

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Symptoms may also occur during a gradual dosage reduction, but are typically less severe and may persist as part of a protracted

694: 561: 389:

in a small number of babies and whether neurobehavioural effects occur as a result of prenatal exposure; they are known to cause

229: 228:(Valium) three years later, in 1963. By 1977, benzodiazepines were the most prescribed medications globally; the introduction of 11718: 10026:"Treatment of benzodiazepine overdose with flumazenil. The Flumazenil in Benzodiazepine Intoxication Multicenter Study Group". 8866:

Allison C, Pratt JA (May 2003). "Neuroadaptive processes in GABAergic and glutamatergic systems in benzodiazepine dependence".

4861: 2249:, and to a lesser extent the central nervous system. These peripheral receptors are not structurally related or coupled to GABA 1616:

usually are of a sub-acute level of severity. Such symptoms do gradually lessen over time, eventually disappearing altogether.

1600:. Severe symptoms usually occur as a result of abrupt or over-rapid withdrawal. Abrupt withdrawal can be dangerous and lead to 1367:

as well as affective and behavioural problems. Feelings of turmoil, difficulty in thinking constructively, loss of sex-drive,

1282:

of cognitive decline in former users, some finding no association and some indicating an increased risk of cognitive decline.

20818: 20742: 17671: 15311: 15262: 14625: 14569: 12341: 12250: 11955: 10903: 10874: 10257: 10193: 10089: 9830: 9147: 9085:

Generally, a longer-acting benzodiazepine such as chlordiazepoxide or diazepam is used and the initial dose titrated downward

8965: 8850: 8825: 8242: 8062: 7940: 7566: 7537: 7365: 7109: 7082: 6726: 6691: 6618: 6586: 6388: 5995: 5100: 5071: 4318: 3965: 3530: 3494: 3458: 3430: 3355: 3195: 3140: 2932:

effects. These impressive clinical findings led to its speedy introduction throughout the world in 1960 under the brand name

2073:

produces anxiety-relieving effects, whereas a benzodiazepine marketed as an anti-anxiety drug at higher doses induces sleep.

2000:. This reduces the communication between neurons and, therefore, has a calming effect on many of the functions of the brain. 1887:

pathway, benzodiazepines can be divided roughly into two groups. The largest group consists of those that are metabolized by

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Kintz P (2007). "Bioanalytical procedures for detection of chemical agents in hair in the case of drug-facilitated crimes".

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practice in the treatment of various disorders and conditions. As in humans, they are used in the first-line management of

1310: 1235: 1023: 959:, which can be useful, as patients may not remember unpleasantness from the procedure. They are also used in patients with 522: 374: 5681: 3108:

are also restricted or controlled to certain degrees. In Hong Kong, all benzodiazepines are regulated under Schedule 1 of

353:

due to aggression, impulsivity, and negative withdrawal effects. Long-term use is controversial because of concerns about

10404:"Synaptic pruning in the female hippocampus is triggered at puberty by extrasynaptic GABAA receptors on dendritic spines" 9099:"Guidance for the use and reduction of misuse of benzodiazepines and other hypnotics and anxiolytics in general practice" 6744:"Benzodiazepine use in pregnancy and major malformations or oral cleft: meta-analysis of cohort and case-control studies" 5094:"Manifestations and Management of Chronic Insomnia in Adults. Summary, Evidence Report/Technology Assessment: Number 125" 3067: 1360: 1121:

and are sometimes used for suicidal overdoses. Individuals with a history of excessive alcohol use or non-medical use of

955:

Benzodiazepines are effective as medication given a couple of hours before surgery to relieve anxiety. They also produce

12429: 7258: 6089:

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Exposure to benzodiazepines during pregnancy has been associated with a slightly increased (from 0.06 to 0.07%) risk of

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occurring after six weeks or more of use. Nevertheless, benzodiazepines are still prescribed for long-term treatment of

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Serfaty M, Masterton G (September 1993). "Fatal poisonings attributed to benzodiazepines in Britain during the 1980s".

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Handbook of Integrative Clinical Psychology, Psychiatry, and Behavioral Medicine: Perspectives, Practices, and Research

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The most common side-effects of benzodiazepines are related to their sedating and muscle-relaxing action. They include

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Brambilla G, Carrozzino R, Martelli A (December 2007). "Genotoxicity and carcinogenicity studies of benzodiazepines".

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Tesar GE (May 1990). "High-potency benzodiazepines for short-term management of panic disorder: the U.S. experience".

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Short-acting compounds have a median half-life of 1–12 hours. They have few residual effects if taken before bedtime,

1774:

appears most toxic in overdose and when used with other drugs. The symptoms of a benzodiazepine overdose may include;

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Ballenger JC (2000). "Benzodiazepine receptors agonists and antagonists". In Sadock VA, Sadock BJ, Kaplan HI (eds.).

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Prater CD, Miller KE, Zylstra RG (September 1999). "Outpatient detoxification of the addicted or alcoholic patient".

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receptor subtypes have varying distributions within different regions of the brain and, therefore, control distinct

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Busto U, Sellers EM (1986). "Pharmacokinetic determinants of drug abuse and dependence. A conceptual perspective".

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various benzodiazepines has suggested a small possibility of carcinogenesis for a small number of benzodiazepines.

1633:

smaller doses. A further benefit is that it is available in liquid form, which allows for even smaller reductions.

1030:

can be treated using clonazepam as a third line treatment option as the use of clonazepam is still investigational.

921:, in particular, for the prevention and treatment of the dangerous complication of seizures and in subduing severe 780:

benzodiazepines. Based on this, NICE recommended choosing the hypnotic based on cost and the patient's preference.

567: 9653:"Relationship Between Acute Benzodiazepine Poisoning and Acute Pancreatitis Risk: A Population-Based Cohort Study" 5209: 1604:, causing damage and even death to nerve cells as a result of excessive levels of the excitatory neurotransmitter 682:

decrease to the level of placebo, and that benzodiazepines are less effective than antidepressants in alleviating

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Bogunovic OJ, Greenfield SF (March 2004). "Practical geriatrics: Use of benzodiazepines among elderly patients".

5280:"American Geriatrics Society updated Beers Criteria for potentially inappropriate medication use in older adults" 1946:, accelerate elimination of many benzodiazepines and decrease their action. Taking benzodiazepines with alcohol, 1434: 339: 9387:"Use of opioids or benzodiazepines and risk of pneumonia in older adults: a population-based case-control study" 9165:"Benzodiazepines and Z-Drugs: An Updated Review of Major Adverse Outcomes Reported on in Epidemiologic Research" 14699: 6352: 1481: 1457: 14465: 11973:"The Benzo Research Project: An evaluation of recreational benzodiazepine use amongst UK young people (18-25)" 10581:

Arvat E, Giordano R, Grottoli S, Ghigo E (September 2002). "Benzodiazepines and anterior pituitary function".

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Benzodiazepines are generally viewed as safe and effective for short-term use of two to four weeks, although

10526:"Risk of Dementia in Long-Term Benzodiazepine Users: Evidence from a Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies" 1672:

as they lower the seizure threshold and can worsen withdrawal effects; if used extreme caution is required.

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Lader MH (1999). "Limitations on the use of benzodiazepines in anxiety and insomnia: are they justified?".

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In Canada, possession of benzodiazepines is legal for personal use. All benzodiazepines are categorized as

2620:

Benzodiazepines share a similar chemical structure, and their effects in humans are mainly produced by the

2258: 1605: 1380: 1314: 1214:. Using the lowest effective dose for the shortest period of time minimizes the risks to the unborn child. 1175: 655: 649: 7300:

Nutt DJ, King LA, Phillips LD (November 2010). "Drug harms in the UK: a multicriteria decision analysis".

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Benzodiazepines are sometimes used for criminal purposes; they serve to incapacitate a victim in cases of

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that can usually be dealt with effectively by administering fast-acting benzodiazepines, which are potent

232:(SSRIs), among other factors, decreased rates of prescription, but they remain frequently used worldwide. 20044: 19155: 16816: 16466: 15019: 14117: 6611:

Meyler's Side Effects of Drugs: the International Encyclopedia of Adverse Drug Reactions and Interactions

5197: 2203: 1223: 918: 843:

When benzodiazepines were first introduced, they were enthusiastically adopted for treating all forms of

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A 2015 review found a larger effect with medications than talk therapy. Medications with benefit include

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Stone KL, Ensrud KE, Ancoli-Israel S (September 2008). "Sleep, insomnia and falls in elderly patients".

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Olkkola KT, Ahonen J (2008). "Midazolam and Other Benzodiazepines". In Schüttler J, Schwilden H (eds.).

3207: 3198:. Some variation in drug scheduling exists in individual countries; for example, in the United Kingdom, 1818:, and in those with abnormal vital signs. One study found that only 10% of the people presenting with a 840:

are used, with a preference for midazolam as its administration is easier and more socially acceptable.

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Zimbroff DL (2008). "Pharmacological control of acute agitation: focus on intramuscular preparations".

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can slow down absorption of some benzodiazepines; however, this effect is marginal and inconsistent.

1766: 1538: 1494: 1473: 1266:

and long-acting benzodiazepines are not recommended in the elderly due to increased adverse effects.

1239: 1114: 1055: 582:. APA does not recommend benzodiazepines for persons with depressive symptoms or a recent history of 579: 283: 19180: 19175: 19170: 9702:"Zopiclone use associated with increased risk of acute pancreatitis: a case-control study in Taiwan" 9485:"Benzodiazepine augmented γ-amino-butyric acid signaling increases mortality from pneumonia in mice" 8107:"Do benzodiazepines reduce the effectiveness of exposure therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder?" 7314: 6312:

Trenkwalder C, Hening WA, Montagna P, Oertel WH, Allen RP, Walters AS, et al. (December 2008).

2080:

receptors that also bind benzodiazepines are referred to as benzodiazepine receptors (BzR). The GABA

1753:, they can still cause problems in overdose. Taken alone, they rarely cause severe complications in 1129:

should avoid benzodiazepines, as there is a risk of life-threatening interactions with these drugs.

20808: 20475: 19737: 19733: 18906: 17629: 17333: 16548: 16362: 14427: 13920: 12452: 11005:

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are often used in patients at risk of drug accumulation, in particular, the elderly and those with

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may occur upon discontinuation, and they might cause daytime withdrawal symptoms such as next day

1067:

Benzodiazepines require special precaution if used in the elderly, during pregnancy, in children,

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locks the benzodiazepine receptor into a conformation in which it has a greater affinity for the

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Benzodiazepines are sometimes prescribed to treat behavioral symptoms of dementia. However, like

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and low doses of sedating antidepressants are sometimes used as alternatives to benzodiazepines.

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have residual effects that may persist into the next day and are, in general, not recommended.

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Bandelow B, Zohar J, Hollander E, Kasper S, Möller HJ, Zohar J, et al. (1 January 2008).

7866:"Drug-induced behavioural disinhibition: incidence, mechanisms and therapeutic implications". 7508: 7099: 6683: 6677: 6378: 5377: 4604: 2187:

instead of a histidine residue. Once bound to the benzodiazepine receptor, the benzodiazepine

1568:

The most frequent symptoms of withdrawal from benzodiazepines are insomnia, gastric problems,

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Kraemer KL, Conigliaro J, Saitz R (June 1999). "Managing alcohol withdrawal in the elderly".

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2916: 2896: 2447: 2188: 1923: 1542: 1417: 1110: 1102: 1075: 829:

are first-line choices. In the community, intravenous administration is not practical and so

658:(GAD), but were not shown effective in producing long-term improvement overall. According to 514: 502: 421: 404:, and death rarely results when a benzodiazepine is the only drug taken. Combined with other 343: 299: 129: 12407: 9109: 6849:"Effects of commonly used benzodiazepines on the fetus, the neonate, and the nursing infant" 4741:

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Buscemi N, Vandermeer B, Friesen C, Bialy L, Tubman M, Ospina M, et al. (June 2005).

4684:"APA Practice Guideline for the Treatment of Patients With Panic Disorder, Second Edition" 3990:(11). The American Geriatrics Society 2015 Beers Criteria Update Expert Panel: 2227–2246. 3373:"The rise and fall and rise of benzodiazepines: a return of the stigmatized and repressed" 597:, they do not recommend use of benzodiazepines beyond two to four weeks, as tolerance and 8: 20652: 20369: 20175: 20058: 19185: 19111: 18200: 18042: 17750: 17581: 17535: 17104: 16237: 16232: 15799: 15356: 13996: 13571: 13285: 12494: 10998: 6265:[Restless legs syndrome: diagnosis and treatment. Opinion of Brazilian experts]. 6261:

Grupo Brasileiro de Estudos em Síndrome das Pernas Inquietas (GBE-SPI) (September 2007).

2961: 2717:(see figure to the lower-right), which explains their binding to a common receptor site. 2278: 1562: 1511: 1397: 865: 598: 506: 482: 390: 358: 279: 11055: 10147: 9792: 9229: 8453: 8399: 8105:

Rosen CS, Greenbaum MA, Schnurr PP, Holmes TH, Brennan PL, Friedman MJ (December 2013).

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Dolovich LR, Addis A, Vaillancourt JM, Power JD, Koren G, Einarson TR (September 1998).

941:

or those in extreme distress. Caution is exercised in this situation due to the risk of

20828: 20823: 20152: 19815: 19713: 19370: 19003: 18375: 17977: 17465: 16668: 16098: 16014: 15379: 13851: 13745: 13705: 13667: 13659: 13626: 13605: 12601: 12218: 12171: 12118: 12026: 11999: 11516: 11473: 11398: 11373: 11357: 11324: 11271: 11254: 11075: 10974: 10664:

Zisterer DM, Williams DC (September 1997). "Peripheral-type benzodiazepine receptors".

10608: 10558: 10525: 10506: 10451: 10438: 10384: 10159: 10008: 9965: 9917: 9890: 9871: 9774: 9731: 9677: 9652: 9598: 9509: 9484: 9460: 9435: 9411: 9386: 9367: 9303: 9248: 9189: 9164: 8929: 8814: 8756: 8744: 8713: 8664: 8629: 8510: 8357: 8345: 8295: 8213: 7994: 7883: 7802: 7753: 7662: 7653: 7637: 7485: 7460: 7406: 7335: 7236: 7193: 7150: 7010: 6985: 6709: 6672: 6515: 6472: 6429: 6344: 6208: 6160: 6135: 6036: 5968: 5925: 5855: 5807: 5782: 5781:

Simon ST, Higginson IJ, Booth S, Harding R, Weingärtner V, Bausewein C (October 2016).

5763: 5673: 5661: 5572: 5524: 5499: 5447: 5418:"Drug treatment of epilepsy in the century of the ILAE: the second 50 years, 1959-2009" 5304: 5279: 5260: 5143: 5118: 4931: 4810: 4766: 4660: 4532: 4507: 4459: 4362: 4275: 4225: 4191: 4108: 4083: 4007: 3933: 3921: 3868: 3819: 3771: 3721: 3571: 3559: 3397: 3372: 3315: 3286: 3279: 3156: 2648: 2451: 2257:

and are involved in the body response to injury. Benzodiazepines also function as weak

2053: 1638: 1546: 1345: 1328: 1267: 1148: 785: 764: 486: 327: 311: 13526: 12306: 11028: 10677: 10642: 8879: 8554: 8529: 8164: 8147: 7528:

Ashton H (2004). "Benzodiazepine dependence". In Haddad P, Dursun S, Deakin B (eds.).

7394: 7323: 6239: 6196: 6067: 5913: 4263: 1493:

2 mg and 5 mg diazepam tablets, which are commonly used in the treatment of

20550: 20545: 20455: 20295: 20066: 20009: 19950: 19718: 19290: 18385: 18162: 18157: 17705: 17148: 17112: 17070: 16061: 16019: 15852: 15527: 15522: 14773: 14277: 14192: 14141: 14087: 13821: 13788: 13736: 13681: 13654: 13290: 12611: 12421: 12337: 12310: 12275: 12246: 12210: 12206: 12175: 12110: 12060: 12031: 11951: 11765: 11726: 11508: 11465: 11430: 11403: 11344: 11276: 11235: 11196: 11161: 11157: 11067: 10937: 10933: 10899: 10870: 10769: 10711: 10681: 10646: 10600: 10563: 10545: 10510: 10498: 10490: 10443: 10425: 10376: 10333: 10294: 10290: 10253: 10230: 10189: 10151: 10085: 10062: 10035: 10000: 9957: 9922: 9863: 9859: 9826: 9766: 9762: 9723: 9682: 9633: 9590: 9549: 9545: 9514: 9465: 9416: 9402: 9359: 9295: 9253: 9194: 9143: 9002: 8998: 8961: 8934: 8883: 8846: 8821: 8791: 8748: 8705: 8633: 8594: 8590: 8559: 8502: 8445: 8391: 8349: 8287: 8248: 8238: 8205: 8169: 8128: 8087: 8058: 8032: 7986: 7936: 7910: 7887: 7879: 7794: 7789: 7772: 7745: 7741: 7667: 7603: 7562: 7533: 7490: 7441: 7410: 7398: 7361: 7327: 7270: 7228: 7185: 7181: 7142: 7105: 7078: 7050: 7015: 6940: 6905: 6870: 6817: 6775: 6770: 6743: 6722: 6687: 6614: 6582: 6550: 6507: 6464: 6460: 6421: 6384: 6336: 6294: 6243: 6200: 6165: 6116: 6071: 6028: 6024: 5991: 5960: 5917: 5882: 5859: 5847: 5812: 5755: 5720: 5665: 5626: 5599: 5564: 5560: 5529: 5439: 5434: 5417: 5309: 5295: 5252: 5248: 5148: 5067: 5042: 4923: 4873: 4802: 4758: 4715:. WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Training in Mental Health. Archived from 4652: 4564: 4537: 4451: 4416: 4389: 4354: 4350: 4314: 4267: 4229: 4183: 4113: 4099: 4061: 3999: 3961: 3925: 3860: 3811: 3763: 3713: 3675: 3613: 3563: 3526: 3500: 3490: 3454: 3426: 3402: 3351: 2987: 2706: 2455: 1831: 1644: 1625:

dosage and type of benzodiazepine, reasons for prescription, lifestyle, personality,

1577: 1433:

However, they occur with greater frequency in recreational abusers, individuals with

1349: 1247: 1086: 1085:

in susceptible individuals. For that reason, they are contraindicated in people with

807: 803: 768: 606: 526: 494: 303: 12222: 12122: 11477: 10612: 10388: 10163: 10012: 9969: 9875: 9778: 9735: 9602: 9569:"Use of benzodiazepine and risk of cancer: A meta-analysis of observational studies" 9307: 8717: 8668: 8514: 8361: 8299: 8201: 7998: 7806: 7757: 7240: 6936: 6433: 6279: 6262: 6212: 6040: 5972: 5929: 5767: 5451: 5093: 4935: 4881: 4770: 4463: 4366: 4279: 4195: 4011: 3872: 3839:"Use of benzodiazepine and risk of cancer: A meta-analysis of observational studies" 3823: 3759: 3746:

Lader M, Tylee A, Donoghue J (2009). "Withdrawing benzodiazepines in primary care".

3725: 19971: 19637: 19124: 18901: 18871: 18803: 18710: 18380: 18260: 18152: 17864: 17854: 17308: 16202: 15812: 14738: 14247: 13883: 13803: 12890: 12606: 12520: 12302: 12202: 12167: 12102: 12021: 12013: 11980: 11757: 11587: 11520: 11500: 11457: 11393: 11385: 11352: 11336: 11266: 11227: 11188: 11153: 11079: 11059: 11024: 10978: 10966: 10952:"Nomenclature of fused and bridged fused ring systems (IUPAC Recommendations 1998)" 10673: 10638: 10592: 10553: 10537: 10482: 10455: 10433: 10415: 10368: 10325: 10286: 10222: 10143: 9992: 9949: 9912: 9904: 9855: 9758: 9713: 9672: 9664: 9625: 9580: 9541: 9504: 9496: 9455: 9447: 9406: 9398: 9371: 9349: 9287: 9243: 9233: 9184: 9176: 8994: 8924: 8914: 8875: 8783: 8760: 8740: 8695: 8656: 8621: 8586: 8549: 8541: 8494: 8341: 8279: 8197: 8159: 8118: 8024: 7978: 7875: 7839: 7784: 7737: 7657: 7649: 7480: 7472: 7433: 7390: 7339: 7319: 7220: 7197: 7177: 7154: 7134: 7042: 7005: 6997: 6932: 6897: 6860: 6809: 6765: 6757: 6542: 6519: 6499: 6456: 6413: 6328: 6284: 6274: 6235: 6192: 6155: 6147: 6106: 6102: 6098: 6063: 6020: 5952: 5909: 5839: 5802: 5798: 5794: 5747: 5712: 5677: 5657: 5576: 5556: 5519: 5511: 5429: 5347:. Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network. 2005. pp. 17–19. Archived from 5299: 5291: 5290:(4). American Geriatrics Society 2012 Beers Criteria Update Expert Panel: 616–631. 5264: 5244: 5138: 5130: 4915: 4814: 4794: 4750: 4642: 4527: 4519: 4443: 4346: 4259: 4221: 4175: 4103: 4095: 4053: 3991: 3937: 3917: 3850: 3803: 3755: 3705: 3665: 3605: 3575: 3555: 3482: 3392: 3384: 3255: 2904: 2892: 2545: 2467: 2459: 2302: 2195: 2057: 2040: 2020: 1880: 1815: 1702: 1634: 1597: 1530: 1203: 1054:

There is some evidence that low doses of benzodiazepines reduce adverse effects of

898:, and are, therefore, not recommended for detoxification in an outpatient setting. 882: 745: 240: 213: 201: 65: 11461: 9354: 9337: 8731:

Ashton H (May 2005). "The diagnosis and management of benzodiazepine dependence".

7824: 5465:

Stokes T, Shaw EJ, Juarez-Garcia A, Camosso-Stefinovic J, Baker R (October 2004).

5376:

Stokes T, Shaw EJ, Juarez-Garcia A, Camosso-Stefinovic J, Baker R (October 2004).

5278:

American Geriatrics Society 2012 Beers Criteria Update Expert Panel (April 2012).

4664: 3775: 3546:

Ashton H (May 2005). "The diagnosis and management of benzodiazepine dependence".

20792: 20263: 20128: 20112: 20100: 20054: 20005: 19820: 19795: 19790: 19604: 19337: 19190: 17992: 17987: 17849: 17782: 17479: 17273: 17249: 17227: 17202: 17168: 16835: 16787: 16701: 16523: 16488: 16287: 16165: 16083: 16078: 16056: 15938: 15447: 15137: 15129: 15119: 14916: 14647: 13223: 11945: 11902: 11042:

Hata M, Marshall GR (2006). "Do benzodiazepines mimic reverse-turn structures?".

10469:

Shi Y, Cui M, Ochs K, Brendel M, Strübing FL, Briel N, et al. (March 2022).

9500: 9238: 9213: 9135: 8431:"Issues in the clinical use of benzodiazepines: potency, withdrawal, and rebound" 8217: 7554: 7072: 6792: 6546: 6503: 6476: 6348: 5986:

Wyatt JP, Illingworth RN, Robertson CE, Clancy MJ, Munro PT (2005). "Poisoning".

5751: 5061: 4919: 4754: 4057: 3486: 2974: 2929: 2533: 2529: 2471: 1992:

Benzodiazepines work by increasing the effectiveness of the endogenous chemical,

1971: 1936: 1892: 1888: 1749:

Although benzodiazepines are much safer in overdose than their predecessors, the

1653: 1621: 1526: 1438: 1341: 1227: 1082: 1048: 911: 811: 610: 602: 518: 478: 275: 263: 148: 20373: 15335: 14638: 13562: 11823:. UK: Exchange Supplies, 2009 National Drug Treatment Conference. Archived from 9668: 8660: 7259:"Addiction: Part I. Benzodiazepines – side effects, abuse risk and alternatives" 4043: 3609: 3388: 1467: 20753: 20440: 20435: 20275: 20104: 20013: 19880: 19875: 19299: 18092: 17967: 17932: 17927: 17813: 17778: 17682: 17592: 17459: 17268: 17152: 16607: 16535: 16421: 16332: 16282: 16226: 16197: 16186: 16170: 16066: 15492: 15389: 15374: 15344: 15273: 15109: 14951: 14865: 14687: 14580: 14355: 14091: 13965: 13943: 13798: 13512: 10486: 10226: 9629: 8787: 8479: 8237:(14th ed.). Chichester, West Sussex: South London and Maudsley NHS Trust. 8028: 6901: 4523: 3230: 2925: 2637: 2629: 2004: 1919: 1779: 1669: 1665: 1648: 1601: 1554: 1507: 1353: 1286: 1040: 910:, because they are metabolized differently from other benzodiazepines, through 848: 618: 557: 543: 454: 413: 378: 354: 291: 271: 247: 101: 96: 89: 77: 12408:"Addiction: Part I. Benzodiazepines—side effects, abuse risk and alternatives" 12106: 11761: 11389: 11063: 9180: 8700: 8683: 8545: 8498: 8283: 8252: 7224: 7138: 7001: 6417: 5873:

Berthold C (May 2007). "Enteral sedation: safety, efficacy, and controversy".

5716: 5119:"Trends in prescribing of sedative-hypnotic medications in the USA: 1993–2010" 5030: 4647: 4630: 4447: 3807: 3709: 2948:, and by the 1970s they had largely replaced the older drugs for sedative and 505:, and insomnia. Most are administered orally; however, they can also be given 20802: 20670: 20631: 20535: 20460: 20445: 20405: 20338: 20271: 20234: 20108: 20034: 20029: 20019: 19955: 19895: 19825: 19670: 19627: 18833: 18798: 18773: 18585: 18445: 18425: 18420: 18410: 18405: 18305: 18195: 18137: 18132: 18117: 18097: 18087: 18067: 18057: 18047: 18012: 17982: 17972: 17917: 17841: 17788: 17773: 17633: 17601: 17507: 17443: 17337: 17298: 17237: 17222: 17212: 17173: 17134: 17130: 17108: 17017: 17007: 16860: 16850: 16840: 16809: 16729: 16594: 16553: 16408: 16367: 16302: 16207: 16160: 16155: 16133: 16093: 15971: 15956: 15708: 15703: 15693: 15610: 15595: 15590: 15585: 15487: 15477: 15472: 15462: 15442: 15384: 15296: 15218: 15103: 15080: 14898: 14860: 14839: 14546: 14475: 14470: 14385: 14360: 14299: 14289: 14006: 14001: 13900: 13808: 13778: 13305: 13300: 13041: 13036: 13031: 13026: 12766: 12646: 12631: 12616: 12586: 12540: 12489: 12064: 12017: 11905:(supply to addicts) (amendment) regulations 2005. No. 2864. Accessed 20–10–03 11348: 11340: 10549: 10494: 10429: 10209:

Rudolph U, Möhler H (February 2006). "GABA-based therapeutic approaches: GABA

9908: 7690: 7278: 7046: 6795:"Neonatal drug withdrawal. American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Drugs" 6761: 6183:

Ferini-Strambi L, Zucconi M (September 2000). "REM sleep behavior disorder".

6151: 5956: 5515: 5472:. London: Royal College of General Practitioners. p. 432. Archived from 4798: 3902: 3422:

Treating Alcohol and Drug Problems in Psychotherapy Practice Doing What Works

3226: 3187: 3121: 3101: 3097: 3048: 3036: 3032: 3020: 2912: 2887: 2798: 2714: 2613: 2609: 2593: 2502: 2350: 2254: 2036: 1939: 1754: 1676: 1629:, and amount of available support, a year or more may be needed to withdraw. 1581: 1506:

The main problem of the chronic use of benzodiazepines is the development of

1384: 1333: 1290: 1231: 1195: 1191: 988: 960: 834: 425: 331: 315: 278:

properties. High doses of many shorter-acting benzodiazepines may also cause

217: 73: 12364:

Benzodiazepines: how they work & how to withdraw (aka The Ashton Manual)

10970: 10794: 10541: 10470: 10129:"Benzodiazepines in anxiety disorders: managing therapeutics and dependence" 9029:

Benzodiazepines: how they work & how to withdraw (aka The Ashton Manual)

8478:

Curran HV, Collins R, Fletcher S, Kee SC, Woods B, Iliffe S (October 2003).

8313:

Pary R, Lewis S (2008). "Prescribing benzodiazepines in clinical practice".

8266:

Curran HV, Collins R, Fletcher S, Kee SC, Woods B, Iliffe S (October 2003).

6865: 6848: 6813: 665:

Likewise, Canadian Psychiatric Association (CPA) recommends benzodiazepines

20703: 20685: 20636: 20530: 20525: 20395: 20143: 19885: 19835: 19805: 19750: 19708: 19703: 19698: 19688: 19683: 19612: 19270: 19235: 19230: 19200: 19149: 19076: 18768: 18758: 18530: 18525: 18515: 18510: 18440: 18265: 18255: 18147: 18107: 18072: 18052: 18037: 18022: 17957: 17952: 17937: 17907: 17902: 17887: 17833: 17823: 17657: 17641: 17470: 17379: 17361: 17345: 17323: 17318: 17283: 17216: 17206: 17183: 17138: 17032: 16902: 16804: 16799: 16709: 16612: 16563: 16498: 16426: 16377: 16322: 16317: 16123: 16040: 16009: 16004: 15999: 15989: 15984: 15946: 15842: 15832: 15764: 15678: 15620: 15605: 15507: 15467: 15457: 15437: 15432: 15422: 15412: 15188: 15178: 15168: 15147: 15070: 15013: 14968: 14855: 14677: 14536: 14516: 14380: 14370: 14222: 13986: 13947: 13594: 13275: 12718: 12713: 12703: 12692: 12641: 12515: 12425: 12114: 11984: 11845: 11794: 11512: 11469: 11434: 11071: 10773: 10715: 10604: 10567: 10502: 10447: 10337: 10234: 10004: 9727: 9686: 9637: 9594: 9518: 9469: 9420: 9363: 9299: 9257: 9198: 8938: 8887: 8841:

Harrison PC, Gelder MG, Cowen P (2006). "The misuse of alcohol and drugs".

8795: 8752: 8709: 8598: 8563: 8506: 8449: 8395: 8353: 8291: 8232: 8209: 8148:"Acute and delayed effects of alprazolam on flight phobics during exposure" 8132: 7914: 7798: 7749: 7671: 7607: 7494: 7445: 7402: 7331: 7274: 7232: 7189: 7146: 7054: 7019: 6944: 6909: 6874: 6554: 6511: 6468: 6447:

Attard A, Ranjith G, Taylor D (August 2008). "Delirium and its treatment".

6425: 6340: 6298: 6247: 6204: 6169: 6120: 6075: 6032: 5964: 5886: 5851: 5843: 5816: 5759: 5724: 5630: 5603: 5568: 5443: 5313: 5256: 5152: 5046: 4927: 4877: 4806: 4762: 4656: 4568: 4541: 4455: 4420: 4358: 4271: 4233: 4187: 4065: 4003: 3929: 3864: 3815: 3767: 3717: 3679: 3617: 3567: 3504: 3406: 3271: 3235: 2770: 2510: 1486: 1429: 1000: 979: 712: 706: 637: 462: 386: 12314: 12279: 12266:

Frey HH (1989). "Anticonvulsant drugs used in the treatment of epilepsy".

12214: 12179: 12035: 11916:"List of drugs currently controlled under the misuse of drugs legislation" 11769: 11647:"List of Drugs Currently Controlled Under The Misuse of Drugs Legislation" 11534: 11504: 11407: 11280: 11239: 11231: 11165: 10685: 10650: 10380: 10298: 10155: 10066: 10039: 9996: 9961: 9953: 9926: 9867: 9770: 9553: 9006: 8173: 8091: 8036: 7990: 7982: 6923:

Bain KT (June 2006). "Management of chronic insomnia in elderly persons".

6821: 6779: 5921: 5669: 5533: 4506:

Kaufmann CN, Spira AP, Alexander GC, Rutkow L, Mojtabai R (October 2017).

4393: 4117: 3696:

Lader M (2008). "Effectiveness of benzodiazepines: do they work or not?".

3481:. Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology. Vol. 182. pp. 335–360. 2612:

donating and accepting sites in the receptor, while L1, L2, and L3 denote

995:, bringing about rapid tranquillization and sedation until the effects of 20616: 20611: 20583: 20520: 20512: 20497: 20450: 20225: 20220: 20190: 20170: 19925: 19905: 19855: 19678: 19660: 19655: 19645: 19622: 19617: 19584: 19506: 19347: 19314: 19304: 19160: 19144: 19048: 18931: 18848: 18828: 18818: 18788: 18753: 18705: 18695: 18655: 18650: 18625: 18610: 18570: 18560: 18495: 18465: 18415: 18360: 18335: 18315: 18310: 18275: 18172: 18127: 18082: 18062: 18027: 18002: 17897: 17874: 17798: 17768: 17651: 17568: 17549: 17502: 17475: 17455: 17427: 17399: 17389: 17384: 17355: 17313: 17303: 17288: 17258: 17241: 17197: 17162: 17126: 17122: 17079: 17042: 17022: 16992: 16987: 16977: 16887: 16831: 16826: 16782: 16756: 16714: 16691: 16676: 16635: 16581: 16449: 16395: 16345: 16312: 16297: 16257: 16118: 16113: 16108: 15979: 15961: 15951: 15880: 15860: 15822: 15698: 15635: 15630: 15575: 15560: 15532: 15497: 15482: 15417: 15404: 15369: 15198: 15183: 15173: 15151: 15093: 15050: 15028: 14849: 14835: 14783: 14758: 14753: 14526: 14521: 14407: 14365: 14311: 14282: 14257: 14252: 14227: 14107: 14102: 14066: 14046: 13991: 13981: 13895: 13649: 13599: 13500: 13474: 13367: 13351: 13310: 13236: 13203: 13147: 13065: 12957: 12936: 12885: 12796: 12786: 12756: 12746: 12741: 12626: 12591: 12555: 12545: 12530: 8123: 8106: 7844: 7437: 5464: 5375: 4407:

Faught E (2004). "Treatment of refractory primary generalized epilepsy".

3670: 3654:"Prescribed Benzodiazepines and Suicide Risk: A Review of the Literature" 3653: 3239: 3089: 2999: 2945: 2802: 2733: 2680: 2652: 2541: 2246: 2199: 2198:. This increases the frequency of the opening of the associated chloride 2028: 1787: 1750: 1425: 1368: 1337: 1301: 1206:, are recommended over potentially more harmful benzodiazepines, such as 1167: 1126: 1090: 861: 815: 626: 401: 20290: 13912: 11200: 11192: 10420: 10403: 8919: 8902: 4998:. National Institute for Clinical Excellence. April 2004. Archived from 4212:

White JM, Irvine RJ (July 1999). "Mechanisms of fatal opioid overdose".

3956:

McIntosh A, Semple D, Smyth R, Burns J, Darjee R (2005). "Depressants".

2600:

receptor. White sticks represent the carbon atoms of the benzodiazepine

20724: 20698: 20693: 20675: 20660: 20642: 20626: 20430: 20400: 20390: 20258: 20210: 20205: 20123: 20118: 20024: 19995: 19991: 19900: 19865: 19810: 19800: 19760: 19693: 19521: 19486: 19451: 19446: 19400: 19390: 19319: 19280: 19240: 19225: 19205: 19195: 19134: 19129: 19119: 19086: 19068: 18964: 18911: 18876: 18823: 18813: 18783: 18778: 18715: 18690: 18645: 18620: 18600: 18580: 18575: 18565: 18545: 18500: 18490: 18475: 18435: 18430: 18400: 18355: 18350: 18330: 18320: 18300: 18295: 18285: 18245: 18240: 18235: 18230: 18225: 18215: 18210: 18205: 18177: 18032: 17947: 17942: 17828: 17818: 17793: 17609: 17577: 17563: 17540: 17515: 17511: 17483: 17451: 17447: 17394: 17328: 17278: 17263: 17191: 17047: 17027: 17012: 16982: 16972: 16913: 16882: 16855: 16845: 16766: 16746: 16719: 16654: 16630: 16625: 16508: 16503: 16493: 16483: 16444: 16439: 16350: 16292: 16277: 16088: 15994: 15890: 15870: 15837: 15827: 15817: 15807: 15774: 15756: 15741: 15688: 15683: 15645: 15640: 15615: 15600: 15570: 15565: 15555: 15537: 15213: 15141: 15088: 15065: 15060: 15043: 14983: 14941: 14926: 14808: 14763: 14748: 14728: 14723: 14718: 14634: 14551: 14541: 14531: 14490: 14485: 14435: 14417: 14412: 14395: 14390: 14375: 14326: 14321: 14316: 14306: 14272: 14262: 14146: 14136: 14126: 14071: 14041: 14021: 13826: 13760: 13699: 13687: 13644: 13439: 13422: 13346: 13315: 13280: 13270: 13231: 13198: 13193: 13172: 13132: 13117: 13107: 13092: 13087: 13061: 13051: 13046: 13016: 13011: 13005: 13000: 12995: 12972: 12962: 12931: 12916: 12895: 12868: 12811: 12776: 12761: 12751: 12723: 12636: 12621: 12581: 12570: 12550: 12535: 12504: 12499: 11580: 10596: 10372: 10329: 9718: 9701: 9451: 6888:

Tariq SH, Pulisetty S (February 2008). "Pharmacotherapy for insomnia".

6581:(7th ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 2317–2323. 6289: 6111: 5117:

Kaufmann CN, Spira AP, Alexander GC, Rutkow L, Mojtabai R (June 2016).

4783: 3323: 3307: 3251: 3166: 3117: 3052: 3044: 2854: 2850: 2826: 2822: 2806: 2794: 2741: 2621: 2549: 2518: 2506: 2494: 2475: 2318: 2289: 1951: 1932: 1915: 1884: 1864: 1806: 1775: 1661: 1421: 1324: 1259: 1187: 1094: 1068: 1019: 1015: 1008: 972: 818: 788:

among driving patients, and falls and hip fracture for older patients.

753: 670: 666: 622: 549: 474: 409: 382: 267: 236: 189: 37: 12136: 10892: 10355:

receptors. Pharmacological and electrophysiological properties of GABA

9585: 9568: 9214:"Association between Benzodiazepine Use and Dementia: A Meta-Analysis" 7696:"FDA expands Boxed Warning to improve safe use of benzodiazepine drug" 7636:

Xu KY, Hartz SM, Borodovsky JT, Bierut LJ, Grucza RA (December 2020).

6332: 5385:. London: Royal College of General Practitioners. pp. 61, 64–65. 4629:

Bandelow B, Zohar J, Hollander E, Kasper S, Möller HJ (October 2002).

4433: 3995: 3855: 3838: 2165:

receptors). For this reason, benzodiazepines show no affinity for GABA

1178:

have been described in infants chronically exposed to benzodiazepines

20719: 20606: 20578: 20568: 20540: 20425: 20420: 20410: 20248: 20200: 20195: 20180: 20138: 20133: 20091: 20086: 20081: 20039: 19935: 19920: 19860: 19845: 19830: 19650: 19561: 19516: 19481: 19471: 19441: 19436: 19421: 19395: 19357: 19352: 19329: 19324: 19309: 19215: 19210: 19091: 18969: 18959: 18951: 18886: 18863: 18843: 18838: 18808: 18793: 18763: 18745: 18735: 18730: 18725: 18720: 18700: 18685: 18680: 18670: 18665: 18660: 18630: 18605: 18555: 18540: 18535: 18520: 18505: 18485: 18480: 18470: 18460: 18455: 18450: 18370: 18365: 18340: 18270: 18250: 18220: 18142: 18077: 18007: 17997: 17962: 17859: 17763: 17624: 17605: 17553: 17530: 17497: 17422: 17293: 17158: 17094: 17062: 17057: 17037: 16997: 16892: 16686: 16576: 16543: 16478: 16390: 16355: 16307: 16150: 16103: 15910: 15895: 15885: 15875: 15784: 15746: 15736: 15728: 15713: 15670: 15660: 15655: 15625: 15580: 15517: 15452: 15248: 15243: 15238: 15228: 15208: 15133: 15055: 14998: 14888: 14870: 14845: 14818: 14803: 14798: 14793: 14788: 14733: 14667: 14603: 14511: 14402: 14350: 14267: 14232: 14212: 14178: 14168: 14131: 14097: 14076: 14061: 14056: 14026: 14016: 14011: 13956: 13878: 13861: 13831: 13793: 13755: 13715: 13692: 13615: 13579: 13495: 13417: 13412: 13407: 13401: 13385: 13327: 13241: 13208: 13167: 13162: 13157: 13152: 13137: 13127: 13122: 13071: 13056: 13021: 12977: 12967: 12952: 12900: 12879: 12873: 12863: 12858: 12853: 12848: 12843: 12838: 12833: 12822: 12816: 12781: 12736: 12708: 12697: 12687: 12682: 12671: 12666: 12661: 12656: 12651: 12596: 12560: 12525: 12510: 11896:

Explanatory memorandum to the misuse of drugs and the misuse of drugs

10863:"Chronopharmacology and its implication to the pharmacology of sleep" 9291: 9271:

Nakafero G, Sanders RD, Nguyen-Van-Tam JS, Myles PR (November 2016).

7476: 5134: 4179: 3290: 3267: 3243: 3221:

Benzodiazepines are commonly used recreationally by poly-drug users.

3203: 3199: 3125: 3109: 3105: 3093: 3085: 3078: 2978: 2965: 2858: 2834: 2830: 2778: 2766: 2745: 2668: 2660: 2655:

ring system (see figure to the right), which is a fusion between the

2522: 2514: 2498: 2483: 2479: 2430: 2382: 2366: 2130: 2085: 1943: 1904: 1896: 1783: 1771: 1657: 1589: 1263: 1255: 1211: 1207: 1163: 1004: 984: 933:

Benzodiazepines are often prescribed for a wide range of conditions:

907: 903: 837: 822: 733: 674: 654:

Benzodiazepines have robust efficacy in the short-term management of

450: 197: 14990: 14975: 11972: 11793:. International Narcotics Control Board. August 2003. Archived from 10629:

Zavala F (September 1997). "Benzodiazepines, anxiety and immunity".

10402:

Afroz S, Parato J, Shen H, Smith SS (2 May 2016). Kennedy MB (ed.).

8267: 2454:, such as diazepam and chlordiazepoxide, which are metabolised into 161: 20665: 20621: 20601: 20573: 20502: 20492: 20415: 20305: 20238: 20215: 20164: 20160: 20156: 20096: 20070: 19930: 19890: 19870: 19850: 19840: 19780: 19775: 19589: 19551: 19501: 19466: 19431: 19426: 19410: 19405: 19385: 19380: 19375: 19362: 19250: 19058: 18935: 18921: 18896: 18891: 18881: 18853: 18640: 18635: 18615: 18595: 18590: 18390: 18345: 18325: 18290: 18280: 18167: 18122: 18112: 18017: 17912: 17892: 17808: 17619: 17613: 17557: 17519: 17491: 17089: 17084: 17052: 17002: 16944: 16876: 16867: 16761: 16513: 16242: 16212: 16138: 16073: 15928: 15905: 15900: 15865: 15718: 15650: 15512: 15427: 15331: 15327: 15223: 15203: 15123: 14936: 14880: 14823: 14813: 14778: 14768: 14743: 14672: 14506: 14480: 14237: 14217: 14051: 14036: 13888: 13873: 13813: 13766: 13726: 13721: 13589: 13584: 13455: 13295: 13213: 13112: 12926: 12921: 12827: 12806: 12801: 12791: 12771: 12576: 12373: 12000:"ABC of mental health. Addiction and dependence – I: Illicit drugs" 10053:

Spivey WH (1992). "Flumazenil and seizures: analysis of 43 cases".

9651:

Liaw GW, Hung DZ, Chen WK, Lin CL, Lin IC, Kao CH (December 2015).

7066: 7064: 6532: 5348: 3311: 3263: 3092:

are often heavily controlled and restricted. In certain countries,

3040: 2995: 2991: 2949: 2937: 2921: 2874: 2774: 2749: 2737: 2672: 2605: 2601: 2581: 2537: 2490: 2414: 2398: 2334: 2211: 2184: 2032: 1955: 1900: 1810: 1593: 1585: 1534: 1490: 1275: 1271: 1251: 1243: 1199: 1171: 1101:. Caution is required when benzodiazepines are used in people with 1081:

Because of their muscle relaxant action, benzodiazepines may cause

1072: 1044: 968: 922: 899: 890: 856: 844: 826: 757: 741: 724: 678: 490: 470: 466: 366: 295: 259: 255: 225: 209: 205: 69: 12444: 12050:"Benzodiazepine use and harms among police detainees in Australia" 9270: 8816:

Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders : DSM-5

6380:

The American Psychiatric Publishing Textbook of Psychopharmacology

5737: 2561: 1533:

5 mg capsules, which are sometimes used as an alternative to

1437:, children, and patients on high-dosage regimes. In these groups, 1376:

had almost four-times increased odds of a serious health outcome.

346:

after taking benzodiazepines such as worsened agitation or panic.

20484: 20252: 20242: 20001: 19940: 19915: 19910: 19785: 19765: 19745: 19566: 19556: 19541: 19526: 19511: 19496: 19491: 19476: 19461: 19342: 19081: 18941: 18395: 18102: 17803: 17637: 17341: 17144: 17116: 16821: 16558: 16372: 16247: 16143: 16050: 15769: 15502: 15193: 14830: 14659: 14083: 13264: 13142: 13102: 13097: 10827: 10795:"Alprazolam – FDA prescribing information, side effects and uses" 10311: 9825:(2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 791–838 (798). 9531: 9434:

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Anästhesiologie, Intensivmedizin, Notfallmedizin, Schmerztherapie

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are contraindicated during benzodiazepine withdrawal as they are

1118: 1043:

are generally a first-line treatment for delirium; however, when

978:

Benzodiazepines are also used to treat the acute panic caused by

956: 797: 553: 552:

action, benzodiazepines are frequently used for the treatment of

548:

Because of their effectiveness, tolerability, and rapid onset of

350: 287: 193: 46: 11608: 11255:"Is there still a role for benzodiazepines in general practice?" 7773:"Benzodiazepines in epilepsy: pharmacology and pharmacokinetics" 7061: 6489: 4859: 4603:. National Collaborating Centre for Primary Care. Archived from 3229:

that also use benzodiazepines. Heavy alcohol use also increases

1327:, dizziness, and decreased alertness and concentration. Lack of 1151:

meaning potential for harm in the unborn has been demonstrated.

20593: 20185: 20148: 19770: 19723: 19594: 19576: 19536: 19220: 19018: 17545: 17074: 16872: 16024: 15920: 15233: 14960: 13772: 12362: 12336:(8th ed.). Iowa State University Press. pp. 325–333. 10898:. Hoboken, N.J: Wiley-Interscience/J. Wiley. pp. 797–907. 9888: 8811: 8576: 8014: 7104:. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams Wilkins. pp. 260–262. 6793:

American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Drugs (June 1998).

6311: 5985: 4862:"Clinical practice guidelines. Management of anxiety disorders" 2676: 2604:, while green represents carbon atoms of the nonbenzodiazepine 2446:

A benzodiazepine can be placed into one of three groups by its

2177: 2170: 2155: 2148: 2141: 2134: 1997: 1947: 1867:, whose use is controversial following benzodiazepine overdose. 1860: 1791: 1732: 1569: 1461: 1183: 1179: 1122: 851:

become problems with continued use and none are now considered

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Bright JK, Martin AJ, Richards M, Morie M (16 December 2022).

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Buckley NA, Dawson AH, Whyte IM, O'Connell DL (January 1995).

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receptor. Binding also requires that alpha subunits contain a

1445: 917:

Benzodiazepines are the preferred choice in the management of

485:

actions, which are useful in a variety of indications such as

20465: 19546: 16897: 16217: 11873:. United Kingdom: British National Formulary. 3 January 2020. 11844:. International Narcotics Control Board. 2003. Archived from 11839:"List of psychotropic substances under international control" 11784:"List of psychotropic substances under international control" 11302:. Select Committee on Health, House of Commons, UK Parliament 10186:

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Physical dependence, withdrawal and post-withdrawal syndromes

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Handbook of Drug Interactions: a Clinical and Forensic Guide

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GABA controls the excitability of neurons by binding to the

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Obiora E, Hubbard R, Sanders RD, Myles PR (February 2013).

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in the United Kingdom, involving 14,000 patients and 1,800

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composed of five subunits, the most common ones being two

1451:

already common in anxiety disorders, causing or worsening

740:

Benzodiazepines can be useful for short-term treatment of

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European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience

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Adverse Syndromes and Psychiatric Drugs: A Clinical Guide

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Benzodiazepines are associated with an increased risk of

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also bind to the benzodiazepine binding site on the GABA

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controlled drugs, apart from flunitrazepam, which is a

1822:

are suitable candidates for treatment with flumazenil.

1289:, they have little evidence of effectiveness, although 711:

Benzodiazepines are sometimes used in the treatment of

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Cheng T, Wallace DM, Ponteri B, Tuli M (23 May 2018).

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gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), while a subset of GABA

531:

College of Physicians and Surgeons of British Columbia

200:

ring. They are prescribed to treat conditions such as

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Cambridge Handbook of Psychology, Health and Medicine

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Choosing Wisely: An Initiative of the ABIM Foundation

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McIntosh A, Cohen A, Turnbull N, et al. (2004).

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The benzodiazepine class of drugs also interact with

1521: 777:

National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence

660:

National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence

591:

National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence

15035: 14995:

Tooltip Serotonin antagonist and reuptake inhibitors

14980:

Tooltip Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors

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Internationally, benzodiazepines are categorized as

2596:

model of the benzodiazepine binding site on the GABA

2234:

associated with long-term benzodiazepine treatment.

2214:

effects, whereas those with higher affinity for GABA

601:

develop rapidly, with withdrawal symptoms including

396:

In an overdose, benzodiazepines can cause dangerous

15020: 9567:Kim HB, Myung SK, Park YC, Park B (February 2017). 8840: 8048: 8046: 7771:Riss J, Cloyd J, Gates J, Collins S (August 2008). 7032: 6446: 5589: 3837:Kim HB, Myung SK, Park YC, Park B (February 2017). 3793: 3341: 3339: 2940:marketed by Hoffmann–La Roche under the brand name 2679:atom and the maximum possible number of cumulative 1174:, and breathing and feeding difficulties. Cases of 1071:or drug-dependent individuals and individuals with 613:and psychological therapies are recommended as the 13636: 10925:A Guide to IUPAC Nomenclature of Organic Compounds 10921: 10883: 10170: 10126: 10073: 9891:"Relative toxicity of benzodiazepines in overdose" 9211: 8945: 8834: 8813: 8052: 7964: 7962: 7960: 7958: 7956: 7954: 7952: 7346: 6708: 6671: 6376: 5988:Oxford Handbook of Accident and Emergency Medicine 5028: 3745: 1863:. Right: Chemical structure of the benzodiazepine 1637:, which also has a long half-life and long-acting 1018:, a benzodiazepine is used to treat many forms of 525:or misuse include the tendency to cause or worsen 400:, but are less toxic than their predecessors, the 20288:Unsorted benzodiazepine site positive modulators: 15005: 12057:Trends & Issues in Crime and Criminal Justice 11179:Sternbach LH (1979). "The benzodiazepine story". 10468: 9700:Lai SW, Lai HC, Lin CL, Liao KF (November 2015). 8894: 8234:The Maudsley prescribing guidelines in psychiatry 8230: 6925:The American Journal of Geriatric Pharmacotherapy 6656: 6595: 6561: 5942: 5066:. Springer Publishing Company. pp. 128–130. 4987: 4985: 4983: 4981: 192:whose core chemical structure is the fusion of a 20800: 12380: 11713: 10697: 10695: 10663: 10524:He Q, Chen X, Wu T, Li L, Fei X (January 2019). 9939: 9566: 9212:Zhong G, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Zhao Y (27 May 2015). 8424: 8422: 8420: 8043: 8010: 8008: 7723: 7721: 7582: 7580: 7578: 7552: 7299: 7252: 7250: 6846: 5342:"Diagnosis and management of epilepsy in adults" 4591: 4589: 4587: 4585: 4583: 4581: 4161: 4159: 4157: 3836: 3336: 14965:Tooltip Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors 11609:Blackpool NHS Primary Care Trust (1 May 2008). 10854: 10624: 10622: 10103: 10101: 9650: 7949: 7355: 6134:Schenck CH, Arnulf I, Mahowald MW (June 2007). 5875:Compendium of Continuing Education in Dentistry 5829: 5411: 5409: 5407: 5230: 5228: 5024: 5022: 5020: 4336: 4245: 4243: 4207: 4205: 3789: 3787: 3785: 3741: 3739: 3737: 3735: 3691: 3689: 1907:, and, in general, have few drug interactions. 643: 385:, uncertainty remains as to whether they cause 20368: 15326: 12238: 11997: 11747: 10860: 7098:Rosenthal TC, Williams M, Naughton BJ (2006). 6887: 6226:Silber MH (February 2001). "Sleep disorders". 5823: 5497: 5099:. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. 4978: 4860:Canadian Psychiatric Association (July 2006). 4707: 4554: 4077: 4075: 3896: 3894: 3892: 3890: 3888: 3886: 3884: 3882: 3591: 3589: 3587: 3585: 3472: 3470: 1879:Individual benzodiazepines may have different 20354: 17721: 16929: 16341:Serotonin antagonists and reuptake inhibitors 15312: 14619: 13928: 13542: 12460: 12381:Fruchtengarten L (April 1998). Ruse M (ed.). 11719:"Dangerous Drugs Ordinance – Schedule 1" 11552: 10922:Panico R, Powell WH, Richer JC, eds. (1993). 10692: 10574: 10350: 10305: 10208: 10202: 9820: 9699: 8417: 8368: 8325: 8017:Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 8005: 7894: 7825:"Benzodiazepines and disinhibition: a review" 7818: 7816: 7718: 7589:"The effects of benzodiazepines on cognition" 7575: 7532:. Oxford University Press. pp. 239–260. 7374: 7247: 6613:(15th ed.). Elsevier. pp. 429–443. 6608: 5702: 5110: 4740: 4578: 4154: 3647: 3645: 3595: 3476: 2108:γ1). For each subunit, many subtypes exist (α 1805:A reversal agent for benzodiazepines exists, 1682: 1051:, benzodiazepines are a first-line treatment. 885:is the most commonly used benzodiazepine for 17485: 12405: 12192: 12151: 11991: 11950:(2nd ed.). US: CRC Press. p. 217. 11527: 11211: 11178: 11041: 10812: 10657: 10619: 10530:Journal of Clinical Neurology (Seoul, Korea) 10344: 10266: 10188:(7th ed.). Elsevier. pp. 291–302. 10122: 10120: 10098: 10079: 9142:(2nd ed.). US: CRC Press. p. 512. 8974: 8865: 8053:Tasman A, Kay J, Lieberman JA, eds. (2008). 7523: 7521: 7256: 7026: 6977: 6881: 6847:Iqbal MM, Sobhan T, Ryals T (January 2002). 6576: 6483: 6176: 6053: 5404: 5371: 5369: 5225: 5017: 4853: 4777: 4689:. Work Group on Panic Disorder. January 2009 4548: 4240: 4202: 3782: 3732: 3686: 3658:The Primary Care Companion for CNS Disorders 3031:, even when not on the market (for example, 1420:, such as increased seizures in epileptics, 1162:. Newborns with this condition tend to have 1147:has categorized benzodiazepines into either 572:serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors 19:"Benzo" redirects here. For other uses, see 17737: 17594: 17582: 16730: 14905: 10758:"Benzodiazepine use, abuse, and dependence" 10755: 10751: 10749: 10747: 10745: 9162: 9051:Lal R, Gupta S, Rao R, Kattimani S (2007). 8952:Collier J, Longmore M, Amarakone K (2013). 8145: 6786: 6735: 6440: 5830:Broscheit J, Kranke P (February 2008). "". 5787:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 5491: 5326:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 4901: 4899: 4303: 4301: 4299: 4297: 4295: 4293: 4291: 4289: 4211: 4072: 4024:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 3879: 3582: 3523:Sleep Disorders: Diagnosis and Therapeutics 3467: 3350:. Oxford University Press. pp. 41–42. 1584:, hypersensitivity to stimuli, depression, 1446:Long-term worsening of psychiatric symptoms 1315:Paradoxical reaction § Benzodiazepines 691:serotonin-noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors 220:in 1955, and was made available in 1960 by 20361: 20347: 17728: 17714: 16936: 16922: 15319: 15305: 14626: 14612: 13935: 13921: 13852: 13746: 13706: 13606: 13549: 13535: 12467: 12453: 12391:International Programme on Chemical Safety 11818: 11750:Journal of Toxicology: Clinical Toxicology 11374:"End to insurers using genetic data urged" 11217: 11172: 11044:Journal of Computer-Aided Molecular Design 10743: 10741: 10739: 10737: 10735: 10733: 10731: 10729: 10727: 10725: 10523: 9985:Journal of Toxicology: Clinical Toxicology 9706:International Journal of Clinical Practice 9391:Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 9022: 9020: 9018: 9016: 8688:The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry 8331: 7926: 7924: 7859: 7813: 7764: 7557:. In Palmer S, Dainow S, Milner P (eds.). 7555:"The effects of medication on counselling" 7293: 7213:Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports 7170:Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 5936: 5458: 5284:Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 5192: 5190: 4635:The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry 4512:The American Journal of Emergency Medicine 3984:Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 3974: 3642: 3596:Saïas T, Gallarda T (September 2008). "". 2226:subunits have good anti-anxiety activity. 1226:. The elderly are at an increased risk of 1047:is caused by alcohol or sedative hypnotic 1026:responds well to low doses of clonazepam. 860:a useful role for very short-term seizure 773:Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality 216:(Librium), was discovered accidentally by 45: 13942: 12371: 12360: 12239:Kahn CM, Line S, Aiello SE, eds. 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(2009). 6288: 6278: 6159: 6110: 5902:Clinics in Podiatric Medicine and Surgery 5806: 5523: 5433: 5366: 5303: 5142: 5059: 5029:Ramakrishnan K, Scheid DC (August 2007). 4908:International Clinical Psychopharmacology 4821: 4646: 4531: 4332: 4330: 4107: 3854: 3669: 3396: 3345: 3213:British law requires that temazepam (but 428:with other addictive substances, and are 224:, which followed with the development of 16943: 12334:Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics 12327: 12292: 11447: 11371: 11139: 11137: 11135: 11133: 11131: 10865:. In Pandi-Perumal SR, Monti JM (eds.). 10272: 10127:Norman TR, Ellen SR, Burrows GD (1997). 9140:Desk Reference for Clinical Pharmacology 8812:American Psychiatry Association (2013). 8611: 8527: 7930: 7559:Counselling: The BACP Counselling Reader 7527: 7071:Jackson SG, Jansen P, Mangoni A (2009). 6673:"Drug interactions with benzodiazepines" 6403: 6010: 5872: 4896: 4286: 4249: 3525:. Informa Healthcare. pp. 220–222. 3444: 3442: 3160: 2899:beginning in 1960 and branded as Librium 2895:, the first benzodiazepine, marketed by 2886: 2587: 2560: 1970: 1525: 1485: 1300: 855:choices for long-term epilepsy therapy. 728: 445: 14648: 12265: 12234: 12232: 12092: 11821:"What is possible with benzodiazepines" 11420: 11293: 11259:The British Journal of General Practice 10869:. Basel: Birkhäuser. pp. 211–213. 10722: 9096: 9013: 8958:Oxford Handbook of Clinical Specialties 7921: 7900: 7586: 7561:. Vol. 1. Sage. pp. 211–214. 6669: 6091:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 5643: 5415: 5187: 5087: 5085: 5083: 4039: 4037: 4035: 3951: 3949: 3947: 3695: 3516: 3514: 1883:with certain drugs. Depending on their 1356:have been described but are very rare. 1033:Benzodiazepines are sometimes used for 695:selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors 562:selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors 230:selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors 20814:Chemical classes of psychoactive drugs 20801: 14705:Tooltip positive allosteric modulators 14688: 14633: 12321: 12095:Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 11871:"Controlled drugs and drug dependence" 11725:. Hong Kong: hklii.org. Archived from 11319: 11317: 11097: 11095: 11093: 11091: 11089: 10912: 10628: 10052: 9811: 8980: 8907:Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment 8802: 8730: 8231:Taylor D, Barnes TR, Young AH (2021). 8146:Wilhelm FH, Roth WT (September 1997). 6225: 5334: 4678: 4676: 4674: 4406: 4327: 4084:"Use and abuse of the benzodiazepines" 4081: 3900: 3545: 3242:. Benzodiazepines and, in particular, 3009: 2568:: The 1,4-benzodiazepine ring system. 1412: 1139:Effects of benzodiazepines on newborns 51:Structural formula of benzodiazepines. 20342: 17709: 16917: 15300: 14607: 13916: 13530: 12448: 12293:Podell M (1996). "Seizures in dogs". 11943: 11588:"Controlled Drugs and Substances Act" 11441: 11128: 9982: 9133: 8843:Shorter Oxford Textbook of Psychiatry 8626:10.1046/j.1440-1819.1998.0520s5S115.x 8614:Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences 7822: 5616: 4501: 4499: 4379: 4373: 3651: 3439: 3348:A Historical Dictionary of Psychiatry 3346:Shorter E (2005). "Benzodiazepines". 3196:Convention on Psychotropic Substances 3141:Convention on Psychotropic Substances 2068:. Hence, activation of different GABA 871: 20329:GABA metabolism/transport modulators 15040:Tooltip Monoamine oxidase inhibitors 12229: 11656:. British Government. Archived from 11252: 11101: 10992: 10988:from the original on 9 October 2022. 10949: 9280:Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety 9136:"Alphabetical presentation of drugs" 8987:Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment 7855:from the original on 9 October 2022. 7465:Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety 6922: 5945:Current Medical Research and Opinion 5498:Ashworth M, Gerada C (August 1997). 5183:from the original on 9 October 2022. 5123:Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety 5106:from the original on 9 October 2022. 5080: 4168:Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety 4032: 3944: 3511: 2687:ring fused onto the diazepine ring. 1390: 1311:Long-term effects of benzodiazepines 1236:long-term effects of benzodiazepines 1062: 1024:Rapid eye movement behavior disorder 928: 19946:Trichloroethane (methyl chloroform) 15025:Tooltip Tetracyclic antidepressants 12474: 11314: 11086: 10148:10.5694/j.1326-5377.1997.tb126684.x 10082:Goldfrank's Toxicologic Emergencies 9163:Brandt J, Leong C (December 2017). 6835:Temazepam-Rxlist Pregnancy Category 6676:. In Raymon LP, Mozayani A (eds.). 6609:Meyler L, Aronson JK, eds. (2006). 5392:from the original on 9 October 2022 4671: 4310:British National Formulary (BNF 57) 3146: 3068:Controlled Drugs and Substances Act 2691:binding of the molecule to the GABA 2683:. The "benzo" prefix indicates the 2624:modification of a specific kind of 2474:with prolonged usage. Examples are 2264: 2239:peripheral benzodiazepine receptors 1966: 1361:long-term effects of benzodiazepine 1258:. The high potency benzodiazepines 937:They can sedate patients receiving 13: 19009:11-Methoxy-12-hydroxydehydrokavain 12406:Longo LP, Johnson B (April 2000). 12374:"Benzodiazepine equivalence table" 12328:Gross ME (2001). "Tranquilizers, α 12172:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1991.tb01754.x 11335:(6872): 227–232. 23 January 1993. 11146:Fundamental and Applied Toxicology 10762:The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 9440:Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine 8745:10.1097/01.yco.0000165594.60434.84 8438:The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 8384:The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 8346:10.1097/01.yic.0000194379.65460.a6 8111:The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 8080:The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 7654:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.28557 7596:The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 7426:The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 7257:Longo LP, Johnson B (April 2000). 6715:Introductory Clinical Pharmacology 6535:Annales Pharmaceutiques Françaises 5662:10.1002/j.1875-9114.1996.tb02915.x 4866:The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 4557:The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 4496: 4382:The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 4226:10.1046/j.1360-0443.1999.9479612.x 3922:10.1097/01.yco.0000165594.60434.84 3698:Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics 3560:10.1097/01.yco.0000165594.60434.84 1996:, to decrease the excitability of 1952:central nervous system depressants 1522:Withdrawal symptoms and management 1478:Benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome 1319:benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome 1296: 589:Guidelines issued by the UK-based 391:withdrawal symptoms in the newborn 363:benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome 14: 20845: 19756:Acetylglycinamide chloral hydrate 16046:Acetylglycinamide chloral hydrate 15010:Tooltip Tricyclic antidepressants 13511:* atypical activity profile (not 13449:Tetrahydroisoquinobenzodiazepines 12354: 10835:. 26 October 2012. Archived from 9823:Oxford Handbook of Acute Medicine 9799:. Robin Mantooth. 28 January 2010 9068:(WHO). p. 82. Archived from 5060:Carlstedt RA (13 December 2009). 4478:"Benzodiazepines in chronic pain" 4388:(Suppl): 4–10, discussion 50–53. 3377:Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria 3301: 3128:were classed as dangerous drugs. 3084:In East Asia and Southeast Asia, 1641:, can be used as an alternative. 1620:failure rate. A slow and gradual 537: 330:such as aggression or behavioral 20786: 13809:Hydromorphone (extended-release) 12432:from the original on 12 May 2008 12286: 12259: 12207:10.2165/00003088-198611020-00004 12186: 12129: 12086: 12042: 11964: 11937: 11908: 11888: 11881:is only accessible in the UK. A 11863: 11831: 11812: 11776: 11741: 11707: 11639: 11590:. Canadian Department of Justice 11484: 11421:Jufe GS (July–August 2007). "". 11414: 11365: 11246: 11035: 11008: 10787: 10517: 10462: 10395: 10318:Biochemical Society Transactions 10241: 10136:The Medical Journal of Australia 10112:National Institute on Drug Abuse 10046: 10019: 9976: 9933: 9882: 9860:10.2165/00002512-199101010-00008 9839: 9785: 9763:10.2165/00002018-199106040-00003 9742: 9693: 9644: 9609: 9560: 9525: 9476: 9427: 9403:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2011.03586.x 9378: 9329: 9264: 9205: 9156: 9127: 9090: 9044: 8767: 8724: 8675: 8640: 8605: 8591:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2003.10.003 8570: 8521: 8471: 8306: 8259: 8224: 8190:European Neuropsychopharmacology 8180: 8139: 8098: 8071: 7880:10.2165/00023210-199809010-00005 7790:10.1111/j.1600-0404.2008.01004.x 7742:10.2165/00023210-200418010-00004 7684: 7678: 7629: 7546: 7501: 7452: 7417: 7182:10.1046/j.1532-5415.2003.51417.x 7074:Prescribing for Elderly Patients 6461:10.2165/00023210-200822080-00002 6025:10.2165/00023210-200822030-00002 5561:10.2165/00002512-199914060-00002 5435:10.1111/j.1528-1167.2009.02042.x 5296:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2012.03923.x 5249:10.2165/00002512-200522090-00004 5031:"Treatment options for insomnia" 4409:Reviews in Neurological Diseases 4351:10.2165/00023210-200721090-00004 4252:European Neuropsychopharmacology 4100:10.1097/00007691-199810000-00007 3293:may be the most psychologically 2584:(7-chloro-1-methyl substituted). 1848: 1839: 1830: 568:American Psychiatric Association 20176:Menthyl isovalerate (validolum) 13491:Alprazolam triazolobenzophenone 12268:Problems in Veterinary Medicine 11567:Drug Enforcement Administration 11539:Drug Enforcement Administration 11104:"Understanding Benzodiazepines" 10861:Cardinali DP, Monti JM (2006). 10631:Pharmacology & Therapeutics 10279:Pharmacology & Therapeutics 10215:Current Opinion in Pharmacology 9573:International Journal of Cancer 8868:Pharmacology & Therapeutics 8649:Addiction Research & Theory 8579:Journal of Psychiatric Research 8202:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2008.12.004 7553:Hammersley D, Beeley L (1996). 7356:Tasman A, Lieberman JA (2006). 7204: 7161: 7118: 7091: 6951: 6937:10.1016/j.amjopharm.2006.06.006 6916: 6840: 6828: 6700: 6627: 6526: 6397: 6370: 6305: 6280:10.1590/S0004-282X2007000400035 6254: 6219: 6127: 6082: 6047: 6004: 5979: 5893: 5866: 5774: 5731: 5696: 5637: 5610: 5583: 5540: 5271: 5159: 4942: 4734: 4701: 4622: 4480:. February 2016. Archived from 4470: 4427: 4400: 4142:(Press release). 31 August 2016 4124: 3843:International Journal of Cancer 3830: 3760:10.2165/0023210-200923010-00002 3326:and as adjuncts to anesthesia. 3176:benzodiazepines are categorized 3014: 1961: 1874: 1726: 1435:borderline personality disorder 529:, depression, and anxiety. The 435: 239:that enhance the effect of the 19125:Allopregnanolone (brexanolone) 11181:Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 10867:Clinical pharmacology of sleep 8776:Behaviour Research and Therapy 8152:Behaviour Research and Therapy 6990:Calcified Tissue International 6103:10.1002/14651858.CD003079.pub3 6056:Journal of Affective Disorders 5799:10.1002/14651858.CD007354.pub3 3539: 3413: 3364: 2936:. Following chlordiazepoxide, 2911:), was synthesized in 1955 by 2060:is less likely. Different GABA 2039:and two binding sites for the 1572:, agitation, fearfulness, and 1541:. Like diazepam it has a long 1482:post-acute withdrawal syndrome 1003:(antipsychotics) take effect. 1: 20321:Receptor/signaling modulators 18877:Ampelopsin (dihydromyricetin) 12307:10.1016/S0195-5616(96)50105-1 11998:Gerada C, Ashworth M (1997). 11611:"Medicines Management Update" 11462:10.1016/j.physbeh.2006.09.006 11029:10.1016/S0040-4020(01)90217-0 10678:10.1016/S0306-3623(96)00473-9 10643:10.1016/S0163-7258(97)00055-7 10213:receptor subtype functions". 9942:British Journal of Psychiatry 9355:10.1136/thoraxjnl-2012-202374 8880:10.1016/s0163-7258(03)00029-9 8733:Current Opinion in Psychiatry 8165:10.1016/s0005-7967(97)00033-8 7777:Acta Neurologica Scandinavica 7395:10.1016/S1389-9457(08)70012-1 7358:Handbook of Psychiatric Drugs 7324:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61462-6 6965:. American Geriatrics Society 6890:Clinics in Geriatric Medicine 6267:Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria 6240:10.1016/S0733-8619(05)70011-6 6197:10.1016/S1388-2457(00)00414-4 6068:10.1016/S0165-0327(02)00317-8 5914:10.1016/S0891-8422(23)00935-7 5881:(5): 264–271, quiz 272, 282. 4787:Journal of Psychopharmacology 4743:Current Opinion in Psychiatry 4708:Barbui C, Cipriani A (2009). 4264:10.1016/S0924-977X(99)00051-6 3958:Oxford Handbook of Psychiatry 3910:Current Opinion in Psychiatry 3548:Current Opinion in Psychiatry 3329: 3208:Schedule III controlled drugs 2259:adenosine reuptake inhibitors 2253:receptors. They modulate the 2210:are associated with stronger 1975:Schematic diagram of the (α1) 1708: 1035:obsessive–compulsive disorder 945:, and it is recommended that 814:. In a hospital environment, 631:cognitive behavioural therapy 20819:Glycine receptor antagonists 20071:ergoloid (dihydroergotoxine) 19156:anabolic-androgenic steroids 17938:Butabarbital/Secbutabarbital 17743:receptor positive modulators 12160:British Journal of Addiction 11329:BMJ: British Medical Journal 11296:"Memorandum by Dr Reg Peart" 11158:10.1016/0272-0590(89)90059-6 10291:10.1016/0163-7258(95)02043-8 10250:Sciences Basic to Psychiatry 9546:10.1016/0024-3205(95)02199-0 9501:10.1097/ccm.0b013e31827c0c8d 9239:10.1371/journal.pone.0127836 8999:10.1016/0740-5472(91)90023-4 8315:Resident and Staff Physician 7702:Food and Drug Administration 6547:10.1016/j.pharma.2009.07.001 6504:10.1097/YCT.0b013e3182359314 5752:10.1097/CCM.0000000000000882 5174:Food and Drug Administration 5167:"Approval letter for Ambien" 4920:10.1097/YIC.0000000000000078 4755:10.1097/YCO.0b013e32831a473d 4138:Food and Drug Administration 4058:10.1097/AOG.0b013e31816fd910 3487:10.1007/978-3-540-74806-9_16 3453:(2nd ed.). C.V. Mosby. 3306:Benzodiazepines are used in 2665:Hantzsch–Widman nomenclature 2556: 1501: 1381:Food and Drug Administration 1242:in the elderly can resemble 1176:neonatal withdrawal syndrome 1145:Food and Drug Administration 1132: 656:generalized anxiety disorder 650:Generalized anxiety disorder 644:Generalized anxiety disorder 523:The effects of long-term use 334:can occur. According to the 212:. The first benzodiazepine, 7: 18711:Triflunordazepam (Ro5-2904) 17648:Tetracyclic antidepressants 17587:Tooltip 5-hydroxytryptophan 17410:Melatonin receptor agonists 17372:Orexin receptor antagonists 17352:Tetracyclic antidepressants 16572:Tetracyclic antidepressants 16386:Tetracyclic antidepressants 13814:Morphine (extended-release) 12242:The Merck Veterinary Manual 11372:Richards T (October 1996). 9669:10.1097/md.0000000000002376 9097:Ford C, Law F (July 2014). 8960:. OUP Oxford. p. 368. 8661:10.1080/1606635310001634528 7874:(1). Bond AJ: 41–57. 1998. 5198:American Geriatrics Society 4088:Therapeutic Drug Monitoring 3610:10.1016/j.encep.2007.05.005 3389:10.1590/1516-4446-2019-0773 3006:pathway has been proposed. 2891:The molecular structure of 2133:amino acid residue, (i.e., 1738: 1695: 1224:American Geriatrics Society 919:alcohol withdrawal syndrome 791: 718: 365:, and an increased risk of 10: 20850: 19039:5,6,7,8-Tetrahydroyangonin 13857:Tooltip Adrenergic agonist 13751:Tooltip Adrenergic agonist 13711:Tooltip Adrenergic agonist 13611:Tooltip Adrenergic agonist 11885:is available from Google.) 11878:British National Formulary 10959:Pure and Applied Chemistry 10487:10.1038/s41593-022-01013-9 10227:10.1016/j.coph.2005.10.003 9793:"Toxicity, benzodiazepine" 9630:10.1016/j.phrs.2007.08.006 8788:10.1016/j.brat.2003.12.002 8029:10.1037/0022-006x.64.4.660 6902:10.1016/j.cger.2007.08.009 6707:Roach SS, Ford SM (2006). 4524:10.1016/j.ajem.2017.04.023 4082:Fraser AD (October 1998). 3153:Benzodiazepine drug misuse 3150: 2903:The first benzodiazepine, 2882: 2671:is a heterocycle with two 1742: 1683:Controversial associations 1471: 1379:In September 2020, the US 1340:and suppressed breathing ( 1308: 1217: 1143:In the United States, the 1136: 1007:is most commonly used but 875: 847:. However, drowsiness and 795: 722: 704: 700: 647: 595:placebo-controlled studies 541: 439: 184:), colloquially known as " 18: 20737: 20712: 20684: 20651: 20592: 20559: 20511: 20483: 20474: 20381: 20314: 19964: 19732: 19669: 19636: 19603: 19575: 19289: 19231:Pregnanolone (eltanolone) 19110: 19067: 18978: 18950: 18862: 18744: 18186: 17873: 17774:Chlorobutanol (cloretone) 17749: 17666: 17630:Tricyclic antidepressants 17436: 17408: 17370: 17334:Tricyclic antidepressants 17236: 16951: 16775: 16728: 16700: 16667: 16647: 16593: 16549:Tricyclic antidepressants 16534: 16522: 16465: 16407: 16363:Tricyclic antidepressants 16331: 16268: 16256: 16185: 16033: 15970: 15937: 15919: 15851: 15798: 15755: 15727: 15669: 15546: 15403: 15355: 15343: 15257: 15161: 15102: 15079: 14950: 14897: 14879: 14686: 14646: 14564: 14499: 14455: 14448: 14426: 14335: 14202: 14191: 14155: 14116: 13964: 13955: 13843:Benzodiazepine dependence 13841: 13735: 13625: 13570: 13509: 13483: 13464: 13448: 13432: 13394: 13376: 13360: 13336: 13250: 13222: 13186: 13080: 12986: 12945: 12909: 12482: 12413:American Family Physician 12195:Clinical Pharmacokinetics 12107:10.1007/s00216-007-1209-z 11762:10.3109/15563659509010615 11450:Physiology & Behavior 11390:10.1136/bmj.313.7061.838a 11064:10.1007/s10822-006-9059-x 10273:Johnston GA (1996). "GABA 9181:10.1007/s40268-017-0207-7 9066:World Health Organization 8701:10.1080/15622970802465807 8546:10.1136/bmj.329.7476.1198 8499:10.1017/s0033291703008213 8284:10.1017/s0033291703008213 7263:American Family Physician 7225:10.1007/s11910-006-0051-6 7139:10.1017/S0033291704003897 7077:. Wiley. pp. 47–48. 7002:10.1007/s00223-012-9603-8 6710:"Sedatives and hypnotics" 6418:10.1017/S1092852900026924 5717:10.1016/j.ccc.2009.03.003 5619:American Family Physician 5592:American Family Physician 5416:Shorvon SD (March 2009). 5035:American Family Physician 4648:10.3109/15622970209150621 4448:10.1017/S1092852900006945 4046:Obstetrics and Gynecology 3808:10.1007/s40263-018-0535-3 3710:10.1586/14737175.8.8.1189 3295:habit-forming (addictive) 3114:Dangerous Drugs Ordinance 3035:), with the exception of 3029:Controlled Substances Act 2626:neurotransmitter receptor 2243:peripheral nervous system 2023:between neurons. All GABA 1809:(Anexate). Its use as an 1767:tricyclic antidepressants 1717: 1539:benzodiazepine withdrawal 1495:benzodiazepine withdrawal 1474:Benzodiazepine dependence 1352:and nightmares. Cases of 1240:benzodiazepine dependence 1056:electroconvulsive therapy 580:benzodiazepine dependence 576:tricyclic antidepressants 375:long-term adverse effects 160: 155: 141: 136: 116: 111: 95: 83: 61: 56: 44: 35: 30: 16:Class of depressant drugs 20325:GABA receptor modulators 20235:sulfonmethane (sulfonal) 16134:Sulfonmethane (sulfonal) 13378:Pyridotriazolodiazepines 13252:Thienotriazolodiazepines 12018:10.1136/bmj.315.7103.297 11901:16 December 2010 at the 11341:10.1136/bmj.306.6872.227 10277:receptor pharmacology". 9909:10.1136/bmj.310.6974.219 9618:Pharmacological Research 7838:(12). Paton C: 460–462. 7047:10.1176/appi.ps.55.3.233 6762:10.1136/bmj.317.7162.839 6185:Clinical Neurophysiology 5957:10.1185/030079908X261113 5516:10.1136/bmj.315.7104.358 4799:10.1177/0269881107077355 3182:controlled drugs by the 3169:) 2 mg tri-score tablets 2720: 1800:cardiorespiratory arrest 736:(Normison) 10 mg tablets 461:Benzodiazepines possess 355:decreasing effectiveness 16621:Atypical antipsychotics 16435:Atypical antipsychotics 14657:Tooltip 5-HT1A receptor 14295:Eslicarbazepine acetate 13484:Benzodiazepine prodrugs 12988:Triazolobenzodiazepines 12245:(9th ed.). Wiley. 12059:(336). Loxley W. 2007. 11618:National Health Service 11294:Peart R (1 June 1999). 10971:10.1351/pac199870010143 10965:(1). Moss GP: 143–216. 10896:Drug Discovery Handbook 10542:10.3988/jcn.2019.15.1.9 7903:Forensic Science Review 6866:10.1176/appi.ps.53.1.39 6814:10.1542/peds.101.6.1079 3652:Dodds TJ (March 2017). 3451:Integrated Pharmacology 1820:benzodiazepine overdose 1745:Benzodiazepine overdose 1117:, they may precipitate 1107:intellectual disability 947:benzodiazepine overdose 693:, benzodiazepines, and 442:List of benzodiazepines 244:gamma-aminobutyric acid 20211:Retigabine (ezogabine) 19487:Lirequinil (Ro41-3696) 19054:7,8-Dihydromethysticin 19044:5,6-Dehydromethysticin 17923:Benzylbutylbarbiturate 16795:Chlorophenylalkyldiols 16603:Typical antipsychotics 16417:Typical antipsychotics 14697:Tooltip GABAA receptor 13466:Pyrrolobenzodiazepines 13187:Oxazolobenzodiazepines 13081:Imidazobenzodiazepines 13064:(active metabolite of 12566:Desmethylflunitrazepam 12137:"Benzodiazepine abuse" 11985:10.5281/zenodo.7813470 11654:Misuse of Drugs Act UK 10361:Molecular Neurobiology 10316:) receptor subtypes". 9489:Critical Care Medicine 9061:Substance Use Disorder 8487:Psychological Medicine 8272:Psychological Medicine 7509:"benzodiazepines-oral" 7360:. Wiley. p. 151. 7127:Psychological Medicine 7101:Office care geriatrics 6152:10.1093/sleep/30.6.683 5844:10.1055/s-2008-1060547 5740:Critical Care Medicine 4959:. 1988. Archived from 3170: 3023:, benzodiazepines are 2900: 2617: 2585: 2218:receptors containing α 1989: 1910:Many drugs, including 1796:respiratory depression 1627:environmental stresses 1550: 1498: 1306: 1160:floppy infant syndrome 1083:respiratory depression 1028:Restless legs syndrome 943:respiratory depression 939:mechanical ventilation 887:alcohol detoxification 878:Alcohol detoxification 737: 584:substance use disorder 458: 406:central nervous system 336:Government of Victoria 21:Benzo (disambiguation) 13338:Thienobenzodiazepines 11505:10.1007/s004060070024 11232:10.1300/J251v08n03_06 10820:"Midazolam Injection" 10080:Goldfrank LR (2002). 10055:Clinical Therapeutics 10028:Clinical Therapeutics 9997:10.1081/CLT-120030946 9954:10.1192/bjp.163.3.386 7983:10.1055/s-2007-979558 6412:(9 Suppl 14): 37–46. 6191:(Suppl 2): S136–140. 5705:Critical Care Clinics 4872:(8 Suppl 2): 9S–91S. 4258:(Suppl 6): S399–405. 3901:Ashton H (May 2005). 3636:Better Health Channel 3258:, arterial puncture, 3164: 3066:substances under the 2890: 2591: 2564: 2448:elimination half-life 2169:receptors containing 2049:allosteric modulators 2035:ions across neuronal 2027:receptors contain an 1974: 1543:elimination half-life 1529: 1489: 1418:Paradoxical reactions 1304: 1111:paradoxical reactions 1103:personality disorders 1076:psychiatric disorders 896:breakthrough seizures 876:Further information: 802:Prolonged convulsive 796:Further information: 763:Since the release of 732: 723:Further information: 705:Further information: 648:Further information: 542:Further information: 449: 424:and also often taken 344:paradoxical reactions 20686:Neuroactive steroids 20653:Arylcyclohexylamines 20266:constituents (e.g., 20050:Deuterated etifoxine 19112:Neuroactive steroids 19082:Apronal (apronalide) 18934:constituents (e.g., 18551:N-Desalkylflurazepam 17574:Serotonin precursors 16945:Insomnia medications 16752:Gabapentin enacarbil 15800:Neuroactive steroids 15770:Apronal (apronalide) 14932:Gabapentin enacarbil 12946:2,3-Benzodiazepines* 11894:Home Office (2005). 11729:on 27 September 2011 11723:Hong Kong Ordinances 11715:Hong Kong Government 11253:King MB (May 1992). 10666:General Pharmacology 10108:Overdose Death Rates 10034:(6): 978–995. 1992. 8528:Holbrook AM (2004). 8429:Chouinard G (2004). 8124:10.4088/JCP.13m08592 7845:10.1192/pb.26.12.460 7438:10.4088/JCP.08m04325 7035:Psychiatric Services 6853:Psychiatric Services 4484:on 23 September 2016 3671:10.4088/PCC.16r02037 3260:deep vein thrombosis 3055:which are placed in 2958:class-action lawsuit 2867:1,5-benzodiazepines: 2759:3-hydroxy compounds: 2663:ring systems. Under 1365:cognitive impairment 1109:because of frequent 615:first-line treatment 609:, although specific 398:deep unconsciousness 340:Department of Health 324:cognitive impairment 235:Benzodiazepines are 20370:General anesthetics 20059:dihydroergocryptine 19371:Pyrazolopyrimidines 19029:5,6-Dihydroyangonin 19014:7,8-Dihydroyangonin 18201:3-Hydroxyphenazepam 18043:Methylphenobarbital 17536:Menthyl isovalerate 16959:positive modulators 13997:Methylphenobarbital 13668:General anesthetics 13572:Nicotine dependence 13286:Deschloroclotizolam 12910:1,5-Benzodiazepines 12732:-Desalkylflurazepam 12495:3-Hydroxyphenazepam 12483:1,4-Benzodiazepines 11947:Drug Abuse Handbook 11925:on 18 February 2011 11819:Chris Ford (2009). 11300:Minutes of Evidence 11193:10.1021/jm00187a001 11056:2006JCAMD..20..321H 10999:CAS registry number 10842:on 22 February 2016 10756:O'brien CP (2005). 10475:Nature Neuroscience 10421:10.7554/eLife.15106 10359:channel subtypes". 9230:2015PLoSO..1027836Z 8920:10.2147/NDT.S164307 8540:(7476): 1198–1199. 8530:"Treating insomnia" 8459:on 13 December 2005 8405:on 14 December 2005 7706:. 23 September 2020 7617:on 13 December 2005 7587:Stewart SA (2005). 7389:(Suppl 1): S18–22. 7308:(9752): 1558–1565. 6682:. Humana. pp. 6644:on 22 February 2012 6358:on 29 December 2009 5644:Peppers MP (1996). 5479:on 27 November 2011 5428:(Suppl 3): 93–130. 5212:on 1 September 2013 4610:on 19 February 2009 4415:(Suppl 1): S34–43. 3010:Society and culture 2815:Triazolo compounds: 2699:-benzo diazepin-2(3 2576:-benzo diazepin-2(3 1912:oral contraceptives 1613:withdrawal syndrome 1563:physical dependence 1413:Paradoxical effects 1398:anterograde amnesia 1383:(FDA) required the 1119:suicidal tendencies 866:catamenial epilepsy 599:physical dependence 534:receptor agonists. 432:in most countries. 422:used recreationally 359:physical dependence 328:paradoxical effects 280:anterograde amnesia 20764:Never to phase III 20153:4-O-methylhonokiol 19816:Dichloralphenazone 19714:Methylmethaqualone 19291:Nonbenzodiazepines 19004:Desmethoxyyangonin 18999:11-Hydroxyyangonin 18994:11-Methoxyyangonin 18989:10-Methoxyyangonin 18376:Ethyl carfluzepate 17978:Cyclopentobarbital 17693:Never to phase III 17071:Nonbenzodiazepines 16817:Diethylpropanediol 16099:Dichloralphenazone 16015:Methylmethaqualone 15853:Nonbenzodiazepines 15380:Diethylpropanediol 15284:Never to phase III 14591:Never to phase III 13822:Opioid antagonists 13682:Opioid antagonists 13660:Hydrogen cyanamide 13627:Alcohol dependence 13395:Pyrazolodiazepines 12602:Ethyl carfluzepate 12372:Ashton CH (2007). 12361:Ashton CH (2002). 11851:on 5 December 2005 11800:on 5 December 2005 11695:on 20 October 2008 11663:on 5 February 2007 11627:on 4 December 2010 10936:. pp. 40–43. 10833:Ministry of Health 10768:(Suppl 2): 28–33. 10597:10.1007/bf03345110 10373:10.1007/BF02741459 10330:10.1042/BST0320553 9719:10.1111/ijcp.12689 9452:10.5664/jcsm.27552 8390:(Suppl 2): 34–38. 7971:Pharmacopsychiatry 6896:(1): 93–105, vii. 6492:The Journal of ECT 6321:Movement Disorders 6228:Neurologic Clinics 5711:(3): 431–49, vii. 5684:on 15 January 2020 5354:on 26 January 2009 5005:on 3 December 2008 4966:on 6 December 2014 4950:"Current problems" 4563:(Suppl 2): 21–27. 4442:(Suppl 1): 53–61. 3479:Modern Anesthetics 3316:status epilepticus 3287:anecdotal evidence 3280:drug assisted rape 3171: 3157:Drug-related crime 3116:. Previously only 3027:under the Federal 2988:nonbenzodiazepines 2962:drug manufacturers 2901: 2843:Imidazo compounds: 2787:7-nitro compounds: 2707:Nonbenzodiazepines 2618: 2586: 2452:active metabolites 2076:The subset of GABA 2054:membrane potential 1990: 1645:Nonbenzodiazepines 1639:active metabolites 1551: 1547:active metabolites 1499: 1307: 1268:Nonbenzodiazepines 872:Alcohol withdrawal 804:epileptic seizures 786:traffic collisions 769:non benzodiazepine 765:nonbenzodiazepines 738: 527:cognitive deficits 487:alcohol dependence 477:, anticonvulsant, 459: 312:alcohol withdrawal 188:", are a class of 20774: 20773: 20733: 20732: 20551:Thiotetrabarbital 20456:Trichloroethylene 20336: 20335: 20296:MRK-409 (MK-0343) 20067:dihydroergotamine 20010:potassium bromide 20004:compounds (e.g., 19951:Trichloroethylene 19719:Nitromethaqualone 19638:Pyrazolopyridines 19140:3α-Androstanediol 19034:7,8-Dihydrokavain 18386:Ethyl loflazepate 18163:Thiotetrabarbital 17779:Ethanol (alcohol) 17703: 17702: 17149:potassium bromide 16911: 16910: 16663: 16662: 16461: 16460: 16181: 16180: 16062:Potassium bromide 16020:Nitromethaqualone 15528:Thiotetrabarbital 15375:Ethanol (alcohol) 15294: 15293: 14866:Ethanol (alcohol) 14774:Ethyl loflazepate 14601: 14600: 14560: 14559: 14444: 14443: 14428:Potassium openers 14346:Oxazolidinediones 14278:Valproate pivoxil 14243:Acetylpheneturide 14187: 14186: 14142:Valproate pivoxil 14118:GABA-T inhibitors 14088:potassium bromide 13910: 13909: 13789:Levacetylmethadol 13737:Opioid dependence 13655:Calcium carbimide 13524: 13523: 13433:Pyrrolodiazepines 13291:Deschloroetizolam 13260:α-Hydroxyetizolam 12612:Ethyl loflazepate 12383:"Benzodiazepines" 12343:978-0-8138-1743-9 12252:978-0-911910-50-6 12166:(12): 1601–1606. 12074:on 12 August 2017 12012:(7103): 297–300. 11957:978-0-8493-1690-6 11944:Karch SB (2006). 11616:. United Kingdom 11560:"BENZODIAZEPINES" 11023:(17): 3593–3608. 10934:Blackwell Science 10905:978-0-471-21384-0 10876:978-3-7643-7440-2 10259:978-0-443-05514-0 10195:978-0-12-088397-4 10091:978-0-07-136001-2 9903:(6974): 219–221. 9848:Drugs & Aging 9832:978-0-19-852072-6 9712:(11): 1275–1280. 9586:10.1002/ijc.30443 9540:(26): 2413–2423. 9397:(10): 1899–1907. 9286:(11): 1263–1273. 9149:978-1-4200-4743-1 9032:. Ashton CH. 2002 8981:Ashton H (1991). 8967:978-0-19-150476-1 8852:978-0-19-856667-0 8827:978-0-89042-555-8 8444:(Suppl 5): 7–12. 8244:978-1-119-77224-8 8117:(12): 1241–1248. 8064:978-0-470-06571-6 7942:978-0-521-87997-2 7642:JAMA Network Open 7602:(Suppl 2): 9–13. 7568:978-0-8039-7477-7 7539:978-0-19-852748-0 7367:978-0-470-02821-6 7111:978-0-7817-6196-3 7084:978-0-470-02428-7 6963:Guideline Central 6756:(7162): 839–843. 6728:978-0-7817-7595-3 6693:978-1-58829-211-7 6620:978-0-444-50998-7 6588:978-0-683-30128-1 6390:978-1-58562-309-9 6333:10.1002/mds.22254 6327:(16): 2267–2302. 6269:(in Portuguese). 5997:978-0-19-852623-0 5549:Drugs & Aging 5510:(7104): 358–360. 5237:Drugs & Aging 5073:978-0-8261-1094-7 4518:(10): 1414–1419. 4320:978-0-85369-845-6 3996:10.1111/jgs.13702 3967:978-0-19-852783-1 3856:10.1002/ijc.30443 3632:"Benzodiazepines" 3532:978-0-415-43818-6 3496:978-3-540-72813-9 3460:978-0-7234-3221-0 3432:978-1-4625-0438-1 3357:978-0-19-517668-1 3025:Schedule IV drugs 2917:Hoffmann–La Roche 2915:while working at 2897:Hoffmann–La Roche 2726:2-keto compounds: 2456:desmethyldiazepam 2444: 2443: 2183:subunits with an 2066:neuronal circuits 1931:, the antibiotic 1578:depersonalization 1442:benzodiazepines. 1391:Cognitive effects 1350:depersonalization 1248:anxiety syndromes 1246:, depression, or 1087:myasthenia gravis 1063:Contraindications 929:Other indications 808:medical emergency 617:options with the 607:anxiety disorders 495:anxiety disorders 222:Hoffmann–La Roche 202:anxiety disorders 167: 166: 66:Anxiety disorders 57:Class identifiers 20841: 20834:Muscle relaxants 20791: 20790: 20789: 20782: 20481: 20480: 20363: 20356: 20349: 20340: 20339: 20055:Dihydroergolines 19972:3-Hydroxybutanal 19605:Piperidinediones 19338:Imidazopyridines 18872:6-Methylapigenin 18804:Hydroxyphenamate 18676:SH-053-R-CH3-2′F 18381:Ethyl dirazepate 18261:Chlordiazepoxide 18153:Thiobutabarbital 17865:Trifluoroethanol 17855:Trichloroethanol 17845:-Pentanol (2M2B) 17739: 17730: 17723: 17716: 17707: 17706: 17596: 17593:Sodium oxybate ( 17588: 17584: 17487: 17309:Phenyltoloxamine 17250:inverse agonists 17203:Piperidinediones 16938: 16931: 16924: 16915: 16914: 16836:muscle relaxants 16739: 16736: 16532: 16531: 16266: 16265: 16203:4-Fluorophenibut 15939:Piperidinediones 15813:Allopregnanolone 15395:Trichloroethanol 15353: 15352: 15321: 15314: 15307: 15298: 15297: 15130:Alpha-2 agonists 15120:Alpha-1 blockers 15113: 15041: 15037: 15026: 15022: 15011: 15007: 14996: 14992: 14981: 14977: 14966: 14962: 14920: 14914: 14911: 14739:Chlordiazepoxide 14706: 14702: 14698: 14694: 14658: 14654: 14628: 14621: 14614: 14605: 14604: 14453: 14452: 14337:Calcium blockers 14248:Chlorphenacemide 14200: 14199: 14174:GAT-1 inhibitors 13962: 13961: 13937: 13930: 13923: 13914: 13913: 13884:Chlordiazepoxide 13858: 13854: 13804:Dihydroetorphine 13752: 13748: 13712: 13708: 13638: 13612: 13608: 13551: 13544: 13537: 13528: 13527: 13361:Pyridodiazepines 13224:Thienodiazepines 13178:SH-053-R-CH3-2′F 12891:Triflunordazepam 12607:Ethyl dirazepate 12521:Chlordiazepoxide 12469: 12462: 12455: 12446: 12445: 12441: 12439: 12437: 12420:(7): 2121–2128. 12402: 12400: 12398: 12377: 12368: 12348: 12347: 12325: 12319: 12318: 12290: 12284: 12283: 12263: 12257: 12256: 12236: 12227: 12226: 12190: 12184: 12183: 12155: 12149: 12148: 12146: 12144: 12133: 12127: 12126: 12101:(7): 1467–1474. 12090: 12084: 12083: 12081: 12079: 12073: 12067:. Archived from 12054: 12046: 12040: 12039: 12029: 11995: 11989: 11988: 11968: 11962: 11961: 11941: 11935: 11934: 11932: 11930: 11924: 11912: 11906: 11892: 11886: 11874: 11867: 11861: 11860: 11858: 11856: 11850: 11843: 11835: 11829: 11828: 11816: 11810: 11809: 11807: 11805: 11799: 11788: 11780: 11774: 11773: 11745: 11739: 11738: 11736: 11734: 11711: 11705: 11704: 11702: 11700: 11694: 11687: 11679: 11673: 11672: 11670: 11668: 11662: 11651: 11643: 11637: 11636: 11634: 11632: 11626: 11620:. Archived from 11615: 11606: 11600: 11599: 11597: 11595: 11584: 11578: 11577: 11575: 11573: 11564: 11556: 11550: 11549: 11547: 11545: 11531: 11525: 11524: 11488: 11482: 11481: 11456:(2–3): 285–293. 11445: 11439: 11438: 11418: 11412: 11411: 11401: 11369: 11363: 11362: 11360: 11321: 11312: 11311: 11309: 11307: 11291: 11285: 11284: 11274: 11265:(358): 202–205. 11250: 11244: 11243: 11215: 11209: 11208: 11176: 11170: 11169: 11141: 11126: 11125: 11123: 11121: 11115: 11108: 11099: 11084: 11083: 11039: 11033: 11032: 11012: 11006: 10996: 10990: 10989: 10987: 10956: 10950:Moss GP (1998). 10947: 10919: 10910: 10909: 10890: 10881: 10880: 10858: 10852: 10851: 10849: 10847: 10841: 10824: 10816: 10810: 10809: 10807: 10805: 10791: 10785: 10784: 10782: 10780: 10753: 10720: 10719: 10699: 10690: 10689: 10661: 10655: 10654: 10626: 10617: 10616: 10578: 10572: 10571: 10561: 10521: 10515: 10514: 10466: 10460: 10459: 10441: 10423: 10399: 10393: 10392: 10348: 10342: 10341: 10324:(Pt3): 553–556. 10309: 10303: 10302: 10270: 10264: 10263: 10245: 10239: 10238: 10206: 10200: 10199: 10181: 10168: 10167: 10133: 10124: 10115: 10105: 10096: 10095: 10077: 10071: 10070: 10050: 10044: 10043: 10023: 10017: 10016: 9980: 9974: 9973: 9937: 9931: 9930: 9920: 9886: 9880: 9879: 9843: 9837: 9836: 9818: 9809: 9808: 9806: 9804: 9789: 9783: 9782: 9746: 9740: 9739: 9721: 9697: 9691: 9690: 9680: 9648: 9642: 9641: 9613: 9607: 9606: 9588: 9564: 9558: 9557: 9529: 9523: 9522: 9512: 9495:(7): 1627–1636. 9480: 9474: 9473: 9463: 9431: 9425: 9424: 9414: 9382: 9376: 9375: 9357: 9333: 9327: 9326: 9324: 9322: 9316: 9310:. Archived from 9292:10.1002/pds.4028 9277: 9268: 9262: 9261: 9251: 9241: 9209: 9203: 9202: 9192: 9169:Drugs in R&D 9160: 9154: 9153: 9134:Ebadi M (2007). 9131: 9125: 9124: 9122: 9120: 9114: 9108:. Archived from 9103: 9094: 9088: 9087: 9082: 9080: 9074: 9057: 9048: 9042: 9041: 9039: 9037: 9024: 9011: 9010: 8978: 8972: 8971: 8949: 8943: 8942: 8932: 8922: 8913:(1): 1351–1361. 8898: 8892: 8891: 8863: 8857: 8856: 8838: 8832: 8831: 8819: 8809: 8800: 8799: 8771: 8765: 8764: 8728: 8722: 8721: 8703: 8679: 8673: 8672: 8644: 8638: 8637: 8609: 8603: 8602: 8574: 8568: 8567: 8557: 8525: 8519: 8518: 8493:(7): 1223–1237. 8484: 8475: 8469: 8468: 8466: 8464: 8458: 8452:. Archived from 8435: 8426: 8415: 8414: 8412: 8410: 8404: 8398:. Archived from 8381: 8372: 8366: 8365: 8329: 8323: 8322: 8310: 8304: 8303: 8278:(7): 1223–1237. 8263: 8257: 8256: 8228: 8222: 8221: 8184: 8178: 8177: 8167: 8143: 8137: 8136: 8126: 8102: 8096: 8095: 8075: 8069: 8068: 8050: 8041: 8040: 8012: 8003: 8002: 7966: 7947: 7946: 7928: 7919: 7918: 7898: 7892: 7891: 7863: 7857: 7856: 7854: 7847: 7832:The Psychiatrist 7829: 7823:Paton C (2002). 7820: 7811: 7810: 7792: 7768: 7762: 7761: 7725: 7716: 7715: 7713: 7711: 7688: 7687: 7682: 7676: 7675: 7665: 7648:(12): e2028557. 7633: 7627: 7626: 7624: 7622: 7616: 7610:. Archived from 7593: 7584: 7573: 7572: 7550: 7544: 7543: 7525: 7516: 7505: 7499: 7498: 7488: 7477:10.1002/pds.1763 7456: 7450: 7449: 7421: 7415: 7414: 7378: 7372: 7371: 7353: 7344: 7343: 7317: 7297: 7291: 7290: 7288: 7286: 7277:. Archived from 7269:(7): 2121–2128. 7254: 7245: 7244: 7208: 7202: 7201: 7176:(9): 1305–1317. 7165: 7159: 7158: 7122: 7116: 7115: 7095: 7089: 7088: 7068: 7059: 7058: 7030: 7024: 7023: 7013: 6981: 6975: 6974: 6972: 6970: 6955: 6949: 6948: 6920: 6914: 6913: 6885: 6879: 6878: 6868: 6844: 6838: 6832: 6826: 6825: 6808:(6): 1079–1088. 6799: 6790: 6784: 6783: 6773: 6739: 6733: 6732: 6712: 6704: 6698: 6697: 6675: 6670:Moody D (2004). 6667: 6654: 6653: 6651: 6649: 6643: 6631: 6625: 6624: 6606: 6593: 6592: 6574: 6559: 6558: 6530: 6524: 6523: 6487: 6481: 6480: 6444: 6438: 6437: 6401: 6395: 6394: 6374: 6368: 6367: 6365: 6363: 6357: 6351:. Archived from 6318: 6309: 6303: 6302: 6292: 6282: 6258: 6252: 6251: 6223: 6217: 6216: 6180: 6174: 6173: 6163: 6131: 6125: 6124: 6114: 6086: 6080: 6079: 6051: 6045: 6044: 6008: 6002: 6001: 5983: 5977: 5976: 5940: 5934: 5933: 5897: 5891: 5890: 5870: 5864: 5863: 5827: 5821: 5820: 5810: 5793:(10): CD007354. 5778: 5772: 5771: 5746:(5): 1121–1129. 5735: 5729: 5728: 5700: 5694: 5693: 5691: 5689: 5680:. Archived from 5641: 5635: 5634: 5614: 5608: 5607: 5598:(4): 1175–1183. 5587: 5581: 5580: 5544: 5538: 5537: 5527: 5495: 5489: 5488: 5486: 5484: 5478: 5471: 5462: 5456: 5455: 5437: 5413: 5402: 5401: 5399: 5397: 5391: 5384: 5373: 5364: 5363: 5361: 5359: 5353: 5346: 5338: 5332: 5331: 5325: 5317: 5307: 5275: 5269: 5268: 5232: 5223: 5221: 5219: 5217: 5208:. Archived from 5194: 5185: 5184: 5182: 5171: 5163: 5157: 5156: 5146: 5135:10.1002/pds.3951 5114: 5108: 5107: 5105: 5098: 5089: 5078: 5077: 5057: 5051: 5050: 5026: 5015: 5014: 5012: 5010: 5004: 4997: 4989: 4976: 4975: 4973: 4971: 4965: 4954: 4946: 4940: 4939: 4903: 4894: 4893: 4891: 4889: 4880:. Archived from 4857: 4851: 4850: 4848: 4846: 4840: 4833: 4825: 4819: 4818: 4781: 4775: 4774: 4738: 4732: 4731: 4729: 4727: 4721: 4714: 4705: 4699: 4698: 4696: 4694: 4688: 4680: 4669: 4668: 4650: 4626: 4620: 4619: 4617: 4615: 4609: 4602: 4593: 4576: 4575: 4552: 4546: 4545: 4535: 4503: 4494: 4493: 4491: 4489: 4474: 4468: 4467: 4431: 4425: 4424: 4404: 4398: 4397: 4377: 4371: 4370: 4334: 4325: 4324: 4305: 4284: 4283: 4247: 4238: 4237: 4209: 4200: 4199: 4180:10.1002/pds.1694 4163: 4152: 4151: 4149: 4147: 4128: 4122: 4121: 4111: 4079: 4070: 4069: 4052:(4): 1001–1020. 4041: 4030: 4029: 4023: 4015: 3978: 3972: 3971: 3953: 3942: 3941: 3907: 3898: 3877: 3876: 3858: 3834: 3828: 3827: 3791: 3780: 3779: 3743: 3730: 3729: 3704:(8): 1189–1191. 3693: 3684: 3683: 3673: 3649: 3640: 3639: 3628: 3622: 3621: 3593: 3580: 3579: 3543: 3537: 3536: 3518: 3509: 3508: 3474: 3465: 3464: 3446: 3437: 3436: 3417: 3411: 3410: 3400: 3368: 3362: 3361: 3343: 3256:thrombophlebitis 3225:is higher among 3147:Recreational use 2990:, which include 2905:chlordiazepoxide 2893:chlordiazepoxide 2640:are also known. 2546:chlordiazepoxide 2468:rebound insomnia 2460:partial agonists 2437: 2421: 2405: 2389: 2373: 2357: 2341: 2325: 2309: 2303:Chlordiazepoxide 2269: 2268: 2265:Pharmacokinetics 2196:neurotransmitter 2041:neurotransmitter 1967:Pharmacodynamics 1852: 1843: 1834: 1703:protopathic bias 1635:Chlordiazepoxide 1598:delirium tremens 1545:and long-acting 1531:Chlordiazepoxide 1363:use can include 1204:chlordiazepoxide 1115:major depression 883:Chlordiazepoxide 746:rebound insomnia 684:ruminative worry 556:associated with 453:1 & 5 mg/mL 270:(anti-anxiety), 241:neurotransmitter 214:chlordiazepoxide 190:depressant drugs 151: 132: 126: 49: 28: 27: 20849: 20848: 20844: 20843: 20842: 20840: 20839: 20838: 20809:Benzodiazepines 20799: 20798: 20797: 20787: 20785: 20777: 20775: 20770: 20769: 20754:Clinical trials 20729: 20708: 20680: 20647: 20588: 20561:Benzodiazepines 20555: 20507: 20470: 20377: 20367: 20337: 20332: 20310: 20268:isovaleric acid 20231:Sulfonylalkanes 20129:Hopantenic acid 20113:tolfenamic acid 20101:flufenamic acid 20063:dihydroergosine 20006:lithium bromide 19965:Others/unsorted 19960: 19821:Dichloromethane 19796:Chloral hydrate 19791:Chloral betaine 19728: 19665: 19632: 19599: 19571: 19300:Cyclopyrrolones 19285: 19191:Etiocholanolone 19106: 19063: 19024:5-Hydroxykavain 18974: 18946: 18858: 18740: 18188:Benzodiazepines 18182: 17993:Ethallobarbital 17988:Enallylpropymal 17869: 17850:Tribromoethanol 17837:-Butanol (2M2P) 17783:alcoholic drink 17745: 17742: 17734: 17704: 17699: 17698: 17683:Clinical trials 17662: 17586: 17432: 17404: 17366: 17274:Diphenhydramine 17248: 17245: 17232: 17169:Chloral hydrate 17113:amylene hydrate 16968:Benzodiazepines 16958: 16956: 16947: 16942: 16912: 16907: 16771: 16734: 16724: 16696: 16659: 16643: 16589: 16536:Antidepressants 16527: 16518: 16489:Dexmedetomidine 16470: 16457: 16403: 16333:Antidepressants 16327: 16288:Diphenhydramine 16261: 16252: 16190: 16177: 16166:Isovaleric acid 16129:Sulfonylalkanes 16084:Chloral hydrate 16079:Chloral betaine 16057:Lithium bromide 16029: 15966: 15933: 15915: 15847: 15794: 15751: 15723: 15665: 15548:Benzodiazepines 15542: 15448:Ethallobarbital 15399: 15348: 15339: 15325: 15295: 15290: 15289: 15274:Clinical trials 15253: 15157: 15138:dexmedetomidine 15110:Antiadrenergics 15107: 15106: 15098: 15075: 15039: 15024: 15009: 14994: 14979: 14964: 14952:Antidepressants 14946: 14909: 14902: 14901: 14893: 14875: 14714:Benzodiazepines 14704: 14696: 14692: 14682: 14656: 14652: 14642: 14632: 14602: 14597: 14596: 14581:Clinical trials 14556: 14495: 14440: 14422: 14331: 14204:Sodium blockers 14194: 14183: 14151: 14112: 14032:Benzodiazepines 13969: 13951: 13944:Anticonvulsants 13941: 13911: 13906: 13869:Benzodiazepines 13856: 13837: 13750: 13731: 13710: 13621: 13610: 13566: 13559:drug dependence 13555: 13525: 13520: 13516: 13505: 13479: 13460: 13444: 13428: 13390: 13372: 13356: 13332: 13246: 13218: 13182: 13076: 12982: 12941: 12905: 12478: 12476:Benzodiazepines 12473: 12435: 12433: 12396: 12394: 12357: 12352: 12351: 12344: 12331: 12326: 12322: 12291: 12287: 12264: 12260: 12253: 12237: 12230: 12191: 12187: 12156: 12152: 12142: 12140: 12135: 12134: 12130: 12091: 12087: 12077: 12075: 12071: 12052: 12048: 12047: 12043: 11996: 11992: 11969: 11965: 11958: 11942: 11938: 11928: 11926: 11922: 11914: 11913: 11909: 11903:Wayback Machine 11893: 11889: 11869: 11868: 11864: 11854: 11852: 11848: 11841: 11837: 11836: 11832: 11817: 11813: 11803: 11801: 11797: 11786: 11782: 11781: 11777: 11746: 11742: 11732: 11730: 11712: 11708: 11698: 11696: 11692: 11685: 11681: 11680: 11676: 11666: 11664: 11660: 11649: 11645: 11644: 11640: 11630: 11628: 11624: 11613: 11607: 11603: 11593: 11591: 11586: 11585: 11581: 11571: 11569: 11562: 11558: 11557: 11553: 11543: 11541: 11533: 11532: 11528: 11489: 11485: 11446: 11442: 11429:(74): 294–299. 11419: 11415: 11370: 11366: 11323: 11322: 11315: 11305: 11303: 11292: 11288: 11251: 11247: 11216: 11212: 11177: 11173: 11142: 11129: 11119: 11117: 11113: 11106: 11100: 11087: 11040: 11036: 11013: 11009: 10997: 10993: 10985: 10954: 10944: 10920: 10913: 10906: 10891: 10884: 10877: 10859: 10855: 10845: 10843: 10839: 10822: 10818: 10817: 10813: 10803: 10801: 10793: 10792: 10788: 10778: 10776: 10754: 10723: 10706:(in Japanese). 10700: 10693: 10662: 10658: 10627: 10620: 10579: 10575: 10522: 10518: 10467: 10463: 10400: 10396: 10358: 10354: 10349: 10345: 10315: 10310: 10306: 10276: 10271: 10267: 10260: 10246: 10242: 10212: 10207: 10203: 10196: 10182: 10171: 10131: 10125: 10118: 10106: 10099: 10092: 10084:. McGraw-Hill. 10078: 10074: 10051: 10047: 10025: 10024: 10020: 9981: 9977: 9938: 9934: 9887: 9883: 9844: 9840: 9833: 9819: 9812: 9802: 9800: 9791: 9790: 9786: 9747: 9743: 9698: 9694: 9649: 9645: 9614: 9610: 9565: 9561: 9530: 9526: 9481: 9477: 9432: 9428: 9383: 9379: 9334: 9330: 9320: 9318: 9317:on 22 July 2018 9314: 9275: 9269: 9265: 9224:(5): e0127836. 9210: 9206: 9161: 9157: 9150: 9132: 9128: 9118: 9116: 9112: 9101: 9095: 9091: 9078: 9076: 9075:on 13 June 2010 9072: 9055: 9049: 9045: 9035: 9033: 9026: 9025: 9014: 8979: 8975: 8968: 8950: 8946: 8899: 8895: 8864: 8860: 8853: 8839: 8835: 8828: 8810: 8803: 8772: 8768: 8729: 8725: 8680: 8676: 8645: 8641: 8610: 8606: 8575: 8571: 8526: 8522: 8482: 8476: 8472: 8462: 8460: 8456: 8433: 8427: 8418: 8408: 8406: 8402: 8379: 8373: 8369: 8330: 8326: 8311: 8307: 8264: 8260: 8245: 8229: 8225: 8185: 8181: 8144: 8140: 8103: 8099: 8076: 8072: 8065: 8051: 8044: 8013: 8006: 7967: 7950: 7943: 7929: 7922: 7899: 7895: 7865: 7864: 7860: 7852: 7827: 7821: 7814: 7769: 7765: 7726: 7719: 7709: 7707: 7694: 7685: 7683: 7679: 7634: 7630: 7620: 7618: 7614: 7591: 7585: 7576: 7569: 7551: 7547: 7540: 7526: 7519: 7514:medicinenet.com 7506: 7502: 7457: 7453: 7422: 7418: 7379: 7375: 7368: 7354: 7347: 7315:10.1.1.690.1283 7298: 7294: 7284: 7282: 7255: 7248: 7209: 7205: 7166: 7162: 7123: 7119: 7112: 7096: 7092: 7085: 7069: 7062: 7031: 7027: 6982: 6978: 6968: 6966: 6957: 6956: 6952: 6921: 6917: 6886: 6882: 6845: 6841: 6833: 6829: 6797: 6791: 6787: 6740: 6736: 6729: 6705: 6701: 6694: 6668: 6657: 6647: 6645: 6641: 6633: 6632: 6628: 6621: 6607: 6596: 6589: 6575: 6562: 6531: 6527: 6488: 6484: 6445: 6441: 6402: 6398: 6391: 6375: 6371: 6361: 6359: 6355: 6316: 6310: 6306: 6273:(3A): 721–727. 6259: 6255: 6224: 6220: 6181: 6177: 6132: 6128: 6097:(4): CD003079. 6087: 6083: 6052: 6048: 6009: 6005: 5998: 5984: 5980: 5941: 5937: 5898: 5894: 5871: 5867: 5828: 5824: 5779: 5775: 5736: 5732: 5701: 5697: 5687: 5685: 5650:Pharmacotherapy 5642: 5638: 5615: 5611: 5588: 5584: 5545: 5541: 5496: 5492: 5482: 5480: 5476: 5469: 5463: 5459: 5414: 5405: 5395: 5393: 5389: 5382: 5374: 5367: 5357: 5355: 5351: 5344: 5340: 5339: 5335: 5319: 5318: 5276: 5272: 5233: 5226: 5215: 5213: 5195: 5188: 5180: 5169: 5165: 5164: 5160: 5115: 5111: 5103: 5096: 5090: 5081: 5074: 5058: 5054: 5027: 5018: 5008: 5006: 5002: 4995: 4991: 4990: 4979: 4969: 4967: 4963: 4957:www.mhra.gov.uk 4952: 4948: 4947: 4943: 4904: 4897: 4887: 4885: 4884:on 14 July 2010 4858: 4854: 4844: 4842: 4838: 4831: 4827: 4826: 4822: 4782: 4778: 4739: 4735: 4725: 4723: 4719: 4712: 4706: 4702: 4692: 4690: 4686: 4682: 4681: 4672: 4627: 4623: 4613: 4611: 4607: 4600: 4594: 4579: 4553: 4549: 4504: 4497: 4487: 4485: 4476: 4475: 4471: 4432: 4428: 4405: 4401: 4378: 4374: 4335: 4328: 4321: 4307: 4306: 4287: 4248: 4241: 4210: 4203: 4164: 4155: 4145: 4143: 4130: 4129: 4125: 4080: 4073: 4042: 4033: 4017: 4016: 3979: 3975: 3968: 3954: 3945: 3905: 3899: 3880: 3835: 3831: 3792: 3783: 3744: 3733: 3694: 3687: 3650: 3643: 3630: 3629: 3625: 3594: 3583: 3544: 3540: 3533: 3519: 3512: 3497: 3475: 3468: 3461: 3447: 3440: 3433: 3419: 3418: 3414: 3369: 3365: 3358: 3344: 3337: 3332: 3304: 3227:poly-drug users 3194:drug under the 3159: 3151:Main articles: 3149: 3139:drug under the 3017: 3012: 2930:muscle relaxant 2885: 2723: 2712: 2694: 2638:modes of action 2633: 2599: 2559: 2536:. Examples are 2530:rebound effects 2472:rebound anxiety 2284:Speed of onset 2276: 2267: 2252: 2232: 2225: 2221: 2217: 2209: 2181: 2174: 2168: 2164: 2161:containing GABA 2159: 2152: 2145: 2138: 2128: 2123: 2119: 2115: 2111: 2107: 2103: 2083: 2079: 2071: 2063: 2046: 2026: 2019:located in the 2017:protein complex 2014: 2008: 1986: 1982: 1978: 1969: 1964: 1937:anticonvulsants 1920:antidepressants 1893:glucuronidation 1889:cytochrome P450 1877: 1872: 1871: 1870: 1869: 1868: 1855: 1854: 1853: 1845: 1844: 1836: 1835: 1747: 1741: 1729: 1720: 1711: 1698: 1685: 1664:or low potency 1654:fluoroquinolone 1524: 1504: 1484: 1472:Main articles: 1470: 1448: 1439:impulse control 1415: 1393: 1342:hypoventilation 1321: 1299: 1297:Adverse effects 1287:antidepressants 1220: 1149:category D or X 1141: 1135: 1065: 931: 880: 874: 812:anticonvulsants 800: 794: 727: 721: 709: 703: 652: 646: 611:antidepressants 603:rebound anxiety 546: 540: 511:intramuscularly 479:muscle relaxant 444: 438: 338:'s (Australia) 276:muscle relaxant 254:, resulting in 251: 170:Benzodiazepines 147: 128: 122: 105: 52: 31:Benzodiazepines 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 20847: 20837: 20836: 20831: 20826: 20821: 20816: 20811: 20796: 20795: 20772: 20771: 20768: 20767: 20766: 20765: 20762: 20751: 20745: 20739: 20738: 20735: 20734: 20731: 20730: 20728: 20727: 20722: 20716: 20714: 20710: 20709: 20707: 20706: 20701: 20696: 20690: 20688: 20682: 20681: 20679: 20678: 20673: 20668: 20663: 20657: 20655: 20649: 20648: 20646: 20645: 20640: 20634: 20629: 20624: 20619: 20614: 20609: 20604: 20598: 20596: 20590: 20589: 20587: 20586: 20581: 20576: 20571: 20565: 20563: 20557: 20556: 20554: 20553: 20548: 20543: 20538: 20533: 20528: 20523: 20517: 20515: 20509: 20508: 20506: 20505: 20500: 20495: 20489: 20487: 20478: 20472: 20471: 20469: 20468: 20463: 20458: 20453: 20448: 20443: 20441:Methoxypropane 20438: 20436:Methoxyflurane 20433: 20428: 20423: 20418: 20413: 20408: 20403: 20398: 20393: 20387: 20385: 20379: 20378: 20366: 20365: 20358: 20351: 20343: 20334: 20333: 20315: 20312: 20311: 20309: 20308: 20303: 20298: 20293: 20284: 20283: 20276:valerenic acid 20261: 20256: 20246: 20228: 20223: 20218: 20213: 20208: 20203: 20198: 20193: 20188: 20183: 20178: 20173: 20168: 20146: 20141: 20136: 20131: 20126: 20121: 20116: 20105:mefenamic acid 20094: 20089: 20084: 20079: 20074: 20052: 20047: 20042: 20037: 20032: 20027: 20022: 20017: 20014:sodium bromide 19999: 19989: 19984: 19979: 19974: 19968: 19966: 19962: 19961: 19959: 19958: 19953: 19948: 19943: 19938: 19933: 19928: 19923: 19918: 19913: 19908: 19903: 19898: 19893: 19888: 19883: 19881:Methoxypropane 19878: 19876:Methoxyflurane 19873: 19868: 19863: 19858: 19853: 19848: 19843: 19838: 19836:Ethyl chloride 19833: 19828: 19823: 19818: 19813: 19808: 19803: 19798: 19793: 19788: 19783: 19778: 19773: 19768: 19763: 19758: 19753: 19748: 19742: 19740: 19730: 19729: 19727: 19726: 19721: 19716: 19711: 19706: 19701: 19696: 19691: 19686: 19681: 19675: 19673: 19671:Quinazolinones 19667: 19666: 19664: 19663: 19658: 19653: 19648: 19642: 19640: 19634: 19633: 19631: 19630: 19625: 19620: 19615: 19609: 19607: 19601: 19600: 19598: 19597: 19592: 19587: 19581: 19579: 19573: 19572: 19570: 19569: 19564: 19559: 19554: 19549: 19544: 19539: 19534: 19529: 19524: 19519: 19514: 19509: 19504: 19499: 19494: 19489: 19484: 19479: 19474: 19469: 19464: 19459: 19454: 19449: 19444: 19439: 19434: 19429: 19424: 19414: 19413: 19408: 19403: 19398: 19393: 19388: 19383: 19378: 19366: 19365: 19360: 19355: 19350: 19345: 19333: 19332: 19327: 19322: 19317: 19312: 19307: 19295: 19293: 19287: 19286: 19284: 19283: 19278: 19273: 19268: 19263: 19258: 19253: 19248: 19243: 19238: 19233: 19228: 19223: 19218: 19213: 19208: 19203: 19198: 19193: 19188: 19183: 19178: 19173: 19168: 19163: 19158: 19152: 19147: 19142: 19137: 19132: 19127: 19122: 19116: 19114: 19108: 19107: 19105: 19104: 19099: 19094: 19089: 19084: 19079: 19073: 19071: 19065: 19064: 19062: 19061: 19056: 19051: 19046: 19041: 19036: 19031: 19026: 19021: 19016: 19011: 19006: 19001: 18996: 18991: 18985: 18983: 18976: 18975: 18973: 18972: 18967: 18962: 18956: 18954: 18948: 18947: 18945: 18944: 18939: 18929: 18924: 18919: 18914: 18909: 18904: 18899: 18894: 18889: 18884: 18879: 18874: 18868: 18866: 18860: 18859: 18857: 18856: 18851: 18846: 18841: 18836: 18831: 18826: 18821: 18816: 18811: 18806: 18801: 18796: 18791: 18786: 18781: 18776: 18771: 18766: 18761: 18756: 18750: 18748: 18742: 18741: 18739: 18738: 18733: 18728: 18723: 18718: 18713: 18708: 18703: 18698: 18693: 18688: 18683: 18678: 18673: 18668: 18663: 18658: 18653: 18648: 18643: 18638: 18633: 18628: 18623: 18618: 18613: 18608: 18603: 18598: 18593: 18588: 18583: 18578: 18573: 18568: 18563: 18558: 18553: 18548: 18543: 18538: 18533: 18528: 18523: 18518: 18513: 18508: 18503: 18498: 18493: 18488: 18483: 18478: 18473: 18468: 18463: 18458: 18453: 18448: 18443: 18438: 18433: 18428: 18423: 18418: 18413: 18408: 18403: 18398: 18393: 18388: 18383: 18378: 18373: 18368: 18363: 18358: 18353: 18348: 18343: 18338: 18333: 18328: 18323: 18318: 18313: 18308: 18303: 18298: 18293: 18288: 18283: 18278: 18273: 18268: 18263: 18258: 18253: 18248: 18243: 18238: 18233: 18228: 18223: 18218: 18213: 18208: 18203: 18198: 18192: 18190: 18184: 18183: 18181: 18180: 18175: 18170: 18165: 18160: 18155: 18150: 18145: 18140: 18135: 18130: 18125: 18120: 18115: 18110: 18105: 18100: 18095: 18093:Propylbarbital 18090: 18085: 18080: 18075: 18070: 18065: 18060: 18055: 18050: 18045: 18040: 18035: 18030: 18025: 18020: 18015: 18010: 18005: 18000: 17995: 17990: 17985: 17980: 17975: 17970: 17968:Crotylbarbital 17965: 17960: 17955: 17950: 17945: 17940: 17935: 17933:Brophebarbital 17930: 17928:Brallobarbital 17925: 17920: 17915: 17910: 17905: 17900: 17895: 17890: 17885: 17879: 17877: 17871: 17870: 17868: 17867: 17862: 17857: 17852: 17847: 17839: 17831: 17826: 17821: 17816: 17814:Methylpentynol 17811: 17806: 17801: 17796: 17791: 17786: 17776: 17771: 17766: 17761: 17755: 17753: 17747: 17746: 17740: 17733: 17732: 17725: 17718: 17710: 17701: 17700: 17697: 17696: 17695: 17694: 17691: 17680: 17674: 17668: 17667: 17664: 17663: 17661: 17660: 17655: 17645: 17627: 17622: 17617: 17602:Sympatholytics 17599: 17590: 17571: 17566: 17564:Passion flower 17561: 17543: 17538: 17533: 17528: 17523: 17508:Gabapentinoids 17505: 17500: 17495: 17473: 17468: 17463: 17460:chlorpromazine 17444:Antipsychotics 17440: 17438: 17434: 17433: 17431: 17430: 17425: 17420: 17414: 17412: 17406: 17405: 17403: 17402: 17397: 17392: 17387: 17382: 17376: 17374: 17368: 17367: 17365: 17364: 17359: 17349: 17331: 17326: 17321: 17316: 17311: 17306: 17301: 17296: 17291: 17286: 17281: 17276: 17271: 17269:Dimenhydrinate 17266: 17261: 17255: 17253: 17243: 17238:Antihistamines 17234: 17233: 17231: 17230: 17225: 17220: 17213:Quinazolinones 17210: 17200: 17195: 17181: 17176: 17171: 17166: 17156: 17153:sodium bromide 17142: 17120: 17098: 17097: 17092: 17087: 17082: 17066: 17065: 17060: 17055: 17050: 17045: 17040: 17035: 17030: 17025: 17020: 17015: 17010: 17005: 17000: 16995: 16990: 16985: 16980: 16975: 16963: 16961: 16954: 16949: 16948: 16941: 16940: 16933: 16926: 16918: 16909: 16908: 16906: 16905: 16900: 16895: 16890: 16885: 16883:Passion flower 16880: 16870: 16865: 16864: 16863: 16858: 16853: 16848: 16843: 16829: 16824: 16819: 16814: 16813: 16812: 16807: 16802: 16792: 16791: 16790: 16779: 16777: 16773: 16772: 16770: 16769: 16764: 16759: 16754: 16749: 16743: 16741: 16732: 16726: 16725: 16723: 16722: 16717: 16712: 16706: 16704: 16698: 16697: 16695: 16694: 16689: 16684: 16679: 16673: 16671: 16665: 16664: 16661: 16660: 16658: 16657: 16651: 16649: 16645: 16644: 16642: 16641: 16640: 16639: 16633: 16628: 16618: 16617: 16616: 16610: 16608:Chlorpromazine 16599: 16597: 16595:Antipsychotics 16591: 16590: 16588: 16587: 16586: 16585: 16579: 16569: 16568: 16567: 16561: 16556: 16546: 16540: 16538: 16529: 16525: 16520: 16519: 16517: 16516: 16511: 16506: 16501: 16496: 16491: 16486: 16481: 16475: 16473: 16468: 16463: 16462: 16459: 16458: 16456: 16455: 16454: 16453: 16447: 16442: 16432: 16431: 16430: 16424: 16422:Chlorpromazine 16413: 16411: 16409:Antipsychotics 16405: 16404: 16402: 16401: 16400: 16399: 16393: 16383: 16382: 16381: 16375: 16370: 16360: 16359: 16358: 16353: 16348: 16337: 16335: 16329: 16328: 16326: 16325: 16320: 16315: 16310: 16305: 16300: 16295: 16290: 16285: 16283:Cyproheptadine 16280: 16274: 16272: 16270:Antihistamines 16263: 16259: 16254: 16253: 16251: 16250: 16245: 16240: 16235: 16230: 16227:sodium oxybate 16220: 16215: 16210: 16205: 16200: 16198:1,4-Butanediol 16194: 16192: 16188: 16183: 16182: 16179: 16178: 16176: 16175: 16174: 16173: 16171:Valerenic acid 16168: 16163: 16153: 16148: 16147: 16146: 16141: 16136: 16126: 16121: 16116: 16111: 16106: 16101: 16096: 16091: 16086: 16081: 16076: 16071: 16070: 16069: 16067:Sodium bromide 16064: 16059: 16048: 16043: 16037: 16035: 16031: 16030: 16028: 16027: 16022: 16017: 16012: 16007: 16002: 15997: 15992: 15987: 15982: 15976: 15974: 15972:Quinazolinones 15968: 15967: 15965: 15964: 15959: 15954: 15949: 15943: 15941: 15935: 15934: 15932: 15931: 15925: 15923: 15917: 15916: 15914: 15913: 15908: 15903: 15898: 15893: 15888: 15883: 15878: 15873: 15868: 15863: 15857: 15855: 15849: 15848: 15846: 15845: 15840: 15835: 15830: 15825: 15820: 15815: 15810: 15804: 15802: 15796: 15795: 15793: 15792: 15787: 15782: 15777: 15772: 15767: 15761: 15759: 15753: 15752: 15750: 15749: 15744: 15739: 15733: 15731: 15725: 15724: 15722: 15721: 15716: 15711: 15706: 15701: 15696: 15691: 15686: 15681: 15675: 15673: 15667: 15666: 15664: 15663: 15658: 15653: 15648: 15643: 15638: 15633: 15628: 15623: 15618: 15613: 15608: 15603: 15598: 15593: 15588: 15583: 15578: 15573: 15568: 15563: 15558: 15552: 15550: 15544: 15543: 15541: 15540: 15535: 15530: 15525: 15520: 15515: 15510: 15505: 15500: 15495: 15493:Propylbarbital 15490: 15485: 15480: 15475: 15470: 15465: 15460: 15455: 15450: 15445: 15440: 15435: 15430: 15425: 15420: 15415: 15409: 15407: 15401: 15400: 15398: 15397: 15392: 15390:Methylpentynol 15387: 15382: 15377: 15372: 15367: 15361: 15359: 15350: 15346: 15341: 15340: 15324: 15323: 15316: 15309: 15301: 15292: 15291: 15288: 15287: 15286: 15285: 15282: 15271: 15265: 15259: 15258: 15255: 15254: 15252: 15251: 15246: 15241: 15236: 15231: 15226: 15221: 15216: 15211: 15206: 15201: 15196: 15191: 15186: 15181: 15176: 15171: 15165: 15163: 15159: 15158: 15156: 15155: 15145: 15127: 15116: 15114: 15104:Sympatholytics 15100: 15099: 15097: 15096: 15091: 15085: 15083: 15081:Antipsychotics 15077: 15076: 15074: 15073: 15068: 15063: 15058: 15053: 15032: 15017: 15002: 14987: 14972: 14956: 14954: 14948: 14947: 14945: 14944: 14939: 14934: 14929: 14923: 14921: 14907: 14899:Gabapentinoids 14895: 14894: 14892: 14891: 14885: 14883: 14877: 14876: 14874: 14873: 14868: 14863: 14858: 14853: 14843: 14833: 14821: 14816: 14811: 14806: 14801: 14796: 14791: 14786: 14781: 14776: 14771: 14766: 14761: 14756: 14751: 14746: 14741: 14736: 14731: 14726: 14721: 14709: 14707: 14690: 14684: 14683: 14681: 14680: 14675: 14670: 14664: 14662: 14650: 14644: 14643: 14631: 14630: 14623: 14616: 14608: 14599: 14598: 14595: 14594: 14593: 14592: 14589: 14578: 14572: 14566: 14565: 14562: 14561: 14558: 14557: 14555: 14554: 14549: 14544: 14539: 14534: 14529: 14524: 14519: 14514: 14509: 14503: 14501: 14497: 14496: 14494: 14493: 14488: 14483: 14478: 14473: 14461: 14459: 14450: 14446: 14445: 14442: 14441: 14439: 14438: 14432: 14430: 14424: 14423: 14421: 14420: 14415: 14410: 14405: 14393: 14386:Gabapentinoids 14378: 14373: 14358: 14356:Paramethadione 14353: 14341: 14339: 14333: 14332: 14330: 14329: 14324: 14319: 14314: 14309: 14297: 14292: 14287: 14275: 14270: 14255: 14250: 14245: 14230: 14225: 14220: 14208: 14206: 14197: 14189: 14188: 14185: 14184: 14182: 14181: 14164:GABAR agonists 14159: 14157: 14153: 14152: 14150: 14149: 14144: 14139: 14134: 14129:(and related): 14122: 14120: 14114: 14113: 14111: 14110: 14105: 14100: 14095: 14092:sodium bromide 14074: 14069: 14064: 14059: 14054: 14049: 14044: 14039: 14024: 14009: 14004: 13999: 13994: 13989: 13977: 13975: 13967: 13959: 13953: 13952: 13940: 13939: 13932: 13925: 13917: 13908: 13907: 13905: 13904: 13892: 13886: 13881: 13876: 13865: 13847: 13845: 13839: 13838: 13836: 13835: 13829: 13818: 13817: 13816: 13811: 13806: 13801: 13799:Dihydrocodeine 13796: 13791: 13786: 13769: 13764: 13758: 13741: 13739: 13733: 13732: 13730: 13729: 13724: 13719: 13702: 13697: 13696: 13695: 13690: 13678: 13677: 13676: 13664: 13663: 13662: 13657: 13652: 13647: 13631: 13629: 13623: 13622: 13620: 13619: 13602: 13597: 13592: 13587: 13582: 13576: 13574: 13568: 13567: 13554: 13553: 13546: 13539: 13531: 13522: 13521: 13514: 13510: 13507: 13506: 13504: 13503: 13498: 13493: 13487: 13485: 13481: 13480: 13478: 13477: 13471: 13469: 13462: 13461: 13459: 13458: 13452: 13450: 13446: 13445: 13443: 13442: 13436: 13434: 13430: 13429: 13427: 13426: 13420: 13415: 13410: 13405: 13398: 13396: 13392: 13391: 13389: 13388: 13382: 13380: 13374: 13373: 13371: 13370: 13364: 13362: 13358: 13357: 13355: 13354: 13349: 13343: 13341: 13334: 13333: 13331: 13330: 13325: 13319: 13313: 13308: 13303: 13298: 13293: 13288: 13283: 13278: 13273: 13268: 13262: 13256: 13254: 13248: 13247: 13245: 13244: 13239: 13234: 13228: 13226: 13220: 13219: 13217: 13216: 13211: 13206: 13201: 13196: 13190: 13188: 13184: 13183: 13181: 13180: 13175: 13170: 13165: 13160: 13155: 13150: 13145: 13140: 13135: 13130: 13125: 13120: 13115: 13110: 13105: 13100: 13095: 13090: 13084: 13082: 13078: 13077: 13075: 13074: 13069: 13059: 13054: 13049: 13044: 13039: 13034: 13029: 13024: 13019: 13014: 13009: 13003: 12998: 12992: 12990: 12984: 12983: 12981: 12980: 12975: 12970: 12965: 12960: 12955: 12949: 12947: 12943: 12942: 12940: 12939: 12934: 12929: 12924: 12919: 12913: 12911: 12907: 12906: 12904: 12903: 12898: 12893: 12888: 12883: 12877: 12871: 12866: 12861: 12856: 12851: 12846: 12841: 12836: 12831: 12825: 12820: 12814: 12809: 12804: 12799: 12794: 12789: 12784: 12779: 12774: 12769: 12764: 12759: 12754: 12749: 12744: 12739: 12734: 12726: 12721: 12716: 12711: 12706: 12701: 12695: 12690: 12685: 12680: 12675: 12669: 12664: 12659: 12654: 12649: 12644: 12639: 12634: 12629: 12624: 12619: 12614: 12609: 12604: 12599: 12594: 12589: 12584: 12579: 12574: 12568: 12563: 12558: 12553: 12548: 12543: 12538: 12533: 12528: 12523: 12518: 12513: 12508: 12502: 12497: 12492: 12486: 12484: 12480: 12479: 12472: 12471: 12464: 12457: 12449: 12443: 12442: 12403: 12378: 12369: 12356: 12355:External links 12353: 12350: 12349: 12342: 12329: 12320: 12301:(4): 779–809. 12285: 12274:(4): 558–577. 12258: 12251: 12228: 12201:(2): 144–153. 12185: 12150: 12139:. Benzo.org.uk 12128: 12085: 12041: 11990: 11963: 11956: 11936: 11907: 11887: 11862: 11830: 11827:on 1 May 2010. 11811: 11775: 11756:(6): 597–602. 11740: 11706: 11674: 11638: 11601: 11579: 11551: 11526: 11499:(4): 194–202. 11483: 11440: 11413: 11364: 11313: 11286: 11245: 11226:(3–4): 67–84. 11210: 11171: 11127: 11085: 11050:(5): 321–331. 11034: 11007: 10991: 10942: 10911: 10904: 10882: 10875: 10853: 10831:. New Zealand 10811: 10786: 10721: 10710:(6): 684–691. 10691: 10672:(3): 305–314. 10656: 10637:(3): 199–216. 10618: 10591:(8): 735–747. 10573: 10516: 10481:(3): 317–329. 10461: 10394: 10356: 10352: 10343: 10313: 10304: 10285:(3): 173–198. 10274: 10265: 10258: 10240: 10210: 10201: 10194: 10169: 10142:(9): 490–495. 10116: 10097: 10090: 10072: 10061:(2): 292–305. 10045: 10018: 9991:(2): 209–216. 9975: 9948:(1): 386–393. 9932: 9881: 9838: 9831: 9810: 9784: 9757:(4): 247–265. 9741: 9692: 9643: 9624:(6): 443–458. 9608: 9579:(3): 513–525. 9559: 9524: 9475: 9446:(4): 377–383. 9426: 9377: 9348:(2): 163–170. 9328: 9263: 9204: 9175:(4): 493–507. 9155: 9148: 9126: 9115:on 6 July 2017 9089: 9043: 9012: 8993:(1–2): 19–28. 8973: 8966: 8944: 8893: 8874:(2): 171–195. 8858: 8851: 8833: 8826: 8801: 8766: 8739:(3): 249–255. 8723: 8694:(4): 248–312. 8674: 8655:(2): 141–154. 8639: 8604: 8585:(3): 327–334. 8569: 8520: 8470: 8416: 8367: 8340:(3): 131–142. 8324: 8305: 8258: 8243: 8223: 8196:(4): 283–295. 8179: 8158:(9): 831–841. 8138: 8097: 8086:(9): 390–394. 8070: 8063: 8042: 8023:(4): 660–608. 8004: 7977:(4): 127–134. 7948: 7941: 7920: 7893: 7858: 7812: 7763: 7717: 7677: 7628: 7574: 7567: 7545: 7538: 7517: 7500: 7471:(8): 647–658. 7451: 7432:(5): 663–673. 7416: 7383:Sleep Medicine 7373: 7366: 7345: 7292: 7281:on 12 May 2008 7246: 7219:(6): 490–495. 7203: 7160: 7133:(3): 307–315. 7117: 7110: 7090: 7083: 7060: 7041:(3): 233–235. 7025: 6976: 6950: 6931:(2): 168–192. 6915: 6880: 6839: 6827: 6785: 6734: 6727: 6699: 6692: 6655: 6626: 6619: 6594: 6587: 6560: 6541:(6): 408–413. 6525: 6482: 6455:(8): 631–644. 6439: 6396: 6389: 6369: 6304: 6253: 6234:(1): 173–186. 6218: 6175: 6146:(6): 683–702. 6126: 6081: 6062:(3): 201–208. 6046: 6019:(3): 199–212. 6003: 5996: 5978: 5951:(2): 425–439. 5935: 5892: 5865: 5838:(2): 134–143. 5822: 5773: 5730: 5695: 5636: 5609: 5582: 5555:(6): 409–425. 5539: 5490: 5457: 5403: 5365: 5333: 5270: 5243:(9): 749–765. 5224: 5186: 5158: 5129:(6): 637–645. 5109: 5079: 5072: 5052: 5041:(4): 517–526. 5016: 4977: 4941: 4914:(4): 183–192. 4895: 4852: 4841:on 14 May 2012 4820: 4793:(7): 774–782. 4776: 4733: 4700: 4670: 4641:(4): 171–199. 4621: 4577: 4547: 4495: 4469: 4426: 4399: 4372: 4345:(9): 741–764. 4326: 4319: 4285: 4239: 4220:(7): 961–972. 4201: 4153: 4123: 4094:(5): 481–489. 4071: 4031: 3973: 3966: 3943: 3916:(3): 249–255. 3878: 3849:(3): 513–525. 3829: 3802:(6): 485–497. 3781: 3731: 3685: 3641: 3638:. 19 May 2023. 3623: 3604:(4): 330–336. 3581: 3554:(3): 249–255. 3538: 3531: 3510: 3495: 3466: 3459: 3438: 3431: 3412: 3383:(3): 243–244. 3363: 3356: 3334: 3333: 3331: 3328: 3303: 3302:Veterinary use 3300: 3289:suggests that 3148: 3145: 3016: 3013: 3011: 3008: 2926:anticonvulsant 2884: 2881: 2880: 2879: 2878: 2877: 2869: 2868: 2864: 2863: 2862: 2861: 2845: 2844: 2840: 2839: 2838: 2837: 2817: 2816: 2812: 2811: 2810: 2809: 2789: 2788: 2784: 2783: 2782: 2781: 2761: 2760: 2756: 2755: 2754: 2753: 2728: 2727: 2722: 2719: 2710: 2692: 2645:benzodiazepine 2631: 2616:binding sites. 2597: 2558: 2555: 2554: 2553: 2526: 2487: 2442: 2441: 2438: 2433: 2427: 2426: 2423: 2417: 2411: 2410: 2407: 2401: 2395: 2394: 2391: 2385: 2379: 2378: 2375: 2369: 2363: 2362: 2359: 2353: 2347: 2346: 2343: 2337: 2331: 2330: 2327: 2321: 2315: 2314: 2311: 2305: 2299: 2298: 2295: 2292: 2286: 2285: 2282: 2273: 2272:Benzodiazepine 2266: 2263: 2250: 2230: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2207: 2204:hyperpolarizes 2179: 2172: 2166: 2162: 2157: 2150: 2143: 2136: 2126: 2121: 2117: 2113: 2109: 2105: 2101: 2084:receptor is a 2081: 2077: 2069: 2061: 2044: 2037:cell membranes 2031:that conducts 2024: 2015:receptor is a 2012: 2006: 1984: 1980: 1976: 1968: 1965: 1963: 1960: 1929:St John's wort 1876: 1873: 1857: 1856: 1847: 1846: 1838: 1837: 1829: 1828: 1827: 1826: 1825: 1824: 1780:slurred speech 1743:Main article: 1740: 1737: 1728: 1725: 1719: 1716: 1710: 1707: 1697: 1694: 1684: 1681: 1670:chlorpromazine 1666:phenothiazines 1649:cross tolerant 1602:excitotoxicity 1523: 1520: 1503: 1500: 1469: 1466: 1447: 1444: 1414: 1411: 1392: 1389: 1354:liver toxicity 1298: 1295: 1291:antipsychotics 1219: 1216: 1134: 1131: 1064: 1061: 1060: 1059: 1052: 1041:Antipsychotics 1038: 1031: 1013: 976: 965: 953: 950: 930: 927: 873: 870: 793: 790: 720: 717: 702: 699: 645: 642: 619:anticonvulsant 558:panic disorder 544:Panic disorder 539: 538:Panic disorder 536: 437: 434: 426:in combination 292:panic disorder 272:anticonvulsant 264:sleep-inducing 249: 246:(GABA) at the 165: 164: 158: 157: 153: 152: 145: 139: 138: 137:External links 134: 133: 120: 114: 113: 109: 108: 103: 99: 97:Mode of action 93: 92: 87: 81: 80: 78:panic disorder 63: 59: 58: 54: 53: 50: 42: 41: 33: 32: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 20846: 20835: 20832: 20830: 20827: 20825: 20822: 20820: 20817: 20815: 20812: 20810: 20807: 20806: 20804: 20794: 20784: 20783: 20780: 20763: 20761: 20758: 20757: 20755: 20752: 20749: 20746: 20744: 20741: 20740: 20736: 20726: 20723: 20721: 20718: 20717: 20715: 20711: 20705: 20702: 20700: 20697: 20695: 20692: 20691: 20689: 20687: 20683: 20677: 20674: 20672: 20671:Phencyclidine 20669: 20667: 20664: 20662: 20659: 20658: 20656: 20654: 20650: 20644: 20641: 20638: 20635: 20633: 20632:Phenoperidine 20630: 20628: 20625: 20623: 20620: 20618: 20615: 20613: 20610: 20608: 20605: 20603: 20600: 20599: 20597: 20595: 20591: 20585: 20582: 20580: 20577: 20575: 20572: 20570: 20567: 20566: 20564: 20562: 20558: 20552: 20549: 20547: 20544: 20542: 20539: 20537: 20536:Narcobarbital 20534: 20532: 20529: 20527: 20524: 20522: 20519: 20518: 20516: 20514: 20510: 20504: 20501: 20499: 20496: 20494: 20491: 20490: 20488: 20486: 20482: 20479: 20477: 20473: 20467: 20464: 20462: 20459: 20457: 20454: 20452: 20449: 20447: 20446:Nitrous oxide 20444: 20442: 20439: 20437: 20434: 20432: 20429: 20427: 20424: 20422: 20419: 20417: 20414: 20412: 20409: 20407: 20406:Diethyl ether 20404: 20402: 20399: 20397: 20394: 20392: 20389: 20388: 20386: 20384: 20380: 20375: 20371: 20364: 20359: 20357: 20352: 20350: 20345: 20344: 20341: 20331: 20330: 20326: 20322: 20319: 20313: 20307: 20304: 20302: 20299: 20297: 20294: 20292: 20289: 20286: 20285: 20281: 20277: 20273: 20272:isovaleramide 20269: 20265: 20262: 20260: 20257: 20254: 20250: 20247: 20244: 20240: 20236: 20232: 20229: 20227: 20224: 20222: 20219: 20217: 20214: 20212: 20209: 20207: 20204: 20202: 20199: 20197: 20194: 20192: 20189: 20187: 20184: 20182: 20179: 20177: 20174: 20172: 20169: 20166: 20162: 20158: 20154: 20150: 20147: 20145: 20142: 20140: 20137: 20135: 20132: 20130: 20127: 20125: 20122: 20120: 20117: 20114: 20110: 20109:niflumic acid 20106: 20102: 20098: 20095: 20093: 20090: 20088: 20085: 20083: 20080: 20078: 20075: 20072: 20068: 20064: 20060: 20056: 20053: 20051: 20048: 20046: 20043: 20041: 20038: 20036: 20035:Clomethiazole 20033: 20031: 20030:Chlormezanone 20028: 20026: 20023: 20021: 20020:Carbamazepine 20018: 20015: 20011: 20007: 20003: 20000: 19997: 19993: 19990: 19988: 19985: 19983: 19980: 19978: 19975: 19973: 19970: 19969: 19967: 19963: 19957: 19954: 19952: 19949: 19947: 19944: 19942: 19939: 19937: 19934: 19932: 19929: 19927: 19924: 19922: 19919: 19917: 19914: 19912: 19909: 19907: 19904: 19902: 19899: 19897: 19896:Nitrous oxide 19894: 19892: 19889: 19887: 19884: 19882: 19879: 19877: 19874: 19872: 19869: 19867: 19864: 19862: 19859: 19857: 19854: 19852: 19849: 19847: 19844: 19842: 19839: 19837: 19834: 19832: 19829: 19827: 19826:Diethyl ether 19824: 19822: 19819: 19817: 19814: 19812: 19809: 19807: 19804: 19802: 19799: 19797: 19794: 19792: 19789: 19787: 19784: 19782: 19779: 19777: 19774: 19772: 19769: 19767: 19764: 19762: 19759: 19757: 19754: 19752: 19749: 19747: 19744: 19743: 19741: 19739: 19735: 19731: 19725: 19722: 19720: 19717: 19715: 19712: 19710: 19707: 19705: 19702: 19700: 19697: 19695: 19692: 19690: 19687: 19685: 19682: 19680: 19677: 19676: 19674: 19672: 19668: 19662: 19659: 19657: 19654: 19652: 19649: 19647: 19644: 19643: 19641: 19639: 19635: 19629: 19628:Pyrithyldione 19626: 19624: 19621: 19619: 19616: 19614: 19611: 19610: 19608: 19606: 19602: 19596: 19593: 19591: 19588: 19586: 19583: 19582: 19580: 19578: 19574: 19568: 19565: 19563: 19560: 19558: 19555: 19553: 19550: 19548: 19545: 19543: 19540: 19538: 19535: 19533: 19530: 19528: 19525: 19523: 19520: 19518: 19515: 19513: 19510: 19508: 19505: 19503: 19500: 19498: 19495: 19493: 19490: 19488: 19485: 19483: 19480: 19478: 19475: 19473: 19470: 19468: 19465: 19463: 19460: 19458: 19455: 19453: 19450: 19448: 19445: 19443: 19440: 19438: 19435: 19433: 19430: 19428: 19425: 19423: 19419: 19416: 19415: 19412: 19409: 19407: 19404: 19402: 19399: 19397: 19394: 19392: 19389: 19387: 19384: 19382: 19379: 19377: 19373: 19372: 19368: 19367: 19364: 19361: 19359: 19356: 19354: 19351: 19349: 19346: 19344: 19340: 19339: 19335: 19334: 19331: 19328: 19326: 19323: 19321: 19318: 19316: 19313: 19311: 19308: 19306: 19302: 19301: 19297: 19296: 19294: 19292: 19288: 19282: 19279: 19277: 19274: 19272: 19269: 19267: 19264: 19262: 19259: 19257: 19254: 19252: 19249: 19247: 19244: 19242: 19239: 19237: 19234: 19232: 19229: 19227: 19224: 19222: 19219: 19217: 19214: 19212: 19209: 19207: 19204: 19202: 19199: 19197: 19194: 19192: 19189: 19187: 19184: 19182: 19179: 19177: 19174: 19172: 19169: 19167: 19164: 19162: 19159: 19157: 19153: 19151: 19148: 19146: 19143: 19141: 19138: 19136: 19133: 19131: 19128: 19126: 19123: 19121: 19118: 19117: 19115: 19113: 19109: 19103: 19100: 19098: 19095: 19093: 19090: 19088: 19085: 19083: 19080: 19078: 19075: 19074: 19072: 19070: 19066: 19060: 19057: 19055: 19052: 19050: 19047: 19045: 19042: 19040: 19037: 19035: 19032: 19030: 19027: 19025: 19022: 19020: 19017: 19015: 19012: 19010: 19007: 19005: 19002: 19000: 18997: 18995: 18992: 18990: 18987: 18986: 18984: 18981: 18977: 18971: 18968: 18966: 18963: 18961: 18958: 18957: 18955: 18953: 18949: 18943: 18940: 18937: 18933: 18930: 18928: 18925: 18923: 18920: 18918: 18915: 18913: 18910: 18908: 18905: 18903: 18900: 18898: 18895: 18893: 18890: 18888: 18885: 18883: 18880: 18878: 18875: 18873: 18870: 18869: 18867: 18865: 18861: 18855: 18852: 18850: 18847: 18845: 18842: 18840: 18837: 18835: 18834:Phenprobamate 18832: 18830: 18827: 18825: 18822: 18820: 18817: 18815: 18812: 18810: 18807: 18805: 18802: 18800: 18799:Hexapropymate 18797: 18795: 18792: 18790: 18787: 18785: 18782: 18780: 18777: 18775: 18774:Difebarbamate 18772: 18770: 18767: 18765: 18762: 18760: 18757: 18755: 18752: 18751: 18749: 18747: 18743: 18737: 18734: 18732: 18729: 18727: 18724: 18722: 18719: 18717: 18714: 18712: 18709: 18707: 18704: 18702: 18699: 18697: 18694: 18692: 18689: 18687: 18684: 18682: 18679: 18677: 18674: 18672: 18669: 18667: 18664: 18662: 18659: 18657: 18654: 18652: 18649: 18647: 18644: 18642: 18639: 18637: 18634: 18632: 18629: 18627: 18624: 18622: 18619: 18617: 18614: 18612: 18609: 18607: 18604: 18602: 18599: 18597: 18594: 18592: 18589: 18587: 18586:Nortetrazepam 18584: 18582: 18579: 18577: 18574: 18572: 18569: 18567: 18564: 18562: 18559: 18557: 18554: 18552: 18549: 18547: 18544: 18542: 18539: 18537: 18534: 18532: 18529: 18527: 18524: 18522: 18519: 18517: 18514: 18512: 18509: 18507: 18504: 18502: 18499: 18497: 18494: 18492: 18489: 18487: 18484: 18482: 18479: 18477: 18474: 18472: 18469: 18467: 18464: 18462: 18459: 18457: 18454: 18452: 18449: 18447: 18446:Flutoprazepam 18444: 18442: 18439: 18437: 18434: 18432: 18429: 18427: 18426:Flunitrazolam 18424: 18422: 18421:Flunitrazepam 18419: 18417: 18414: 18412: 18411:Flubromazolam 18409: 18407: 18406:Flubromazepam 18404: 18402: 18399: 18397: 18394: 18392: 18389: 18387: 18384: 18382: 18379: 18377: 18374: 18372: 18369: 18367: 18364: 18362: 18359: 18357: 18354: 18352: 18349: 18347: 18344: 18342: 18339: 18337: 18334: 18332: 18329: 18327: 18324: 18322: 18319: 18317: 18314: 18312: 18309: 18307: 18306:Cloniprazepam 18304: 18302: 18299: 18297: 18294: 18292: 18289: 18287: 18284: 18282: 18279: 18277: 18274: 18272: 18269: 18267: 18264: 18262: 18259: 18257: 18254: 18252: 18249: 18247: 18244: 18242: 18239: 18237: 18234: 18232: 18229: 18227: 18224: 18222: 18219: 18217: 18214: 18212: 18209: 18207: 18204: 18202: 18199: 18197: 18196:2-Oxoquazepam 18194: 18193: 18191: 18189: 18185: 18179: 18176: 18174: 18171: 18169: 18166: 18164: 18161: 18159: 18156: 18154: 18151: 18149: 18146: 18144: 18141: 18139: 18138:Thialbarbital 18136: 18134: 18133:Tetrabarbital 18131: 18129: 18126: 18124: 18121: 18119: 18118:Spirobarbital 18116: 18114: 18111: 18109: 18106: 18104: 18101: 18099: 18098:Proxibarbital 18096: 18094: 18091: 18089: 18088:Propallylonal 18086: 18084: 18081: 18079: 18076: 18074: 18071: 18069: 18068:Phenobarbital 18066: 18064: 18061: 18059: 18058:Pentobarbital 18056: 18054: 18051: 18049: 18048:Narcobarbital 18046: 18044: 18041: 18039: 18036: 18034: 18031: 18029: 18026: 18024: 18021: 18019: 18016: 18014: 18013:Heptobarbital 18011: 18009: 18006: 18004: 18001: 17999: 17996: 17994: 17991: 17989: 17986: 17984: 17983:Difebarbamate 17981: 17979: 17976: 17974: 17973:Cyclobarbital 17971: 17969: 17966: 17964: 17961: 17959: 17956: 17954: 17951: 17949: 17946: 17944: 17941: 17939: 17936: 17934: 17931: 17929: 17926: 17924: 17921: 17919: 17918:Benzobarbital 17916: 17914: 17911: 17909: 17906: 17904: 17901: 17899: 17896: 17894: 17891: 17889: 17886: 17884: 17881: 17880: 17878: 17876: 17872: 17866: 17863: 17861: 17858: 17856: 17853: 17851: 17848: 17846: 17844: 17840: 17838: 17836: 17832: 17830: 17827: 17825: 17822: 17820: 17817: 17815: 17812: 17810: 17807: 17805: 17802: 17800: 17797: 17795: 17792: 17790: 17789:Ethchlorvynol 17787: 17784: 17780: 17777: 17775: 17772: 17770: 17767: 17765: 17762: 17760: 17757: 17756: 17754: 17752: 17748: 17744: 17731: 17726: 17724: 17719: 17717: 17712: 17711: 17708: 17692: 17690: 17687: 17686: 17684: 17681: 17678: 17675: 17673: 17670: 17669: 17665: 17659: 17656: 17653: 17649: 17646: 17643: 17639: 17635: 17634:amitriptyline 17631: 17628: 17626: 17623: 17621: 17618: 17615: 17611: 17607: 17603: 17600: 17598: 17591: 17585: 17579: 17575: 17572: 17570: 17567: 17565: 17562: 17559: 17555: 17551: 17547: 17544: 17542: 17539: 17537: 17534: 17532: 17529: 17527: 17524: 17521: 17517: 17513: 17509: 17506: 17504: 17501: 17499: 17496: 17493: 17489: 17481: 17477: 17474: 17472: 17469: 17467: 17464: 17461: 17457: 17453: 17449: 17445: 17442: 17441: 17439: 17437:Miscellaneous 17435: 17429: 17426: 17424: 17421: 17419: 17416: 17415: 17413: 17411: 17407: 17401: 17398: 17396: 17393: 17391: 17388: 17386: 17383: 17381: 17378: 17377: 17375: 17373: 17369: 17363: 17360: 17357: 17353: 17350: 17347: 17343: 17339: 17338:amitriptyline 17335: 17332: 17330: 17327: 17325: 17322: 17320: 17317: 17315: 17312: 17310: 17307: 17305: 17302: 17300: 17299:Methapyrilene 17297: 17295: 17292: 17290: 17287: 17285: 17282: 17280: 17277: 17275: 17272: 17270: 17267: 17265: 17262: 17260: 17257: 17256: 17254: 17251: 17247: 17239: 17235: 17229: 17226: 17224: 17223:Sulfonmethane 17221: 17218: 17214: 17211: 17208: 17204: 17201: 17199: 17196: 17193: 17189: 17185: 17184:Neurosteroids 17182: 17180: 17177: 17175: 17174:Clomethiazole 17172: 17170: 17167: 17164: 17160: 17157: 17154: 17150: 17146: 17143: 17140: 17136: 17135:phenobarbital 17132: 17131:pentobarbital 17128: 17124: 17121: 17118: 17114: 17110: 17109:ethchlorvynol 17106: 17103: 17100: 17099: 17096: 17093: 17091: 17088: 17086: 17083: 17081: 17078: 17076: 17072: 17068: 17067: 17064: 17061: 17059: 17056: 17054: 17051: 17049: 17046: 17044: 17041: 17039: 17036: 17034: 17031: 17029: 17026: 17024: 17021: 17019: 17018:Flutoprazepam 17016: 17014: 17011: 17009: 17008:Flunitrazepam 17006: 17004: 17001: 16999: 16996: 16994: 16991: 16989: 16986: 16984: 16981: 16979: 16976: 16974: 16971: 16969: 16965: 16964: 16962: 16960: 16950: 16946: 16939: 16934: 16932: 16927: 16925: 16920: 16919: 16916: 16904: 16901: 16899: 16896: 16894: 16891: 16889: 16886: 16884: 16881: 16878: 16874: 16871: 16869: 16866: 16862: 16861:Methocarbamol 16859: 16857: 16854: 16852: 16851:Mephenoxalone 16849: 16847: 16844: 16842: 16841:Chlorphenesin 16839: 16838: 16837: 16833: 16830: 16828: 16825: 16823: 16820: 16818: 16815: 16811: 16810:Phenaglycodol 16808: 16806: 16803: 16801: 16798: 16797: 16796: 16793: 16789: 16786: 16785: 16784: 16781: 16780: 16778: 16774: 16768: 16765: 16763: 16760: 16758: 16755: 16753: 16750: 16748: 16745: 16744: 16742: 16740: 16727: 16721: 16718: 16716: 16713: 16711: 16708: 16707: 16705: 16703: 16699: 16693: 16690: 16688: 16685: 16683: 16680: 16678: 16675: 16674: 16672: 16670: 16666: 16656: 16653: 16652: 16650: 16646: 16637: 16634: 16632: 16629: 16627: 16624: 16623: 16622: 16619: 16614: 16611: 16609: 16606: 16605: 16604: 16601: 16600: 16598: 16596: 16592: 16583: 16580: 16578: 16575: 16574: 16573: 16570: 16565: 16562: 16560: 16557: 16555: 16554:Amitriptyline 16552: 16551: 16550: 16547: 16545: 16542: 16541: 16539: 16537: 16533: 16530: 16528: 16521: 16515: 16512: 16510: 16507: 16505: 16502: 16500: 16497: 16495: 16492: 16490: 16487: 16485: 16482: 16480: 16477: 16476: 16474: 16472: 16464: 16451: 16448: 16446: 16443: 16441: 16438: 16437: 16436: 16433: 16428: 16425: 16423: 16420: 16419: 16418: 16415: 16414: 16412: 16410: 16406: 16397: 16394: 16392: 16389: 16388: 16387: 16384: 16379: 16376: 16374: 16371: 16369: 16368:Amitriptyline 16366: 16365: 16364: 16361: 16357: 16354: 16352: 16349: 16347: 16344: 16343: 16342: 16339: 16338: 16336: 16334: 16330: 16324: 16321: 16319: 16316: 16314: 16311: 16309: 16306: 16304: 16303:Methapyrilene 16301: 16299: 16296: 16294: 16291: 16289: 16286: 16284: 16281: 16279: 16276: 16275: 16273: 16271: 16267: 16264: 16262: 16255: 16249: 16246: 16244: 16241: 16239: 16236: 16234: 16231: 16228: 16224: 16221: 16219: 16216: 16214: 16211: 16209: 16208:Aceburic acid 16206: 16204: 16201: 16199: 16196: 16195: 16193: 16191: 16184: 16172: 16169: 16167: 16164: 16162: 16161:Isovaleramide 16159: 16158: 16157: 16156:Sesquiterpene 16154: 16152: 16149: 16145: 16142: 16140: 16137: 16135: 16132: 16131: 16130: 16127: 16125: 16122: 16120: 16117: 16115: 16112: 16110: 16107: 16105: 16102: 16100: 16097: 16095: 16094:Clomethiazole 16092: 16090: 16087: 16085: 16082: 16080: 16077: 16075: 16072: 16068: 16065: 16063: 16060: 16058: 16055: 16054: 16052: 16049: 16047: 16044: 16042: 16039: 16038: 16036: 16032: 16026: 16023: 16021: 16018: 16016: 16013: 16011: 16008: 16006: 16003: 16001: 15998: 15996: 15993: 15991: 15988: 15986: 15983: 15981: 15978: 15977: 15975: 15973: 15969: 15963: 15960: 15958: 15957:Pyrithyldione 15955: 15953: 15950: 15948: 15945: 15944: 15942: 15940: 15936: 15930: 15927: 15926: 15924: 15922: 15918: 15912: 15909: 15907: 15904: 15902: 15899: 15897: 15894: 15892: 15889: 15887: 15884: 15882: 15879: 15877: 15874: 15872: 15869: 15867: 15864: 15862: 15859: 15858: 15856: 15854: 15850: 15844: 15841: 15839: 15836: 15834: 15831: 15829: 15826: 15824: 15821: 15819: 15816: 15814: 15811: 15809: 15806: 15805: 15803: 15801: 15797: 15791: 15788: 15786: 15783: 15781: 15778: 15776: 15773: 15771: 15768: 15766: 15763: 15762: 15760: 15758: 15754: 15748: 15745: 15743: 15740: 15738: 15735: 15734: 15732: 15730: 15726: 15720: 15717: 15715: 15712: 15710: 15709:Phenprobamate 15707: 15705: 15704:Methocarbamol 15702: 15700: 15697: 15695: 15694:Hexapropymate 15692: 15690: 15687: 15685: 15682: 15680: 15677: 15676: 15674: 15672: 15668: 15662: 15659: 15657: 15654: 15652: 15649: 15647: 15644: 15642: 15639: 15637: 15634: 15632: 15629: 15627: 15624: 15622: 15619: 15617: 15614: 15612: 15611:Flutoprazepam 15609: 15607: 15604: 15602: 15599: 15597: 15596:Flunitrazepam 15594: 15592: 15591:Flunitrazolam 15589: 15587: 15586:Flubromazolam 15584: 15582: 15579: 15577: 15574: 15572: 15569: 15567: 15564: 15562: 15559: 15557: 15554: 15553: 15551: 15549: 15545: 15539: 15536: 15534: 15531: 15529: 15526: 15524: 15521: 15519: 15516: 15514: 15511: 15509: 15506: 15504: 15501: 15499: 15496: 15494: 15491: 15489: 15488:Phenobarbital 15486: 15484: 15481: 15479: 15478:Pentobarbital 15476: 15474: 15473:Narcobarbital 15471: 15469: 15466: 15464: 15463:Mephobarbital 15461: 15459: 15456: 15454: 15451: 15449: 15446: 15444: 15443:Cyclobarbital 15441: 15439: 15436: 15434: 15431: 15429: 15426: 15424: 15421: 15419: 15416: 15414: 15411: 15410: 15408: 15406: 15402: 15396: 15393: 15391: 15388: 15386: 15385:Ethchlorvynol 15383: 15381: 15378: 15376: 15373: 15371: 15368: 15366: 15363: 15362: 15360: 15358: 15354: 15351: 15349: 15342: 15337: 15333: 15329: 15322: 15317: 15315: 15310: 15308: 15303: 15302: 15299: 15283: 15281: 15278: 15277: 15275: 15272: 15269: 15266: 15264: 15261: 15260: 15256: 15250: 15247: 15245: 15242: 15240: 15237: 15235: 15232: 15230: 15227: 15225: 15222: 15220: 15219:Phenaglycodol 15217: 15215: 15212: 15210: 15207: 15205: 15202: 15200: 15197: 15195: 15192: 15190: 15187: 15185: 15182: 15180: 15177: 15175: 15172: 15170: 15167: 15166: 15164: 15160: 15153: 15149: 15148:Beta blockers 15146: 15143: 15139: 15135: 15131: 15128: 15125: 15121: 15118: 15117: 15115: 15111: 15105: 15101: 15095: 15092: 15090: 15087: 15086: 15084: 15082: 15078: 15072: 15069: 15067: 15064: 15062: 15059: 15057: 15054: 15052: 15049: 15045: 15038: 15033: 15030: 15023: 15018: 15015: 15008: 15003: 15000: 14993: 14988: 14985: 14978: 14973: 14970: 14963: 14958: 14957: 14955: 14953: 14949: 14943: 14940: 14938: 14935: 14933: 14930: 14928: 14925: 14924: 14922: 14918: 14915: 14900: 14896: 14890: 14887: 14886: 14884: 14882: 14878: 14872: 14869: 14867: 14864: 14862: 14861:Chlormezanone 14859: 14857: 14854: 14851: 14847: 14844: 14841: 14840:phenobarbital 14837: 14834: 14832: 14829: 14825: 14822: 14820: 14817: 14815: 14812: 14810: 14807: 14805: 14802: 14800: 14797: 14795: 14792: 14790: 14787: 14785: 14782: 14780: 14777: 14775: 14772: 14770: 14767: 14765: 14762: 14760: 14757: 14755: 14752: 14750: 14747: 14745: 14742: 14740: 14737: 14735: 14732: 14730: 14727: 14725: 14722: 14720: 14717: 14715: 14711: 14710: 14708: 14703: 14695: 14685: 14679: 14676: 14674: 14671: 14669: 14666: 14665: 14663: 14661: 14655: 14645: 14640: 14636: 14629: 14624: 14622: 14617: 14615: 14610: 14609: 14606: 14590: 14588: 14585: 14584: 14582: 14579: 14576: 14573: 14571: 14568: 14567: 14563: 14553: 14550: 14548: 14547:Levetiracetam 14545: 14543: 14540: 14538: 14535: 14533: 14530: 14528: 14525: 14523: 14520: 14518: 14515: 14513: 14510: 14508: 14505: 14504: 14502: 14498: 14492: 14489: 14487: 14484: 14482: 14479: 14477: 14476:Ethoxzolamide 14474: 14472: 14471:Acetazolamide 14469: 14467: 14463: 14462: 14460: 14458: 14457:CA inhibitors 14454: 14451: 14447: 14437: 14434: 14433: 14431: 14429: 14425: 14419: 14416: 14414: 14411: 14409: 14406: 14404: 14401: 14397: 14394: 14392: 14389: 14387: 14382: 14379: 14377: 14374: 14372: 14368: 14367: 14362: 14361:Trimethadione 14359: 14357: 14354: 14352: 14349: 14347: 14343: 14342: 14340: 14338: 14334: 14328: 14325: 14323: 14320: 14318: 14315: 14313: 14310: 14308: 14305: 14301: 14300:Oxcarbazepine 14298: 14296: 14293: 14291: 14290:Carbamazepine 14288: 14286: 14284: 14279: 14276: 14274: 14271: 14269: 14266: 14264: 14259: 14256: 14254: 14251: 14249: 14246: 14244: 14241: 14239: 14234: 14231: 14229: 14226: 14224: 14221: 14219: 14216: 14214: 14210: 14209: 14207: 14205: 14201: 14198: 14196: 14190: 14180: 14177: 14175: 14170: 14166: 14165: 14161: 14160: 14158: 14154: 14148: 14145: 14143: 14140: 14138: 14135: 14133: 14130: 14128: 14124: 14123: 14121: 14119: 14115: 14109: 14106: 14104: 14101: 14099: 14096: 14093: 14089: 14085: 14082: 14078: 14075: 14073: 14070: 14068: 14065: 14063: 14060: 14058: 14055: 14053: 14050: 14048: 14045: 14043: 14040: 14038: 14034: 14033: 14028: 14025: 14023: 14019: 14018: 14013: 14010: 14008: 14007:Phenobarbital 14005: 14003: 14002:Pentobarbital 14000: 13998: 13995: 13993: 13990: 13988: 13985: 13983: 13979: 13978: 13976: 13974: 13971: 13963: 13960: 13958: 13954: 13949: 13945: 13938: 13933: 13931: 13926: 13924: 13919: 13918: 13915: 13902: 13901:Phenobarbital 13898: 13897: 13893: 13890: 13887: 13885: 13882: 13880: 13877: 13875: 13871: 13870: 13866: 13863: 13859: 13855: 13849: 13848: 13846: 13844: 13840: 13833: 13830: 13828: 13824: 13823: 13819: 13815: 13812: 13810: 13807: 13805: 13802: 13800: 13797: 13795: 13792: 13790: 13787: 13784: 13780: 13779:Buprenorphine 13777: 13776: 13775: 13774: 13770: 13768: 13765: 13762: 13759: 13757: 13753: 13749: 13743: 13742: 13740: 13738: 13734: 13728: 13725: 13723: 13720: 13717: 13713: 13709: 13703: 13701: 13698: 13694: 13691: 13689: 13686: 13685: 13684: 13683: 13679: 13675: 13674:Nitrous oxide 13672: 13671: 13670: 13669: 13665: 13661: 13658: 13656: 13653: 13651: 13648: 13646: 13643: 13642: 13641: 13640: 13633: 13632: 13630: 13628: 13624: 13617: 13613: 13609: 13603: 13601: 13598: 13596: 13593: 13591: 13588: 13586: 13583: 13581: 13578: 13577: 13575: 13573: 13569: 13564: 13560: 13557:Treatment of 13552: 13547: 13545: 13540: 13538: 13533: 13532: 13529: 13518: 13508: 13502: 13499: 13497: 13494: 13492: 13489: 13488: 13486: 13482: 13476: 13473: 13472: 13470: 13467: 13463: 13457: 13454: 13453: 13451: 13447: 13441: 13438: 13437: 13435: 13431: 13424: 13421: 13419: 13416: 13414: 13411: 13409: 13406: 13403: 13400: 13399: 13397: 13393: 13387: 13384: 13383: 13381: 13379: 13375: 13369: 13366: 13365: 13363: 13359: 13353: 13350: 13348: 13345: 13344: 13342: 13339: 13335: 13329: 13326: 13323: 13320: 13317: 13314: 13312: 13309: 13307: 13306:Fluclotizolam 13304: 13302: 13301:Flubrotizolam 13299: 13297: 13294: 13292: 13289: 13287: 13284: 13282: 13279: 13277: 13274: 13272: 13269: 13266: 13263: 13261: 13258: 13257: 13255: 13253: 13249: 13243: 13240: 13238: 13235: 13233: 13230: 13229: 13227: 13225: 13221: 13215: 13212: 13210: 13207: 13205: 13202: 13200: 13197: 13195: 13192: 13191: 13189: 13185: 13179: 13176: 13174: 13171: 13169: 13166: 13164: 13161: 13159: 13156: 13154: 13151: 13149: 13146: 13144: 13141: 13139: 13136: 13134: 13131: 13129: 13126: 13124: 13121: 13119: 13116: 13114: 13111: 13109: 13106: 13104: 13101: 13099: 13096: 13094: 13091: 13089: 13086: 13085: 13083: 13079: 13073: 13070: 13067: 13063: 13060: 13058: 13055: 13053: 13050: 13048: 13045: 13043: 13042:Flunitrazolam 13040: 13038: 13037:Flubromazolam 13035: 13033: 13032:Flualprazolam 13030: 13028: 13027:Fluadinazolam 13025: 13023: 13020: 13018: 13015: 13013: 13010: 13007: 13004: 13002: 12999: 12997: 12994: 12993: 12991: 12989: 12985: 12979: 12976: 12974: 12971: 12969: 12966: 12964: 12961: 12959: 12956: 12954: 12951: 12950: 12948: 12944: 12938: 12935: 12933: 12930: 12928: 12925: 12923: 12920: 12918: 12915: 12914: 12912: 12908: 12902: 12899: 12897: 12894: 12892: 12889: 12887: 12884: 12881: 12878: 12875: 12872: 12870: 12867: 12865: 12862: 12860: 12857: 12855: 12852: 12850: 12847: 12845: 12842: 12840: 12837: 12835: 12832: 12829: 12826: 12824: 12821: 12818: 12815: 12813: 12810: 12808: 12805: 12803: 12800: 12798: 12795: 12793: 12790: 12788: 12785: 12783: 12780: 12778: 12775: 12773: 12770: 12768: 12767:Nortetrazepam 12765: 12763: 12760: 12758: 12755: 12753: 12750: 12748: 12745: 12743: 12740: 12738: 12735: 12733: 12731: 12727: 12725: 12722: 12720: 12717: 12715: 12712: 12710: 12707: 12705: 12702: 12699: 12696: 12694: 12691: 12689: 12686: 12684: 12681: 12679: 12676: 12673: 12670: 12668: 12665: 12663: 12660: 12658: 12655: 12653: 12650: 12648: 12647:Flutoprazepam 12645: 12643: 12640: 12638: 12635: 12633: 12632:Flunitrazepam 12630: 12628: 12625: 12623: 12620: 12618: 12617:Flubromazepam 12615: 12613: 12610: 12608: 12605: 12603: 12600: 12598: 12595: 12593: 12590: 12588: 12587:Difludiazepam 12585: 12583: 12580: 12578: 12575: 12572: 12569: 12567: 12564: 12562: 12559: 12557: 12554: 12552: 12549: 12547: 12544: 12542: 12541:Cloniprazepam 12539: 12537: 12534: 12532: 12529: 12527: 12524: 12522: 12519: 12517: 12514: 12512: 12509: 12506: 12503: 12501: 12498: 12496: 12493: 12491: 12490:2-Oxoquazepam 12488: 12487: 12485: 12481: 12477: 12470: 12465: 12463: 12458: 12456: 12451: 12450: 12447: 12431: 12427: 12423: 12419: 12415: 12414: 12409: 12404: 12392: 12388: 12384: 12379: 12375: 12370: 12366: 12365: 12359: 12358: 12345: 12339: 12335: 12324: 12316: 12312: 12308: 12304: 12300: 12296: 12289: 12281: 12277: 12273: 12269: 12262: 12254: 12248: 12244: 12243: 12235: 12233: 12224: 12220: 12216: 12212: 12208: 12204: 12200: 12196: 12189: 12181: 12177: 12173: 12169: 12165: 12161: 12154: 12138: 12132: 12124: 12120: 12116: 12112: 12108: 12104: 12100: 12096: 12089: 12070: 12066: 12062: 12058: 12051: 12045: 12037: 12033: 12028: 12023: 12019: 12015: 12011: 12007: 12006: 12001: 11994: 11986: 11982: 11978: 11974: 11967: 11959: 11953: 11949: 11948: 11940: 11921: 11917: 11911: 11904: 11900: 11897: 11891: 11884: 11880: 11879: 11872: 11866: 11847: 11840: 11834: 11826: 11822: 11815: 11796: 11792: 11785: 11779: 11771: 11767: 11763: 11759: 11755: 11751: 11744: 11728: 11724: 11720: 11716: 11710: 11691: 11684: 11678: 11659: 11655: 11648: 11642: 11623: 11619: 11612: 11605: 11589: 11583: 11568: 11561: 11555: 11540: 11536: 11530: 11522: 11518: 11514: 11510: 11506: 11502: 11498: 11494: 11487: 11479: 11475: 11471: 11467: 11463: 11459: 11455: 11451: 11444: 11436: 11432: 11428: 11424: 11417: 11409: 11405: 11400: 11395: 11391: 11387: 11384:(7061): 838. 11383: 11379: 11375: 11368: 11359: 11354: 11350: 11346: 11342: 11338: 11334: 11330: 11326: 11320: 11318: 11301: 11297: 11290: 11282: 11278: 11273: 11268: 11264: 11260: 11256: 11249: 11241: 11237: 11233: 11229: 11225: 11221: 11214: 11207: 11202: 11198: 11194: 11190: 11186: 11182: 11175: 11167: 11163: 11159: 11155: 11151: 11147: 11140: 11138: 11136: 11134: 11132: 11116:on 8 May 2012 11112: 11105: 11102:Juergens SM. 11098: 11096: 11094: 11092: 11090: 11081: 11077: 11073: 11069: 11065: 11061: 11057: 11053: 11049: 11045: 11038: 11030: 11026: 11022: 11018: 11011: 11004: 11000: 10995: 10984: 10980: 10976: 10972: 10968: 10964: 10960: 10953: 10945: 10943:0-632-03488-2 10939: 10935: 10931: 10927: 10926: 10918: 10916: 10907: 10901: 10897: 10889: 10887: 10878: 10872: 10868: 10864: 10857: 10838: 10834: 10830: 10829: 10821: 10815: 10800: 10796: 10790: 10775: 10771: 10767: 10763: 10759: 10752: 10750: 10748: 10746: 10744: 10742: 10740: 10738: 10736: 10734: 10732: 10730: 10728: 10726: 10717: 10713: 10709: 10705: 10698: 10696: 10687: 10683: 10679: 10675: 10671: 10667: 10660: 10652: 10648: 10644: 10640: 10636: 10632: 10625: 10623: 10614: 10610: 10606: 10602: 10598: 10594: 10590: 10586: 10585: 10577: 10569: 10565: 10560: 10555: 10551: 10547: 10543: 10539: 10535: 10531: 10527: 10520: 10512: 10508: 10504: 10500: 10496: 10492: 10488: 10484: 10480: 10476: 10472: 10465: 10457: 10453: 10449: 10445: 10440: 10435: 10431: 10427: 10422: 10417: 10413: 10409: 10405: 10398: 10390: 10386: 10382: 10378: 10374: 10370: 10366: 10362: 10347: 10339: 10335: 10331: 10327: 10323: 10319: 10308: 10300: 10296: 10292: 10288: 10284: 10280: 10269: 10261: 10255: 10251: 10244: 10236: 10232: 10228: 10224: 10220: 10216: 10205: 10197: 10191: 10187: 10180: 10178: 10176: 10174: 10165: 10161: 10157: 10153: 10149: 10145: 10141: 10137: 10130: 10123: 10121: 10113: 10109: 10104: 10102: 10093: 10087: 10083: 10076: 10068: 10064: 10060: 10056: 10049: 10041: 10037: 10033: 10029: 10022: 10014: 10010: 10006: 10002: 9998: 9994: 9990: 9986: 9979: 9971: 9967: 9963: 9959: 9955: 9951: 9947: 9943: 9936: 9928: 9924: 9919: 9914: 9910: 9906: 9902: 9898: 9897: 9892: 9885: 9877: 9873: 9869: 9865: 9861: 9857: 9853: 9849: 9842: 9834: 9828: 9824: 9817: 9815: 9798: 9794: 9788: 9780: 9776: 9772: 9768: 9764: 9760: 9756: 9752: 9745: 9737: 9733: 9729: 9725: 9720: 9715: 9711: 9707: 9703: 9696: 9688: 9684: 9679: 9674: 9670: 9666: 9663:(52): e2376. 9662: 9658: 9654: 9647: 9639: 9635: 9631: 9627: 9623: 9619: 9612: 9604: 9600: 9596: 9592: 9587: 9582: 9578: 9574: 9570: 9563: 9555: 9551: 9547: 9543: 9539: 9535: 9534:Life Sciences 9528: 9520: 9516: 9511: 9506: 9502: 9498: 9494: 9490: 9486: 9479: 9471: 9467: 9462: 9457: 9453: 9449: 9445: 9441: 9437: 9430: 9422: 9418: 9413: 9408: 9404: 9400: 9396: 9392: 9388: 9381: 9373: 9369: 9365: 9361: 9356: 9351: 9347: 9343: 9339: 9332: 9313: 9309: 9305: 9301: 9297: 9293: 9289: 9285: 9281: 9274: 9267: 9259: 9255: 9250: 9245: 9240: 9235: 9231: 9227: 9223: 9219: 9215: 9208: 9200: 9196: 9191: 9186: 9182: 9178: 9174: 9170: 9166: 9159: 9151: 9145: 9141: 9137: 9130: 9111: 9107: 9100: 9093: 9086: 9071: 9067: 9063: 9062: 9054: 9047: 9031: 9030: 9023: 9021: 9019: 9017: 9008: 9004: 9000: 8996: 8992: 8988: 8984: 8977: 8969: 8963: 8959: 8955: 8948: 8940: 8936: 8931: 8926: 8921: 8916: 8912: 8908: 8904: 8897: 8889: 8885: 8881: 8877: 8873: 8869: 8862: 8854: 8848: 8844: 8837: 8829: 8823: 8818: 8817: 8808: 8806: 8797: 8793: 8789: 8785: 8781: 8777: 8770: 8762: 8758: 8754: 8750: 8746: 8742: 8738: 8734: 8727: 8719: 8715: 8711: 8707: 8702: 8697: 8693: 8689: 8685: 8678: 8670: 8666: 8662: 8658: 8654: 8650: 8643: 8635: 8631: 8627: 8623: 8620:: S115–S121. 8619: 8615: 8608: 8600: 8596: 8592: 8588: 8584: 8580: 8573: 8565: 8561: 8556: 8551: 8547: 8543: 8539: 8535: 8531: 8524: 8516: 8512: 8508: 8504: 8500: 8496: 8492: 8488: 8481: 8474: 8455: 8451: 8447: 8443: 8439: 8432: 8425: 8423: 8421: 8401: 8397: 8393: 8389: 8385: 8378: 8371: 8363: 8359: 8355: 8351: 8347: 8343: 8339: 8335: 8328: 8320: 8316: 8309: 8301: 8297: 8293: 8289: 8285: 8281: 8277: 8273: 8269: 8262: 8254: 8250: 8246: 8240: 8236: 8235: 8227: 8219: 8215: 8211: 8207: 8203: 8199: 8195: 8191: 8183: 8175: 8171: 8166: 8161: 8157: 8153: 8149: 8142: 8134: 8130: 8125: 8120: 8116: 8112: 8108: 8101: 8093: 8089: 8085: 8081: 8074: 8066: 8060: 8056: 8049: 8047: 8038: 8034: 8030: 8026: 8022: 8018: 8011: 8009: 8000: 7996: 7992: 7988: 7984: 7980: 7976: 7972: 7965: 7963: 7961: 7959: 7957: 7955: 7953: 7944: 7938: 7934: 7927: 7925: 7916: 7912: 7909:(1–2): 1–14. 7908: 7904: 7897: 7889: 7885: 7881: 7877: 7873: 7869: 7862: 7851: 7846: 7841: 7837: 7833: 7826: 7819: 7817: 7808: 7804: 7800: 7796: 7791: 7786: 7782: 7778: 7774: 7767: 7759: 7755: 7751: 7747: 7743: 7739: 7735: 7731: 7724: 7722: 7705: 7703: 7697: 7692: 7691:public domain 7681: 7673: 7669: 7664: 7659: 7655: 7651: 7647: 7643: 7639: 7632: 7613: 7609: 7605: 7601: 7597: 7590: 7583: 7581: 7579: 7570: 7564: 7560: 7556: 7549: 7541: 7535: 7531: 7524: 7522: 7515: 7511: 7510: 7504: 7496: 7492: 7487: 7482: 7478: 7474: 7470: 7466: 7462: 7455: 7447: 7443: 7439: 7435: 7431: 7427: 7420: 7412: 7408: 7404: 7400: 7396: 7392: 7388: 7384: 7377: 7369: 7363: 7359: 7352: 7350: 7341: 7337: 7333: 7329: 7325: 7321: 7316: 7311: 7307: 7303: 7296: 7280: 7276: 7272: 7268: 7264: 7260: 7253: 7251: 7242: 7238: 7234: 7230: 7226: 7222: 7218: 7214: 7207: 7199: 7195: 7191: 7187: 7183: 7179: 7175: 7171: 7164: 7156: 7152: 7148: 7144: 7140: 7136: 7132: 7128: 7121: 7113: 7107: 7103: 7102: 7094: 7086: 7080: 7076: 7075: 7067: 7065: 7056: 7052: 7048: 7044: 7040: 7036: 7029: 7021: 7017: 7012: 7007: 7003: 6999: 6995: 6991: 6987: 6980: 6964: 6960: 6954: 6946: 6942: 6938: 6934: 6930: 6926: 6919: 6911: 6907: 6903: 6899: 6895: 6891: 6884: 6876: 6872: 6867: 6862: 6858: 6854: 6850: 6843: 6836: 6831: 6823: 6819: 6815: 6811: 6807: 6803: 6796: 6789: 6781: 6777: 6772: 6767: 6763: 6759: 6755: 6751: 6750: 6745: 6738: 6730: 6724: 6720: 6716: 6711: 6703: 6695: 6689: 6685: 6681: 6680: 6674: 6666: 6664: 6662: 6660: 6640: 6636: 6630: 6622: 6616: 6612: 6605: 6603: 6601: 6599: 6590: 6584: 6580: 6573: 6571: 6569: 6567: 6565: 6556: 6552: 6548: 6544: 6540: 6536: 6529: 6521: 6517: 6513: 6509: 6505: 6501: 6497: 6493: 6486: 6478: 6474: 6470: 6466: 6462: 6458: 6454: 6450: 6443: 6435: 6431: 6427: 6423: 6419: 6415: 6411: 6407: 6406:CNS Spectrums 6400: 6392: 6386: 6382: 6381: 6373: 6354: 6350: 6346: 6342: 6338: 6334: 6330: 6326: 6322: 6315: 6308: 6300: 6296: 6291: 6286: 6281: 6276: 6272: 6268: 6264: 6257: 6249: 6245: 6241: 6237: 6233: 6229: 6222: 6214: 6210: 6206: 6202: 6198: 6194: 6190: 6186: 6179: 6171: 6167: 6162: 6157: 6153: 6149: 6145: 6141: 6137: 6130: 6122: 6118: 6113: 6108: 6104: 6100: 6096: 6092: 6085: 6077: 6073: 6069: 6065: 6061: 6057: 6050: 6042: 6038: 6034: 6030: 6026: 6022: 6018: 6014: 6007: 5999: 5993: 5989: 5982: 5974: 5970: 5966: 5962: 5958: 5954: 5950: 5946: 5939: 5931: 5927: 5923: 5919: 5915: 5911: 5907: 5903: 5896: 5888: 5884: 5880: 5876: 5869: 5861: 5857: 5853: 5849: 5845: 5841: 5837: 5833: 5826: 5818: 5814: 5809: 5804: 5800: 5796: 5792: 5788: 5784: 5777: 5769: 5765: 5761: 5757: 5753: 5749: 5745: 5741: 5734: 5726: 5722: 5718: 5714: 5710: 5706: 5699: 5683: 5679: 5675: 5671: 5667: 5663: 5659: 5655: 5651: 5647: 5640: 5632: 5628: 5624: 5620: 5613: 5605: 5601: 5597: 5593: 5586: 5578: 5574: 5570: 5566: 5562: 5558: 5554: 5550: 5543: 5535: 5531: 5526: 5521: 5517: 5513: 5509: 5505: 5501: 5494: 5475: 5468: 5461: 5453: 5449: 5445: 5441: 5436: 5431: 5427: 5423: 5419: 5412: 5410: 5408: 5388: 5381: 5380: 5372: 5370: 5350: 5343: 5337: 5329: 5323: 5315: 5311: 5306: 5301: 5297: 5293: 5289: 5285: 5281: 5274: 5266: 5262: 5258: 5254: 5250: 5246: 5242: 5238: 5231: 5229: 5222:, which cites 5211: 5207: 5203: 5199: 5193: 5191: 5179: 5175: 5168: 5162: 5154: 5150: 5145: 5140: 5136: 5132: 5128: 5124: 5120: 5113: 5102: 5095: 5088: 5086: 5084: 5075: 5069: 5065: 5064: 5056: 5048: 5044: 5040: 5036: 5032: 5025: 5023: 5021: 5001: 4994: 4988: 4986: 4984: 4982: 4962: 4958: 4951: 4945: 4937: 4933: 4929: 4925: 4921: 4917: 4913: 4909: 4902: 4900: 4883: 4879: 4875: 4871: 4867: 4863: 4856: 4837: 4830: 4824: 4816: 4812: 4808: 4804: 4800: 4796: 4792: 4788: 4780: 4772: 4768: 4764: 4760: 4756: 4752: 4748: 4744: 4737: 4722:on 5 May 2012 4718: 4711: 4704: 4685: 4679: 4677: 4675: 4666: 4662: 4658: 4654: 4649: 4644: 4640: 4636: 4632: 4625: 4606: 4599: 4592: 4590: 4588: 4586: 4584: 4582: 4574: 4570: 4566: 4562: 4558: 4551: 4543: 4539: 4534: 4529: 4525: 4521: 4517: 4513: 4509: 4502: 4500: 4483: 4479: 4473: 4465: 4461: 4457: 4453: 4449: 4445: 4441: 4437: 4436:CNS Spectrums 4430: 4422: 4418: 4414: 4410: 4403: 4395: 4391: 4387: 4383: 4376: 4368: 4364: 4360: 4356: 4352: 4348: 4344: 4340: 4333: 4331: 4322: 4316: 4312: 4311: 4304: 4302: 4300: 4298: 4296: 4294: 4292: 4290: 4281: 4277: 4273: 4269: 4265: 4261: 4257: 4253: 4246: 4244: 4235: 4231: 4227: 4223: 4219: 4215: 4208: 4206: 4197: 4193: 4189: 4185: 4181: 4177: 4174:(2): 93–103. 4173: 4169: 4162: 4160: 4158: 4141: 4139: 4133: 4127: 4119: 4115: 4110: 4105: 4101: 4097: 4093: 4089: 4085: 4078: 4076: 4067: 4063: 4059: 4055: 4051: 4047: 4040: 4038: 4036: 4027: 4021: 4013: 4009: 4005: 4001: 3997: 3993: 3989: 3985: 3977: 3969: 3963: 3959: 3952: 3950: 3948: 3939: 3935: 3931: 3927: 3923: 3919: 3915: 3911: 3904: 3897: 3895: 3893: 3891: 3889: 3887: 3885: 3883: 3874: 3870: 3866: 3862: 3857: 3852: 3848: 3844: 3840: 3833: 3825: 3821: 3817: 3813: 3809: 3805: 3801: 3797: 3790: 3788: 3786: 3777: 3773: 3769: 3765: 3761: 3757: 3753: 3749: 3742: 3740: 3738: 3736: 3727: 3723: 3719: 3715: 3711: 3707: 3703: 3699: 3692: 3690: 3681: 3677: 3672: 3667: 3663: 3659: 3655: 3648: 3646: 3637: 3633: 3627: 3619: 3615: 3611: 3607: 3603: 3600:(in French). 3599: 3592: 3590: 3588: 3586: 3577: 3573: 3569: 3565: 3561: 3557: 3553: 3549: 3542: 3534: 3528: 3524: 3517: 3515: 3506: 3502: 3498: 3492: 3488: 3484: 3480: 3473: 3471: 3462: 3456: 3452: 3445: 3443: 3434: 3428: 3424: 3423: 3416: 3408: 3404: 3399: 3394: 3390: 3386: 3382: 3378: 3374: 3367: 3359: 3353: 3349: 3342: 3340: 3335: 3327: 3325: 3321: 3317: 3313: 3309: 3299: 3296: 3292: 3288: 3283: 3281: 3275: 3273: 3269: 3265: 3261: 3257: 3253: 3249: 3245: 3241: 3237: 3236:panic attacks 3232: 3228: 3224: 3219: 3216: 3211: 3209: 3205: 3201: 3197: 3193: 3190:, which is a 3189: 3188:flunitrazepam 3186:, apart from 3185: 3181: 3177: 3168: 3163: 3158: 3154: 3144: 3142: 3138: 3134: 3129: 3127: 3123: 3122:flunitrazepam 3119: 3115: 3111: 3107: 3103: 3102:flutoprazepam 3099: 3098:flunitrazepam 3095: 3091: 3087: 3082: 3080: 3075: 3071: 3069: 3065: 3060: 3058: 3054: 3050: 3049:flubromazolam 3046: 3042: 3038: 3037:flualprazolam 3034: 3033:flunitrazepam 3030: 3026: 3022: 3021:United States 3007: 3003: 3001: 2997: 2993: 2989: 2983: 2980: 2976: 2972: 2967: 2963: 2959: 2953: 2951: 2947: 2943: 2939: 2935: 2931: 2927: 2923: 2918: 2914: 2913:Leo Sternbach 2910: 2906: 2898: 2894: 2889: 2876: 2873: 2872: 2871: 2870: 2866: 2865: 2860: 2856: 2852: 2849: 2848: 2847: 2846: 2842: 2841: 2836: 2832: 2828: 2824: 2821: 2820: 2819: 2818: 2814: 2813: 2808: 2804: 2800: 2799:flunitrazepam 2796: 2793: 2792: 2791: 2790: 2786: 2785: 2780: 2776: 2772: 2768: 2765: 2764: 2763: 2762: 2758: 2757: 2751: 2747: 2743: 2739: 2735: 2732: 2731: 2730: 2729: 2725: 2724: 2718: 2716: 2715:pharmacophore 2708: 2704: 2702: 2698: 2688: 2686: 2682: 2678: 2674: 2670: 2666: 2662: 2658: 2654: 2650: 2649:chemical name 2646: 2641: 2639: 2635: 2627: 2623: 2615: 2611: 2610:hydrogen bond 2607: 2603: 2595: 2594:pharmacophore 2590: 2583: 2579: 2575: 2571: 2567: 2563: 2551: 2547: 2543: 2539: 2535: 2531: 2527: 2524: 2520: 2516: 2512: 2508: 2504: 2503:flunitrazepam 2500: 2496: 2492: 2488: 2485: 2481: 2477: 2473: 2469: 2465: 2464: 2463: 2461: 2457: 2453: 2449: 2439: 2434: 2432: 2429: 2428: 2424: 2418: 2416: 2413: 2412: 2408: 2402: 2400: 2397: 2396: 2392: 2386: 2384: 2381: 2380: 2377:Intermediate 2376: 2370: 2368: 2365: 2364: 2360: 2354: 2352: 2351:Flunitrazepam 2349: 2348: 2344: 2338: 2336: 2333: 2332: 2328: 2322: 2320: 2317: 2316: 2313:Intermediate 2312: 2306: 2304: 2301: 2300: 2297:Intermediate 2296: 2293: 2291: 2288: 2287: 2283: 2280: 2274: 2271: 2270: 2262: 2260: 2256: 2255:immune system 2248: 2244: 2240: 2235: 2227: 2213: 2205: 2201: 2197: 2194: 2190: 2186: 2182: 2175: 2160: 2153: 2146: 2139: 2132: 2099: 2095: 2091: 2087: 2074: 2067: 2059: 2055: 2050: 2042: 2038: 2034: 2030: 2022: 2018: 2010: 2001: 1999: 1995: 1973: 1959: 1957: 1953: 1949: 1945: 1941: 1940:carbamazepine 1938: 1934: 1930: 1925: 1921: 1917: 1913: 1908: 1906: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1890: 1886: 1882: 1866: 1862: 1851: 1842: 1833: 1823: 1821: 1817: 1812: 1808: 1803: 1801: 1797: 1793: 1789: 1785: 1781: 1777: 1773: 1768: 1764: 1760: 1756: 1752: 1746: 1736: 1734: 1724: 1715: 1706: 1704: 1693: 1691: 1680: 1678: 1677:mental health 1673: 1671: 1667: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1650: 1646: 1642: 1640: 1636: 1630: 1628: 1623: 1617: 1614: 1609: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1595: 1591: 1587: 1583: 1582:derealization 1579: 1575: 1574:muscle spasms 1571: 1566: 1564: 1560: 1556: 1548: 1544: 1540: 1536: 1532: 1528: 1519: 1515: 1513: 1509: 1496: 1492: 1488: 1483: 1479: 1475: 1465: 1463: 1459: 1454: 1443: 1440: 1436: 1431: 1427: 1423: 1419: 1410: 1407: 1401: 1399: 1388: 1386: 1385:boxed warning 1382: 1377: 1373: 1370: 1366: 1362: 1357: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1339: 1335: 1334:disinhibition 1330: 1326: 1320: 1316: 1312: 1303: 1294: 1292: 1288: 1283: 1279: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1265: 1261: 1257: 1253: 1249: 1245: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1232:hip fractures 1229: 1225: 1215: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1196:hyperactivity 1193: 1192:hyperreflexia 1189: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1152: 1150: 1146: 1140: 1130: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1104: 1100: 1096: 1092: 1088: 1084: 1079: 1077: 1074: 1070: 1057: 1053: 1050: 1046: 1042: 1039: 1036: 1032: 1029: 1025: 1021: 1017: 1014: 1010: 1006: 1002: 998: 994: 990: 989:schizophrenia 986: 981: 977: 974: 970: 966: 962: 961:dental phobia 958: 954: 951: 948: 944: 940: 936: 935: 934: 926: 924: 920: 915: 913: 909: 905: 901: 897: 892: 888: 884: 879: 869: 867: 863: 858: 854: 850: 846: 841: 839: 836: 832: 828: 824: 820: 817: 813: 809: 805: 799: 789: 787: 781: 778: 774: 770: 766: 761: 759: 755: 749: 747: 743: 735: 731: 726: 716: 714: 713:acute anxiety 708: 698: 696: 692: 687: 685: 680: 676: 672: 668: 663: 661: 657: 651: 641: 639: 638:panic attacks 634: 632: 628: 624: 620: 616: 612: 608: 604: 600: 596: 592: 587: 585: 581: 577: 573: 569: 565: 563: 559: 555: 551: 545: 535: 532: 528: 524: 520: 516: 512: 508: 507:intravenously 504: 500: 496: 492: 488: 484: 480: 476: 472: 468: 464: 456: 452: 448: 443: 433: 431: 427: 423: 419: 415: 411: 407: 403: 399: 394: 392: 388: 384: 380: 376: 372: 368: 364: 360: 356: 352: 347: 345: 341: 337: 333: 332:disinhibition 329: 325: 320: 317: 316:premedication 313: 309: 308:muscle spasms 305: 301: 297: 293: 289: 285: 281: 277: 273: 269: 265: 261: 257: 253: 245: 242: 238: 233: 231: 227: 223: 219: 218:Leo Sternbach 215: 211: 207: 203: 199: 195: 191: 187: 183: 179: 175: 171: 163: 159: 154: 150: 146: 144: 140: 135: 131: 125: 121: 119: 115: 112:Clinical data 110: 107: 100: 98: 94: 91: 88: 86: 82: 79: 75: 74:muscle spasms 71: 67: 64: 60: 55: 48: 43: 40: 39: 34: 29: 26: 22: 20704:Hydroxydione 20637:Remifentanil 20560: 20531:Methohexital 20526:Hexobarbital 20513:Barbiturates 20396:Cyclopropane 20383:Inhalational 20317: 20316: 20287: 20144:Lavender oil 19886:Nitric oxide 19806:Cryofluorane 19751:Acetophenone 19709:Methaqualone 19704:Mecloqualone 19699:Mebroqualone 19689:Diproqualone 19684:Cloroqualone 19613:Glutethimide 19417: 19369: 19336: 19298: 19271:Testosterone 19236:Progesterone 19201:Hydroxydione 19150:Androsterone 19077:Acecarbromal 18982:constituents 18769:Cyclarbamate 18759:Carisoprodol 18531:Metaclazepam 18526:Menitrazepam 18516:Meclonazepam 18511:Lormetazepam 18441:Flutemazepam 18266:Ciclotizolam 18256:Carburazepam 18187: 18148:Thiobarbital 18108:Secobarbital 18073:Phetharbital 18053:Nealbarbital 18038:Methohexital 18023:Hexobarbital 17958:Butallylonal 17953:Butobarbital 17908:Barbexaclone 17903:Aprobarbital 17888:Allobarbital 17875:Barbiturates 17842: 17834: 17824:Petrichloral 17658:Valnoctamide 17642:trimipramine 17484:dronabinol ( 17476:Cannabinoids 17471:Benzoctamine 17380:Daridorexant 17362:Triprolidine 17346:trimipramine 17324:Propiomazine 17319:Promethazine 17284:Etodroxizine 17217:methaqualone 17207:glutethimide 17188:progesterone 17139:secobarbital 17123:Barbiturates 17101: 17069: 17033:Lormetazepam 16967: 16966: 16903:Valnoctamide 16805:Metaglycodol 16800:Fenpentadiol 16710:Daridorexant 16613:Thioridazine 16564:Trimipramine 16499:Medetomidine 16427:Thioridazine 16378:Trimipramine 16323:Propiomazine 16318:Promethazine 16124:Petrichloral 16109:Kavalactones 16041:Acetophenone 16010:Methaqualone 16005:Mecloqualone 16000:Mebroqualone 15990:Diproqualone 15985:Cloroqualone 15947:Glutethimide 15843:Progesterone 15833:Hydroxydione 15765:Acecarbromal 15679:Carisoprodol 15621:Lormetazepam 15606:Flutemazepam 15547: 15508:Secobarbital 15468:Methohexital 15458:Hexobarbital 15438:Butobarbital 15433:Butabarbital 15423:Aprobarbital 15413:Allobarbital 15405:Barbiturates 15189:Lorpiprazole 15179:Fabomotizole 15169:Benzoctamine 15071:Vortioxetine 15047: 15014:clomipramine 14969:escitalopram 14856:Carisoprodol 14836:Barbiturates 14827: 14713: 14712: 14678:Tandospirone 14537:Fenfluramine 14517:Brivaracetam 14466:Sulfonamides 14464: 14399: 14384: 14381:Phensuximide 14371:Ethosuximide 14366:Succinimides 14364: 14344: 14303: 14283:Carboxamides 14281: 14261: 14236: 14223:Fosphenytoin 14211: 14172: 14162: 14125: 14080: 14031: 14030: 14015: 13987:Barbexaclone 13982:Barbiturates 13980: 13896:Barbiturates 13894: 13868: 13867: 13850: 13820: 13771: 13744: 13704: 13680: 13666: 13634: 13604: 13595:Mecamylamine 13276:Ciclotizolam 12729: 12719:Metaclazepam 12714:Menitrazepam 12704:Meclonazepam 12693:Lormetazepam 12642:Flutemazepam 12516:Carburazepam 12475: 12434:. 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Retrieved 4135: 4126: 4091: 4087: 4049: 4045: 4020:cite journal 3987: 3983: 3976: 3957: 3913: 3909: 3846: 3842: 3832: 3799: 3795: 3754:(1): 19–34. 3751: 3747: 3701: 3697: 3661: 3657: 3635: 3626: 3601: 3597: 3551: 3547: 3541: 3522: 3478: 3450: 3421: 3415: 3380: 3376: 3366: 3347: 3305: 3284: 3282:or robbery. 3276: 3272:intranasally 3220: 3214: 3212: 3192:Schedule III 3172: 3137:Schedule III 3130: 3113: 3112:Chapter 134 3083: 3076: 3072: 3061: 3018: 3015:Legal status 3004: 2984: 2954: 2946:barbiturates 2941: 2933: 2908: 2902: 2771:lormetazepam 2752:, and others 2705: 2700: 2696: 2689: 2681:double bonds 2675:atoms, five 2653:heterocyclic 2644: 2642: 2619: 2577: 2573: 2572:: 5-phenyl-1 2569: 2565: 2511:lormetazepam 2445: 2236: 2228: 2097: 2093: 2089: 2075: 2002: 1991: 1962:Pharmacology 1909: 1881:interactions 1878: 1875:Interactions 1804: 1751:barbiturates 1748: 1730: 1727:Pancreatitis 1721: 1712: 1699: 1686: 1674: 1643: 1631: 1618: 1610: 1567: 1552: 1516: 1505: 1449: 1430:irritability 1424:, violence, 1416: 1406:visuospatial 1402: 1394: 1378: 1374: 1358: 1336:may emerge. 1329:coordination 1322: 1284: 1280: 1221: 1156:cleft palate 1153: 1142: 1127:barbiturates 1080: 1066: 1001:neuroleptics 980:hallucinogen 932: 916: 881: 842: 833:diazepam or 801: 782: 762: 750: 739: 710: 707:Panic attack 688: 664: 653: 635: 588: 566: 547: 463:psycholeptic 460: 436:Medical uses 402:barbiturates 395: 387:cleft palate 348: 321: 284:dissociation 234: 185: 181: 177: 173: 169: 168: 156:Legal status 36: 25: 20750:from market 20617:Embutramide 20612:Anileridine 20584:Remimazolam 20521:Amobarbital 20498:Fospropofol 20461:Vinyl ether 20451:Sevoflurane 20226:Stiripentol 20221:Seproxetine 20191:Niacinamide 20171:Loreclezole 19992:Avermectins 19956:Vinyl ether 19926:Sevoflurane 19906:Paraldehyde 19856:Halopropane 19679:Afloqualone 19661:Tracazolate 19656:ICI-190,622 19646:Cartazolate 19623:Piperidione 19618:Methyprylon 19585:Fospropofol 19507:Pipequaline 19315:Pazinaclone 19305:Eszopiclone 19161:Cholesterol 19145:Androstenol 19069:Monoureides 19049:Methysticin 18849:Tetrabamate 18829:Pentabamate 18819:Meprobamate 18789:Febarbamate 18754:Carisbamate 18706:Triflubazam 18696:Tolufazepam 18656:Rilmazafone 18651:Remimazolam 18626:Proflazepam 18611:Pivoxazepam 18571:Nitrazepate 18561:Nimetazepam 18496:Lopirazepam 18466:Haloxazolam 18416:Fludiazepam 18361:Doxefazepam 18336:Delorazepam 18316:Clotiazepam 18311:Clorazepate 18276:Cinolazepam 18173:Vinbarbital 18128:Tetrabamate 18083:Probarbital 18063:Phenallymal 18028:Metharbital 18003:Febarbamate 17898:Amobarbital 17799:Isopropanol 17769:Chloralodol 17679:from market 17652:mirtazapine 17569:Scopolamine 17550:hydrocodone 17503:Fenadiazole 17466:Ashwagandha 17456:risperidone 17428:Tasimelteon 17400:Vornorexant 17390:Seltorexant 17385:Lemborexant 17356:mirtazapine 17314:Pimethixene 17304:Pheniramine 17289:Hydroxyzine 17259:Alimemazine 17198:Paraldehyde 17163:meprobamate 17127:amobarbital 17080:Eszopiclone 17043:Nimetazepam 17023:Haloxazolam 16993:Doxefazepam 16988:Clorazepate 16978:Cinolazepam 16888:Scopolamine 16832:Guaifenesin 16827:Fenadiazole 16783:Cannabidiol 16757:Mirogabalin 16715:Lemborexant 16692:Tasimelteon 16677:Agomelatine 16636:Risperidone 16582:Mirtazapine 16471:-Adrenergic 16450:Risperidone 16396:Mirtazapine 16346:Etoperidone 16313:Pheniramine 16298:Hydroxyzine 16119:Paraldehyde 16114:Loreclezole 15980:Afloqualone 15962:Piperidione 15952:Methyprylon 15881:Pazinaclone 15861:Eszopiclone 15823:Alphaxolone 15818:Alphadolone 15757:Monoureides 15699:Meprobamate 15636:Nitemazepam 15631:Nimetazepam 15576:Doxefazepam 15561:Cinolazepam 15533:Vinbarbital 15498:Proxibarbal 15483:Phenallymal 15418:Amobarbital 15370:Chloralodol 15270:from market 15199:Mepiprazole 15184:Hydroxyzine 15174:Cycloserine 15152:propranolol 15094:Flupentixol 15051:Agomelatine 15029:mirtazapine 14850:meprobamate 14784:Fludiazepam 14759:Clotiazepam 14754:Clorazepate 14635:Anxiolytics 14577:from market 14527:Carisbamate 14522:Cannabidiol 14408:Lamotrigine 14312:Lamotrigine 14263:Fatty acids 14258:Pheneturide 14253:Phenacemide 14228:Mephenytoin 14127:Fatty acids 14108:Stiripentol 14103:Paraldehyde 14067:Nimetazepam 14047:Clorazepate 13992:Metharbital 13650:Acamprosate 13600:Varenicline 13501:Rilmazafone 13475:Anthramycin 13368:Lopirazepam 13352:Telenzepine 13311:Fluetizolam 13237:Clotiazepam 13204:Haloxazolam 13148:Remimazolam 13123:I-Iomazenil 13066:Rilmazafone 12937:Triflubazam 12886:Tolufazepam 12797:Proflazepam 12787:Pivoxazepam 12757:Nitrazepate 12747:Nitemazepam 12742:Nimetazepam 12627:Fludiazepam 12592:Doxefazepam 12556:Delorazepam 12546:Clorazepate 12531:Cinolazepam 12143:28 November 11883:cached copy 11875:(Note: The 11855:17 December 11804:17 December 11733:10 December 11683:"Opium Law" 11017:Tetrahedron 10779:5 September 10536:(1): 9–19. 9751:Drug Safety 8782:(1): 1–14. 6290:11449/69841 6112:10454/16512 5625:(7): 1191. 4146:1 September 3598:L'Encéphale 3240:agoraphobia 3180:Schedule IV 3133:Schedule IV 3110:Hong Kong's 3090:nimetazepam 3064:Schedule IV 3000:eszopiclone 2803:nimetazepam 2734:clorazepate 2542:clorazepate 2247:glial cells 2200:ion channel 2096:s, and one 2029:ion channel 1916:antibiotics 1788:hypotension 1426:impulsivity 1369:agoraphobia 1338:Hypotension 1168:hypothermia 1091:sleep apnea 912:conjugation 862:prophylaxis 816:intravenous 627:agoraphobia 410:depressants 237:depressants 196:ring and a 162:In Wikidata 124:MedicineNet 20803:Categories 20725:Propanidid 20699:Alfaxalone 20694:Alfadolone 20676:Tiletamine 20661:Esketamine 20643:Sufentanil 20627:Alfentanil 20546:Thiopental 20431:Isoflurane 20401:Desflurane 20391:Chloroform 20259:Topiramate 20249:Terpenoids 20206:Propanidid 20196:Org 25,435 20124:Flupirtine 20119:Fluoxetine 20025:Chloralose 19996:ivermectin 19901:Norflurane 19866:Isoflurane 19811:Desflurane 19801:Chloroform 19761:Aliflurane 19694:Etaqualone 19522:SB-205,384 19452:CP-615,003 19447:CL-218,872 19401:Panadiplon 19391:Lorediplon 19320:Suproclone 19281:Zuranolone 19241:Renanolone 19226:Posovolone 19206:Minaxolone 19196:Ganaxolone 19135:Alfaxalone 19130:Alfadolone 19120:Acebrochol 19087:Bromisoval 18965:Metomidate 18952:Imidazoles 18912:Hispidulin 18864:Flavonoids 18824:Nisobamate 18814:Mebutamate 18784:Ethinamate 18779:Emylcamate 18746:Carbamates 18716:Tuclazepam 18691:Tetrazepam 18646:Reclazepam 18621:Premazepam 18601:Phenazepam 18581:Nordazepam 18576:Nitrazolam 18566:Nitrazepam 18546:Motrazepam 18501:Loprazolam 18491:Lofendazam 18476:Imidazenil 18436:Flutazolam 18431:Flurazepam 18401:Fletazepam 18356:Dimdazenil 18351:Diclazepam 18331:Cyprazepam 18321:Cloxazolam 18301:Clonazolam 18296:Clonazepam 18286:Climazolam 18246:Brotizolam 18241:Bromazolam 18236:Bromazepam 18231:Bretazenil 18226:Bentazepam 18216:Arfendazam 18211:Alprazolam 18206:Adinazolam 18178:Vinylbital 18158:Thiopental 18033:Methitural 17948:Buthalital 17943:Butalbital 17794:Isobutanol 17610:guanfacine 17578:tryptophan 17541:Niaprazine 17516:pregabalin 17512:gabapentin 17452:olanzapine 17448:quetiapine 17395:Suvorexant 17329:Pyrilamine 17279:Doxylamine 17264:Captodiame 17192:zuranolone 17159:Carbamates 17048:Nitrazepam 17028:Loprazolam 17013:Flurazepam 16983:Climazolam 16973:Brotizolam 16856:Metaxalone 16846:Mephenesin 16767:Pregabalin 16747:Gabapentin 16720:Suvorexant 16655:Niaprazine 16631:Quetiapine 16626:Olanzapine 16509:Tizanidine 16504:Romifidine 16494:Lofexidine 16484:Detomidine 16445:Quetiapine 16440:Olanzapine 16351:Nefazodone 16293:Doxylamine 16278:Captodiame 16089:Chloralose 16053:compounds 15995:Etaqualone 15891:Suproclone 15871:Lirequinil 15838:Minaxolone 15828:Eltanolone 15808:Acebrochol 15775:Bromisoval 15742:Metomidate 15729:Imidazoles 15689:Ethinamate 15684:Emylcamate 15671:Carbamates 15646:Nitrazolam 15641:Nitrazepam 15616:Loprazolam 15601:Flurazepam 15571:Clonazolam 15566:Climazolam 15556:Brotizolam 15538:Vinylbital 15523:Thiopental 15214:Oxaflozane 15142:guanfacine 15089:Quetiapine 15066:Vilazodone 15061:Tianeptine 15044:phenelzine 14984:duloxetine 14942:Pregabalin 14927:Gabapentin 14846:Carbamates 14809:Nordazepam 14764:Cloxazolam 14749:Clonazepam 14729:Bromazepam 14724:Alprazolam 14719:Adinazolam 14552:Perampanel 14542:Ganaxolone 14532:Etiracetam 14491:Zonisamide 14486:Topiramate 14436:Retigabine 14418:Zonisamide 14413:Topiramate 14396:Pregabalin 14391:Gabapentin 14376:Mesuximide 14327:Zonisamide 14322:Topiramate 14317:Rufinamide 14307:Lacosamide 14273:Valpromide 14213:Hydantoins 14195:modulators 14147:Vigabatrin 14137:Valpromide 14072:Nitrazepam 14042:Clonazepam 14022:Cenobamate 14017:Carbamates 13957:GABAergics 13827:Naltrexone 13761:Lofexidine 13700:Topiramate 13688:Naltrexone 13645:Disulfiram 13440:Premazepam 13423:Zometapine 13347:Olanzapine 13316:Israpafant 13281:Clotizolam 13271:Brotizolam 13232:Bentazepam 13199:Flutazolam 13194:Cloxazolam 13173:Sarmazenil 13133:Loprazolam 13118:Imidazenil 13108:Flumazenil 13093:Climazolam 13088:Bretazenil 13062:Rilmazolam 13052:Phenazolam 13047:Nitrazolam 13017:Clonazolam 13012:Bromazolam 13006:Balovaptan 13001:Alprazolam 12996:Adinazolam 12973:Talampanel 12963:GYKI-52895 12958:GYKI-52466 12932:Lofendazam 12917:Arfendazam 12896:Tuclazepam 12869:Tetrazepam 12812:Reclazepam 12777:Phenazepam 12762:Nordazepam 12752:Nitrazepam 12724:Motrazepam 12678:Kenazepine 12637:Flurazepam 12622:Fletazepam 12582:Diclazepam 12571:Devazepide 12551:Cyprazepam 12536:Clonazepam 12505:BMS-906024 12500:Bromazepam 11929:30 January 11535:"Rohypnol" 11187:(1): 1–7. 10414:: e15106. 9119:18 October 8321:(1): 8–17. 8253:1250346653 8055:Psychiatry 6969:1 December 6802:Pediatrics 6362:19 January 5688:1 February 3330:References 3324:anesthesia 3308:veterinary 3252:cellulitis 3167:alprazolam 3118:brotizolam 3057:Schedule I 3053:diclazepam 3045:clonazolam 2975:withdrawal 2971:dependence 2855:loprazolam 2851:climazolam 2827:alprazolam 2823:adinazolam 2807:nitrazepam 2795:clonazepam 2742:flurazepam 2622:allosteric 2614:lipophilic 2550:flurazepam 2534:withdrawal 2519:nitrazepam 2507:clonazepam 2495:alprazolam 2476:brotizolam 2319:Clonazepam 2290:Alprazolam 2275:Half-life 2011:. The GABA 1988:interface. 1950:and other 1935:, and the 1933:rifampicin 1924:antifungal 1895:, such as 1885:metabolism 1865:flumazenil 1816:arrhythmia 1807:flumazenil 1776:drowsiness 1709:Infections 1662:olanzapine 1622:withdrawal 1588:behavior, 1559:withdrawal 1512:dependence 1453:depression 1422:aggression 1325:drowsiness 1309:See also: 1260:alprazolam 1228:dependence 1188:hypertonia 1137:See also: 1095:bronchitis 1049:withdrawal 1020:parasomnia 1016:Clonazepam 1012:warranted. 1009:clonazepam 973:tizanidine 853:first-line 819:clonazepam 754:nitrazepam 671:bromazepam 667:alprazolam 623:pregabalin 550:anxiolytic 519:dependence 475:anxiolytic 455:injections 440:See also: 430:controlled 383:teratogens 379:Beers List 268:anxiolytic 38:Drug class 20829:Hypnotics 20824:Sedatives 20760:Phase III 20748:Withdrawn 20720:Etomidate 20607:Oxycodone 20579:Lorazepam 20569:Midazolam 20541:Thiamylal 20476:Injection 20426:Halothane 20421:Fluroxene 20411:Enflurane 20318:See also: 20280:valerenol 20201:Phenytoin 20181:Monastrol 20139:Lanthanum 20134:KRM-II-81 20097:Fenamates 20092:Etifoxine 20087:Etazepine 20082:Efavirenz 20040:Darigabat 19936:Teflurane 19921:Roflurane 19916:Propylene 19861:Halothane 19846:Fluroxene 19831:Enflurane 19734:Volatiles 19651:Etazolate 19562:Viqualine 19517:RWJ-51204 19482:L-838,417 19472:Imepitoin 19442:CGS-20625 19437:CGS-13767 19422:Adipiplon 19396:Ocinaplon 19358:Saripidem 19353:Necopidem 19330:Zopiclone 19325:Suriclone 19310:Pagoclone 19216:ORG-21465 19211:ORG-20599 19102:Ectylurea 19092:Carbromal 18970:Propoxate 18960:Etomidate 18887:Baicalein 18844:Styramate 18839:Procymate 18809:Lorbamate 18794:Felbamate 18764:Clocental 18736:Zomebazam 18731:Zolazepam 18726:Zapizolam 18721:Uldazepam 18701:Triazolam 18686:Temazepam 18681:Sulazepam 18671:Ro48-8684 18666:Ro48-6791 18661:Ripazepam 18631:Pyrazolam 18606:Pinazepam 18556:Nifoxipam 18541:Midazolam 18536:Mexazolam 18521:Medazepam 18506:Lorazepam 18486:Ketazolam 18481:Irazepine 18471:Iclazepam 18461:Halazepam 18456:Gidazepam 18451:Fosazepam 18371:Estazolam 18366:Elfazepam 18341:Demoxepam 18271:Cinazepam 18251:Camazepam 18221:Avizafone 18143:Thiamylal 18078:Primidone 18008:Heptabarb 17998:Eterobarb 17963:Carbubarb 17860:Triclofos 17759:Brometone 17689:Phase III 17677:Withdrawn 17625:Trazodone 17606:clonidine 17554:oxycodone 17498:Chamomile 17423:Ramelteon 17418:Melatonin 17294:Meclizine 17095:Zopiclone 17063:Triazolam 17058:Temazepam 17038:Midazolam 16998:Estazolam 16893:Trazodone 16834:-related 16687:Ramelteon 16682:Melatonin 16669:Melatonin 16577:Mianserin 16544:Trazodone 16479:Clonidine 16391:Mianserin 16356:Trazodone 16308:Perlapine 16151:Triclofos 16104:Gaboxadol 15911:Zopiclone 15896:Suriclone 15886:Saripidem 15876:Necopidem 15790:Ectylurea 15785:Carbromal 15747:Propoxate 15737:Etomidate 15714:Procymate 15661:Triazolam 15656:Temazepam 15626:Midazolam 15581:Estazolam 15518:Thiamylal 15453:Heptabarb 15332:sedatives 15328:Hypnotics 15280:Phase III 15268:Withdrawn 15249:Validolum 15244:Tofisopam 15239:Tiagabine 15229:Picamilon 15209:Opipramol 15134:clonidine 15056:Bupropion 14999:trazodone 14889:Zopiclone 14881:Hypnotics 14871:Etifoxine 14819:Pinazepam 14804:Medazepam 14799:Lorazepam 14794:Ketazolam 14789:Halazepam 14734:Camazepam 14668:Buspirone 14587:Phase III 14575:Withdrawn 14512:Beclamide 14403:Imepitoin 14351:Ethadione 14268:Valproate 14233:Phenytoin 14179:Tiagabine 14169:Progabide 14132:Valproate 14098:Imepitoin 14077:Temazepam 14062:Midazolam 14057:Lorazepam 14027:Felbamate 14012:Primidone 13879:Lorazepam 13862:Clonidine 13832:Nalmefene 13794:Methadone 13783:+naloxone 13756:Clonidine 13716:Clonidine 13693:Nalmefene 13639:inhibitor 13616:Clonidine 13580:Bupropion 13496:Avizafone 13418:Zomebazam 13413:Zolazepam 13408:Ripazepam 13402:Razobazam 13386:Zapizolam 13328:Metizolam 13242:Ro09-9212 13209:Mexazolam 13168:Ro4938581 13163:Ro48-8684 13158:Ro48-6791 13153:Ro15-4513 13138:Midazolam 13128:L-655,708 13072:Triazolam 13057:Pyrazolam 13022:Estazolam 12978:Tofisopam 12968:Nerisopam 12953:Girisopam 12901:Uldazepam 12880:Timelotem 12874:Tifluadom 12864:Temazepam 12859:Sulazepam 12854:SH-I-048A 12849:Ro20-8552 12844:Ro20-8065 12839:Ro07-9749 12834:Ro07-5220 12823:Ro05-4082 12817:RO4491533 12782:Pinazepam 12737:Nifoxipam 12709:Medazepam 12698:Lufuradom 12688:Lorazepam 12683:Ketazolam 12672:Irazepine 12667:Iclazepam 12662:Halazepam 12657:Gidazepam 12652:Fosazepam 12597:Elfazepam 12561:Demoxepam 12526:Cinazepam 12511:Camazepam 12065:0817-8542 11349:0959-8138 11003:2898-08-0 10804:28 August 10799:Drugs.com 10550:1738-6586 10511:247169270 10495:1546-1726 10430:2050-084X 9803:2 October 9797:eMedicine 8634:142421768 7888:140765796 7868:CNS Drugs 7730:CNS Drugs 7411:206134458 7310:CiteSeerX 6449:CNS Drugs 6013:CNS Drugs 5860:259982203 5422:Epilepsia 4339:CNS Drugs 4214:Addiction 3796:CNS Drugs 3748:CNS Drugs 3291:temazepam 3285:Overall, 3268:hepatitis 3248:abscesses 3244:temazepam 3231:mortality 3223:Mortality 3204:temazepam 3200:midazolam 3126:triazolam 3106:midazolam 3094:triazolam 3086:temazepam 3079:Opium Law 2979:legal aid 2966:law firms 2859:midazolam 2835:triazolam 2831:estazolam 2779:temazepam 2767:lorazepam 2746:halazepam 2669:diazepine 2661:diazepine 2643:The term 2557:Chemistry 2523:temazepam 2515:lorazepam 2499:estazolam 2484:triazolam 2480:midazolam 2431:Triazolam 2383:Midazolam 2367:Lorazepam 2245:tissues, 2131:histidine 2086:heteromer 1983:(γ2) GABA 1944:phenytoin 1905:temazepam 1897:lorazepam 1784:nystagmus 1772:temazepam 1658:clozapine 1606:glutamate 1590:psychosis 1508:tolerance 1502:Tolerance 1264:triazolam 1256:temazepam 1212:triazolam 1208:temazepam 1164:hypotonia 1133:Pregnancy 1005:Lorazepam 985:psychosis 908:cirrhosis 904:lorazepam 849:tolerance 838:midazolam 823:lorazepam 734:Temazepam 675:lorazepam 574:(SNRIs), 564:(SSRIs). 503:agitation 451:Midazolam 314:and as a 300:agitation 198:diazepine 20793:Medicine 20666:Ketamine 20622:Fentanyl 20602:Morphine 20574:Diazepam 20503:Propofol 20493:Ciprofol 20416:Ethylene 20306:TCS-1205 20301:TCS-1105 20291:α-Pinene 20264:Valerian 20239:tetronal 20216:Safranal 20165:obovatol 20161:magnolol 20157:honokiol 19987:Alogabat 19982:AA-29504 19931:Synthane 19891:Nitrogen 19871:Kerosine 19851:Gasoline 19841:Ethylene 19781:Centalun 19776:Butylene 19590:Propofol 19552:U-89843A 19532:TGSC01AA 19502:NS-11394 19467:GBLD-345 19432:CGS-9896 19427:CGS-8216 19411:Zaleplon 19406:Taniplon 19386:Indiplon 19381:Fasiplon 19376:Divaplon 19363:Zolpidem 19266:SAGE-872 19261:SAGE-689 19256:SAGE-516 19251:SAGE-324 19246:SAGE-105 19154:Certain 19097:Capuride 19059:Yangonin 18936:baicalin 18932:Skullcap 18922:Luteolin 18897:Catechin 18892:Baicalin 18882:Apigenin 18854:Tybamate 18641:Quazepam 18636:QH-II-66 18616:Prazepam 18596:Oxazolam 18591:Oxazepam 18391:Etizolam 18346:Diazepam 18326:CP-1414S 18291:Clobazam 18281:Clazolam 18168:Valofane 18123:Talbutal 18113:Sigmodal 18018:Hexethal 17913:Barbital 17893:Alphenal 17883:(-)-DMBB 17829:Propanol 17819:Pentanol 17809:Methanol 17751:Alcohols 17620:Theanine 17614:prazosin 17558:morphine 17531:Lavender 17520:phenibut 17492:nabilone 17480:cannabis 17246:receptor 17228:Valerian 17145:Bromides 17105:Alcohols 17090:Zolpidem 17085:Zaleplon 17053:Quazepam 17003:Etizolam 16957:receptor 16877:morphine 16868:Midaflur 16788:Cannabis 16762:Phenibut 16514:Xylazine 16243:Phenibut 16213:Baclofen 16139:Tetronal 16074:Centalun 15929:Propofol 15906:Zolpidem 15901:Zaleplon 15866:Indiplon 15780:Capuride 15719:Tybamate 15651:Quazepam 15513:Talbutal 15428:Barbital 15357:Alcohols 15224:Phenibut 15204:Nicotine 15124:prazosin 14937:Phenibut 14917:blockers 14824:Prazepam 14814:Oxazepam 14779:Etizolam 14769:Diazepam 14744:Clobazam 14673:Gepirone 14660:agonists 14507:Albutoin 14481:Sultiame 14218:Ethotoin 14052:Diazepam 14037:Clobazam 13889:Oxazepam 13874:Diazepam 13767:Ibogaine 13727:Phenibut 13722:Baclofen 13590:Lobeline 13585:Cytisine 13519:ligands) 13517:receptor 13456:Clazolam 13296:Etizolam 13214:Oxazolam 13113:GL-II-73 12927:CP-1414S 12922:Clobazam 12828:Ro5-4864 12807:QH-II-66 12802:Quazepam 12792:Prazepam 12772:Oxazepam 12577:Diazepam 12430:Archived 12426:10779253 12223:41959044 12123:28981255 12115:17340077 11899:Archived 11791:incb.org 11513:11009072 11478:43180871 11470:17049955 11435:18265473 11120:25 April 11072:16972167 10983:Archived 10774:15762817 10716:16780077 10613:32002501 10605:12240908 10568:30375757 10503:35228700 10448:27136678 10389:32359279 10338:15157182 10235:16376150 10164:35852993 10013:39966201 10005:15214628 9970:46001278 9876:13121885 9779:27619795 9736:26126233 9728:26133234 9687:26717383 9657:Medicine 9638:17920927 9603:25777653 9595:27667780 9519:23478657 9470:19968019 9421:22091503 9364:23220867 9308:24289824 9300:27215827 9258:26016483 9218:PLOS ONE 9199:28865038 8939:29872302 8888:12725868 8796:15531349 8753:16639148 8718:39027026 8710:18949648 8669:59516280 8599:15003439 8564:15550406 8515:20586160 8507:14580077 8450:15078112 8396:15762818 8362:29469943 8354:16528135 8300:20586160 8292:14580077 8210:19167197 8133:24434093 7999:19145509 7915:26256485 7850:Archived 7807:24453988 7799:18384456 7758:15340907 7750:14731058 7672:33295972 7608:15762814 7495:19418468 7446:19389334 7403:18929314 7332:21036393 7275:10779253 7241:39610712 7233:17074284 7190:12919245 7147:15841867 7055:15001721 7020:22566242 6945:16860264 6910:18035234 6875:11773648 6555:19900604 6512:22531198 6469:18601302 6434:26691595 6426:18849910 6341:18925578 6299:17876423 6248:11471763 6213:43692512 6205:10996567 6170:17580590 6121:23633309 6076:15013244 6041:73223621 6033:18278976 5973:73086671 5965:18167175 5930:12493035 5887:17607891 5852:18293248 5817:27764523 5768:11478971 5760:25654178 5725:19576523 5631:16623205 5604:10507746 5569:10408740 5452:20445985 5444:19298435 5387:Archived 5314:22376048 5257:16156679 5216:1 August 5178:Archived 5153:26711081 5101:Archived 5047:17853625 4970:21 March 4936:24088074 4928:25932596 4888:8 August 4878:16933543 4845:8 August 4807:17881433 4771:20715355 4763:19122540 4657:12516310 4569:15762816 4542:28476551 4464:32761147 4456:14767398 4421:16400293 4367:43437233 4359:17696574 4280:43443180 4272:10622686 4234:10707430 4196:20125264 4188:19125401 4066:18378767 4012:38797655 4004:26446832 3930:16639148 3873:25777653 3865:27667780 3824:49351844 3816:29926372 3768:19062773 3726:45155299 3718:18671662 3680:28257172 3618:18922233 3568:16639148 3505:18175099 3407:32159714 3312:seizures 3264:gangrene 3041:etizolam 2996:zaleplon 2992:zolpidem 2960:against 2950:hypnotic 2938:diazepam 2922:sedative 2875:clobazam 2775:oxazepam 2750:prazepam 2738:diazepam 2673:nitrogen 2651:for the 2634:receptor 2606:CGS-9896 2602:diazepam 2582:diazepam 2538:diazepam 2491:hypnotic 2415:Prazepam 2399:Oxazepam 2335:Diazepam 2281:, hours) 2222:and/or α 2212:hypnotic 2185:arginine 2033:chloride 2021:synapses 2009:receptor 1956:Antacids 1901:oxazepam 1811:antidote 1794:, coma, 1755:overdose 1739:Overdose 1696:Dementia 1668:, e.g., 1594:seizures 1586:suicidal 1535:diazepam 1491:Diazepam 1346:euphoria 1276:zolpidem 1272:zaleplon 1270:such as 1252:oxazepam 1244:dementia 1200:diazepam 1180:in utero 1172:lethargy 1073:comorbid 1045:delirium 969:Baclofen 923:delirium 900:Oxazepam 891:diazepam 857:Clobazam 845:epilepsy 827:diazepam 792:Seizures 758:diazepam 742:insomnia 725:Insomnia 719:Insomnia 679:diazepam 515:rectally 491:seizures 471:hypnotic 467:sedative 457:(Canada) 412:such as 367:dementia 304:seizures 296:insomnia 260:hypnotic 256:sedative 252:receptor 226:diazepam 210:seizures 206:insomnia 127: 106:receptor 85:ATC code 70:seizures 20594:Opioids 20485:Phenols 20253:borneol 20251:(e.g., 20243:trional 20233:(e.g., 20151:(e.g., 20149:Lignans 20099:(e.g., 20057:(e.g., 20002:Bromide 19994:(e.g., 19977:α-EMTBL 19941:Toluene 19911:Propane 19786:Chloral 19766:Benzene 19746:Acetone 19577:Phenols 19567:Y-23684 19557:U-90042 19542:TPA-023 19527:SX-3228 19512:ROD-188 19497:NS-2710 19492:NS-2664 19477:JM-1232 19462:ELB-139 19457:CTP-354 19343:Alpidem 18942:Wogonin 18917:Linarin 18396:FG-8205 18103:Reposal 17804:Menthol 17764:Butanol 17650:(e.g., 17638:doxepin 17632:(e.g., 17604:(e.g., 17548:(e.g., 17546:Opioids 17510:(e.g., 17478:(e.g., 17446:(e.g., 17354:(e.g., 17342:doxepin 17336:(e.g., 17215:(e.g., 17205:(e.g., 17186:(e.g., 17161:(e.g., 17147:(e.g., 17125:(e.g., 17117:ethanol 17107:(e.g., 17102:Others: 17075:Z-drugs 16875:(e.g., 16873:Opioids 16822:Evoxine 16559:Doxepin 16373:Doxepin 16248:Tolibut 16144:Trional 16051:Bromide 15921:Phenols 15503:Reposal 15194:Mebicar 15150:(e.g., 15132:(e.g., 15122:(e.g., 15048:Others: 15042:(e.g., 15027:(e.g., 15012:(e.g., 14997:(e.g., 14982:(e.g., 14967:(e.g., 14848:(e.g., 14838:(e.g., 14831:Alpidem 14828:Others: 14400:Others: 14304:Others: 14238:Ureides 14193:Channel 14084:Bromide 14081:Others: 13773:Opioids 13265:Apafant 13143:PWZ-029 13103:FG-8205 13098:EVT-201 12315:8813750 12280:2520134 12215:3514044 12180:1786493 12078:10 June 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Index